industrial safety essay in gujarati pdf

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Inspecting industrial safety – A case for enhanced state oversight in Gujarat

Amidst an ever-increasing tally of industrial accidents in Gujarat,  SHUBHAM KAUSHAL  examines the flexibiIity with which conditions on workplace safety and occupational health are implemented in the state.

 ————

On  March 16, 2021 , the Labour and Employment Minister of Gujarat  informed  the State Assembly that within the last two years, 421 workers had lost their lives in 322 industrial accidents across the State. Out of this, 26 were reported from Ahmedabad.  

This figure may easily be a gross underestimation since many minor accidents and injuries go unreported and are unrecorded. Nonetheless, the state has been incessantly witnessing gruesome industrial accidents and fires.  

Recounting a recent few such incidents

On  June 12, 2021 , a massive fire broke out at an ink factory in Naroda, Ahmedabad, injuring three firemen as the fire spread to drums containing inflammable chemicals, causing a series of blasts.

On  March 18, 2021 , a boiler exploded in a plastic factory in the Vatva  Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) area of Ahmedabad, for which 36 fire tenders had to be deployed.

On  December 8, 2020  – another incident in Vatva GIDC – a fire outbreak in a dye manufacturing factory engulfed two adjacent chemical factories. The blaze raised panic in even far-off residential areas.  

On  November 4, 2020 , a powerful explosion in a small chemical manufacturing unit in Narol, Ahmedabad, blew up the entire premises, collapsing the roof of its neighbouring units. 13 workers were buried alive.

On  February 8, 2020 , a fire broke out in Nandan Denim Limited’s factory in Narol, Ahmedabad. With only one exit serving the entire building, over 250 workers present at the time quickly found themselves trapped inside as flames engulfed the floor. At least seven deaths were reported, but locals claim the true fatalities to be far higher.  

Also Read:  Legal consequences of a disaster during a pandemic

Unsafe working conditions abound

These factory fires opened in the public imagination, a short window into the unsafe working conditions confronted by workers which are otherwise invisible. However, these hyper visible events only fleetingly expose the world within factories to public scrutiny. Purported actions of authorities address the visual and building aspects of compliance by bringing in, say, more fire exits and extinguishers, rarely focusing on the persistent lack of safe working conditions.

A study by the NGO Aajeevika Bureau  titled  “ Looking Beyond Fire Extinguishers ”  from June 2021 shows how factory floor realities and unfair labour practices enable fire hazards and turn workplaces into sites for calamities. It was undertaken with the participation of a factory workers’ trade union,  Karkhana Shramik Suraksha Sangh , and with workers employed in the large-sized textile factories of Narol, Ahmedabad.

It suggests shifting our gaze from exceptional circumstances to the daily unexceptional risks of labouring on the factory floor. Until this negligence is recognised and punished, such grisly incidents would continue unabated, it argues.

The textile industry in Narol relies on the cheap labour provided by migrant workers. Their socio-economic position makes them a malleable workforce and hence, desirable. The above-mentioned study finds that they are subjected to “flexibility” in employment (96% on casual or contractual, verbal terms), timings (reported erratic by 98%), social security enrolments (only 17% covered), payment of wages, working and living conditions.  

The same flexibility, and even laxity, is also extended to occupational safety and health stipulations, which often result in enumerable injuries and fatalities. Workers are expected to acrobat on dangerous factory floors, the study found. 99% of them reported routine exposure to hazardous chemicals from spills found on the floor.  

Irritation to the eyes and nose, burns on their hands and feet, and dyes buried deep into their finger and toe nails are common, where use of chemicals is involved. Workers also cited the unchecked generation of fabric dust in denim finishing work to be a major health concern. They cope by drinking  chai  to wash down these pollutants they regularly inhale.

Meeting unpredictable daily work targets set by their superiors demand that the workers have urgent access to inputs and materials. As a result, chemical drums, lorries loaded with  thaans , tall stacks of packed ready garments are strewn across the floor, the corridors between machines and the doorways.

The insistence on finishing work orders and feeding machines 24×7 trumps the need for obstruction-free passages and emergency exits, the study found. 82% of the workers felt that due to these practices, escaping their workroom to the outside of the factory, in case of an exigency would take them anywhere between 30-60 minutes.

The study exemplifies how high prevalence of informal employment subjugates workers to the rigid demands of their factory owners. 64% of the workers stated that they were unwilling to voice safety concerns for fear of arbitrary termination and retaliation.

Moreover, casual, contractual and unwritten employment relationships interrupt accountability for workplace injuries and accidents from reaching factory owners and principal employers. Consequently, this enables the factory owner’s negligence towards workplace safety.  

Dismantling inspection-based enforcement

This study also raises a pertinent question about the lax enforcement of  the Factories Act, 1948  (the Factories Act), the current primary law on the subject of occupational safety and health.

It has been observed that the authorities are on the back foot, almost always responding to accidents in the aftermath rather than deterring them. The reactive mode of state authorities is particularly surprising given that a perusal of the provisions of the Factories Act bears out that it is designed to be a preventive mechanism rather than a reactive one, thereby ensuring safe working conditions. Prevention is sought to be ensured through mandatory, periodic and detailed checks by factories inspectors.

However, the factories inspection mechanism has undergone an intrinsic change in Gujarat since the enactment of the   Labour Laws (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 2015 . Self-certification and an online inspection portal were introduced in the state for facilitating the elusive ease-of-doing-business. Compliance under the Factories Act,  the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 and the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979, among other legislation, was moved under this policy.

However, self-certification assumes accuracy of data, compliance, and effectively transfers enforcement of laws onto the factory owners. Further, inspections are dictated by computer-generated random allotments that are based on a risk-assessment criterion alien to the Factories Act, or triggered with the prior-approval of higher authorities in case of complaints about the factories. These reforms have translated into fewer and superficial or no inspections, altogether, rendering the preventive mechanism of the Factories Act illusory.

This web-based self-certification inspection system has also been replicated in  the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020  (OSHWC Code), and will be sanctioned once the Rules thereunder are notified.

Also Read:  New Code on Work Conditions: Should a Workweek have Four Days or Six?  

Enforcement mechanisms need sharpening

The frequency of accidents in Gujarat –  989 between October 1, 2013 and September 30, 2018  – bears testimony to the effects of approaching occupational safety and health with “flexibility”, even in state supervision. It is reasonable to draw a causal link between these factors.

“Looking Beyond Fire Extinguishers” provides evidence for connecting normalised minor accidents and exploitative rhythms in factories with the dismantling of the peremptory oversight system in the name of labour law reforms.

The objective of the Factories Act is to ensure and uphold the right to safe working conditions for workers. The sustained infringement of this right by the industry can only be arrested if the enforcement mechanisms under the Factories Act are sharpened rather than blunted.

The wide powers and functions of the factories inspectors must not be interpreted as discretionary in nature, but as the State’s  obligation  to guarantee provision of decent working conditions. The ongoing rules formulation exercise under the OSHWC Code still offers this chance.

( Shubham Kaushal is a lawyer and researcher, who engages with urban issues and currently works with Aajeevika Bureau. The views expressed are personal.)

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Essay on Industrial Safety

After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Introduction to Industrial Safety 2. Losses Due to Accidents in Industries 3. Causes of Accidents in Industries 4. Factors Responsible for Accidents in Industries 5. Measures for Preventing Accidents in Industries

Essay # 1. Introduction to Industrial Safety :

Safety is very important aspect for any industry as an accident free work environment boosts the morale of the team members working in any hazardous situations. Recognising these facts industries involving various hazards and risks industries prepare their own safety policy, safety manual and have a separate department/section for safety so as to create proper aware­ness and provide the know-how-about the safety.

Adherence to the useful information, rules, and mandatory requirements governing the safety and guidelines will help prevent occupa­tional injuries and accidents which constitute an unavoidable and needless waste of human and material resources.

Safety means continuing and healthful living without injury. Safety is freedom from harm or the danger of harm. The word safety also refers to the precautions people take to prevent accidents, harm, danger, damage, loss and pollution. Safety also deals with improvement in working conditions for better health. Management is responsible to provide safe working condi­tion and individual’s safety.

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All undesired events in a workplace which can give rise to death, ill health, injury, damage or other loss need to be thoroughly investigated, people are trained to safeguard against them, and need to be eliminated. Similarly, all hazards, i.e., source/situation capable of injury or ill health, damage too properly or workplace environment etc., should be identified and action plan drawn for safeguard against them.

It is not only sufficient to care of safety but other two inter-related aspects, viz., health (well-being of employees) and environment are also given equal importance and considerations. All these three elements i.e., safety, health and environment (also known as SHE) are inter-related and affect each other. For instance, if health of employee is not given due regards, it may lead to accidents.

If industry pollutes the environment around work place, it will affect health of employees which may ultimately affect production. It is only if health and environment are in control than safety can be ensured. Each industry, therefore, has certain obligations towards keeping good environment and also towards health of people.

Occupational health hazards means:

1. Conditions that cause legally compensable illness,

2. Any conditions in the workplace that impair the health of employees enough to make them lose time from work or to work at less than full efficiency.

Various health hazards that may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort or inefficient in workplace are:

(a) Physical hazards like noise, vibration, thermal stress; radiations, ill lighting.

(b) Chemical hazards like dust, fumes, fibres, gases,

(c) Biological hazards,

(d) Ergonomics hazards,

(e) Mechanical hazards, and

(f) Psychological hazards.

For works which by their very nature expose workers to hazards, appropriate preventing measures should be taken to avoid any danger to the safety and health of workers, the preven­tive measures should place emphasis on the need to eliminate or reduce the hazard at the source.

Essay # 2. Losses Due to Accidents in Industries :

Now-a-days, serious attention is being paid in this matter, because now it has been clearly understood that these accidents cause heavy losses. In these losses, some are direct losses and are some indirect losses.

Direct Losses:

These are the losses to the employer, which he pays to the worker for compensation. Employer also pays for medical expenses incurred on the worker. This type of losses can be measured in terms of money.

Indirect Losses:

These indirect losses arise from the following sources:

1. Loss of time of the injured person.

2. Loss of time of his fellow workers, who stop work at the time of accident to help him or to show sympathy or for curiosity.

3. Loss of time of supervisors;

(a) In assisting injured worker;

(b) In investigation and preparing a report of accident;

(c) In making alternative arrangement;

(d) In selecting and training the new worker to fill the vacancy if accident causes death of the worker.

4. Loss due to damage caused to machines.

5. Loss due to reduction in the efficiency of the worker when he returns after recovery.

6. Loss due to the reduction in the efficiency of other workers due to fall in their morale.

7. Losses to the injured worker.

Injured worker suffers the following losses:

(a) Loss to his income.

(b) Loss due to medical expenditure,

(c) Pain felt by worker, which cannot be compensated.

Essay # 3. Causes of Accidents in Industries :

Majority of industrial accidents are due to transmission machinery (gears, belts, pulleys, couplings, shafting etc.); cutters, tools and clutch of cutting machines etc.

To minimise the accidents, it is necessary to know about the cause of accidents.

General causes for accidents are given below:

1. Accidents due to dangerous machines:

These accidents occur from boilers, pressure vessels, prime movers, transmission system etc.

2. Unsafe physical condition:

It includes improper guards, improper illumination, im­proper ventilation, unsafe clothing’s.

3. Moving objects:

Sometimes moving object or falling object causes accidents.

4. Personal factors:

Sometimes accidents occur due to some personal factors like lack of knowledge, physical weakness.

5. Unsafe acts:

It is violence of commonly accepted safe procedure.

These include:

(i) working at unsafe speed,

(ii) loading machines beyond capacity

(iii) not using safety devices, and

(iv) adopting unsafe procedure.

6. Electrical causes:

Some of the important causes are:

(a) Do not providing proper protecting devices.

(b) Not obeying proper instructions and not following safety precautions.

(c) Failure to use insulated pliers, screw-drivers and rubber gloves etc.

7. Exposure to harmful substances:

Injuries due to accidents are also caused due to expo­sure to harmful substances, like toxic gases, fumes, dust, vapour mist and aerosols.

Types of Industrial Accidents :

Industrial accidents may be divided in two general classes:

(a) Machinery Accidents:

These accidents are caused by inadequate safeguards of ma­chines.

(b) Non-Machinery Accidents:

These accidents are caused due to personal reasons such as age, physical weakness, inexperience and carelessness or from the plant conditions such as poor ventilation and illumination etc.

Machinery accidents can be reduced by providing safety guards on belts, gears etc.

Essay # 4. Factors Responsible for Accidents in Industries :

It has been seen that accidents are more frequent with younger persons.

(ii) Experience:

Rate of accidents for more experienced workers is less than those of less experienced workers.

(iii) Physical Condition:

Experiments have shown that minor illness like sore throat, headache etc. is responsible for accidents to a large extent. These small frequent illnesses are responsible for lowering general health.

(iv) Fatigue:

It has been seen that suitably arranged rest pauses reduce the number of accidents to a large extent. As these reduce the fatigue, therefore accidents which occur due to excess fatigue are reduced to a large extent.

Experiments have shown that when only one lunch-break is provided then accidents tend to increase with each successive hour of work in the morning and reaching a maximum approxi­mately at 11 A.M., then reduces in the noon.

Number of accidents again starts rising, reaching maximum value towards the later part of the afternoon but a slight drop in the last hour (prob­ably it occurs due to the fact that in this hour speed of work decreases and worker feels relaxed mentally that shortly after he will be free).

(v) Rate of Production:

This factor should also be considered while considering the cause of accidents. The study in this aspect shows that number of accidents increases with the in­crease in production but the proportion of accidents tends to decrease with the increasing pro­duction. That the rate of change in accidents per man-hour is less than the rate of change in production per man-hour.

(vi) Atmospheric Conditions:

Study has shown that accidents are found to be minimum at a temperature of 67.5°F (nearly 20°C). At higher temperatures, rate of accidents increases and after 24°C rate of accidents increases considerably.

(vii) Illumination:

Illumination also affects the accident liability. Dim illumination raises accident frequency. In day light, accidents frequency is less as compared to artificial illumina­tion.

Working Conditions affecting Health :

Working conditions also affect the work. When a worker is allowed to work in good working conditions then his efficiency increases a lot.

Bad environment or working condition may ulti­mately leads to:

(i) Physiological Fatigue;

(ii) Mental Fatigue i.e., feeling of boredom; and

(iii) Decreased efficiency resulting in reduced output. In earlier days, no attention was paid on the working conditions like illumination, humidity, air ventilation, tempera­ture etc. But its importance is now being realised.

(i) Mental Environment:

Good working conditions produce a good effect on the workers’ psychology in addition to greater efficiency. In such conditions, worker will always be ready to offer his services and co-operation. It is necessary for the success of an industry that workers should have good co-ordination.

A worker working in an atmosphere of badly ventilated and hot conditions will feel discom­fort and fatigue. His efficiency will decrease and he will not be able to take interest in the work.

Proper ventilation takes away the heat of human body, furnaces, boiler and other equip­ment thus reducing the effect of heat to some extent. Proper ventilation also removes damp­ness.

Arrangement of air fans in a systematic way also helps to achieve this object. Sometimes, air fans placed in wrong direction send air through furnace, hot parts of machines, etc. Thus transmitting the heat to the workers which they would have not received otherwise.

(ii) Illumination:

Poor illumination reduces the speed of work and results in strain on eyes and causes more accidents. Light should come from the right direction and of desired illumination.

In artificial light, glare is most common defect; it is harmful to the eyes. It also produces strain and headache. Spoilage of work also increases due to glare.

(iii) Hours of Work:

Working hours should be distributed uniformly over the week. A worker should get atleast one weekly holiday so that he can enjoy on that day, and feelings of fatigue and boredom from his mind are removed, and thus he may return on duty as fresh in next week.

Rest pauses also reduce mental fatigue of the worker and hence they should be properly distributed, i.e., at least 5 minutes break in one working hour and one lunch break should be allowed. Duration of rest may vary slightly depending upon the nature of work and working conditions.

(iv) Noise and Vibrations:

Too much noise and vibrations produce mental fatigue and reduce the efficiency of the worker. Although noise cannot be stopped totally for a running machinery but can be reduced by enclosing the source of noise, use of baffles and sound proof materials etc.

Its reduction is very necessary because it is very difficult to concentrate on the work in too much noise. Sometimes too much noise also adversely affects the hearing capacity of the workers. Noise and vibrations can also be controlled to some extent by proper maintenance, checking, lubrication, proper functions etc.

(v) Plant and Shop Layout:

Systematic layout is very helpful for reducing accidents, movement of the products etc. If the shop layout is such that it looks pleasant then worker will take more interest in his work. The layout should be such that material handling becomes economical and safe, and overcrowding is reduced.

Pas­sage for movement should be quite safe and space should be sufficient enough. It should be planned in such a way that every worker gets sufficient natural light in proper direction.

A well designed factory looks pleasing where worker feels proud in working and take more interest in his work. Therefore, factory should be kept clean, doors and windows should be properly coloured and walls should be white-washed so that atmosphere in the factory looks cheerful.

Essay # 5. Measures for Preventing Accidents in Industries:

To prevent the accidents, there is a need for consistent implementation of safety measures.

Some of the important safety measures helpful for preventing accidents are:

2. Safe Material Handling:

(a) Hoists, Cranes, Lifts etc. must be of sound construction. They must be tested periodi­cally and well maintained.

(b) Avoid fatigue of workers, use handling devices where possible.

(c) Ensure safety during handling.

4. Safe Activities in the Organisation:

Each organisation has some peculiarities. On the basis of working methods, its process, and other conditions accident prone activities, and places etc. identified: Past records also help in identification of such activities or areas. All out efforts must be made to reduce chances of accidents in these accident prone areas or activities.

6. General Measures:

i. Safety. By providing proper safeguards to the machines, accidents can be prevented. Some guards are built into a permanent casing, while some are attached afterwards.

ii. Fencing. Machines or their parts should be fenced, if it is not possible to provide safeguards.

iii. All boilers and other pressure vessels must be kept in proper condition. Safety valves, pressure gauges and water gauges etc. must be examined thoroughly at regular inter­vals.

iv. Hoists, cranes and lifts etc. must be of sound construction. They must be tested peri­odically.

v. Physical conditions. Sufficient illumination and ventilation should be provided. Floor should be free from oiliness and should be kept clean.

vi. Safety measures include special clothing for the protection of body, such as gloves, apron, goggles, etc. Loose clothing may be a source of danger.

vii. Repair work on marines should not be done when it is running.

viii. All the tools should be kept at their proper places.

ix. Chips should not be removed by hand.

x. Workers should be trained about correct procedures and they should be educated about safety precautions. Constant warning, publicity and play cards carrying slo­gans (as ‘safety-first’, Danger ‘440 volts’ etc.) are also helpful to reduce accidents.

xi. Fire hazard. To avoid the danger, inflammable materials should be kept away from general storage at a safe distance (minimum 50 ft. or 15.25 m). Fire extinguishers should be kept at suitable places.

xii. Prevention of electric accidents.

To prevent electric accidents following measures should be taken:

a. Electrical insulation should be periodically tested.

b. Use proper tools for testing and repairing.

c. Work should be done after switching the power off.

d. Use such safety equipment as insulated tools and rubber gloves etc. whenever necessary.

Essay # 6. General Precautions to Prevent Accidents in Industries :

Following are some of the common precautions which should be observed from industrial safety point of view, so as to prevent accidents:

1. Always remain alert, and in proper physical and mental condition.

2. Always wear right clothing for the jobs, wear safety glasses, gloves, footwear, hard hat etc. as per the job requirement. Do not wear ties, rings or watches etc. which can be caught by moving parts of the equipment.

3. Keep hands away from moving parts such as fan, V-belt, gears, drive shafts etc.

4. Before operation, make sure you are well conversant with the equipment and its operation.

5. Follow maintenance schedule.

6. Follow precautions suggested by the manufacturer.

7. Keep the machine and area clean.

8. Always keep a safe speed as per the working conditions and the job requirement.

9. Always use proper tools, and they should be free from grease and oil, and properly maintained.

10. Never check for leaks in a pressurised system with hand, as this may drive oil through pores under the skin.

11. Always keep guards and covers in position while operating a machine.

12. Do not perform maintenance work when machine is in operation.

13. Never put the machine on loads exceeding their capacities.

14. Machines should be carefully inspected at regular intervals.

15. Follow all the provisions laid down in various Acts.

16. Follow all the instructions as mentioned under heading ‘Preventive Measures’.

Hazard is a source or a situation with potential to cause harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to property or environment or both. Hazards are identified in the performance of various activities, storage and handling of materials, and operation and maintenance of plants and equipment’s.

Hazard control is that function which is oriented towards recognizing, evaluating and working towards eliminating hazards and destructive effects found at the work-place.

Hazards may be classified as under:

1. Mechanical Hazards.

2. Electrical Hazards.

3. Chemical Hazards.

1. Mechanical Hazards:

These are responsible for the majority of the accidents in work situations, therefore every workplace and equipment should be properly examined for identify­ing mechanical hazards and for taking mitigating measures.

Common sources of mechanical hazards are:

(a) Unguarded or inadequately guarded moving parts or pits etc.

(b) Machine tools, hand tools, handling materials, lifting and other appliances.

(c) Improper ventilation, unsafe dress or apparel etc.

(d) Improper use of tools.

2. Electrical Hazards:

These may be due to contact of body with wire, cable or rail or from stroke of lightening. The immediate effect of this is shock which may be relatively mild or severe so as to cause death (electrocution) depending upon the strength of the current and/or the path it takes passing the earth through the body. Another result is burning and the burns may be severe and deep, especially with higher voltage.

Causes of the electric hazards may be of the following types:

(a) Electric shocks may be caused by an exposed live conductor or a faulty piece of equip­ment.

(b) A mobile crane boom, a man carrying or climbing an aluminium ladder, or vertical metal bars etc. can come in contact with overhead power lines, electric crane rails, open-faced substation switchboards etc.

(c) Other causes may be unskilled electricians, improper, instructions, defective wiring which may cause short circuit, poor installations, misuse or overloading.

(d) Ageing and attack by foreign materials causes insulation failures which causes elec­trical fires or cases of electrocution.

In such cases:

(a) Switch off the current.

(b) And/or remove casualty from the contact with current using insulated material and avoid receiving shock by the person rescuing the victim.

(c) Artificial respiration is given, if breathing has stopped.

3. Chemical Hazards:

The usage of chemicals with the resultant hazardous gases, vapours and fumes is one of the most dangerous industries.

The effects of noxious gases are:

(a) Simple asphyxiants, e.g., nitrogen gas, methane gas, carbon dioxide.

(b) Chemical osphysciants, e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen-sulphide, hydro-cyanic acid.

(c) Irritant gases, e.g., nitrogen dioxide or peroxide, flourine, hydrogen flouride, sulphur dioxide, ammonia.

(d) Organic metallic gases, e.g., assenic hydride.

(e) Inorganic metallic gases.

Several toxic chemicals and fluids are found in industries using sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda, chloride of lime, chloride of phosphrous, sulphur chloride, phosphene chloride of zinc, nitrous chloride, iodine, artificial fertilizers, rubber, petroleum, tar etc.

Essay # 7. Safety Education and Training :

There should be proper facilities to impart training in safety measures to the worker. This can be accomplished by safety posters, safety films, safety contests and suggestions. These are useful to increase the interest of employees in accident prevention. The purpose of this training is to induce care in the use of dangerous tools or in carrying out risky operations.

Training manager identifies the training need of every person in the organisation with long range and short range planning. Training record is maintained for every employee and training requirements are reviewed regularly.

Safety training is an important factor in managing safety in any industry. Industrial con­cerns should provide as a minimum the following types of training:

2. Refresher Training:

Refresher Training should be conducted at regular intervals to ensure that all work­ers are kept up-to-date with safety requirements.

3. Specific Training:

Specific Training should be provided to the persons with safety related tasks such as crane operators, slingers, plant operators etc.

Essay # 8. Safety Efforts by Government :

In order to ensure industrial safety, government has made number of legislations like, the Factories Act 1948, Indian Electricity Act 1884, Mines Act 1952, Indian Boilers Act 1923; Workmen’s Compensation Act; Indian Electricity Act 1910; Petroleum Act 1934 which governs the safety of personnel and equipment in industrial units in the country.

But we know that legislation alone cannot ensure safety in industrial operations, unless effective approach to prevention of accidents and promotion of safety consciousness in industry is achieved.

This is possible by adopting proper control measures including safe designs of machines and processes, use of protection devices and personal protective equipment’s, effective safety procedures and practices as well as creation of self-regulating system on the shop-floor.

To assure safety to workers and eliminating chances of damage to machinery and equipment, Indian Standards Institute has done commendable job.

It lays down:

(i) Safety precautions to be taken during manufacturing operations.

(ii) Requirements for effective maintenance of tools and equipment’s.

(iii) Standards for proper layout, proper lighting and ventilation of factory building.

(iv) Guidance on safe welding and cutting, use of powered industrial trucks, belt convey­ors fire-fighting equipment’s.

(v) Standards and specifications of safe industrial operations and practices.

(vi) Classification of hazardous chemicals and use of accident prevention tags and picto­rial markings for handling and labeling of dangerous goods.

(vii) Safety codes for handling acids and other chemicals.

(viii) Safety requirements for personal protective equipment’s.

(ix) Standards for fire safety in industrial buildings and safety procedures to be followed in electrical work and use of electrical appliances in hazardous area and explosive atmosphere.

(x) Specifications for protective clothing, safety helmets, face shields and safety equipment are for eyes, ears, lungs, hands, feet and legs. These include eye and ear protec­tors, gas mask, gloves, safety boots and shoes for mines and heavy metal industries etc.

Essay # 9. Safety Programme :

Certain persons are made responsible for safety aspect in the organisation. Now-a-days, safety committee concept is becoming popular. A safety committee consists of executives, super­visors and shop floor workers. This also helps in creating safety consciousness. This is a body which deals all matters related to safety.

Safety programmes analyses causes of accidents, and takes remedial measures which aim at r educing accidents and losses which might occur due to them. Safety programme is a continu­ous process and minimises the factors related to personal and environmental which may cause accidents Safety equipment’s are provided to save employees from accidents. Special trainings are imparted to employees on safety aspects.

In order to create awareness, safety weeks are organised, safety instructions are displayed. It is also necessary to make necessary safety rules and enforce them.

For effectiveness of the safety programmes in an industry, it is necessary to identify the causes of accidents, study them, and take effective steps for their prevention.

For effectiveness of the plant safety programme, following areas should be covered:

i. Plant layout.

ii. House keeping.

iii. Maintenance of the equipment.

iv. Training programme for the employees.

v. Protective equipment requirement.

vi. Separate safety department, with proper communication system.

vii. Fire-fighting facilities.

Lack of training has been identified as one of the major causes of accidents. Safety aware­ness is the basic requirement for reducing accidents. Most of the accidents take place due to adoption of short cuts and/or ignoring the safety guidelines.

There is a need to prepare a safety manual which should include the mandatory use of personal protection equipment, safety aware­ness training programme, fire protection, first-aid, safety signages, accidenting reporting pro­cedure etc., each operation has its own hazards and a safety programme should be developed to mitigate the particular hazards.

Safety programme in an industry must receive the full support of an entire organisation beginning with top management and continuing down through the ranks to include the manag­ers, supervisors and workers.

In any safety programme, following are essential:

1. Secure full support of top management

2. Direct one executive of appropriate level to direct safety programmes.

3. Give publicity to safety programmes.

4. Develop a safety programme for each job.

5. Install safety programme, creating the competition with appropriate rewards for out­standing performance.

6. Train new employees.

7. Safety practice be made effective.

8. Promote good house-keeping.

9. Maintain adequate first-aid facilities.

10. Seek assistance from insurance companies.

Safety programme is carried out in following three phases:

1. Safety Awareness:

This includes educational, on-the-job instruction training, ergonom­ics, and job safety analysis techniques.

2. Safety Implementation:

Implementation of safety programme should be the responsi­bility of all concerned.

3. Safety Programme Maintenance:

This phase is necessary to maintain enthusiasm and energy levels which do not deteriorate with time.

Essay # 10. Factors Affecting Industrial Safety :

There are large numbers of factors affecting the safety, but they can be divided into following categories:

i. Equipment related factors.

ii. Work area related factors.

iii. Environmental factors.

Now-a-days equipment are manufactured keeping all safety aspects in mind, therefore, not much concentration is required for safety aspects related to equipment, except maintenance.

Factors related to other two categories are discussed here under:

1. Working Environment:

Working environment is the single biggest factor affecting safety aspects. It varies from concern to concern, and on the type of industry, and not always possible to establish ideal conditions. However serious efforts should be made to arrive at them.

Following are the range of ideal conditions for different environmental factors that are condu­cive to ideal working conditions:

i. Temperature:

(a) 20-22°C in winter

(b) 21-24°C in summer

ii. Humidity:

25—50 percent relative humidity

iii. Noise:

Conversation from a distance of one metro should be possible without extra effort.

iv. Ventilation:

0.6 cubic metre of fresh air per man or suf­ficient enough to remove odour

2. Lifting of Load:

Although most works are done mechanically in the process of manufac­turing, still many material handling works involving load lifting are done manually. It has been experienced that a man can easily lift about 22 kg and woman about 16 kg.

But while doing work continuously in a bent position even with a small load, there will be immense strains on spine and back muscles that may result in injury especially for aged workers. Therefore, efforts must be made to keep the material at a certain height so as to minimise the strain and fatigue.

3. Chemical Safety:

Many processing and manufacturing industries use chemicals in one or other form. The chemical are hazardous mainly for their toxicity, flash point below 100°F, their reactions when mixed with other chemicals, and their decomposition under heat.

Therefore, extra care should be made and recommended safe practices should be adopted for the receipts, storage, handling and disposal of chemicals and other hazardous materials. Where necessary respiratory devices, protective clothing, safety showers, and eye wash facili­ties should be used and located at suitable places, the use of exhaust hoods, air filtering and to provide protection from gases and air borne hazards.

4. Safety Equipment:

Personal, safety equipment’s are necessary to protect from any acci­dent, like hard hats for construction workers, safety goggles and shields for welders etc. Safety shoes, protective clothing, respirators are also used to protect from hostile environment.

Essay # 11. Personal Protection Equipment (P.P.E.) :

Personal protection equipment (PPE) is attached to the human body for protection against injury or harm. Human body is delicate and prone to injury by various industrial hazards. Use of PPE helps in minimising injury.

Safety management’s main objectives are to eliminate hazardous conditions, prevent acci­dents, and to minimise hazards. However, the PPE provides additional and essential back-up protection to the workers.

Sensitive parts of the body requiring protection include the following:

Sensitive to bright light, particles, dust, fumes.

Sensitive to noise, sound.

Sensitive to particles, chemical liquids/fumes/gases, flying objects

4. Nose, Lungs, respiratory system:

Sensitive to chemical fumes, dust, poisonous gases

5. Head and Neck:

Sensitive to flying objects, accidental hitting.

6. Arms hand and fingers:

Sensitive to accidental hitting, insertion in rotating part.

7. Leg and foot:

Sensitive to falling of objects, chemicals.

Sensitive to electric shock, heat and cold.

Sensitive to heat and cold.

Under various provisions of the Factories Act and rules thereunder suitable PPE is re­quired to be provided. Attempts are therefore made to design process of construction and generation of power efficiently and safely. Efforts should also be made to keep all hazards under control. It must be kept in mind that PPE do not eliminate the hazard, these are designed to interpose an effective barrier between a person and harmful objects, substances or radiations.

Suitable PPE meets the following requirements:

1. Adequate protection against the hazards.

2. Maximum comfort and minimum weight compatible with protective efficiency.

3. Durability and susceptibility of maintenance.

4. Construction in accordance with the accepted standards for performance.

List of Important Protection Equipment (PPE):

Essay # 12. First-Aid :

Although in factories, sufficient safety measures are taken to minimise accidents but acci­dents cannot be totally avoided and hence, proper first-aid facilities for common accidents such as fire, heat stroke, cuts etc. must be provided in every factory by the employers.

A first-aid box is provided in the charge of a responsible person, who must be always avail­able in working hours and he should be trained in first-aid.

Some firms have elaborate arrangements of stretcher service, ambulance arrangements, surgeries etc. in the works dispensary.

The workers as human being are entitled to every consideration at the hands of the man­agement and it lies in the administration to institute adequate precautionary and prompt first- aid towards its workers. And hence, it is essential that the management should be fully equipped to offer first-aid to the workers.

The specified contents of first-aid box in workshops employing more than 60 persons (as per Factory Act) are:

1. Twenty four small sterilized dressings.

2. Twelve medium size sterilized dressings.

3. Twelve large size sterilized dressings.

4. (10 gms) packets sterilized cotton wool.

5. One snake bite lancet.

6. One pair of scissors.

7. Twelve large size burn dressings.

8. Two (25 gms) bottles of potassium permanganate crystals.

9. One (100 gms) bottle containing two percent alcoholic solution.

10. One (100 gms) bottle of salvotative having the dose and mode of administration indi­cated on label.

11. One copy of first-aid leaflet.

12. Twelve rolled bandages 10 cm wide.

13. Twelve rolled bandages 5 cm wide.

14. Two rolls of adhesive plaster.

15. Six triangular bandages.

16. Two packets of safety pins.

17. A supply of suitable splits.

18. One townquet.

19. Eye drops.

Treatment for Electric Shock :

The following precautions must be observed while working on electrical works to protect against shocks:

1. Before working on “Live Mains” first switch off the supply of electricity to them.

2. If it is not possible to “Switch Off” the mains, see that your hands and feet are not wet

3. If a person gets an electric shock, rescue him with the help of an insulator. If the insulator is not available use your feet and not the hands to rescue him.

4. While working on high voltage, stand on bad conducting material.

If any person gets an electric shock, the following steps must be taken for his treatment:

Removal from the Contact:

If the person who is shocked by electricity is in contact with the electrical machine or an apparatus, then one person for saving him should stand on a dry wooden chair while removing the victim; otherwise pull him with the help of a dry coat, dry rope or coconut matting etc.

Preliminary Steps:

If the patient’s clothes are smouldering then those should be extin­guished If he is breathing he should be sent to the doctor. If not breathing artificial respiration methods should be adopted to recover him. Do not give him any liquid to drink.

Fire Protection :

1. Following precautions should be taken to avoid fire hazards on all oxy-acetylene cut­ting and welding:

(a) Keep hose and cylinder valves free from grease and oil.

(b) Keep cylinders away from stoves, furnaces and other sources of heat.

(c) Only ‘Gas Lighter’ should be used to light the torch.

(d) Avoid use of oxy acetylene flame in confined spaces.

(e) For testing of leakages, use only soap water and watch for bubbles.

(f) Valve protection caps should be in place when cylinders are not in use.

2. Gas cylinders should be kept upright in approved safe place where they cannot be knocked over, and well separated from furnaces and combustion materials. Loaded and empty cylinder should be kept in separate places.

3. Oxygen cylinders should not be stored in close proximity to acetylene cylinders. In no circumstances oxygen or acetylene cylinders should be stored under direct rays of Sun or in places where excessive rise of temperature is likely to occur.

4. Following precautions should be taken during electric arc welding and cutting:

(a) Welder and all persons working in the immediate vicinity should wear suitable coloured goggles unless the work is completely shielded.

(b) Persons should never look at an electric arc with the naked eye, as it may cause serious eye injury.

(c) Only heavy duty electric cable with unbroken insulation should be used, and all connections should be water-proof. Frequent inspections should be made.

(d) Before leaving the work, welder should switch off the power supply to the equip­ment.

5. Package containing paints, varnishes, lacquers or other volatile painting materials should be kept tightly closed when not in actual use, and should be placed where they will not be exposed to excessive heat, sparks, flame or direct rays of the Sun.

6. Dirty wiping rags, paint scrapings and paint saturated debris, should not be allowed to accumulate but should be collected and disposed of at frequent intervals.

7. Smoking, open flame, exposed heating elements, and other sources of ignition of any kind should not be permitted in paint stores or areas where spray painting is done.

8. Fire extinguishers of appropriate capacity should always be at hand where flammable paint and other materials are being mixed, used or stored.

9. The smoke and hot combustion products from a fire, being lighter than surrounding air tend to rise and on reaching the roof spread out on all sides and form a floating layer and the whole building is then filled up with hot smoky gases. The provision of properly designed and suitably located vents in adequate number helps the speedy removal of smoke and hot gas, thereby preventing spread of fire, besides reducing risks of explosion of unburnt gases which may cause extensive damages.

10. All combustible waste material, wood sealings, soiled rags etc. should be removed daily and burned in suitable burning areas. The saw mill and timber yard be kept free from accumulation to combustible debris.

11. It should be ensured that the clothes worn by the workmen be not of such nature as to increase the chances of their getting involved in accident to themselves or others. As a rule, wearing of loose garments should be prohibited.

12. Smoking should be prohibited in ail flammable storages viz. carpentry, paint shops, garrages, service station etc. “No Smoking” signs should be posted on all such areas.

13. Flammable liquids, lubricants etc. should be handled and transported in safety con­tainers and drums which can be tightly capped:

14. All electric installations should be properly earthed.

15. Following fire-fighting arrangements should be made:

(a) Fire extinguishers and fire buckets, painted red, be provided at all fire hazardous locations. The extinguishers should be inspected, serviced and maintained in ac­cordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

(b) In isolated locations (away from the cities), it will be necessary to provide for and install complete fire-fighting facilities including provision for fire tenders com­mensurate with the numbers, size and importance of equipment’s, buildings or supplies to be protected.

(c) Since portable hand extinguishers have limited capacity, full reliance should never be placed on them. Water in ample quantity and under adequate pressure should always be available for fire fighting

(d) Fire exit and fire alarm arrangements should be provided at all locations featur­ing hazards.

(e) All staff should be conversant with the use of all types of fire extinguishing appa­ratuses. Demonstrations and training in fire-fighting should be conducted at sufficient intervals.

Fire Fighting, Detection and Alarm System :

Fire-fighting systems include:

1. Water sprays system (sprinkler system):

Generally used for offices, stores, turbine- generators, transformer and boiler front areas.

2. CO 2 system:

These are used in enclosed areas, switchgear room, cable tunnels, and gas turbine/engine cells.

3. Dry chemical powder (DCP) system:

Dry chemical powder (DCP) system, used for control room, offices, electrical plant etc.

4. Foam system:

Foam system, used for fuel-oil storage tank protection.

5. Halon System:

This is used for computer room, cable tunnels, control-relay room and other light current auxiliary system rooms.

6. Hydrant system:

This is used for general use throughout the plant.

7. Water Hose-reels:

Used in offices, stores, and workshop corridors etc.

Total Fire Protection System includes:

1. Fire Detection systems.

2. Fire Alarm systems.

3. Fire Alarm and Control Panel.

4. Fire Hydrant System.

Smoke indicates presence of fire. Flame, light and heat confirm the presence of fire. Fire must be detected rapidly and it should be quenched before it grows. Fire is detected by the fire detection system comprising fire detectors.

The fire detectors are located in various zones of the plant, substations and are connected to the fire alarm and fire control panel located in the control room and to the automatic fire fighting system distributed in the plant.

The detection of smoke/fire, sounding of alarm and initiating the fire extinguishing action can be achieved by various methods. Fire detector system initiates fire alarm system. The operation of a fire detector is immediately indicated and buzzer is sounded on the respective zone window of the panel. This initiate operation of automatic fire fighting system in the af­fected zone.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Accident: 4 Important Causes of Accident | Employee Management
• Employee Health and Safety
• Good Housekeeping: Necessity, Procedure and Advantages | Industries
• Essay on Industrial Relations

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• હોળી નિબંધ
• ધૂળેટી નિબંધ
• મહાશિવરાત્રી નિબંધ
• જન્માષ્ટમી નિબંધ
• રક્ષાબંધન નિબંધ
• ઉત્તરાયણ (મકરસંક્રાંતિ) નિબંધ
• આપણા ઉત્સવો અને તહેવારો નિબંધ
• મારો પ્રિય તહેવાર ગુજરાતી નિબંધ
• 26મી જાન્યુઆરી (પ્રજાસત્તાક દિન) નિબંધ
• 15મી ઓગસ્ટ (સ્વતંત્રતા દિવસ) નિબંધ
• મારો પ્રિય તહેવાર
• કોરોના વાયરસ નિબંધ
• પ્રવાસનું જીવન ઘડતરમાં સ્થાન
• ધરતીનો છેડો ઘર
• પ્રદૂષણ - એક સાર્વત્રિક સમસ્યા
• માતૃપ્રેમ | માં તે માં | માં
• 26મી જાન્યુઆરી (પ્રજાસત્તાક દિન)
• 15મી ઓગસ્ટ (સ્વતંત્રતા દિવસ)
• એક સૈનિકની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક નદીની આત્મકથા
• એક ખેડૂતની આત્મકથા
• એક ફાટેલી ચોપડીની આત્મકથા
• એક રૂપિયાની આત્મકથા
• એક ચબુતરાની આત્મકથા
• નિશાળનો બાંકડો બોલે છે...
• એક શિક્ષિત બેકારની આત્મકથા
• એક વડલાની આત્મકથા
• એક ભિખારીની આત્મકથા
• એક ફૂલની આત્મકથા
• એક છત્રીની આત્મકથાા
• એક ઘડિયાળની આત્મકથાા
• એક નિવૃત શિક્ષકની આત્મકથા
• જો હું વડાપ્રધાન હોઉં તો...
• સમાનાર્થી શબ્દો
• વિરુદ્ધાર્થી શબ્દો
• તળપદા શબ્દોો
• શબ્દસમૂહ માટે એક શબ્દો
• રૂઢિપ્રયોગો અને તેના અર્થ
• નિપાત
• કૃદંત
• અલંકાર
• સમાનાર્થી શબ્દો ધોરણ પ્રમાણે
• Privacy Policy

ગુજરાતી નિબંધ | All Gujarati Essay | Gujarati Nibandh List

નીચે આપેલ ગુજરાતીમાં  100 , 200  અને 500 શબ્દોમાં નિબંધ ધોરણ 5 થી  10 ,  11  અને  12  માટે ઉપયોગી થશે.

ગુજરાતી નિબંધ | નિબંધ લેખન એટલે શું | all gujarati nibandh list, નિબંધ લેખન એટલે શું.

• નિબંધના ‘શીર્ષક' વિશે સૌપ્રથમ વિચાર થવો જોઈએ. શીર્ષકના આધારે નિબંધલેખનમાં કહ્યા મુદાઓ સમાવવા તેનો ખ્યાલ આવે છે. 
• નિબંધના બધા મુદ્દાઓનું અનુસંધાન તેનું શીર્ષક બની રહેવું જોઈએ. વિષયની બહાર જઈ મુદાઓની ચર્ચા કરવી-એમાં વિષયનું તાદૃશ્ય જળવાઈ શકતું નથી.
• શીર્ષકના આધારે તેના મુદાઓની નોંધ કર્યા પછી કયા મુદ્દાને કેટલો અને કેવી રીતે વિસ્તારવો છે તેનું મનન કરવું જોઈએ.
• મુદ્દાને અનુરૂપ અને વિષયને સંગત હોય તેવા અવતરણો, કહેવતો, રૂઢિપ્રયોગો, ગુજરાતી કે અન્ય જાણીતી ભાષાની પંક્તિઓ, સુભાષિતો, વગેરેનો ઉપયોગ નિબંધમાં કરવા જોઈએ, નિબંધના મુદાઓમાં અલગ-અલગ સ્થાને તે મુકાય; એકસાથે બધી જ પંક્તિઓ એક જ મુદામાં ન લખાય તેની સાવધાની રાખવી જોઈએ.
• વાક્યો અતિશય લાંબો ન થાય તેનો લખતી વખતે ખાસ ખ્યાલ રાખવો.
• પરિચ્છેદની સપ્રમાણતા જળવાઈ રહે તેવી કાળજી કરવી, અને
• વિરામચિહ્નોનો યોગ્ય ઉપયોગ થાય, અનુસ્વાર, જોડણી વગેરે પણ યોગ્ય રીતે લખાય તેની ખાસ કાળજી રાખવી.
• નિબંધનો પ્રથમ મુદ્દો પ્રસ્તાવના અને છેલ્લે મુદ્દો ઉપસંહાર યોગ્ય રીતે લખાય તે ખાસ જોવું. નિબંધના થોડા નમુનાઓ જોઈ જવાથી આ કુશળતા આવી જશે.
• કાગળમાં યોગ્ય હાંસિયો રખાય, મુદાઓ લખવામાં થોડા મોટા અક્ષર લખાય, ફકરા-પરિચ્છેદની શરૂઆતમાં યોગ્ય જગ્યા છોડાય અને પ્રત્યેક પેટા મુદાને અંતે ગુરુવિરામ મુકાય તે પણ ખાસ જોવું.
• પરીક્ષામાં પુછાતા નિબંધો વિદ્યાર્થીની વય-કક્ષા અને અનુભવ જગતને ધ્યાને રાખીને જ પુછાય છે, એટલે ‘શીર્ષક’ ઉપર થોડું મનન કરવાથી તે વિષય-નિરૂપણ માટેના મુદ્દાઓ અને રજૂઆતના શબ્દો અવશ્ય મળી આવે છે, પણ હા, એ માટે અગાઉ થોડા નિબંધો જોઈ જવા જરૂરી ગણાય.
• નિબંધ પૂરેપૂરો લખાઈ જાય પછી તેને ઓછામાં ઓછા એક વખત અવશ્ય વાંચી જવો જોઈએ, જેથી તેમાં રહેલી નાની પણ જરૂરી ક્ષતિઓ સુધારી શકાય છે
• સારું લખાણ લખવા માટે રોજબરોજની વૈશ્વિક, રાષ્ટ્રીય, પ્રાદેશિક અને આજુબાજુની મહત્ત્વની ઘટનાઓ વિશે જાણકારી પ્રાપ્ત થતી રહેવી જોઈએ. એ માટે વર્તમાનપત્રો, સામયિકો, સમાચારો સાથે નાતો જોડવો-જોડી રાખવો જોઈએ.
• પુરુષાર્થ એટલે શું ? 
• પુરુષાર્થ વિશે બીજાના - અનુભવીઓના કેવા ખ્યાલો છે ? 
• નસીબથી બધું સારું ગોઠવી શકાય કે પુરુષાર્થનો ખપ પડે ? 
• પ્રારબ્ધીઓ અને પુરુષાર્થીઓ બંનેમાંથી કોણ ચડિયાતું ગણાય ? 
• આપણે કેવા બનવું જોઈએ ? 
• પુરુષાર્થ દ્વારા કંઈક પામ્યાં હોય એવાં કોણ કોણ ? 
• પ્રસ્તાવના 
• પુરુષાર્થ અને પ્રારબ્ધની તુલના 
• પુરુષાર્થનું મહત્ત્વ અને જરૂરિયાત
• પુરુષાર્થીઓની સિદ્ધિઓ 
• ઉપસંહાર
• 'સિદ્ધિ તેને જઈ વરે, જે પરસેવે નહાય,'
• "उद्यमेन हि सिध्यन्ति कार्याणि न मनोरथैः "
• 'પુરુષાર્થ ભાગ્યનો ઘડવૈયો છે.'
• 'Self Help is the best Help.'
• તમે પહેલાં નક્કી કરો કે તમે કયા પ્રકારનો નિબંધ વધુ સારી રીતે લખી શકો. તમને ખ્યાલ તો હશે જ કે નિબંધ વિવિધ પ્રકારના હોય છે. પ્રકૃતિવિષયક, માહિતીપ્રધાન, ઘટનાપ્રધાન, ચિંતનપ્રધાન, આત્મકથા - જેવા નિબંધો લખવાના થતા હોય છે.
• તમે જે નિબંધ લખવા માંગો છો તેમાં કઈ વીગતો આવી શકે, તે વિચારો અને નોંધો. તેના મુદ્દા તારવો. આ મુદ્દાની કાચી યાદી બનાવો. ત્યાર બાદ મુદ્દાની ક્રમિકતા નક્કી કરો. કયો મુદો પહેલા લેવાથી તમારો નિબંધ વધુ ચુસ્ત બનશે અને લખાણ વધુ પ્રવાહી લાગશે.
• તમે સમાનાર્થી શબ્દો, વિરુદ્ધાર્થ શબ્દો, રૂઢિપ્રયોગ, કહેવત, દુહાઓ વગેરેનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો છે. તેનો ઉપયોગ કરો અને તમારા લખાણને વધુ સચોટ અને અસરકારક બનાવો.
• પસંદ કરેલા નિબંધ અનુસાર તમારી ભાષા હોવી જોઈએ.
• જો તમે પ્રકૃતિવર્ણનનો વિષય પસંદ કર્યો હોય તો તેમાં પ્રકૃતિનું દૃશ્ય નજર સામે ઊભું થઈ જાય તેવું, સૂક્ષ્મ વીગતો સાથે વર્ણન કરવું જોઈએ. પ્રકૃતિના રમ્ય - રૌદ્ર રૂપની વાત કરતી વખતે તેને માનવસ્વભાવની સંકુલતા સાથે પણ સાંકળી શકાય. પ્રકૃતિ મન - હૃદયને સ્પર્શતી હોય છે. તેથી તેમાં પ્રયોજાયેલાં ભાવવાચક, ઉદ્ગારવાચક વાક્યો પણ નિબંધને વધુ હૃદયસ્પર્શી બનાવી શકે.
• જો તમે માહિતીપ્રધાન નિબંધ લખવા માગતા હોવ તો તમારી પાસે મુદાઓને અનુરૂપ માહિતી હોવી જોઈએ. જરૂરી પરિભાષા, તેના લાભ-ગેરલાભ અંગે અથવા પક્ષ-વિપક્ષ અંગેની માહિતી, તેનાં કારણો, ઉપાયો વગેરે જેવી વીગતો સમાવી લેવી જોઈએ.
• ઘટનાપ્રધાન નિબંધ લખવા માગતા હોવ તો એ ઘટનાનું તમારે મન શું મહત્ત્વ છે, વ્યક્તિગત અથવા સામાજિક સંદર્ભોમાં એ ઘટના વિશેષ છે ? તમારા મનમાં રોપાયેલી ઘટના વાચનારના મનમાં રોપાય તેવું વર્ણન ઘટનાપ્રધાન નિબંધને આસ્વાદ્ય બનાવી શકે.
• જો તમારે આત્મનાત્મક નિબંધ લખવો હોય તો તમે વિચારી જુઓ કે તમને કેવી વાત સાંભળવામાં રસ પડી શકે? કોઈ પોતાની આત્મકથા કહે તો કોણ સાંભળ. ક્યારે સાંભળે? તેથી આ પ્રકારના નિબંધમાં બોલચાલની લઢણ નિબંધને આકર્ષક બનાવી શકે. વળી, જે પોતાના જીવનના અંતિમ તબક્કામાં હોય, તે પોતાના જીવનના સારરૂપ કોઈ સંદેશ આપે, તેથી કોઈ પણ આત્મકથા જે જીવનસંદેશ આપતી હોય તો તેનું મહત્ત્વ હોય.

નિબંધનું માળખુંઃ

• આરંભ 
• વિષયવસ્તુ 
• સમાપન

ગુજરાતી નિબંધ લેખન સ્વાધ્યાય:

• સ્વચ્છતા ત્યાં પ્રભુતા
• મારા પ્રિય લેખક
• મેં જોયેલી એક દુર્ઘટના
• મારો પાદગાર પ્રવાસ
• જો હું મુખ્યમંત્રી હોઉં તો
• શહેરીજીવનની સમસ્યાઓ
• પુસ્તકો : આપણાં મિત્રો
• એક સુકાયેલા ઝાડની આત્મકથા
• જાગ્યા ત્યારથી સવાર
• તહેવારોનું મહત્ત્વ
• રોશવની રમતનાં મારાં સંસ્મરણો
• મિત્રતાની મીઠાશ
• સિદ્ધિ તેને વરે જે પરસેવે નહાય
• જનની અને જન્મભૂમિ સ્વર્ગથી મહાન છે.
• સાગર તટે સંધ્યા
• મારો પ્રિય સર્જક
• જો હું કવિ હોઉં તો...
• જીવનમાં પ્રામાણિકતાનું મહત્ત્વ
• મારું પ્રિય પુસ્તક
• ગામડું બોલે છે.
• નેત્રદાનઃ મહાદાન
• વૃદ્ધાશ્રમની મુલાકાતે
• વસંત – વનમાં અને જનમાં
• આધુનિક સાધનો - શાપ કે આશીર્વાદ
• જીવનમાં રમતગમતનું મહત્ત્વ
• વર્ષાઋતુ
• પરિશ્રમ એ જ પારસમણી
• ખબર છે એટલી કે માતની હાકલ પડી છે.
• પાણી બચાવો - પ્રાણી બચાવો
• પ્રકૃતિનું રક્ષણ એ જ જીવનનું રક્ષણ
• દીકરી, ઘરની દીવડી
• વિદ્યા વિનયથી શોભે છે.
• પ્રાર્થના – જીવનનું બળ
• માતૃભાષાનું મહત્વ
• વૃક્ષ ઉગાડો, પર્યાવરણ બચાવો.
• રક્તદાન મહાદાન
• મારી પ્રેરણામૂર્તિ
• માનવી – પશુની નજરે
• સૃષ્ટિનો છે એક જ પોકાર, દીકરી બચાવી કરો ઉદ્ધાર
• મારી માટી  મારો દેશ - મેરી માટી મેરા દેશ
• ચંદ્રયાન મિશન 3 નિબંધ
• રામ મંદિર અયોધ્યા નિબંધ

પ્રાકૃતિક નિબંધ

• ઉતરાયણ વિશે નિબંધ
• વસંતઋતુ વિશે નિબંધ અથવા વસંત નો વૈભવ નિબંધ
• ઉનાળાની બપોર અથવા ગ્રીષ્મનો મધ્યાહન નિબંધ
• પ્રકૃતિના રમ્ય અને રૌદ્ર સ્વરૂપ નિબંધ
• કુદરતના હાસ્ય અને તાંડવ નિબંધ
• ભૂકંપ વિશે નિબંધ અથવા ધરતીકંપ એક કુદરતી આફત
• વહેલી સવારનું ભ્રમણ
• વર્ષાઋતુ નિબંધ
• મોસમનો પહેલો વરસાદ ચોમાસુ નિબંધ
• અતિવૃષ્ટિ નિબંધ
• અનાવૃષ્ટિ અથવા દુકાળ વિશે નિબંધ
• વિનાશક વાવાઝોડું નિબંધ
• પ્રકૃતિ પરમાત્માનું સ્વરૂપ નિબંધ

તહેવાર વિષયક નિબંધ

• હોળી પર નિબંધ
• ઉત્તરાયણ (મકરસંક્રાંતિ) વિશે નિબંધ
• મહાશિવરાત્રી  નિબંધ
• જીવનમાં તહેવારો નું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• ઉનાળામાં વેકેશન નિબંધ
• રથયાત્રા વિશે ગુજરાતી નિબંધ
• રક્ષાબંધન વિશે નિબંધ
• દશેરા વિશે નિબંધ
• ૧૫ મી ઓગષ્ટ નિબંધ
• દિવાળી વિશે નિબંધ
• નાતાલ નિબંધ
• 26 મી જાન્યુઆરી નો નિબંધ
• શરદ પૂર્ણિમા વિશે નિબંધ
• મારો પ્રિય તહેવાર નિબંધ

સામાજિક, આર્થિક, સાંસ્કતિ અને કેળવણી વિષયક નિબંધ

• બેટી બચાવો બેટી પઢાવો નિબંધ
• વાંચન નું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• નારી તું નારાયણી નિબંધ
• નારી સશક્તિકરણ નિબંધ
• માતૃપ્રેમ નિબંધ અથવા વાત્સલ્યમૃતિ મા નિબંધ
• દીકરી ઘરનો દીવો નિબંધ
• ઓનલાઇન શિક્ષણ ના ફાયદા અને ગેરફાયદા
• સ્વચ્છતા ત્યાં પ્રભુતા નિબંધ
• સમયનું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• શ્રમનું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• કોરોનાથી બચવાનો એકમાત્ર ઉપાય રસીકરણ
• ભ્રષ્ટાચાર નિબંધ
• પર્યાવરણ નું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• પર્યાવરણ બચાવો નિબંધ
• વિશ્વ પર્યાવરણ દિવસ નિબંધ
• જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત નિબંધ
• ગુજરાતના કોરોના વોરિયર્સ નિબંધ
• આત્મનિર્ભર ભારત નિબંધ
• જીવનમાં શિસ્તનું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• ગાય વિશે નિબંધ
• માનવ અને પશુની મૈત્રી નિબંધ
• મોર વિશે નિબંધ
• માતૃભાષા નું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• માતૃભાષામાં શિક્ષણ નિબંધ
• પુસ્તકો આપણા સાચા મિત્રો નિબંધ
• વૃક્ષો આપણા મિત્રો નિબંધ
• જીવનમાં પ્રામાણિકતાનું મહત્ત્વ પર નિબં ધ
• વહેલી સવારનું ભ્રમણ વિશે નિબંધ
• વિશ્વ બંધુત્વ નિબંધ
• મિત્રતાની મીઠાશ નિબંધ
• પ્રવાસનું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• સમાજનું નવનિર્માણ અને તરુણો નિબંધ
• જીવનમાં સાદગીનું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• વિજ્ઞાનનું મહત્વ નિબંધ
• પ્લાસ્ટિક મુક્ત ભારત નિબંધ
• વસ્તી વધારો નિબંધ
• ઓનલાઇન થઇ રહેલું વિશ્વ નિબંધ
• મને શું થવું ગમે નિબંધ
• શિક્ષક દિન નિબંધ
• સૈનિક વિશે નિબંધ
• કુદરતી આપત્તિ નિબંધ
• હાય રે ! મોંઘવારી નિબંધ
• કારગિલ વિજય દિવસ
• વિશ્વ સંસ્કૃત દિવસ
• વિશ્વ આદિવાસી દિવસ
• વિશ્વ મહિલા દિવસ નિબંધ
• રાષ્ટ્રીય એકતા નિબંધ
• કન્યા વિદાય નિબંધ
• યુદ્ધ નહી પણ બુદ્ધ નિબંધ
• મારી શાળા નિબંધ
• મારો શોખ નિબંધ
• મારું ગામ નિબંધ
• મારું શહેર નિબંધ
• મારા દાદાજી નિબંધ
• મારા દાદીમાંનિબંધ
• મારા સપનાનું ભારત નિબંધ
• મારા શૈશવના સંસ્મરણો નિબંધ
• સ્ટેચ્યુ ઓફ યુનિટી વિશે નિબંધ
• આઝાદી કા અમૃત મહોત્સવ નિબંધ
• મારી પ્રિય રમત ક્રિકેટ નિબંધ
• જાહેરાતોનું વિશ્વ નિબંધ
• મતદાન જાગૃતિ નિબંધ
• પિતા દિવસ નિબંધ
• પશુ પ્રેમ નિબંધ
• પર્યાવરણના સંરક્ષણ માટે મારો ફાળો નિબંધ
• પોપટ વિશે નિબંધ
• હાથી વિશે નિબંધ
• કુતરા વિશે નિબંધ
• સિંહ વિશે નિબંધ
• વાઘ વિશે નિબંધ
• બિલાડી વિશે નિબંધ

આત્મકથાત્મક નિબંધ

• એક નદીની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક ફૂલની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક ખેડૂતની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક ફાટેલી ચોપડીની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક રૂપિયાની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક શિક્ષિત બેકારની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• નિશાળનો બાંકડો બોલે છે...આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક ચબુતરાની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક વડલાની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક ભિખારીની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક છત્રીની આત્મકથાનિબંધ
• એક ઘડિયાળની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• એક નિવૃત શિક્ષકની આત્મકથા નિબંધ
• જો હું સૈનિક હોઉં તો... નિબંધ
• જો હું વડાપ્રધાન હોઉં તો...નિબંધ

વ્યકિતલક્ષી- જીવનલક્ષી નિબંધ

• ગાંધીજીના વિચારો નિબંધ
• ભગતસિંહ વિશે નિબંધ
• મધર ટેરેસા વિશે નિબંધ
• જવાહરલાલ નહેરુ નિબંધ
• ડો બાબાસાહેબ આંબેડકર નિબંધ
• ગુરુ નાનક પર નિબંધ
• મારા પ્રિય નેતા નરેન્દ્ર મોદી વિશે નિબંધ
• ડૉ. વિક્રમ સારાભાઈ નિબંધ
• ડૉ. APJ અબ્દુલ કલામ નિબંધ
• લાલ બહાદુર શાસ્ત્રી નિબંધ
• ડૉ. સર્વપલ્લી રાધાકૃષ્ણનનિબંધ
• અટલ બિહારી વાજપેયી નિબંધ
• ચંદ્રશેખર આઝાદ નિબંધ
• રાણી લક્ષ્મીબાઈ નિબંધ
• સ્વામી વિવેકાનંદ નિબંધ
• છત્રપતિ શિવાજી મહારાજ નિબંધ
• નેતાજી સુભાષચંદ્ર બોઝ નિબંધ
• અન્ય મહાન વ્યકિતઓ વિશે નિબંધ

Conclusion :

औद्योगिक सुरक्षा पर निबंध, नियम

By विकास सिंह

विषय-सूचि

औद्योगिक सुरक्षा पर निबंध (industrial safety essay in hindi)

औद्योगिक सुरक्षा की परिभाषा:.

औद्योगिक सुरक्षा (industrial safety) के महत्व को इस तथ्य के कारण महसूस किया गया था कि हर साल लाखों व्यावसायिक/औद्योगिक दुर्घटनाएं होती हैं।

इनमें से लगभग पाँचवाँ उत्पादन समय उन लोगों द्वारा खो दिया जाता है जो वास्तव में अस्थायी और स्थायी विकलांगता के कारण घायल हो जाते हैं और शेष उत्पादन समय साथी संचालकों / लोगों द्वारा घायलों की मदद करने, दुर्घटना से हुए नुकसान की देखभाल करने आदि में खो जाता है। औद्योगिक इकाई दुर्घटनाओं के कारण होने वाली मौतों के मामलों में बहुत अधिक खतरनाक होगी।

इसलिए औद्योगिक दुर्घटनाओं के कारणों की पहचान / जांच करना और उन्हें नियंत्रित करने के लिए कदम उठाना आवश्यक है। कई विषयों का संबंध इस सुरक्षा दृष्टिकोण से है। औद्योगिक इंजीनियरिंग एक क्षेत्र है जो कुशल कार्य स्थान, उपकरण और औद्योगिक लेआउट डिजाइन के डिजाइन से संबंधित है। अन्य विषय जो सुरक्षित कार्य वातावरण में योगदान कर सकते हैं वे हैं मनोविज्ञान, समाजशास्त्र और मेडिकेयर विज्ञान।

असुरक्षित कार्यशील वातावरण को प्रभावी ढंग से और कुशलता से समाप्त करने के लिए निम्नलिखित कदम उठाए जा सकते हैं:

(1) दुर्घटनाओं के कारणों का यदि संभव हो तो उन्मूलन करना।

(2) यदि दुर्घटनाओं के कारण को समाप्त करना संभव नहीं है, तो गार्ड, बाड़े या इसी तरह की व्यवस्था से खतरनाक जगह को ढालने की व्यवस्था करें।

सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता:

एक असुरक्षित स्थिति विभिन्न रूपों में मौजूद हो सकती है। दोषपूर्ण या दोषपूर्ण विद्युत फिटिंग, गिरोह के तरीके के अपर्याप्त रखरखाव। दोषपूर्ण उपकरणों आदि का उपयोग करना ताकि दुर्घटनाओं की घटना को रोका जा सके, असुरक्षित कृत्यों को टाला / समाप्त किया जा सकता है या जाँच की जा सकती है।

असुरक्षित कृत्यों के कारण कारणों के सुधार के लिए निम्नलिखित कारकों पर ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए:

(1) कार्मिक समायोजन:

यदि एक फोरमैन / सुपरवाइजर यह पहचानता है कि एक कार्यकर्ता शारीरिक या मानसिक या नौकरी / कार्य के लिए अयोग्य है, तो उसे कार्मिक विभाग के परामर्श से काम से जल्दी निकाल देना चाहिए।

(2) विधि / तकनीक का उपयोग किया जाता है:

परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता वाली कुछ तकनीकों को सुरक्षित तरीकों द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए।

(3) संचालक प्रशिक्षण:

नौकरी का तरीका सुरक्षित या असुरक्षित हो सकता है लेकिन ऑपरेटर को नौकरी करने के लिए प्रशिक्षित होना चाहिए।

(4) दुर्घटना की रोकथाम के बारे में प्रचार और शिक्षा:

श्रमिकों / लोगों का नेतृत्व फोरमैन / पर्यवेक्षक के कौशल, ऊर्जा और नेतृत्व के द्वारा किया जाता है। तो यह इन लोगों का कर्तव्य है कि वे दुर्घटनाओं की रोकथाम के बारे में श्रमिकों को शिक्षित करें। इसका उद्देश्य उन्हें सुरक्षा के प्रति जागरूक होना सिखाना है ताकि वे असुरक्षित कार्य या स्थिति को पहचान सकें और इस तरह से कार्य कर सकें कि दुर्घटना से बचा जा सके।

असुरक्षित स्थिति:

असुरक्षित परिस्थितियों के कारण दुर्घटनाओं से बचने के लिए, “प्रावधान अधिनियम” में विभिन्न प्रावधानों पर चर्चा की गई है, ये प्राइम मूवर्स, विद्युत जनरेटर और ट्रांसमिशन मशीनरी के बढ़ते भागों से संबंधित हो सकते हैं: अग्नि सुरक्षा उपकरण, खतरनाक धुएं का नियंत्रण, अत्यधिक वजन उठाना और प्रकाश मशीनों, जंजीरों और रस्सियों आदि पर सुरक्षित पहरेदार।

इस प्रकार उद्योग में सुरक्षा मदद करती है:

(i) उत्पादन दर बढ़ाना।

(ii) उत्पादन की लागत को कम करना।

(iii) मशीनरी और उपकरण को होने वाली क्षति को कम करना।

(iv) संगठन के कर्मचारियों को अवांछित पीड़ा और दर्द को रोकना।

(v) प्रतिभावान श्रमिकों की समय से पहले / असामयिक मृत्यु को रोकना जो उद्यम और समाज के लिए एक संपत्ति हो सकते हैं।

सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम:

एक सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम की पहचान करने का इरादा है कि दुर्घटनाएं कब और क्यों होती हैं। इसी तर्ज पर एक सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम का उद्देश्य दुर्घटनाओं और उससे जुड़े नुकसानों को कम करना है। एक सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम इस धारणा के साथ शुरू किया गया है कि अधिकांश काम से जुड़े दुर्घटनाओं को रोकना संभव है।

एक सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम एक सतत प्रक्रिया है और व्यक्तिगत और पर्यावरणीय कारकों के प्रभाव को कम करने की कोशिश करता है जो दुर्घटनाओं का कारण बनते हैं। आम तौर पर एक सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम में सुरक्षा उपकरण और कामगार या कर्मचारियों को विशेष प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करना शामिल है।

भारतीय मानक संस्थान ने इस संदर्भ में सराहनीय कार्य किया है और निम्नानुसार है:

(i) परिचालन संचालन के दौरान की जाने वाली सुरक्षा सावधानियां।

(ii) औद्योगिक इकाई के उचित प्रकाश, वेंटिलेशन और उचित लेआउट के लिए मानक।

(iii) सुरक्षित औद्योगिक संचालन और प्रथाओं आदि के मानक और विनिर्देश।

(iv) उपकरण और उपकरण के प्रभावी रखरखाव के लिए आवश्यकताएँ

(v) सुरक्षित कटाई और वेल्डिंग प्रक्रियाओं पर मार्गदर्शन।

(vi) संचालित औद्योगिक ट्रकों, बेल्ट कन्वेयर और अग्नि सुरक्षा उपकरणों के उपयोग पर मार्गदर्शन।

(vii) व्यक्तिगत सुरक्षा उपकरणों के लिए सुरक्षा आवश्यकताएँ

(viii) खतरनाक रसायनों का वर्गीकरण और दुर्घटना प्रावधान टैग का प्रावधान।

(ix) खतरनाक वस्तुओं / वस्तुओं की हैंडलिंग और लेबिलिंग के लिए अंकन।

(x) सुरक्षा के मानक:

(a) औद्योगिक भवन में

(बी) विद्युत कार्य में सुरक्षा प्रक्रियाओं का पालन किया जाना

(ग) खतरनाक क्षेत्र और विस्फोटक वातावरण में बिजली के उपकरणों के उपयोग में।

(xi) सुरक्षात्मक कपड़ों के लिए विनिर्देशों, सुरक्षा हेलमेट चेहरे की ढाल और आंखों के कानों के लिए सुरक्षा उपकरण आदि।

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इस लेख से सम्बंधित अपने सवाल और सुझाव आप नीचे कमेंट में लिख सकते हैं।

विकास नें वाणिज्य में स्नातक किया है और उन्हें भाषा और खेल-कूद में काफी शौक है. दा इंडियन वायर के लिए विकास हिंदी व्याकरण एवं अन्य भाषाओं के बारे में लिख रहे हैं.

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Essay on Industrial Safety

Students are often asked to write an essay on Industrial Safety in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Industrial Safety

Understanding industrial safety.

Industrial safety refers to the management of all operations and events within an industry, to protect its employees and assets. It’s about minimizing accidents, injuries, and risks.

Importance of Industrial Safety

Safety in industries is crucial to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. It prevents accidents, protects workers’ lives, and helps maintain a productive environment.

Measures for Industrial Safety

Key measures include providing safety training, using protective equipment, maintaining machinery, and adhering to safety guidelines. It’s everyone’s responsibility to ensure a safe workspace.

250 Words Essay on Industrial Safety

Introduction.

Industrial safety is a critical aspect of any industry’s operations. It refers to the management of all operations and events within an industry to protect its employees and assets by minimizing hazards, risks, accidents, and near misses.

Components of Industrial Safety

Industrial safety includes elements like occupational safety, health and environmental protection. Occupational safety ensures that the work environment is free from hazardous conditions that could cause harm to employees. Health protection involves measures to prevent diseases and health disorders caused by working conditions. Environmental protection ensures that industrial activities do not cause adverse effects on the environment.

Implementation of Industrial Safety

Implementation of industrial safety measures requires the development of a safety management system that includes health and safety policies, organizational responsibilities, safety training, risk assessment, safety audits, and incident investigation. The application of advanced technologies like AI and IoT can further enhance safety measures by predicting potential hazards and implementing preventive actions.

In conclusion, industrial safety is a multifaceted and vital issue that requires serious attention. It not only protects workers’ lives but also contributes to the efficiency and productivity of industries. Hence, it is an indispensable aspect of industrial operations.

500 Words Essay on Industrial Safety

Industrial safety represents a crucial aspect of management in any industry. It is the primary duty of an organization to ensure the safety and well-being of their workers. The concept of industrial safety extends beyond mere accident prevention. It encompasses a wide range of aspects including occupational safety, health and wellness, and environmental safety.

The significance of industrial safety cannot be overstated. Industrial accidents can lead to loss of life, property damage, and reduced productivity, all of which can have a profound impact on the overall performance of an organization. In addition, companies that prioritize safety are more likely to have satisfied, motivated employees, which in turn can drive innovation and productivity. Moreover, a strong safety culture helps in maintaining a positive reputation among stakeholders, including customers, investors, and the community.

1. Workplace Safety: This involves creating a safe working environment through the prevention of accidents and injuries. It includes proper machine operation, use of personal protective equipment, and adherence to safety procedures.

2. Occupational Health: This focuses on the prevention and control of occupational diseases. It involves implementing measures to control hazards that can cause illness, such as exposure to harmful substances or unhealthy working conditions.

Role of Technology in Industrial Safety

In the era of Industry 4.0, technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing safety. Advanced technologies such as AI, IoT, and Big Data are being employed to predict potential risks, monitor safety compliance, and provide real-time alerts in case of safety breaches. For instance, wearable devices can monitor workers’ health parameters and alert them about potential health risks. Similarly, AI-based predictive analytics can identify patterns in safety incidents, enabling proactive measures to prevent accidents.

In conclusion, industrial safety is a critical aspect that contributes to the overall success of an organization. It is not just about compliance with regulations, but about creating a culture where safety is ingrained in every process and activity. As we move towards a more technologically advanced industrial landscape, it is imperative to leverage these advancements to further enhance safety measures. By doing so, we can ensure a safe and healthy working environment for all, thereby fostering a sustainable and productive industrial ecosystem.

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