assignment in c with example

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Assignment Operators in C

In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.

The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.

In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.

You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented Assignment Operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Run the code and check its output −

Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −

When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

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Assignment Operators in C

Assignment operators are used for assigning value to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left side otherwise the compiler will raise an error.

Different types of assignment operators are shown below:

1. “=”: This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example:

2. “+=” : This operator is combination of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a += 6) = 11.

3. “-=” This operator is combination of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first subtracts the value on the right from the current value of the variable on left and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 8. Then (a -= 6) = 2.

4. “*=” This operator is combination of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first multiplies the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a *= 6) = 30.

5. “/=” This operator is combination of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first divides the current value of the variable on left by the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 6. Then (a /= 2) = 3.

Below example illustrates the various Assignment Operators:

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7 Assignment Expressions

As a general concept in programming, an assignment is a construct that stores a new value into a place where values can be stored—for instance, in a variable. Such places are called lvalues (see Lvalues ) because they are locations that hold a value.

An assignment in C is an expression because it has a value; we call it an assignment expression . A simple assignment looks like

We say it assigns the value of the expression value-to-store to the location lvalue , or that it stores value-to-store there. You can think of the “l” in “lvalue” as standing for “left,” since that’s what you put on the left side of the assignment operator.

However, that’s not the only way to use an lvalue, and not all lvalues can be assigned to. To use the lvalue in the left side of an assignment, it has to be modifiable . In C, that means it was not declared with the type qualifier const (see const ).

The value of the assignment expression is that of lvalue after the new value is stored in it. This means you can use an assignment inside other expressions. Assignment operators are right-associative so that

is equivalent to

This is the only useful way for them to associate; the other way,

would be invalid since an assignment expression such as x = y is not valid as an lvalue.

Warning: Write parentheses around an assignment if you nest it inside another expression, unless that is a conditional expression, or comma-separated series, or another assignment.

Assignment Operators in C

Assignment Operators in C Example

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02 beginner, 03 intermediate, 04 advanced, 05 training programs, c programming assignment operators, free c programming online course with certificate, what is an assignment operator in c, types of assignment operators in c.

1. Simple Assignment Operator (=)

Example of simple assignment operator.

2. Compound Assignment Operators

Example of Augmented Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

Example of Augmented Bitwise and Assignment Operators

Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code, 2. after executing the following code, what is the value of the number variable, benefits of using assignment operators, best practices and tips for using the assignment operator, live classes schedule.

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C Assignment Operators

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An assignment operation assigns the value of the right-hand operand to the storage location named by the left-hand operand. Therefore, the left-hand operand of an assignment operation must be a modifiable l-value. After the assignment, an assignment expression has the value of the left operand but isn't an l-value.

assignment-expression :   conditional-expression   unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression

assignment-operator : one of   = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=

The assignment operators in C can both transform and assign values in a single operation. C provides the following assignment operators:

In assignment, the type of the right-hand value is converted to the type of the left-hand value, and the value is stored in the left operand after the assignment has taken place. The left operand must not be an array, a function, or a constant. The specific conversion path, which depends on the two types, is outlined in detail in Type Conversions .

• Assignment Operators

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• Assignment Operator in C

Last updated on July 27, 2020

We have already used the assignment operator ( = ) several times before. Let's discuss it here in detail. The assignment operator ( = ) is used to assign a value to the variable. Its general format is as follows:

The operand on the left side of the assignment operator must be a variable and operand on the right-hand side must be a constant, variable or expression. Here are some examples:

The precedence of the assignment operator is lower than all the operators we have discussed so far and it associates from right to left.

We can also assign the same value to multiple variables at once.

here x , y and z are initialized to 100 .

Since the associativity of the assignment operator ( = ) is from right to left. The above expression is equivalent to the following:

Note that expressions like:

are called assignment expression. If we put a semicolon( ; ) at the end of the expression like this:

then the assignment expression becomes assignment statement.

Compound Assignment Operator #

Assignment operations that use the old value of a variable to compute its new value are called Compound Assignment.

Consider the following two statements:

Here the second statement adds 5 to the existing value of x . This value is then assigned back to x . Now, the new value of x is 105 .

To handle such operations more succinctly, C provides a special operator called Compound Assignment operator.

The general format of compound assignment operator is as follows:

where op can be any of the arithmetic operators ( + , - , * , / , % ). The above statement is functionally equivalent to the following:

Note : In addition to arithmetic operators, op can also be >> (right shift), << (left shift), | (Bitwise OR), & (Bitwise AND), ^ (Bitwise XOR). We haven't discussed these operators yet.

After evaluating the expression, the op operator is then applied to the result of the expression and the current value of the variable (on the RHS). The result of this operation is then assigned back to the variable (on the LHS). Let's take some examples: The statement:

is equivalent to x = x + 5; or x = x + (5); .

Similarly, the statement:

is equivalent to x = x * 2; or x = x * (2); .

Since, expression on the right side of op operator is evaluated first, the statement:

is equivalent to x = x * (y + 1) .

The precedence of compound assignment operators are same and they associate from right to left (see the precedence table ).

The following table lists some Compound assignment operators:

The following program demonstrates Compound assignment operators in action:

Expected Output:

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Assignment operators.

Assignment and compound assignment operators are binary operators that modify the variable to their left using the value to their right.

[ edit ] Simple assignment

The simple assignment operator expressions have the form

Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs .

Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non-lvalue (so that expressions such as ( a = b ) = c are invalid).

rhs and lhs must satisfy one of the following:

• both lhs and rhs have compatible struct or union type, or..
• rhs must be implicitly convertible to lhs , which implies
• both lhs and rhs have arithmetic types , in which case lhs may be volatile -qualified or atomic (since C11)
• both lhs and rhs have pointer to compatible (ignoring qualifiers) types, or one of the pointers is a pointer to void, and the conversion would not add qualifiers to the pointed-to type. lhs may be volatile or restrict (since C99) -qualified or atomic (since C11) .
• lhs is a (possibly qualified or atomic (since C11) ) pointer and rhs is a null pointer constant such as NULL or a nullptr_t value (since C23)

[ edit ] Notes

If rhs and lhs overlap in memory (e.g. they are members of the same union), the behavior is undefined unless the overlap is exact and the types are compatible .

Although arrays are not assignable, an array wrapped in a struct is assignable to another object of the same (or compatible) struct type.

The side effect of updating lhs is sequenced after the value computations, but not the side effects of lhs and rhs themselves and the evaluations of the operands are, as usual, unsequenced relative to each other (so the expressions such as i = ++ i ; are undefined)

Assignment strips extra range and precision from floating-point expressions (see FLT_EVAL_METHOD ).

In C++, assignment operators are lvalue expressions, not so in C.

[ edit ] Compound assignment

The compound assignment operator expressions have the form

The expression lhs @= rhs is exactly the same as lhs = lhs @ ( rhs ) , except that lhs is evaluated only once.

[ edit ] References

• C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 72-73)
• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 101-104)
• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 91-93)
• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
• 3.3.16 Assignment operators

[ edit ] See Also

Operator precedence

[ edit ] See also

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Assignment operator in c.

Last Updated on June 23, 2023 by Prepbytes

This type of operator is employed for transforming and assigning values to variables within an operation. In an assignment operation, the right side represents a value, while the left side corresponds to a variable. It is essential that the value on the right side has the same data type as the variable on the left side. If this requirement is not fulfilled, the compiler will issue an error.

What is Assignment Operator in C language?

In C, the assignment operator serves the purpose of assigning a value to a variable. It is denoted by the equals sign (=) and plays a vital role in storing data within variables for further utilization in code. When using the assignment operator, the value present on the right-hand side is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. This fundamental operation allows developers to store and manipulate data effectively throughout their programs.

Example of Assignment Operator in C

For example, consider the following line of code:

Types of Assignment Operators in C

Here is a list of the assignment operators that you can find in the C language:

Simple assignment operator (=): This is the basic assignment operator, which assigns the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side.

Addition assignment operator (+=): This operator adds the value on the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.

x += 3; // Equivalent to x = x + 3; (adds 3 to the current value of "x" and assigns the result back to "x")

Subtraction assignment operator (-=): This operator subtracts the value on the right-hand side from the variable on the left-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.

x -= 4; // Equivalent to x = x – 4; (subtracts 4 from the current value of "x" and assigns the result back to "x")

* Multiplication assignment operator ( =):** This operator multiplies the value on the right-hand side with the variable on the left-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.

x = 2; // Equivalent to x = x 2; (multiplies the current value of "x" by 2 and assigns the result back to "x")

Division assignment operator (/=): This operator divides the variable on the left-hand side by the value on the right-hand side and assigns the result back to the variable.

x /= 2; // Equivalent to x = x / 2; (divides the current value of "x" by 2 and assigns the result back to "x")

Bitwise AND assignment (&=): The bitwise AND assignment operator "&=" performs a bitwise AND operation between the value on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.

x &= 3; // Binary: 0011 // After bitwise AND assignment: x = 1 (Binary: 0001)

Bitwise OR assignment (|=): The bitwise OR assignment operator "|=" performs a bitwise OR operation between the value on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.

x |= 3; // Binary: 0011 // After bitwise OR assignment: x = 7 (Binary: 0111)

Bitwise XOR assignment (^=): The bitwise XOR assignment operator "^=" performs a bitwise XOR operation between the value on the left-hand side and the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.

x ^= 3; // Binary: 0011 // After bitwise XOR assignment: x = 6 (Binary: 0110)

Left shift assignment (<<=): The left shift assignment operator "<<=" shifts the bits of the value on the left-hand side to the left by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.

x <<= 2; // Binary: 010100 (Shifted left by 2 positions) // After left shift assignment: x = 20 (Binary: 10100)

Right shift assignment (>>=): The right shift assignment operator ">>=" shifts the bits of the value on the left-hand side to the right by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side. It then assigns the result back to the left-hand side variable.

x >>= 2; // Binary: 101 (Shifted right by 2 positions) // After right shift assignment: x = 5 (Binary: 101)

Conclusion The assignment operator in C, denoted by the equals sign (=), is used to assign a value to a variable. It is a fundamental operation that allows programmers to store data in variables for further use in their code. In addition to the simple assignment operator, C provides compound assignment operators that combine arithmetic or bitwise operations with assignment, allowing for concise and efficient code.

FAQs related to Assignment Operator in C

Q1. Can I assign a value of one data type to a variable of another data type? In most cases, assigning a value of one data type to a variable of another data type will result in a warning or error from the compiler. It is generally recommended to assign values of compatible data types to variables.

Q2. What is the difference between the assignment operator (=) and the comparison operator (==)? The assignment operator (=) is used to assign a value to a variable, while the comparison operator (==) is used to check if two values are equal. It is important not to confuse these two operators.

Q3. Can I use multiple assignment operators in a single statement? No, it is not possible to use multiple assignment operators in a single statement. Each assignment operator should be used separately for assigning values to different variables.

Q4. Are there any limitations on the right-hand side value of the assignment operator? The right-hand side value of the assignment operator should be compatible with the data type of the left-hand side variable. If the data types are not compatible, it may lead to unexpected behavior or compiler errors.

Q5. Can I assign the result of an expression to a variable using the assignment operator? Yes, it is possible to assign the result of an expression to a variable using the assignment operator. For example, x = y + z; assigns the sum of y and z to the variable x.

Q6. What happens if I assign a value to an uninitialized variable? Assigning a value to an uninitialized variable will initialize it with the assigned value. However, it is considered good practice to explicitly initialize variables before using them to avoid potential bugs or unintended behavior.

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Assignment Operators in C

Operators are a fundamental part of all the computations that computers perform. Today we will learn about one of them known as Assignment Operators in C. Assignment Operators are used to assign values to variables. The most common assignment operator is = . Assignment Operators are Binary Operators.

Types of Assignment Operators in C

Here is a list of the assignment operators that you can find in the C language:

• basic assignment ( = )
• subtraction assignment ( -= )
• addition assignment ( += )
• division assignment ( /= )
• multiplication assignment ( *= )
• modulo assignment ( %= )
• bitwise XOR assignment ( ^= )
• bitwise OR assignment ( |= )
• bitwise AND assignment ( &= )
• bitwise right shift assignment ( >>= )
• bitwise left shift assignment ( <<= )

Working of Assignment Operators in C

This is the complete list of all assignment operators in C. To read the meaning of operator please keep in mind the above example.

Example for Assignment Operators in C

Basic assignment ( = ) :

Subtraction assignment ( -= ) :

Addition assignment ( += ) :

Division assignment ( /= ) :

Multiplication assignment ( *= ) :

Modulo assignment ( %= ) :

Bitwise XOR assignment ( ^= ) :

Bitwise OR assignment ( |= ) :

Bitwise AND assignment ( &= ) :

Bitwise right shift assignment ( >>= ) :

Bitwise left shift assignment ( <<= ) :

This is the detailed explanation of all the assignment operators in C that we have. Hopefully, This is clear to you.

Practice Problems on Assignment Operators in C

1. what will be the value of a after the following code is executed.

A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 15

Answer – C. 12 Explanation: a starts at 10, increases by 5 to 15, then decreases by 3 to 12. So, a is 12.

2. After executing the following code, what is the value of num ?

A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32

Answer: C) 16 Explanation: After right-shifting 8 (binary 1000) by one and then left-shifting the result by two, the value becomes 16 (binary 10000).

Q. How does the /= operator function? Is it a combination of two other operators?

A. The /= operator is a compound assignment operator in C++. It divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. It is equivalent to using the / operator and then the = operator separately.

Q. What is the most basic operator among all the assignment operators available in the C language?

A. The most basic assignment operator in the C language is the simple = operator, which is used for assigning a value to a variable.

• Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an expression to a variable.
• There are two types of assignment operators in C. Simple assignment operator and compound assignment operator.
• Compound Assignment operators are easy to use and the left operand of expression needs not to write again and again.
• They work the same way in C++ as in C.

Assignment Operators In C [ Full Information With Examples ]

Assignment Operators In C

Assignment operators is a binary operator which is used to assign values in a variable , with its right and left sides being a one-one operand. The operand on the left side is variable in which the value is assigned and the right side operands can contain any of the constant, variable, and expression.

The Assignment operator is a lower priority operator. its priority has much lower than the rest of the other operators. Its priority is more than just the comma operator. The priority of all other operators is more than the assignment operator.

We can assign the same value to multiple variables simultaneously by the assignment operator.

x = y = z = 100

Here x, y, and z are initialized to 100.

In C language, the assignment operator can be divided into two categories.

• Simple assignment operator
• Compound assignment operators

1. Simple Assignment Operator In C

This operator is used to assign left-side values ​​to the right-side operands, simple assignment operators are represented by (=).

2. Compound Assignment Operators In C

Compound Assignment Operators use the old value of a variable to calculate its new value and reassign the value obtained from the calculation to the same variable.

Examples of compound assignment operators are: (Example: + =, – =, * =, / =,% =, & =, ^ =)

Look at these two statements:

Here in this example, adding 5 to the x variable in the second statement is again being assigned to the x variable.

Compound Assignment Operators provide us with the C language to perform such operation even more effecient and in less time.

Syntax of Compound Assignment Operators

Here op can be any arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /,%).

The above statement is equivalent to the following depending on the function:

Let us now know about some important compound assignment operators one by one.

“+ =” -: This operator adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the output to the left operand.

“- =” -: This operator subtracts the right operand from the left operand and returns the result to the left operand.

“* =” -: This operator multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

“/ =” -: This operator splits the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

“% =” -: This operator takes the modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

There are many other assignment operators such as left shift and (<< =) operator, right shift and operator (>> =), bitwise and assignment operator (& =), bitwise OR assignment operator (^ =)

List of Assignment Operators In C

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Assignment and shorthand assignment operator in C

Quick links.

• Shorthand assignment

Assignment operator is used to assign value to a variable (memory location). There is a single assignment operator = in C. It evaluates expression on right side of = symbol and assigns evaluated value to left side the variable.

For example consider the below assignment table.

The RHS of assignment operator must be a constant, expression or variable. Whereas LHS must be a variable (valid memory location).

Shorthand assignment operator

C supports a short variant of assignment operator called compound assignment or shorthand assignment. Shorthand assignment operator combines one of the arithmetic or bitwise operators with assignment operator.

For example, consider following C statements.

The above expression a = a + 2 is equivalent to a += 2 .

Similarly, there are many shorthand assignment operators. Below is a list of shorthand assignment operators in C.

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Assignment Operators in C

We use this type of operator to transform as well as assign the values to any variable in an operation. In any given assignment operator, the right side is a value, and the left side is a variable. The value present on the right side of the operator must have the same data type as that of the variable present on the left side. In any other case, the compiler raises an error.

In this article, we will take a look into the Assignment Operators in C according to the GATE Syllabus for CSE (Computer Science Engineering) . Read ahead to know more.

Table of Contents

• Working Of Assignment Operators In C
• Example Of Assignment Operators In C
• Practice Problems On Assignment Operators In C

Types of Assignment Operators in C

An assignment operator is basically a binary operator that helps in modifying the variable to its left with the use of the value to its right. We utilize the assignment operators to transform and assign values to any variables.

Here is a list of the assignment operators that you can find in the C language:

• basic assignment ( = )
• subtraction assignment ( -= )
• addition assignment ( += )
• division assignment ( /= )
• multiplication assignment ( *= )
• modulo assignment ( %= )
• bitwise XOR assignment ( ^= )
• bitwise OR assignment ( |= )
• bitwise AND assignment ( &= )
• bitwise right shift assignment ( >>= )
• bitwise left shift assignment ( <<= )

Working of Assignment Operators in C

Here is a table that discusses, in brief, all the Assignment operators that the C language supports:

Example of Assignment Operators in C

Let us look at an example to understand how these work in a code:

#include <stdio.h>

int x = 21;

printf(“Line A – = Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line B – -= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line C – += Example of the Value of c = %d\n”, c );

printf(“Line D – /= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line E – *= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

y <<= 2;

printf(“Line F – <<= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line G – %= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

y &= 2;

printf(“Line H – &= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

y >>= 2;

printf(“Line I – >>= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line J – |= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line K – ^= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

The compilation and execution of the program mentioned above will produce a result as follows:

Line A – = Example of the Value of y = 21

Line B – -= Example of the Value of y = 21

Line C – += Example of the Value of y = 42

Line D – /= Example of the Value of y = 21

Line E – *= Example of the Value of y = 441

Line F – <<= Example of the Value of y = 44

Line G – %= Example of the Value of y = 11

Line H – &= Example of the Value of y = 2

Line I – >>= Example of the Value of y = 11

Line J – |= Example of the Value of y = 2

Line K – ^= Example of the Value of y = 0

Here is another example of how the assignment operators work in the C language:

int y = 10;

printf(“z = x + y = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z += x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z -= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z *= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z /= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z %= x = %d \n”,z);

c &= x ;

printf(“c &= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z ^= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z |= x = %d \n”,z);

z <<= 2 ;

printf(“z <<= 2 = %d \n”,z);

z >>= 2 ;

printf(“z >>= 2 = %d \n”,z);

The output generated here will be:

z = x + y = 15

z += x = 20

z -= x = 15

z *= x = 75

z &= x = 0

z ^= x = 10

z |= x = 10

z <<= 2 = 40

z >>= 2 = 10

z >>= 2 = 2

Practice Problems on Assignment Operators in C

1. What would be the output obtained from the program given below?

#include<stdio.h>

p += p += p += 3;

printf(“%d”,p);

Answer – A. 20

p+=p+=p+=3; it can written as p+=p+=p=p+3; p=2; Or, p+=p+=5; p=5; Or, p+=p=5+5; p=5; Or, p+=10; p=10; Or, p=p+10; p=10; Or, p=20. So, finally p=20.

2. Which of these is an invalid type of assignment operator?

D. None of these

Answer – D. None of these

All of these are valid types of assignment operators.

How does the /= operator work? Is it a combination of two other operators?

Yes, the /+ operator is a combination of the = and / operators. The / operator divides the current value of the available variable first on the left using the available value on the right. It then assigns the obtained result to the available variable on the left side.

What is the most basic operator among all the assignment operators available in the C language?

The = operator is the most basic one used in the C language. We use this operator to assign the value available in the right to the value mentioned on the left side of the operator.

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Assignment Operator in C

Using assignment operators, we can assign value to the variables.

Equality sign (=) is used as an assignment operator in C.

Here, value 5 has assigned to the variable var.

Here, value of a has assigned to the variable b . Now, both a and b will hold value 10 .

Basically, the value of right-side operand will be assigned to the left side operand.

Pictorial Explanation

Compound assignment operators

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C array declaration and assignment?

I've asked a similar question on structs here but I'm trying to figure out how C handles things like assigning variables and why it isn't allowed to assign them to eachother if they are functionally the same.

Lets say I have two arrays:

Why won't x = y compile? If they are both the same "signature" like that, then shouldn't you be able to assign them back and forth?

Can I declare these in a way that would allow me to do that in C? It makes sense to me that you would be able to, but maybe there is a way that this can be done? Typedefs for structs seemed to be the solution, would it be the same for array declaration and assignment?

I appreciate your guys help, I'm new to Stackoverflow but it has been a really good resource for me so far!

• variable-assignment

7 Answers 7

Simply put, arrays are not assignable. They are a "non-modifiable lvalue". This of course begs the question: why? Please refer to this question for more information:

Why does C++ support memberwise assignment of arrays within structs, but not generally?

Arrays are not pointers. x here does refer to an array, though in many circumstances this "decays" (is implicitly converted) to a pointer to its first element. Likewise, y too is the name of an array, not a pointer.

You can do array assignment within structs:

But you can't do it directly with arrays. Use memcpy .

• That code still doesn't do what he was wanting it to do though, does it? Perhaps I'm wrong, but I got the impression he was hoping to copy the contents of the y array into x. –  T.E.D. Commented Apr 13, 2009 at 18:18
• True. Fortunately, lots of other replies have indicated memcpy() is the correct choice. I'll add it in... –  user82238 Commented Apr 13, 2009 at 18:21
• 6 "The name of an array is actually the address of the first element of that array. \ The example code you provide here is attempting to assign to something which is not an l-value.": for the sake of posterity I thought I'd note that both of these sentences from the most highly voted answer are wrong. First, the name of an array most definitely is not a pointer (e.g. think sizeof()), it simply decays to a pointer in many cases. Second, the array name is an lvalue, just not a modifiable lvalue. –  Alexandros Gezerlis Commented Oct 31, 2011 at 23:32
• 3 I'm high-jacking this answer. It's top-voted and accepted, yet contained incorrect information and the user is long-gone. Hopefully this clears things up. –  GManNickG Commented Oct 5, 2016 at 6:16

This compiles and y will be the same as x .

• 4 y will be a pointer equivalent to &x[0] , due to array-to-pointer conversion, but it won't be "the same" as x is an array, not a pointer. –  GManNickG Commented Oct 5, 2016 at 6:05

Some messages here say that the name of an array yields the address of its first element. It's not always true:

In order to assign arrays you will have to assign the values inside the array.

ie. x=y is equivalent to

• thats why I am giving the equivalent! –  aJ. Commented Apr 13, 2009 at 16:55
• it gives the impression that x=y is a valid statement –  Naveen Commented Apr 13, 2009 at 16:57
• Actually in the OP its already mentioned that x=y doesn't compile. –  aJ. Commented Apr 13, 2009 at 16:58
• x=y being impossible for arrays is the entire context for this question, Naveen. –  Chuck Commented Apr 13, 2009 at 17:02

In an attempt to complement Blank's answer, I devised the following program:

When executed, the following is output:

The point is to illustrate how the copy of structures' values occurs.

When saying "int x[10]" is saying, "reserve some room for 10 integers and pass me a pointer to the location". So for the copy to make sense you'd need to operate on the memory pointed by, rather than 'the name of the memory location'.

So for copying here you'd use a for loop or memcpy().

I've used C compilers where that would compile just fine...and when run the code would make x point to y's array.

You see, in C the name of an array is a pointer that points to the start of the array. In fact, arrays and pointers are essentially interchangable. You can take any pointer and index it like an array.

Back when C was being developed in the early 70's, it was meant for relatively small programs that were barely above assembly language in abstraction. In that environment, it was damn handy to be able to easily go back and forth between array indexing and pointer math. Copying whole arrays of data, on the other hand, was a very expensive thing do do, and hardly something to be encouraged or abstracted away from the user.

Yes, in these modern times it would make way more sense to have the name of the array be shorthand for "the whole array", rather than for "a ponter to the front of the array". However, C wasn't designed in these modern times. If you want a language that was, try Ada. x := y there does exactly what you would expect; it copies one array's contents to the other.

• Friendly random ping. :) As you undoubtedly (now) know, the name of an array is not a pointer. –  GManNickG Commented Oct 5, 2016 at 6:05

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C - Bitwise OR and assignment operator

The Bitwise OR and assignment operator (|=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise OR operation of two operands.

(x |= y) is equivalent to (x = x | y)

The Bitwise OR operator (|) is a binary operator which takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. It returns 1 if either or both bits at the same position are 1, else returns 0.

The example below describes how bitwise OR operator works:

The code of using Bitwise OR operator (|) is given below:

The output of the above code will be:

Example: Find largest power of 2 less than or equal to given number

Consider an integer 1000. In the bit-wise format, it can be written as 1111101000. However, all bits are not written here. A complete representation will be 32 bit representation as given below:

Performing N |= (N>>i) operation, where i = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 will change all right side bit to 1. When applied on 1000, the result in 32 bit representation is given below:

Adding one to this result and then right shifting the result by one place will give largest power of 2 less than or equal to 1000.

The below code will calculate the largest power of 2 less than or equal to given number.

The above code will give the following output:

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An array is a variable that can store multiple values. For example, if you want to store 100 integers, you can create an array for it.

How to declare an array?

For example,

Here, we declared an array, mark , of floating-point type. And its size is 5. Meaning, it can hold 5 floating-point values.

It's important to note that the size and type of an array cannot be changed once it is declared.

Access Array Elements

You can access elements of an array by indices.

Suppose you declared an array mark as above. The first element is mark[0] , the second element is mark[1] and so on.

Few keynotes :

• Arrays have 0 as the first index, not 1. In this example, mark[0] is the first element.
• If the size of an array is n , to access the last element, the n-1 index is used. In this example, mark[4]
• Suppose the starting address of mark[0] is 2120d . Then, the address of the mark[1] will be 2124d . Similarly, the address of mark[2] will be 2128d and so on. This is because the size of a float is 4 bytes.

How to initialize an array?

It is possible to initialize an array during declaration. For example,

You can also initialize an array like this.

Here, we haven't specified the size. However, the compiler knows its size is 5 as we are initializing it with 5 elements.

Change Value of Array elements

Input and output array elements.

Here's how you can take input from the user and store it in an array element.

Here's how you can print an individual element of an array.

Example 1: Array Input/Output

Here, we have used a  for loop to take 5 inputs from the user and store them in an array. Then, using another  for loop, these elements are displayed on the screen.

Example 2: Calculate Average

Here, we have computed the average of n numbers entered by the user.

Access elements out of its bound!

Suppose you declared an array of 10 elements. Let's say,

You can access the array elements from testArray[0] to testArray[9] .

Now let's say if you try to access testArray[12] . The element is not available. This may cause unexpected output (undefined behavior). Sometimes you might get an error and some other time your program may run correctly.

Hence, you should never access elements of an array outside of its bound.

Multidimensional arrays

In this tutorial, you learned about arrays. These arrays are called one-dimensional arrays.

In the next tutorial, you will learn about multidimensional arrays (array of an array) .

Table of Contents

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• Access array elements
• Initializing an array
• Change Value of Array Elements
• Array Input/Output
• Example: Calculate Average
• Array Elements Out of its Bound

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Assignment Statement in C

How to assign values to the variables? C provides an  assignment operator  for this purpose, assigning the value to a variable using assignment operator is known as an assignment statement in C.

The function of this operator is to assign the values or values in variables on right hand side of an expression to variables on the left hand side.

The syntax of the  assignment expression

Variable = constant / variable/ expression;

The data type of the variable on left hand side should match the data type of constant/variable/expression on right hand side with a few exceptions where automatic type conversions are possible.

Examples of assignment statements,

b = c ; /* b is assigned the value of c */ a = 9 ; /* a is assigned the value 9*/ b = c+5; /* b is assigned the value of expr c+5 */

The expression on the right hand side of the assignment statement can be:

An arithmetic expression; A relational expression; A logical expression; A mixed expression.

The above mentioned expressions are different in terms of the type of operators connecting the variables and constants on the right hand side of the variable. Arithmetic operators, relational

Arithmetic operators, relational operators and logical operators are discussed in the following sections.

For example, int a; float b,c ,avg, t; avg = (b+c) / 2; /*arithmetic expression */ a = b && c; /*logical expression*/ a = (b+c) && (b<c); /* mixed expression*/

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• Configuring Lawful Intercept
• Configuring Authorization and Revocation of Certificates in a PKI
• Source Interface Selection for Outgoing Traffic with Certificate Authority
• Source Interface and VRF Support in LDAP
• Configuring IPv6 Support for LDAP
• Secure Operation in FIPS Mode
• Troubleshooting Security

Chapter: IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment

Prerequisites for ieee 802.1x vlan assignment, restrictions for ieee 802.1x vlan assignment, ieee 802.1x authentication with vlan assignment, enabling aaa authorization for vlan assignment, enabling ieee 802.1x authentication and authorization, specifying an authorized vlan in the radius server database, example: enabling aaa authorization for vlan assignment, example: enabling 802.1x authentication, additional references for ieee 802.1x port-based authentication, feature history for ieee 802.1x vlan assignment.

The IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment feature is automatically enabled when IEEE 802.1X authentication is configured for an access port, which allows the RADIUS server to send a VLAN assignment to the device port. This assignment configures the device port so that network access can be limited for certain users.

The following tasks must be completed before implementing the IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment feature:

IEEE 802.1X must be enabled on the device port.

The device must have a RADIUS configuration and be connected to the Cisco secure access control server (ACS). You should understand the concepts of the RADIUS protocol and have an understanding of how to create and apply access control lists (ACLs).

EAP support must be enabled on the RADIUS server.

You must configure the IEEE 802.1X supplicant to send an EAP-logoff (Stop) message to the switch when the user logs off. If you do not configure the IEEE 802.1X supplicant, an EAP-logoff message is not sent to the switch and the accompanying accounting Stop message is not sent to the authentication server. See the Microsoft Knowledge Base article at the location http://support.microsoft.com and set the SupplicantMode registry to 3 and the AuthMode registry to 1.

Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) must be configured on the port for all network-related service requests. The authentication method list must be enabled and specified. A method list describes the sequence and authentication method to be queried to authenticate a user. See the IEEE 802.1X Authenticator feature module for information.

The port must be successfully authenticated.

The IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment feature is available only on Cisco 89x and 88x series integrated switching routers (ISRs) that support switch ports.

The following ISR-G2 routers are supported:

The following cards or modules support switch ports:

Enhanced High-speed WAN interface cards (EHWICs) with ACL support:

EHWIC-4ESG-P

EHWIC-9ESG-P

High-speed WAN interface cards (HWICs) without ACL support:

HWIC-4ESW-P

HWIC-9ESW-P

The IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment feature is available only on a switch port.

The device port is always assigned to the configured access VLAN when any of the following conditions occurs:

No VLAN is supplied by the RADIUS server.

The VLAN information from the RADIUS server is not valid.

IEEE 802.1X authentication is disabled on the port.

The port is in the force authorized, force unauthorized, unauthorized, or shutdown state.

Assignment to the configured access VLAN prevents ports from appearing unexpectedly in an inappropriate VLAN because of a configuration error. Examples of configuration errors include the following:

A nonexistent or malformed VLAN ID

Attempted assignment to a voice VLAN ID

When IEEE 802.1X authentication is enabled on a port, you cannot configure a port VLAN that is equal to a voice VLAN.

If the multihost mode is enabled on an IEEE 802.1X port, all hosts are placed in the same VLAN (specified by the RADIUS server) as the first authenticated host.

If an IEEE 802.1X port is authenticated and put in the RADIUS server-assigned VLAN, any change to the port access VLAN configuration does not take effect.

This feature does not support standard ACLs on the switch port.

Information About IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment

The AAA authorization feature is used to determine what a user can and cannot do. When AAA authorization is enabled, the network access server uses information retrieved from the user profile that is located either in the local user database or on the security server, to configure the user’s session. The user is granted access to a requested service only if the information in the user profile allows it.

Device ports support IEEE 802.1X authentication with VLAN assignment. After successful IEEE 802.1X authentication of a port, the RADIUS server sends the VLAN assignment to configure the device port.

The RADIUS server database maintains the username-to-VLAN mappings, assigning the VLAN based on the username of the supplicant connected to the device port.

How to Configure IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment

AAA authorization limits the services available to a user. When AAA authorization is enabled, the device uses information retrieved from the user's profile, which is in the local user database or on the security server, to configure the user's session. The user is granted access to a requested service only if the information in the user profile allows it.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) draft standard specifies a method for communicating vendor-specific information between the device and the RADIUS server by using the vendor-specific attribute (attribute 26). Vendor-specific attributes (VSAs) allow vendors to support their own extended attributes not suitable for general use. The Cisco RADIUS implementation supports one vendor-specific option by using the format recommended in the specification.

You must assign the following vendor-specific tunnel attributes in the RADIUS server database. The RADIUS server must return these attributes to the device:

[64] Tunnel-Type = VLAN

[65] Tunnel-Medium-Type = 802

[81] Tunnel-Private-Group-ID = VLAN name or VLAN ID

Attribute [64] must contain the value “VLAN” (type 13). Attribute [65] must contain the value “802” (type 6). Attribute [81] specifies the VLAN name or VLAN ID assigned to the IEEE 802.1X-authenticated user.

Configuration Examples for IEEE 802.1X VLAN Assignment

The following example shows how to enable AAA Authorization for VLAN assignment:

The following example shows how to enable 802.1X authentication on a device:

The following show dot1x command output shows that 802.1X authentication has been configured on a device:

Standards and RFCs

Technical Assistance

This table provides release and related information for the features explained in this module.

These features are available in all the releases subsequent to the one they were introduced in, unless noted otherwise.

Use the Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform and software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn .

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Say My Name Transcription Project: Resource Guide

• Assignment Examples
• Transcription Guidelines
• What's Getting Transcribed
• Say My Name Transcription Project: Pre-Assessment Survey Please have your students fill out this survey before they are presented with information about White Hall and how to transcribe historical documents.
• Say My Name Transcription Project: Post Assessment Survey After your students have completed their transcription project, please have them fill out this survey.
• Deciphering Cursive Handwriting from UNC-Wilmington Library Resources on cursive handwriting from the University of North Carolina Wilmington Library include: a video tutorial, common abbreviation, cursive handwriting quizzes, and more.

Coming Soon!

• From the Page
• Sample Letter

Archives Instruction

The Research Center for Special Collections & Archives (RC-SCA) is happy to provide your class with introductory information on White Hall and the Say My Name Transcription Project. Please fill out the form linked below if you would like us to meet with your class.

• Instruction Request Form

Example 1 (In-Class)

This assignment is courtesy of Heather Fox

Archival Investigation: Transcribing White Hall Documents

• Read and study the "Transcription Guidelines" .
• Peruse documents that require transcription. Choose TWO documents that require transcription and work together to complete the transcription. When choosing, find a document that has writing on a full page (versus a line or two on a page). If in doubt, please ask me first. Also, while transcribing, be sure to save your work often.
• Share your findings and experiences with the class.

Absences Only: If absent, complete a Transcribe Archival Investigation Report , which should be submitted in PDF form to Blackboard and must contain the following items for full credit:

• The title of the document
• The link to the document that enables me to access it
• Your group’s screen print photograph of your completed transcription of the document
• A 2-3 sentence summary of the document that you transcribed, which includes the amount of time that it took the group to transcribe the document
• One paragraph that describes your “meta” observations about this archival research experience, in terms of the scope and purpose of the project as part of our course’s theme and objectives

Notes from Heather

• I tend to provide less instruction up front and work alongside students as they work through questions/considerations.
• Have students work in pairs. Pair cursive readers with non-cursive readers.
• Since some documents are more difficult to read than others, suggest that students look for easier to read documents, instead of picking the nearest option when they open the site.
• Comparing letter formations and reading in context within the same document can help with deciphering text.
• If a group does not finish a full transcription, "Save" without pressing "Done". 
• Leave time for students to complete the post assessment during class.

Example 2 (Outside Class plus In-Class)

This assignment is courtesy of Ginny Whitehouse

Transcribing Historical Documents

Outside Class Assignment

• Using your EKU email account, sign up for “From the Page” so that you can be assigned transcriptions in the next class. 
• Watch the video from the UNC-Wilmington Library on “Reading Cursive Handwriting” then take two of the cursive handwriting quizzes at the bottom of the page. Retake until you get 100%. 
• Read the “Transcription Guidelines" .
• Use those guidelines to transcribe the "Sample Letter" provided from EKU Archives. 
• Take the End of Class Quiz by Noon Wednesday.

In-Class Assignment  (Thursday class)

• Transcribe the historical document assigned to you.

Notes from Ginny

• The "End of Class Quiz" was just a matter of them copying and pasting the "Sample Letter" transcription. I gave them full credit for making a solid effort.
• At the Thursday class, we talked about the prep work they did.
• My class said the Wilmington video, particularly, and the "Transcription Guidelines" were helpful.
• The Wilmington quizzes helped them gain confidence but they didn’t learn anything new. 
• Doing the "Sample Letter" exercise was really important for most of the students.
• We reviewed in class the "Sample Letter" and discussed some mistakes/inconsistencies that they had, such as not including the header information on the letter and not returning after each line. For those who struggle with detail work, this level of “step by step” instruction was good.

Example 3 (Outside Class)

• Peruse documents that require transcription. Choose ONE document that requires transcription review and work together to complete the transcription. When choosing, find a document that has writing on a full page (versus a line or two on a page). If in doubt, please ask me first. Also, while transcribing, be sure to save your work often.
• Once you have completed your transcription review, take a screen shot photo of your work.
• Your group’s Transcribe Archival Investigation Report should be submitted in PDF form to Blackboard and must contain the following items for full credit:
• << Previous: About
• Next: Transcription Guidelines >>
• Last Updated: Aug 14, 2024 11:25 PM
• URL: https://libguides.eku.edu/c.php?g=1416637

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How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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