research title about electrical technology

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1. Power Systems and Renewable Energy

1.1 smart grids and micro-grids.

a. Distributed control strategies for micro-grid management.

b. Blockchain applications for secure energy transactions in smart grids.

c. Resilience and robustness enhancement in smart grid systems against cyber threats.

d. Integration of renewable energy sources in micro-grids.

e. AI-based predictive maintenance for smart grid components.

1.2 Energy Harvesting and Storage

a. Next-gen battery technologies for energy storage systems.

b. Wireless power transfer and energy harvesting for IoT devices.

c. Super-capacitors and their applications in renewable energy storage.

d. Materials research for efficient energy conversion and storage.

e. Energy-efficient architectures for IoT devices powered by energy harvesting.

1.3 Electric Vehicles and Transportation

a. Charging infrastructure optimization for electric vehicles.

b. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and bidirectional power flow.

c. Lightweight materials and design for electric vehicle batteries.

d. Autonomous electric vehicle technology and its integration into smart cities.

e. Energy-efficient route planning algorithms for electric vehicles.

2. Communications and Networking

2.1 5g and beyond.

a. AI-driven optimization for 5G network deployment.

b. mmWave communication technologies and their implications.

c. Quantum communication for secure and high-speed data transfer.

d. 6G technology and its potential applications.

e. Edge computing and its role in 5G networks.

2.2 IoT and Wireless Sensor Networks

a. Energy-efficient protocols for IoT devices.

b. AI-enabled edge computing for IoT applications.

c. Security and privacy in IoT data transmission.

d. Integration of AI with IoT for intelligent decision-making.

e. Communication challenges in massive IoT deployment.

2.3 Satellite and Space Communications

a. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations for global connectivity.

b. Inter-satellite communication for improved space exploration.

c. Secure communication protocols for space-based systems.

d. Quantum communication for secure space-based networks.

e. Space debris mitigation and communication systems.

3. Control Systems and Robotics

3.1 autonomous systems.

a. AI-driven control for autonomous vehicles and drones.

b. Swarm robotics and their applications in various industries.

c. Human-robot collaboration in industrial settings.

d. Autonomous navigation systems for underwater vehicles.

e. Control strategies for multi-agent systems.

3.2 Biomedical and Healthcare Robotics

a. Robotics in surgical procedures and rehabilitation.

b. Wearable robotics for physical assistance and rehabilitation.

c. Robotic prosthetics and exoskeletons for enhanced mobility.

d. Telemedicine and remote healthcare using robotic systems.

e. Ethics and regulations in medical robotics.

3.3 Machine Learning and Control

a. Reinforcement learning for control system optimization.

b. Neural network-based adaptive control systems.

c. Explainable AI in control systems for better decision-making.

d. Control strategies for complex systems using deep learning.

e. Control system resilience against adversarial attacks.

4. Electronics and Nanotechnology

4.1 nano-electronics and quantum computing.

a. Quantum-resistant cryptography for future computing systems.

b. Development of reliable qubits for quantum computers.

c. Quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computing.

d. Nano-scale transistors and their applications.

e. Hybrid quantum-classical computing architectures.

4.2 Flexible and Wearable Electronics

a. Stretchable electronics for wearable applications.

b. Smart textiles and their integration with electronic components.

c. Biocompatible electronics for healthcare monitoring.

d. Energy harvesting in wearable devices.

e. Novel materials for flexible electronic devices.

4.3 Neuromorphic Engineering and Brain-Computer Interfaces

a. Neuromorphic computing for AI and cognitive systems.

b. Brain-inspired computing architectures and algorithms.

c. Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for diverse applications.

d. Ethics and privacy in brain-computer interface technology.

e. Neuroprosthetics and their integration with neural interfaces.

5. Signal Processing and Machine Learning

5.1 sparse signal processing.

a. Compressive sensing for efficient data acquisition.

b. Sparse signal reconstruction algorithms.

c. Sparse representations in machine learning.

d. Deep learning for sparse signal recovery.

e. Applications of sparse signal processing in various domains.

5.2 Explainable AI and Interpretability

a. Interpretable machine learning models for critical applications.

b. Explainable deep learning for decision-making.

c. Model-agnostic interpretability techniques.

d. Human-centric AI and its interpretability.

e. Visual and intuitive explanations in machine learning models.

5.3 Adversarial Machine Learning and Security

a. Robust deep learning models against adversarial attacks.

b. Adversarial machine learning in cybersecurity.

c. Detecting and mitigating adversarial attacks in AI systems.

d. Secure and private machine learning protocols.

e. Ethical considerations in adversarial machine learning.

As technology continues to redefine boundaries and explore new horizons, these research topics in Electrical Engineering stand at the forefront, ready to shape the future of our world. The amalgamation of these fields showcases the diversity and depth of possibilities waiting to be unlocked by the curious minds and diligent efforts of researchers and engineers in the years to come.

Advanced sensors
AI Applications
AI in robotics
Autonomous vehicles
Brain-machine interfaces
Cognitive radio
Electric vehicles
Electrical engineering research
Electroceuticals
Electromagnetic compatibility
Electronic design automation
Electronics advancements
Emerging research topics
Energy efficiency
Energy forecasting
Energy storage
Grid stability
Health technology
HVAC systems
IoT devices
Microgrid technology
Molecular electronics
Nanoelectronics
Power systems
quantum computing
Quantum cryptography
Quantum internet
Remote Sensing
renewable energy
Smart buildings
Smart grids
Smart grids cybersecurity
Speech and audio processing
sustainable manufacturing
Terahertz electronics
VLSI design
Wearable technology
Wireless protocols

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Research topics in electronics and electrical engineering

Electronics and electrical engineering are the studies of harnessing electricity and the electromagnetic spectrum to enhance the lives of human beings. It is exciting and futuristic to think about significant technological advancements and electronic technology breakthroughs like smart grid systems, electronic vehicles, sustainable power consumption, wireless wearables, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), AR (Augmented Reality), VR (Virtual Reality), and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Advanced developments in technology for electronics research and development contribute to the efficient use of energy for our daily needs. PhD Assistance may assist you in selecting the latest topic for study in electronics and electrical engineering.

Here are some of the topic research topics in electronics and electrical engineering.

Electrical engineering topics include the following:

Study on the use of a modified PNN classifier with SMO optimization techniques for diagnosing the severity of skin cancer conditions
A study on battery integrated multiple input DC-DC boost converter
A study on the impact of Evaluation of compact fluorescent lights in a 50 Hz electrical network
A Systematic Evaluation of deep neural network-based dynamic modelling method for AC power electronic systems:
A Review of 2D van der Waals Devices Using Electronic Modulation of Semimetallic Electrode
A Study on frequency stability of hybrid industrial microgrids using optimal fractional sliding mode
Review on Latent Features of Neural Network Design for Power Electronic Systems Using Impedance Modelling
Understanding Effective Power Electronics Using Circuit Simulation
First-principles calculations of phosphorus-doped SnO2 transparent conducting oxide: Structural, electronic, and electrical properties
Adaptive position control of a brush-based DC motor
Implementation of an A-Source DC–DC Boost Combination Phase-Shifting Full-Bridge Converter for Electric Car Rapid Charging Applications
PM machines with high power and high speed.
Series connected super-capacitor and li-ion capacitor cells: active voltage equalisation.
Design choice in the direct drive in-wheel motors.
Reluctance Motors.
Nanoelectronics.
Atomic layer interface engineering.
Using photovoltaics, graphene, and silicon carbide.
Piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics.
Studying behaviour thru computational modelling.
Computation research in new technologies, materials.
Power electronics tools and equipment.
Electrical motors and their redesigning.
Energy networks and their mathematical foundations.
Computer-aided design for electrical engineering.
Smart grid monitoring.
Soft magnetic composites.
Electric vehicle motors and gearbox.
Distributed generation systems: loss detection of grid events via pattern identification.
Challenges of autonomous power systems.
Extra-functionality devices: advanced technology modelling.
Switched reluctance motors.
Electric vehicles and health monitoring of power semiconductor modules.
Cost Functions for Efficient Electrics Vehicle Drive Systems.
Wind Turbine Generators: 3D temperature mapping.
DFIG Machines: improving energy efficiencies.
Power electronics.
Drives and controls.
Power systems and energy storage.
Hybrid electric aerospace.
Renewable energy.
Advanced propulsion science.
Designing compressor motors.
Motor design for aerospace—fault tolerant.
Wind turbine energy technologies.
Diagnosing green growth in India.
HPVPS stages (high power virtual systems).
Top speed motors and their topologies.
Low cost effective trains.
Low-cost virtual systems.

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100+ Electrical Engineering Research Topics Examples

Electrical engineering comprises the comprehension of electricity and how it works. The main task of electrical engineers is to improve the distribution of energy to different electrical devices. Electrical engineers utilize their skills and knowledge to solve different technical issues. Electrical engineers’ tasks are working with the airline navigation system, GPS, systems for power generation, and transmissions like the wind farmhouses and similar projects. Working on different energies also comes in the domain of electrical engineers such as hydro-energy, turbine, fuel cell, gas, geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind energy. Electrical engineers use various passive components such as inductors, capacitors, and resistors, and so on while working on electrical devices and systems.

Students need to get different ideas for the research in electrical engineering on the latest ideas during the academic career of engineering. If you have been looking for an article that includes interesting research paper topics for electrical engineering students at a single site, you have come to the right place.

Electrical Engineering Research Topics Examples

Bio-Electronics, Bio-Optics, and Medical Imaging

Azita Emami , Ali Hajimiri , Alireza Marandi , Axel Scherer , Yu-Chong Tai , Lihong Wang , Changhuei Yang

Electrical engineering has broadly impacted biomedicine. Integrated circuits are used to detect biological matters, such as DNA and proteins, in various (e.g., electrical, magnetic, optical) sensing modes with high sensitivity. Applications include microarrays and point-of-care. MEMS and nanotechnologies are developed for a new generation of micro-implants. Examples include retinal implants, drug delivery pumps, and bio-analyte sensors. Optical technologies are developed for medical imaging. Current areas of interest include optofluidics, wavefront shaping, wide field-of-view imaging, chip-scale microscopy, Fourier ptychographic microscopy, photoacoustic tomography, microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography, and light-speed compressed ultrafast tomography.

Biological Information Science

Michelle Effros

Electrical engineering provides tools useful for studying information transmission, storage, and understanding. While the application of these tools is wide spread and well known in technological systems, their application to biological systems is less common but similarly powerful. Current areas of interest include the mathematical theory of information transmission, storage, and understanding in the brain and the investigation of information transmission in DNA.

Circuits and VLSI

Azita Emami , Ali Hajimiri

Analysis, design, simulation, verification, and testing of integrated circuits for various applications, such as high-speed and wireless communications, wireless local-area networks, highly stable frequency sources, distributed integrated circuit design techniques for ultrahigh speed silicon-based circuits, system and circuit design for multi- band systems, single-chip spectrum analyzers, performance limitation of A/D and D/A data converters, and robust circuit- design techniques. Projects also include millimeter-wave silicon-based circuits and arrays, flexible and lightweight arrays, wireless power transfer at distance, silicon-photonics and electronics integration, self-healing circuits, high frequency power generation in CMOS, analysis and design of distributed circuits, multimode reconfigurable systems, as well as modeling of the effect of substrate and supply noise in large integrated circuits and design techniques to minimize their effect, examination of integrated passive structures and their fundamental performance limits, and noise modeling in amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators. More information can be found at chic.caltech.edu and mics.caltech.edu.

Control and Learning

Venkat Chandrasekaran , John Doyle , Babak Hassibi , Victoria Kostina , Steven Low , Yang Song , Joel Burdick (Mechanical & Civil Engineering), Richard Murray (Control & Dynamical Systems)

Theoretical research is conducted in all aspects of control, with emphasis on robustness, multivariable and nonlinear systems, optimal control, networked control with information constraints, learning for dynamical systems, online learning and control, control-theoretic perspectives on deep learning, and reinforcement learning. Theoretical developments are applied to a wide variety of areas, including internet, autonomous systems, wireless, power systems, cell biology, autonomy, neuroscience, medical physiology, turbulence, wildfire ecology, earthquakes, economics and finance, and foundations of physics.

Azita Emami , Ali Hajimiri , Alireza Marandi , Axel Scherer , Yu-Chong Tai , Lihong Wang , Changhuei Yang , Amnon Yariv

Research on devices in the Electrical Engineering department deals with a variety of fundamental topics including semiconductor physics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetics, and optics for developing hardware technologies for applications including sensing, communication, computing, and imaging. These devices can range in size from kilometer scale (such as antenna arrays for radio astronomy), to nano scale (such as building blocks of electronic and photonic integrated circuits).

Electromagnetics, RF, Microwave Circuits, and Antennas

Azita Emami , Andrei Faraon , Ali Hajimiri , Alireza Marandi , Mohammad Mirhosseini , Sander Weinreb

Electromagnetics spans most aspects of electrical engineering (and everyday life) from RF, microwave, and mm-wave to infrared and visible optical systems that form the underlying platforms for many of modern marvels. Research involves theoretical study, design, and implementation of devices and systems, such as resonators, radiators, and arrays in microwave and mm-waves, as well as silicon photonics integrated circuits in conjunction with active high speed electronics and photonics integrated circuits. Some examples of such systems include optical phased arrays (OPA) transmitters and receivers, lightweight flexible deployable active phased arrays for communications and power transferm, multimodality quantum computing qubits, and radio astronomy receivers and arrays. This area includes strong theoretical investigations as well as extensive experimental work in realization of these systems in practice.

Energy and Sustainability

John Doyle , Ali Hajimiri , Babak Hassibi , Steven Low , Guillaume Blanquart (Mechanical & Civil Engineering), Adam Wierman (Computing & Mathematical Sciences)

Energy research at Caltech encompasses control, optimization, and economics of energy systems, especially future smart grid. The goal is to develop a thorough understanding of the world's largest and most complex cyber-physical network as well as an intellectual basis for its transformation into a more sustainable, dynamic, and open system. Current research spans optimal power flow problems, convex relaxations, electric vehicle charging, wireless power transfer, space solar power, energy storage, power system dynamics and control, electricity markets, nonconvex pricing, market power, and cascading failure.

Information and Data Science

Katie Bouman , Venkat Chandrasekaran , Michelle Effros , Babak Hassibi , Victoria Kostina , Yang Song

The information and data sciences are concerned with the acquisition, storage, communication, processing, and analysis of data. These intellectual activities have a long history at Caltech both in electrical engineering as well as in allied areas such as applied mathematics. Current research centers around activity at the interface of statistical inference, inverse problems, and machine learning, and has significant synergies with ongoing efforts in information theory and signal processing.

Information Theory

Yaser Abu-Mostafa , Jehoshua (Shuki) Bruck , Michelle Effros , Babak Hassibi , Victoria Kostina , P.P. Vaidyanathan

Theoretical work in a wide range of problems involving transmission, storage and manipulation of information, with strong links to optimization, statistics, control, learning, and wireless communications. Current research foci include bitrate/energy efficiency of computing systems, coding for control, computing with stochastic circuits, error correcting codes for digital storage, coding for delay-sensitive systems, feedback communications, multi-user information theory, parameter estimation with unconventional sampling strategies, random access communications, and random asynchronous computations.

Learning, Pattern Recognition, and Neural Networks

Yaser Abu-Mostafa , Katie Bouman , Jehoshua (Shuki) Bruck , Michelle Effros , Pietro Perona , Yang Song

Theoretical and applied research in machine learning. Current theoretical research directions include estimating the information (data and hints) needed to learn a given task, characterizing the computational complexity of computing with neural networks, and modeling how biological networks of neurons create brain function. Current applied research directions include applications of ML in biology and medicine, in computational imaging, in e-commerce and profiling applications, and in computational finance. Examples of recent projects include a data-driven approach to predicting the spread of COVID-19 in every U.S. county (Abu-Mostafa), an ML approach to medical diagnostics using low-resolution ultrasound (Abu-Mostafa), a learning-based approach to jointly optimize sensor and algorithm designs in computational camera pipelines in order to automatically discover new imaging strategies (Bouman), and a Our latest project is a data-driven approach to predicting the spread of COVID-19 in every U.S. county.theoretical investigation of how networks of neurons form, store, and retrieve memories (Effros). Learning tools are also used for more efficient uncertainty quantification in ill-posed inverse problems, to improve our underlying model of a physical system, and to incorporate more sophisticated knowledge into inference methods.

MEMS and Micromachining

Alireza Marandi , Mohammad Mirhosseini , Axel Scherer , Yu-Chong Tai

We exercise MEMS, Micro- and nanotechnologies to build various sensor and actuator devices. Current research projects focus on bioMEMS and microimplant applications, including integrated biochips, microfluidic chips, neuron chips, blood-count chips, neuroprobes, retinal implants and spinal cord implants, wireless ECG, etc. Hands-on fabrication of these devices is specially emphasized for every student in the laboratory at Caltech.

Networks and Wireless Communication

Michelle Effros , Babak Hassibi , Victoria Kostina , Adam Wierman (Computing & Mathematical Sciences)

Research in networks and wireless communication at Caltech spans the spectrum from characterizing theoretical limits of communication system performance to developing algorithms to approximate those limits in practice. Current areas of interest include models and performance analysis for wireless networks, code design and capacity characterization for communication environments characterized by unknown or time-varying channel characteristics, novel modulation schemes, random access communications, remote control over wireless channels, and cloud and edge computing and resource allocation for energy-efficient computing.

Optimization

Venkat Chandrasekaran , John Doyle , Andrei Faraon , Babak Hassibi , Steven Low

Optimization is the science of choosing the best element from a collection subject to some constraints. Current research at Caltech spans the spectrum from theoretical foundations to algorithmic development and eventual deployment in applications. In the context of electrical engineering, optimization methods play a prominent role in signal processing, communications systems design, statistical modeling, control, and machine learning.

Quantum Science and Engineering

Andrei Faraon , Alireza Marandi , Mohammad Mirhosseini , Lihong Wang

Experimental and theoretical research on physical implementations of quantum information processing systems and on quantum imaging and physics. Current areas of research include: quantum computing hardware (memory, logic, interconnects) based on integrated superconducting circuits, photonics, and acoustics components; architectures for scaling quantum networks and modular quantum computing based on quantum transducers; understanding the sources of quantum decoherence in solid-state qubits; quantum imaging and physics. See qse.caltech.edu or http://coilab.caltech.edu/ for further details.

Signal Processing

Katie Bouman , Venkat Chandrasekaran , Michelle Effros , Babak Hassibi , Pietro Perona , Yang Song , P.P. Vaidyanathan

Theoretical and computer-oriented work on a wide variety of problems in digital signal processing, with strong links to optimization, statistics, inverse problems and other areas of applied mathematics. Research areas include sparse sensor arrays, sparse signal reconstruction, compressive sensing, phase retrieval, structured signal recovery, high dimensional statistics, array signal processing, multirate digital filters and filter banks, radar signal processing, genomic signal processing, spectrum sensing, graph signal processing, asynchronous random access communication systems, and lossless source coding and channel coding. Other topics include novel machine learning algorithms with applications in computer vision, visual recognition and categorization, and computational imaging with systems that tightly integrate algorithm and sensor design to find hidden signals for scientific discovery and technological innovation.

Katie Bouman , Michelle Effros , Pietro Perona , Yang Song , P.P. Vaidyanathan , Richard Andersen (Computation & Neural Systems), John Allman (Computation & Neural Systems)

Theory and applications of computer vision. Psychophysics and modeling of the human visual system. Modeling of vision-based decision-making in humans and animals. Current emphasis is on visual object recognition; vision-based human-machine interfaces; perception and modeling of human and animal behavior. Areas of collaboration include statistical machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, computer graphics, neurophysiology, psychology, applied probability, robotics, geometry, and signal processing.

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Digital Commons @ USF > College of Engineering > Electrical Engineering > Theses and Dissertations

Electrical Engineering Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Effects of Unobservable Bus States on Detection and Localization of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grids , Moheb Abdelmalak

Modeling the Human Learning Process Using an Industrial Steam Boiler Analogy to Design a Psychophysiological-Based Hypermedia Adaptive Automation System , Liliana María Villavicencio López

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

On the Performance Enhancement of Beamspace MIMO and Non-orthogonal Multiple Access for Future Cellular Networks , Sinasi Cetinkaya

Enhancing Smart Grid Security and Reliability through Graph Signal Processing and Energy Data Analytics , Md Abul Hasnat

Fabric-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor Towards Wearable pH Sensing Electronics , Nestor Osvaldo Marquez Rios

Novel Systems Engineering Framework Analysis of Photovoltaic Models and Equations , Peter R. Michael

Deep Learning Enhancement and Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning: A Data-Centric Approach , Hung S. Nguyen

Cyber-Physical Multi-Robot Systems in a Smart Factory: A Networked AI Agents Approach , Zixiang Nie

Multiple Access Techniques Enabling Diverse Wireless Services , Mehmet Mert Şahin

Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Optimization Techniques for Energy and Socioeconomic Systems , Salman Sadiq Shuvo

Process Automation and Robotics Engineering for Industrial Processing Systems , Drake Stimpson

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Stability and Interaction Analysis of Inverter-Based Resources in Power Grids , Li Bao

Healthcare IoT System and Network Design , Halil Ibrahim Deniz

Video Anomaly Detection: Practical Challenges for Learning Algorithms , Keval Doshi

Data-Driven State Estimation for Improved Wide Area Situational Awareness in Smart Grids , Md Jakir Hossain

Deep Learning and Feature Engineering for Human Activity Recognition: Exploiting Novel Rich Learning Representations and Sub-transfer Learning to Boost Practical Performance , Ria Kanjilal

Assistive Technologies for Independent Navigation for People with Blindness , Howard Kaplan

Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Higher Order Statistical Analysis of Electroencephalography Signals , Seyed Alireza Khoshnevis

Accelerating Multiparametric MRI for Adaptive Radiotherapy , Shraddha Pandey

A Model-Based Fault Diagnosis in Dynamic Systems via Asynchronous Motors System Identification or Testing, and Control Engineering Observers , Kenelt Pierre

Improving Wireless Networking from the Learning and Security Perspectives , Zhe Qu

Improving Robustness of Deep Learning Models and Privacy-Preserving Image Denoising , Hadi Zanddizari

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

A Method for Compact Representation of Heterogenous and Multivariate Time Series for Robust Classification and Visualization , Alla Abdella

Dynamical System and Parameter Identification for Power Systems , Abdullah Abdulrahman Alassaf

Phasor Domain Modeling of Type-III Wind Turbines , Mohammed Alqahtani

An Automated Framework for Connected Speech Evaluation of Neurodegenerative Disease: A Case Study in Parkinson's Disease , Sai Bharadwaj Appakaya

Investigation of CoO ATO for Solar Cells and Infrared Sheaths , Manopriya Devisetty Subramanyam

Thermal Management of Lithium-ion Batteries Using Supercapacitors , Sanskruta Dhotre

Effect of Se Composition in CdSe 1-X T eX /CdTe Solar Cells , Sheikh Tawsif Elahi

Microencapsulation of Thermochromic Materials for Thermal Storage and Energy Efficiency of Buildings , Abdullatif Hakami

Piezoelectrically-Transduced ZnO-on-Diamond Resonators with Enhanced Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Power-handling Capability for Sensing and Wireless Communication Applications , Xu Han

Preparation and Characterization of Single Layer Conducting Polymer Electrochromic and Touchchromic Devices , Sharan Kumar Indrakar

Security Attacks and Defenses in Cyber Systems: From an AI Perspective , Zhengping Luo

Power System Optimization Methods: Convex Relaxation and Benders Decomposition , Minyue Ma

Metal Oxide Sensor Array Test Bed Prototype for Diagnostic Breath Analysis , Tiffany C. Miller

Packaging of Active RF Beamforming IC Utilizing Additive Manufacturing , Ryan Murphy

Adaptive Network Slicing in Fog RAN for IoT with Heterogeneous Latency and Computing Requirements: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach , Almuthanna Nassar

Development of a Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation Device for Renal Denervation , Noel Perez

Copper Electrodeposition Assisted by Hydrogen Evolution for Wearable Electronics: Interconnections and Fiber Metallization , Sabrina M. Rosa Ortiz

Theory and Application of Dielectric Rod Antennas and Arrays , Gabriel Saffold

Advanced Organic Polymers for the Nanoscale Fabrication of Fiber-based Electronics Using the Electrospinning Technique , William Serrano Garcia

Transparent Planar Micro-Electrode Array for In-Vitro Electric Field Mediated Gene Delivery , Raj Himatlal Shah

High Speed Switching for Plasma Based Electroporation , Shivangi Sharma

Development of Small-Scale Power Supplies for Wearable Medical Diagnostic Devices , Donny Stiner

Novel Approach to Integrate CAN Based Vehicle Sensors with GPS Using Adaptive Filters to Improve Localization Precision in Connected Vehicles from a Systems Engineering Perspective , Abhijit Vasili

Modeling, Control and Analysis of Inverter-Based Generators in the Power Grids , Yangkun Xu

Fiber-Based Supercapacitor for Wearable Electronics , Rohit Lallansingh Yadav

Modeling, Identification, and Stability Analysis of Inverter-Based Resources Integrated Systems , Miao Zhang

Data-Oriented Approaches towards Mobile, Network and Secure Systems , Shangqing Zhao

Strategies in Botnet Detection and Privacy Preserving Machine Learning , Di Zhuang

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Architecture design and optimization of Edge-enabled Smart Grids , Adetola B. Adeniran

Multimodal Data Fusion and Attack Detection in Recommender Systems , Mehmet Aktukmak

Artificial Intelligence Towards the Wireless Channel Modeling Communications in 5G , Saud Mobark Aldossari

Enhancement of 5G Network Performance Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Faeik Tayseer Al Rabee

Investigation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Intrusion Detection System in Cybersecurity , Mohmmed Alrowaily

Comprehensive Optimization Models for Voltage Regulation in PV-rich Multi-phase Distribution Systems , Ibrahim Alsaleh

Design and Implementation of Solid/Solid Phononic Crystal Structures in Lateral Extensional Thin-film Piezoelectric on Silicon Micromechanical Resonators , Abdulrahman Alsolami

Analysis of Computational Modeling Methods as Applied to Single-Crystal Organohalide Perovskites , Jon M. Bebeau

Development of a Monolithic Implantable Neural Interface from Cubic Silicon Carbide and Evaluation of Its MRI Compatibility , Mohammad Beygi

Performance Enhancement Techniques for Next-Generation Multi-Service Communication and Medical Cyber-Physical Systems , Ali Fatih Demir

Microfluidically Reconfigurable Millimeter-Wave Switches, Antenna Arrays and Filters with Fast-Actuation Using Movable Metallized Plates and Integrated Actuation , Enrique J. Gonzalez Carvajal

Multilayered Transmission Lines, Antennas and Phased Arrays with Structurally Integrated Control Electronics Using Additive Manufacturing , Merve Kacar

Cost Eﬃcient Algorithms and Methods for Spectral Eﬃciency in Future Radio Access , Murat Karabacak

Design of DeLRo Autonomous Delivery Robot and AI Based Localization , Tolga Karakurt

Theory, Fabrication, and Characterization of Perovskite Phototransistor , Fatemeh Khorramshahi

Modeling and Control of Renewable Energy in Grids and Microgrids , Yin Li

Next-Generation Self-Organizing Communications Networks: Synergistic Application of Machine Learning and User-Centric Technologies , Chetana V. Murudkar

Reliability Analysis of Power Grids and its Interdependent Infrastructures: An Interaction Graph-based Approach , Upama Nakarmi

Algorithms Enabling Communications in the Presence of Adjacent Channel Interference , Berker Peköz

Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane Based Glucose Sensor with Integration of Potentiostat Circuit , Kavyashree Puttananjegowda

Service Provisioning and Security Design in Software Defined Networks , Mohamed Rahouti

Reading and Programming Spintronic Devices for Biomimetic Applications and Fault-tolerant Memory Design , Kawsher Ahmed Roxy

Implementation of SR Flip-Flop Based PUF on FPGA for Hardware Security , Sai Praneeth Sagi

Trauma Detection Personal Locator Beacon System , Sakshi Sharma

Network Function Virtualization In Fog Networks , Nazli Siasi

Socially Aware Network User Mobility Analysis and Novel Approaches on Aerial Mobile Wireless Network Deployment , Ismail Uluturk

Spatial Stereo Sound Source Localization Optimization and CNN Based Source Feature Recognition , Cong Xu

Hybrid RF Acoustic Resonators and Arrays with Integrated Capacitive and Piezoelectric Transducers , Adnan Zaman

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrical Energy Storage and Harvesting Energy Devices Using Gel Electrolytes , Belqasem Aljafari

Phasor Measurement Unit Data-Based Steady State and Dynamic Model Estimation , Anas Almunif

Cross Layer-based Intrusion Detection System Using Machine Learning for MANETs , Amar Amouri

Power Conditioning System on a Micro-Grid System , Tamoghna Banerjee

Thermal Response in a Field Oriented Controlled Three-phase Induction Motor , Niyem Mawenbe Bawana

Design and Development of a Wireless EEG System Integrated into a Football Helmet , Akshay V. Dunakhe

Machine Learning, Game Theory Algorithms, and Medium Access Protocols for 5G and Internet-of-Thing (IoT) Networks , Mohamed Elkourdi

Improving Stability by Enhancing Critical Fault Clearing Time , Ammara M. Ghani

RF Power Circuit Designs for Wi-Fi Applications , Krishna Manasa Gollapudi

Enhancing Secrecy and Capacity of Wireless Systems Using Directive Communications , Mohammed A. Hafez

Statistical Anomaly Detection and Mitigation of Cyber Attacks for Intelligent Transportation Systems , Ammar Haydari

Absorber and Window Study – CdSexTe1-x/CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells , Chih-An Hsu

Methods and Algorithms to Enhance the Security, Increase the Throughput, and Decrease the Synchronization Delay in 5G Networks , Asim Mazin

Piezoelectric ZnO Nanowires as a Tunable Interface Material for Opto-Electronic Applications , Anand Kumar Santhanakrishna

Security Framework for the Internet of Things Leveraging Network Telescopes and Machine Learning , Farooq Israr Ahmed Shaikh

Diversity and Network Coded 5G Wireless Network Infrastructure for Ultra-Reliable Communications , Nabeel Ibrahim Sulieman

The Design of Passive Networks with Full-Wave Component Models , Eric Valentino

CubeSat Constellation Design for Intersatellite Linking , Michael T. White

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Design of Micro-Scale Energy Harvesting Systems for Low Power Applications Using Enhanced Power Management System , Majdi M. Ababneh

A Study on the Adaptability of Immune System Principles to Wireless Sensor Network and IoT Security , Vishwa Alaparthy

Validation of Results of Smart Grid Protection through Self-Healing , Felipe Framil Assumpção

A Novel Framework to Determine Physiological Signals From Blood Flow Dynamics , Prashanth Chetlur Adithya

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Research Topics in Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is the branch of engineering which handles the designing, maintenance, and control of power electronic & power system devices . As well as they apply the electricity/power in that devices. Electrical engineering is often called EEE. They consider the effective power supplies of electrical devices and perform testing tasks to ensure electrical protection .

“This article is dedicated to the enthusiasts who are dynamically surfing for the research topics in electrical engineering”

By using the power electronics techniques electrical engineering offers consistent power systems. This is also aimed at optics, electrical mechanisms, and physics so on. This article is completely focused on giving the exact details on the research topics in electrical engineering to the students. At the end of this article, you would find the indispensable specifics and you will enjoy this article to be sure.

This article is going to beat your expectations as this is treasured with interesting facts. In addition, we wanted to begin this article with our familiar skillsets for your valuable considerations . Our technical team is framed with world-class engineers who can handle the entire aspects of technology. Now let’s begin this article with our experts’ skills in EEE.

Top 10 Interesting Research Topics in Electrical Engineering

Our Experts Skills in EEE

Perform Various Electronic Devices Preservation & Handling
Processed with Multiple Data Acquisition & Investigation
Worked in various Electrical Schematics Environments
Understanding of Linear Algebra Theories & Analytics
Able to design new and customize Electrical Circuit Design/Models

The above mentioned are some of the skillsets of our technical team. Apart from this, our technical crew is well versed in the other areas of electrical engineering technology too. To be honest, we are providing every practical explanation with graphical illustrations which results in the students’ great compassion. We are being trusted by students from all over the world. Envisaging the innovations and applying them to the technologies are our major objectives and we are successfully yielding the same in every approach to research topics in electrical engineering .

In the following passage, we can move on to the core aspects of the article’s theme. Guys don’t squeeze your heads about the next section. We are mounting to the significant electrical components of electrical engineering with their short descriptions for the ease of your understanding. Are you ready to know about that? Come let’s have the next section!!!

Important Electrical Components

Deals with unenclosed electrodes
It ties with the power loads between 2 nodes
It is used to isolate the circuits in the form of high / medium voltages
It resets the fuse when power over supplied in the switches
It is a component in which humidity is measured
It is a thermal electrical component
It is an electromagneticelectrical component
Functions with the electro-mechanisms
Rotation rate determines the centrifugal sensing forces
Sensing angles / tilts of the switch devices
Motion limits sensing switch mechanisms
Snap action sensingswitch mechanisms
Switches operated by foots/ends
Configuration setting internal array of switches
Range of push button / key buttons
Passes and outbreaks the current flows
It uses the light dependent resistors
Humidity is evaluated by hygrometer
It uses the gauss meters & magnetometer
Thermal cutoff is the switch which is dealing (opened/closed) with the temperatures
Bolometers measures the radiations of power exploitations
Thermistor is the resistor which works according to the NTC/PTC ups & downs
Thermopile / Thermocouple creates a relational voltage to the delta humidity
Resistance temperature detector deal with the wire temperature variations
Accelerometers identifies the electrical gravity & acceleration
Strain gauge identifies the winding, enlarging & enfolding aspects
Gas / Liquid flow is identified by the flow meters
Electrical vibrations are sensed by motion sensors
Gravity based directions are recognized by inclinometers
Linear situations are detected by linear variable differential transformer
Rate of rotation & proportional angles are recognized by rotary encoders
Piezoelectric sound tones are created by audio buzzers
Complete audio of the electronic devices are produced by loudspeakers

The above listed are the various components that are involved in electrical engineering in real-time . Consequently, we listed all the essential electrical components to the lay-mans or the beginners in these fields. We hope that it will abundantly help them. In a matter of fact, our articles are being published in the top IEEE journals respective to electrical engineering project topics . Now you can give a weightage to our contents. This is possible by inputting the unique power electronics project ideas & concepts in it starting with research topics in electrical engineering .

As this article is refined through various levels of internal checks we thought that giving the current elements of the EEE here would be nice. Yes, my dear readers, our technical crew is also listed the current elements of the EEE for the ease of your understanding . Come let’s try to understand them.

What are the Current Elements in EEE?

These elements measures the electric signals with high speed
Probe loading is used to measure the circuit diagrams with higher frequency
Probe input capability results in high frequency
It is used to measure the immobile probes which cannot reaches the circuit
Instances of CP are huge buss bars, unusual shapes & closed break controls
It allows to read power ingestion of the electrical devices like oscilloscopes & DMMs
Radio waves are receiving and responding to the frequencies in a given range
Transmits the radio signals & determines the frequency fluctuation rates
The power flow is floated in the surface of the circuits & never goes in-depth
It produces the various kinds of electric waves & acts as a testing tool
Triangular, sine & square are the sorts of waveforms
These shapes are exposed while diagnosing the electrical processes
It is used to test the electrical circuits voltage
At the end it is tied with dual twisted cables & neon bulbs
It identifies the flow of the power supply in every cables/wires
Effective voltage tester is compatible with the 500 volts (V)
Laboratories voltages are measured by the DVMs
It represents the voltages in the forms of LCD/LED

The foregoing passage has conveyed to you the various essential elements of the EEE . Handling these elements needs some practice. You can handle these elements with our experts’ guidance in the determined areas. In fact, we are having 100+ energetic developers in our concern & they can help you throughout your researchers and projects of every technology.

Techniques used for Electrical Engineering

Gradient-based Techniques
Conjugate Gradient Techniques
Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques
Intellectual Optimization Techniques
PSO, Ant Colony, Immune & EDA Techniques
DEA & GA Evolutionary Techniques
Multi-Objective Optimization Techniques
Sequential Minimal Optimization Techniques
Convex Optimization Techniques
Co-ordinate Descent Techniques
Stochastic Optimization Techniques
Gibbs Sampling & Swarm Techniques
Tabu & Genetic / Annealing Techniques
Metropolis-Hastings Techniques
Dropout & Back-propagation Techniques
Eigenvalue Decomposition Techniques

The itemized above are the latest techniques used for EEE researches and projects in general. For your information, these techniques will be applied in the EEE concepts which need effective & incredible results. If you do want any assistance in these areas you could reach our technical team experts to sort out your uncertainties .

In this regard, our researchers of the concern are wanted to highlight the major research areas in EEE for ease of your understanding. We are habitually conducting researches in the areas of EEE hence we wished to transfer our knowledge in these areas too. Are you interested to know about them? Come on guys lets we move on to the next section.

Major Research Areas in EEE

AI & Signal Processing
High Voltage Engineering
P ower Electronics
Power Systems

The aforementioned are the 4 major areas involved in electrical & electronic engineering . So far we have learned the EEE concepts ranging from basic to advance . Certainly, we hope that you would have understood the things explained as of now.

As this article is titled with the research topics in electrical engineering we are going to envelop the next section with the latest research topics in EEE with their descriptions. Are you getting interested to know about that too? Let’s try to understand the same with clear points.

Latest Research Topics in EEE

Remnant/fossil & petroleum fuels are stimulating the RES
In addition, power supply from these are inadequate inherent
Copper & core damages diminishes the electrical devices efficiency
Power supply variations determines the copper losses
Core losses are determined according to the persistent power supplies
Less hysteresis materials can be used to minimize the core losses
These are capable of acquiring massive electrical data than meter readers
It is used to predict & analyze the power consumption by several techniques
Pre-programing of power load supply & demand helps to avoid the grid failures
UHVDC is also known as high voltage DC
It is widely used to reduce the power losses during transmitted in far distances
It attains the transmission proficiency 99 out of 100%

These are some of the latest research topics in electrical engineering . These areas need research initiations to overcome the shortcomings arouse in them. For example, switch regulators and circuit breakers are complex to design. Along with these, solar cells of renewable energy resources are needed to be experimented with to enrich their performance.

This is only a sample for your valid references apart from this we are plenteously having the research topics in electrical engineering which is unique in nature.

In addition to these areas, it is also important to have knowledge in the areas of the latest trends in electrical and electronics engineering . The latest trends are tending the futuristic characteristics in it. Yes, guys, we know that you are also storming the trends of the EEE so that we are going to itemize you the same for your superior indulgent. Are you ready to know them? Here we go!!!

Top 10 Research Topics in Electrical Engineering Domain

Latest Trends in EEE

Improved Performance of Power Electronic Devices
Innovative Solar Energy based Power Cells
Integration of Micro / Smart Grids with RES
Positioning of Renewable Energy Systems

The above listed are the latest trends that makes the EEE much more innovative. Here RES stands for Renewable Energy Sources . For instance, solar energy power cells are the effective systems and help to produce the power units with cost effective.

So far we have come up with the areas of research topics in electrical engineering with crystal clear facts. We hope that you are relishing this article as this is conveyed to you all the necessary details. We are delighted with our contributions by transferred our piece of knowledge here. We are hoping for your further explorations in these areas of technology. Let’s make execute your ideas in the form of researches.

Stay educated! Stay experimented! Stay exposed!!!

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EECS’ research covers a wide variety of topics in electrical engineering , computer science , and artificial intelligence and decision-making .

The future of our society is interwoven with the future of data-driven thinking—most prominently, artificial intelligence is set to reshape every aspect of our lives. Research in this area studies the interface between AI-driven systems and human actors, exploring both the impact of data-driven decision-making on human behavior and experience, and how AI technologies can be used to improve access to opportunities. This research combines a variety of areas including AI, machine learning, economics, social psychology, and law.

Our goal is to develop AI technologies that will change the landscape of healthcare. This includes early diagnostics, drug discovery, care personalization and management. Building on MIT’s pioneering history in artificial intelligence and life sciences, we are working on algorithms suitable for modeling biological and clinical data across a range of modalities including imaging, text and genomics.

Our research covers a wide range of topics of this fast-evolving field, advancing how machines learn, predict, and control, while also making them secure, robust and trustworthy. Research covers both the theory and applications of ML. This broad area studies ML theory (algorithms, optimization, …), statistical learning (inference, graphical models, causal analysis, …), deep learning, reinforcement learning, symbolic reasoning ML systems, as well as diverse hardware implementations of ML.

We develop the technology and systems that will transform the future of biology and healthcare. Specific areas include biomedical sensors and electronics, nano- and micro-technologies, imaging, and computational modeling of disease.

We develop the next generation of wired and wireless communications systems, from new physical principles (e.g., light, terahertz waves) to coding and information theory, and everything in between.

We bring some of the most powerful tools in computation to bear on design problems, including modeling, simulation, processing and fabrication.

We design the next generation of computer systems. Working at the intersection of hardware and software, our research studies how to best implement computation in the physical world. We design processors that are faster, more efficient, easier to program, and secure. Our research covers systems of all scales, from tiny Internet-of-Things devices with ultra-low-power consumption to high-performance servers and datacenters that power planet-scale online services. We design both general-purpose processors and accelerators that are specialized to particular application domains, like machine learning and storage. We also design Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools to facilitate the development of such systems.

Educational technology combines both hardware and software to enact global change, making education accessible in unprecedented ways to new audiences. We develop the technology that makes better understanding possible.

Our research spans a wide range of materials that form the next generation of devices, and includes groundbreaking research on graphene & 2D materials, quantum computing, MEMS & NEMS, and new substrates for computation.

Our research focuses on solving challenges related to the transduction, transmission, and control of energy and energy systems. We develop new materials for energy storage, devices and power electronics for harvesting, generation and processing of energy, and control of large-scale energy systems.

The shared mission of Visual Computing is to connect images and computation, spanning topics such as image and video generation and analysis, photography, human perception, touch, applied geometry, and more.

The focus of our research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is inventing new systems and technology that lie at the interface between people and computation, and understanding their design, implementation, and societal impact.

This broad research theme covered activities across all aspects of systems that process information, and the underlying science and mathematics, and includes communications, networking & information theory; numerical and computational simulation and prototyping; signal processing and inference; medical imaging; data science, statistics and inference.

Our field deals with the design and creation of sophisticated circuits and systems for applications ranging from computation to sensing.

Our research focuses on the creation of materials and devices at the nano scale to create novel systems across a wide variety of application areas.

Our research encompasses all aspects of speech and language processing—ranging from the design of fundamental machine learning methods to the design of advanced applications that can extract information from documents, translate between languages, and execute instructions in real-world environments.

Our work focuses on materials, devices, and systems for optical and photonic applications, with applications in communications and sensing, femtosecond optics, laser technologies, photonic bandgap fibers and devices, laser medicine and medical imaging, and millimeter-wave and terahertz devices.

Research in this area focuses on developing efficient and scalable algorithms for solving large scale optimization problems in engineering, data science and machine learning. Our work also studies optimal decision making in networked settings, including communication networks, energy systems and social networks. The multi-agent nature of many of these systems also has led to several research activities that rely on game-theoretic approaches.

We develop new approaches to programming, whether that takes the form of programming languages, tools, or methodologies to improve many aspects of applications and systems infrastructure.

Our work focuses on developing the next substrate of computing, communication and sensing. We work all the way from new materials to superconducting devices to quantum computers to theory.

Our research focuses on robotic hardware and algorithms, from sensing to control to perception to manipulation.

Our research is focused on making future computer systems more secure. We bring together a broad spectrum of cross-cutting techniques for security, from theoretical cryptography and programming-language ideas, to low-level hardware and operating-systems security, to overall system designs and empirical bug-finding. We apply these techniques to a wide range of application domains, such as blockchains, cloud systems, Internet privacy, machine learning, and IoT devices, reflecting the growing importance of security in many contexts.

Signal processing focuses on algorithms and hardware for analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals and data, across a wide variety of application domains. As a technology it plays a key role in virtually every aspect of modern life including for example entertainment, communications, travel, health, defense and finance.

From distributed systems and databases to wireless, the research conducted by the systems and networking group aims to improve the performance, robustness, and ease of management of networks and computing systems.

Our theoretical research includes quantification of fundamental capabilities and limitations of feedback systems, inference and control over networks, and development of practical methods and algorithms for decision making under uncertainty.

Theory of Computation (TOC) studies the fundamental strengths and limits of computation, how these strengths and limits interact with computer science and mathematics, and how they manifest themselves in society, biology, and the physical world.

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At MIT, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and possibility is our joyful obsession, and we celebrate fundamental discoveries and practical applications alike. As educators, we also value research as a potent form of learning by doing .

Research flourishes in our 30 departments across five schools and one college , as well as in dozens of centers, labs, and programs that convene experts across disciplines to explore new intellectual frontiers and solve important societal problems. Our on-campus research capabilities are enhanced through the work of MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , active research relationships with industry , and a wide range of global collaborations .

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MIT continually develops organizations and partnerships that foster interdisciplinary work. Listed here are just some of the MIT labs, centers, and programs where groundbreaking research is happening every day.

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5 Electrical Engineering Research Projects Making Their Mark in 2024

Join our engineering community sign-in with:, from 3d processors to self-powered sensors, these academic research projects show how "the next big thing" in electronics may emerge from labs worldwide..

Many of the most influential hardware companies can trace their origins back to a university lab. Even RISC-V, the open-source ISA taking the hardware world by storm, had its humble beginnings at the University of California, Berkeley, in 2010. Only a few months into 2024, several projects from universities worldwide—from MIT in Boston to Shibaura Institute of Technology in Japan, have caught our attention. Here's our editor's pick of five electrical engineering research projects to keep an eye on.

MIT: Magnetic Energy Harvesting Sensor

MIT researchers have developed a self-powered, battery-free sensor that harvests magnetic energy from its surroundings. This sensor, designed for difficult-to-access areas like ship engines, can monitor power consumption and operations over extended periods without the need for battery replacement or special wiring.

System diagram of the self-powered sensor. Image used courtesy of IEEE

It operates by leveraging the ambient magnetic fields generated around electrical wires, enabling it to clip onto a wire and autonomously harvest energy. This energy is then used to monitor the temperature of the motor it is attached to. The researchers believe this innovation could lead to networks of maintenance-free sensors for various applications, significantly reducing installation and maintenance costs and potentially transforming the landscape of sensor deployment in industrial settings, manufacturing plants, and beyond.

Caltech: Tying Knots Inside Lasers

Caltech's recently published its latest research on mode-locked lasers, lasers that emit light in steady pulses instead of in one continuous beam. The team effectively created a "knot" within the laser pulses , enhancing their resilience to imperfections and environmental disturbances.

“Tying to knot” with lasers. Image used courtesy of Caltech

Such topological temporal mode-locking could significantly improve the stability and performance of frequency combs—crucial tools in modern communication, sensing, and computing applications. By ensuring that these laser pulses can withstand external shocks without losing coherence, the research opens new avenues for developing advanced sensing technologies and more reliable communication systems.

University of Florida: 3D Processors for Wireless Comms

The University of Florida's electrical engineering department has developed a three-dimensional processor it claims may "transform the landscape of wireless communication." The researchers aim to address the inherent limitations of traditional planar processors by embracing the third dimension, leading to unprecedented compactness and efficiency in data transmission.

A 3D filter created from connecting ferroelectric-gate fin resonators with different frequencies. Image used courtesy of the University of Florida

These 3D nanomechanical resonators, fabricated using CMOS technology, integrate different frequencies on one monolithic chip. The team calls this device a new type of spectral processor, taking a new approach to multi-band, frequency-agile radio chipsets to meet the surging demands for seamless connectivity and real-time data exchange. The potential applications are wide-ranging, from smart city infrastructures to remote healthcare services and immersive augmented reality experiences.

Shibaura Institute of Technology: Enhancing Electrical Fire Safety

At the Shibaura Institute of Technology, researchers have made a significant breakthrough in electrical fire safety by developing a method for detecting arc faults in low-voltage AC systems. Arc faults, one the leading causes of electrical fires, occur when two conductors electrically discharge because of poor contact, causing sparks as hot as 1,000°C.

The researchers observed that when a copper oxide bridge burns at high temperatures, an arc fault occurs, turning the bridge into an insulator and creating a loop in the conducting path. In a theoretical simulation of this phenomenon, the team saw a unique current waveform, termed the "current shoulder," appear in arc faults with copper contacts.

No arc-fault state vs. arc-fault state under various types of loads. Image used courtesy of SIT

A current transformer can detect this current shoulder when the voltage disparities between arc-fault and non-arc-fault states offset changes in the transformer's magnetic flux. This discovery improves the accuracy of arc-fault detection and may subsequently reduce the risk of electrical fires in residential and commercial buildings.

National University of Singapore: Record Solar Cell Efficiency

The National University of Singapore has achieved a milestone in solar cell technology by developing triple-junction tandem solar cells with a world-record efficiency of 27.1%. This feat was accomplished by integrating a novel pseudohalide, cyanate, into perovskite solar cells—a move that not only stabilized the perovskite structure but also significantly reduced energy loss.

The NUS triple-junction solar cell. Image used courtesy of NUS

The success of these cyanate-integrated perovskite solar cells in achieving higher voltages and maintaining stability under continuous operation marks a significant step forward in the quest for more efficient and sustainable energy solutions.

Electronics Research Marches On

Have you heard of or participated in any recent research moving the needle in electrical engineering? How might the project affect specific industries? Tell us about it in the comments below.

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YEKATERINBURG: FACTORIES, URAL SIGHTS, YELTSIN AND THE WHERE NICHOLAS II WAS KILLED

Sverdlovsk oblast.

Sverdlovsk Oblast is the largest region in the Urals; it lies in the foothills of mountains and contains a monument indicating the border between Europe and Asia. The region covers 194,800 square kilometers (75,200 square miles), is home to about 4.3 million people and has a population density of 22 people per square kilometer. About 83 percent of the population live in urban areas. Yekaterinburg is the capital and largest city, with 1.5 million people. For Russians, the Ural Mountains are closely associated with Pavel Bazhov's tales and known for folk crafts such as Kasli iron sculpture, Tagil painting, and copper embossing. Yekaterinburg is the birthplace of Russia’s iron and steel industry, taking advantage of the large iron deposits in the Ural mountains. The popular Silver Ring of the Urals tourist route starts here.

In the summer you can follow in the tracks of Yermak, climb relatively low Ural mountain peaks and look for boulders seemingly with human faces on them. You can head to the Gemstone Belt of the Ural mountains, which used to house emerald, amethyst and topaz mines. In the winter you can go ice fishing, ski and cross-country ski.

Sverdlovsk Oblast and Yekaterinburg are located near the center of Russia, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and also the southern and northern parts of Russia. Winters are longer and colder than in western section of European Russia. Snowfalls can be heavy. Winter temperatures occasionally drop as low as - 40 degrees C (-40 degrees F) and the first snow usually falls in October. A heavy winter coat, long underwear and good boots are essential. Snow and ice make the sidewalks very slippery, so footwear with a good grip is important. Since the climate is very dry during the winter months, skin moisturizer plus lip balm are recommended. Be alert for mud on street surfaces when snow cover is melting (April-May). Patches of mud create slippery road conditions.

Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg (kilometer 1818 on the Trans-Siberian Railway) is the fourth largest city in Russia, with of 1.5 million and growth rate of about 12 percent, high for Russia. Located in the southern Ural mountains, it was founded by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine, it was used by the tsars as a summer retreat and is where tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed and President Boris Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career. The city is near the border between Europe and Asia.

Yekaterinburg (also spelled Ekaterinburg) is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in the headwaters of the Iset and Pyshma Rivers. The Iset runs through the city center. Three ponds — Verkh-Isetsky, Gorodskoy and Nizhne-Isetsky — were created on it. Yekaterinburg has traditionally been a city of mining and was once the center of the mining industry of the Urals and Siberia. Yekaterinburg remains a major center of the Russian armaments industry and is sometimes called the "Pittsburgh of Russia.". A few ornate, pastel mansions and wide boulevards are reminders of the tsarist era. The city is large enough that it has its own Metro system but is characterized mostly by blocky Soviet-era apartment buildings. The city has advanced under President Vladimir Putin and is now one of the fastest growing places in Russia, a country otherwise characterized by population declines

Yekaterinburg is technically an Asian city as it lies 32 kilometers east of the continental divide between Europe and Asia. The unofficial capital of the Urals, a key region in the Russian heartland, it is second only to Moscow in terms of industrial production and capital of Sverdlovsk oblast. Among the important industries are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and metalworking, chemical and petrochemicals, construction materials and medical, light and food industries. On top of being home of numerous heavy industries and mining concerns, Yekaterinburg is also a major center for industrial research and development and power engineering as well as home to numerous institutes of higher education, technical training, and scientific research. In addition, Yekaterinburg is the largest railway junction in Russia: the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through it, the southern, northern, western and eastern routes merge in the city.

Accommodation: There are two good and affordable hotels — the 3-star Emerald and Parus hotels — located close to the city's most popular landmarks and main transport interchanges in the center of Yekaterinburg. Room prices start at RUB 1,800 per night.

History of Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine I. It was used by the tsars as a summer retreat but was mainly developed as metalworking and manufacturing center to take advantage of the large deposits of iron and other minerals in the Ural mountains. It is best known to Americans as the place where the last Tsar and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and near where American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down in 1960.

Peter the Great recognized the importance of the iron and copper-rich Urals region for Imperial Russia's industrial and military development. In November 1723, he ordered the construction of a fortress factory and an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. In its early years Yekaterinburg grew rich from gold and other minerals and later coal. The Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745 created such a huge amount of wealth that one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. By the mid-18th century, metallurgical plants had sprung up across the Urals to cast cannons, swords, guns and other weapons to arm Russia’s expansionist ambitions. The Yekaterinburg mint produced most of Russia's coins. Explorations of the Trans-Baikal and Altai regions began here in the 18th century.

Iron, cast iron and copper were the main products. Even though Iron from the region went into the Eiffel Tower, the main plant in Yekaterinburg itself was shut down in 1808. The city still kept going through a mountain factory control system of the Urals. The first railway in the Urals was built here: in 1878, the Yekaterinburg-Perm railway branch connected the province's capital with the factories of the Middle Urals.

In the Soviet era the city was called Sverdlovsk (named after Yakov Sverdlov, the man who organized Nicholas II's execution). During the first five-year plans the city became industrial — old plants were reconstructed, new ones were built. The center of Yekaterinburg was formed to conform to the historical general plan of 1829 but was the layout was adjusted around plants and factories. In the Stalin era the city was a major gulag transhipment center. In World War II, many defense-related industries were moved here. It and the surrounding area were a center of the Soviet Union's military industrial complex. Soviet tanks, missiles and aircraft engines were made in the Urals. During the Cold War era, Yekaterinburg was a center of weapons-grade uranium enrichment and processing, warhead assembly and dismantlement. In 1979, 64 people died when anthrax leaked from a biological weapons facility. Yekaterinburg was a “Closed City” for 40 years during the Cold Soviet era and was not open to foreigners until 1991

In the early post-Soviet era, much like Pittsburgh in the 1970s, Yekaterinburg had a hard struggle d to cope with dramatic economic changes that have made its heavy industries uncompetitive on the world market. Huge defense plants struggled to survive and the city was notorious as an organized crime center in the 1990s, when its hometown boy Boris Yeltsin was President of Russia. By the 2000s, Yekaterinburg’s retail and service was taking off, the defense industry was reviving and it was attracting tech industries and investments related to the Urals’ natural resources. By the 2010s it was vying to host a world exhibition in 2020 (it lost, Dubai won) and it had McDonald’s, Subway, sushi restaurants, and Gucci, Chanel and Armani. There were Bentley and Ferrari dealerships but they closed down

Transportation in Yekaterinburg

Getting There: By Plane: Yekaterinburg is a three-hour flight from Moscow with prices starting at RUB 8,000, or a 3-hour flight from Saint Petersburg starting from RUB 9,422 (direct round-trip flight tickets for one adult passenger). There are also flights from Frankfurt, Istanbul, China and major cities in the former Soviet Union.

By Train: Yekaterinburg is a major stop on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Daily train service is available to Moscow and many other Russian cities.Yekaterinburg is a 32-hour train ride from Moscow (tickets RUB 8,380 and above) or a 36-hour train ride from Saint Petersburg (RUB 10,300 and above). The ticket prices are round trip for a berth in a sleeper compartment for one adult passenger). By Car: a car trip from Moscow to Yekateringburg is 1,787 kilometers long and takes about 18 hours. The road from Saint Petersburg is 2,294 kilometers and takes about 28 hours.

Regional Transport: The region's public transport includes buses and suburban electric trains. Regional trains provide transport to larger cities in the Ural region. Buses depart from Yekaterinburg’s two bus stations: the Southern Bus Station and the Northern Bus Station.

Regional Transport: According the to Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT): “Public transportation is well developed. Overcrowding is common. Fares are low. Service is efficient. Buses are the main form of public transport. Tram network is extensive. Fares are reasonable; service is regular. Trams are heavily used by residents, overcrowding is common. Purchase ticket after boarding. Metro runs from city center to Uralmash, an industrial area south of the city. Metro ends near the main railway station. Fares are inexpensive.

“Traffic is congested in city center. Getting around by car can be difficult. Route taxis (minivans) provide the fastest transport. They generally run on specific routes, but do not have specific stops. Drivers stop where passengers request. Route taxis can be hailed. Travel by bus or trolleybuses may be slow in rush hour. Trams are less affected by traffic jams. Trolley buses (electric buses) cannot run when temperatures drop below freezing.”

Entertainment, Sports and Recreation in Yekaterinburg

The performing arts in Yekaterinburg are first rate. The city has an excellent symphony orchestra, opera and ballet theater, and many other performing arts venues. Tickets are inexpensive. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater is lavishly designed and richly decorated building in the city center of Yekaterinburg. The theater was established in 1912 and building was designed by architect Vladimir Semyonov and inspired by the Vienna Opera House and the Theater of Opera and Ballet in Odessa.

Vaynera Street is a pedestrian only shopping street in city center with restaurants, cafes and some bars. But otherwise Yekaterinburg's nightlife options are limited. There are a handful of expensive Western-style restaurants and bars, none of them that great. Nightclubs serve the city's nouveau riche clientele. Its casinos have closed down. Some of them had links with organized crime. New dance clubs have sprung up that are popular with Yekaterinburg's more affluent youth.

Yekaterinburg's most popular spectator sports are hockey, basketball, and soccer. There are stadiums and arenas that host all three that have fairly cheap tickets. There is an indoor water park and lots of parks and green spaces. The Urals have many lakes, forests and mountains are great for hiking, boating, berry and mushroom hunting, swimming and fishing. Winter sports include cross-country skiing and ice skating. Winter lasts about six months and there’s usually plenty of snow. The nearby Ural Mountains however are not very high and the downhill skiing opportunities are limited..

Sights in Yekaterinburg

Sights in Yekaterinburg include the Museum of City Architecture and Ural Industry, with an old water tower and mineral collection with emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and other precious stone; Geological Alley, a small park with labeled samples of minerals found in the Urals region; the Ural Geology Museum, which houses an extensive collection of stones, gold and gems from the Urals; a monument marking the border between Europe and Asia; a memorial for gulag victims; and a graveyard with outlandish memorials for slain mafia members.

The Military History Museum houses the remains of the U-2 spy plane shot down in 1960 and locally made tanks and rocket launchers. The fine arts museum contains paintings by some of Russia's 19th-century masters. Also worth a look are the History an Local Studies Museum; the Political History and Youth Museum; and the University and Arboretum. Old wooden houses can be seen around Zatoutstovsya ulitsa and ulitsa Belinskogo. Around the city are wooded parks, lakes and quarries used to harvest a variety of minerals. Weiner Street is the main street of Yekaterinburg. Along it are lovely sculptures and 19th century architecture. Take a walk around the unique Literary Quarter

Plotinka is a local meeting spot, where you will often find street musicians performing. Plotinka can be described as the center of the city's center. This is where Yekaterinburg holds its biggest events: festivals, seasonal fairs, regional holiday celebrations, carnivals and musical fountain shows. There are many museums and open-air exhibitions on Plotinka. Plotinka is named after an actual dam of the city pond located nearby (“plotinka” means “a small dam” in Russian).In November 1723, Peter the Great ordered the construction of an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. “Iset” can be translated from Finnish as “abundant with fish”. This name was given to the river by the Mansi — the Finno-Ugric people dwelling on the eastern slope of the Northern Urals.

Vysotsky and Iset are skyscrapers that are 188.3 meters and 209 meters high, respectively. Fifty-story-high Iset has been described by locals as the world’s northernmost skyscraper. Before the construction of Iset, Vysotsky was the tallest building of Yekaterinburg and Russia (excluding Moscow). A popular vote has decided to name the skyscraper after the famous Soviet songwriter, singer and actor Vladimir Vysotsky. and the building was opened on November 25, 2011. There is a lookout at the top of the building, and the Vysotsky museum on its second floor. The annual “Vysotsky climb” (1137 steps) is held there, with a prize of RUB 100,000. While Vysotsky serves as an office building, Iset, owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, houses 225 premium residential apartments ranging from 80 to 490 square meters in size.

Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center

The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center (in the city center: ul. Yeltsina, 3) is a non-governmental organization named after the first president of the Russian Federation. The Museum of the First President of Russia as well as his archives are located in the Center. There is also a library, educational and children's centers, and exposition halls. Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career in Yekaterinburg. He was born in Butka about 200 kilometers east of Yekaterinburg.

The core of the Center is the Museum. Modern multimedia technologies help animate the documents, photos from the archives, and artifacts. The Yeltsin Museum holds collections of: propaganda posters, leaflets, and photos of the first years of the Soviet regime; portraits and portrait sculptures of members of Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of various years; U.S.S.R. government bonds and other items of the Soviet era; a copy of “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, published in the “Novy Mir” magazine (#11, 1962); perestroika-era editions of books by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and other authors; theater, concert, and cinema posters, programs, and tickets — in short, all of the artifacts of the perestroika era.

The Yeltsin Center opened in 2012. Inside you will also find an art gallery, a bookstore, a gift shop, a food court, concert stages and a theater. There are regular screenings of unique films that you will not find anywhere else. Also operating inside the center, is a scientific exploritorium for children. The center was designed by Boris Bernaskoni. Almost from the its very opening, the Yeltsin Center has been accused by members of different political entities of various ideological crimes. The museum is open Tuesday to Sunday, from 10:00am to 9:00pm.

Where Nicholas II was Executed

On July, 17, 1918, during this reign of terror of the Russian Civil War, former-tsar Nicholas II, his wife, five children (the 13-year-old Alexis, 22-year-old Olga, 19-year-old Maria and 17-year-old Anastasia)the family physician, the cook, maid, and valet were shot to death by a Red Army firing squad in the cellar of the house they were staying at in Yekaterinburg.

Ipatiev House (near Church on the Blood, Ulitsa Libknekhta) was a merchant's house where Nicholas II and his family were executed. The house was demolished in 1977, on the orders of an up and coming communist politician named Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin later said that the destruction of the house was an "act of barbarism" and he had no choice because he had been ordered to do it by the Politburo,

The site is marked with s cross with the photos of the family members and cross bearing their names. A small wooden church was built at the site. It contains paintings of the family. For a while there were seven traditional wooden churches. Mass is given ay noon everyday in an open-air museum. The Church on the Blood — constructed to honor Nicholas II and his family — was built on the part of the site in 1991 and is now a major place of pilgrimage.

Nicholas and his family where killed during the Russian civil war. It is thought the Bolsheviks figured that Nicholas and his family gave the Whites figureheads to rally around and they were better of dead. Even though the death orders were signed Yakov Sverdlov, the assassination was personally ordered by Lenin, who wanted to get them out of sight and out of mind. Trotsky suggested a trial. Lenin nixed the idea, deciding something had to be done about the Romanovs before White troops approached Yekaterinburg. Trotsky later wrote: "The decision was not only expedient but necessary. The severity of he punishment showed everyone that we would continue to fight on mercilessly, stopping at nothing."

Ian Frazier wrote in The New Yorker: “Having read a lot about the end of Tsar Nicholas II and his family and servants, I wanted to see the place in Yekaterinburg where that event occurred. The gloomy quality of this quest depressed Sergei’s spirits, but he drove all over Yekaterinburg searching for the site nonetheless. Whenever he stopped and asked a pedestrian how to get to the house where Nicholas II was murdered, the reaction was a wince. Several people simply walked away. But eventually, after a lot of asking, Sergei found the location. It was on a low ridge near the edge of town, above railroad tracks and the Iset River. The house, known as the Ipatiev House, was no longer standing, and the basement where the actual killings happened had been filled in. I found the blankness of the place sinister and dizzying. It reminded me of an erasure done so determinedly that it had worn a hole through the page. [Source: Ian Frazier, The New Yorker, August 3, 2009, Frazier is author of “Travels in Siberia” (2010)]

“The street next to the site is called Karl Liebknecht Street. A building near where the house used to be had a large green advertisement that said, in English, “LG—Digitally Yours.” On an adjoining lot, a small chapel kept the memory of the Tsar and his family; beneath a pedestal holding an Orthodox cross, peonies and pansies grew. The inscription on the pedestal read, “We go down on our knees, Russia, at the foot of the tsarist cross.”

Books: The Romanovs: The Final Chapter by Robert K. Massie (Random House, 1995); The Fall of the Romanovs by Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalëv (Yale, 1995);

See Separate Article END OF NICHOLAS II factsanddetails.com

Execution of Nicholas II

According to Robert Massie K. Massie, author of Nicholas and Alexandra, Nicholas II and his family were awakened from their bedrooms around midnight and taken to the basement. They were told they were to going to take some photographs of them and were told to stand behind a row of chairs.

Suddenly, a group of 11 Russians and Latvians, each with a revolver, burst into the room with orders to kill a specific person. Yakob Yurovsky, a member of the Soviet executive committee, reportedly shouted "your relatives are continuing to attack the Soviet Union.” After firing, bullets bouncing off gemstones hidden in the corsets of Alexandra and her daughters ricocheted around the room like "a shower of hail," the soldiers said. Those that were still breathing were killed with point black shots to the head.

The three sisters and the maid survived the first round thanks to their gems. They were pressed up against a wall and killed with a second round of bullets. The maid was the only one that survived. She was pursued by the executioners who stabbed her more than 30 times with their bayonets. The still writhing body of Alexis was made still by a kick to the head and two bullets in the ear delivered by Yurovsky himself.

Yurovsky wrote: "When the party entered I told the Romanovs that in view of the fact their relatives continued their offensive against Soviet Russia, the Executive Committee of the Urals Soviet had decided to shoot them. Nicholas turned his back to the detachment and faced his family. Then, as if collecting himself, he turned around, asking, 'What? What?'"

"[I] ordered the detachment to prepare. Its members had been previously instructed whom to shoot and to am directly at the heart to avoid much blood and to end more quickly. Nicholas said no more. he turned again to his family. The others shouted some incoherent exclamations. All this lasted a few seconds. Then commenced the shooting, which went on for two or three minutes. [I] killed Nicholas on the spot."

Nicholas II’s Initial Burial Site in Yekaterinburg

Ganina Yama Monastery (near the village of Koptyaki, 15 kilometers northwest of Yekaterinburg) stands near the three-meter-deep pit where some the remains of Nicholas II and his family were initially buried. The second burial site — where most of the remains were — is in a field known as Porosyonkov (56.9113628°N 60.4954326°E), seven kilometers from Ganina Yama.

On visiting Ganina Yama Monastery, one person posted in Trip Advisor: “We visited this set of churches in a pretty park with Konstantin from Ekaterinburg Guide Centre. He really brought it to life with his extensive knowledge of the history of the events surrounding their terrible end. The story is so moving so unless you speak Russian, it is best to come here with a guide or else you will have no idea of what is what.”

In 1991, the acid-burned remains of Nicholas II and his family were exhumed from a shallow roadside mass grave in a swampy area 12 miles northwest of Yekaterinburg. The remains had been found in 1979 by geologist and amateur archeologist Alexander Avdonin, who kept the location secret out of fear that they would be destroyed by Soviet authorities. The location was disclosed to a magazine by one his fellow discovers.

The original plan was to throw the Romanovs down a mine shaft and disposes of their remains with acid. They were thrown in a mine with some grenades but the mine didn't collapse. They were then carried by horse cart. The vats of acid fell off and broke. When the carriage carrying the bodies broke down it was decided the bury the bodies then and there. The remaining acid was poured on the bones, but most of it was soaked up the ground and the bones largely survived.

After this their pulses were then checked, their faces were crushed to make them unrecognizable and the bodies were wrapped in bed sheets loaded onto a truck. The "whole procedure," Yurovsky said took 20 minutes. One soldiers later bragged than he could "die in peace because he had squeezed the Empress's -------."

The bodies were taken to a forest and stripped, burned with acid and gasoline, and thrown into abandoned mine shafts and buried under railroad ties near a country road near the village of Koptyaki. "The bodies were put in the hole," Yurovsky wrote, "and the faces and all the bodies, generally doused with sulfuric acid, both so they couldn't be recognized and prevent a stink from them rotting...We scattered it with branches and lime, put boards on top and drove over it several times—no traces of the hole remained.

Shortly afterwards, the government in Moscow announced that Nicholas II had been shot because of "a counterrevolutionary conspiracy." There was no immediate word on the other members of the family which gave rise to rumors that other members of the family had escaped. Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlov in honor of the man who signed the death orders.

For seven years the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra, three of their daughters and four servants were stored in polyethylene bags on shelves in the old criminal morgue in Yekaterunburg. On July 17, 1998, Nicholas II and his family and servants who were murdered with him were buried Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg along with the other Romanov tsars, who have been buried there starting with Peter the Great. Nicholas II had a side chapel built for himself at the fortress in 1913 but was buried in a new crypt.

Near Yekaterinburg

Factory-Museum of Iron and Steel Metallurgy (in Niznhy Tagil 80 kilometers north of Yekaterinburg) a museum with old mining equipment made at the site of huge abandoned iron and steel factory. Officially known as the Factory-Museum of the History of the Development of Iron and Steel Metallurgy, it covers an area of 30 hectares and contains a factory founded by the Demidov family in 1725 that specialized mainly in the production of high-quality cast iron and steel. Later, the foundry was renamed after Valerian Kuybyshev, a prominent figure of the Communist Party.

The first Russian factory museum, the unusual museum demonstrates all stages of metallurgy and metal working. There is even a blast furnace and an open-hearth furnace. The display of factory equipment includes bridge crane from 1892) and rolling stock equipment from the 19th-20th centuries. In Niznhy Tagil contains some huge blocks of malachite and

Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha (180 kilometers east-northeast of Yekaterinburg) has an open air architecture museum with log buildings, a stone church and other pre-revolutionary architecture. The village is the creation of Ivan Samoilov, a local activist who loved his village so much he dedicated 40 years of his life to recreating it as the open-air museum of wooden architecture.

The stone Savior Church, a good example of Siberian baroque architecture. The interior and exterior of the church are exhibition spaces of design. The houses are very colorful. In tsarist times, rich villagers hired serfs to paint the walls of their wooden izbas (houses) bright colors. Old neglected buildings from the 17th to 19th centuries have been brought to Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha from all over the Urals. You will see the interior design of the houses and hear stories about traditions and customs of the Ural farmers.

Verkhoturye (330 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg) is the home a 400-year-old monastery that served as 16th century capital of the Urals. Verkhoturye is a small town on the Tura River knows as the Jerusalem of the Urals for its many holy places, churches and monasteries. The town's main landmark is its Kremlin — the smallest in Russia. Pilgrims visit the St. Nicholas Monastery to see the remains of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye, the patron saint of fishermen.

Ural Mountains

Ural Mountains are the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia and have been a crossroads of Russian history. Stretching from Kazakhstan to the fringes of the Arctic Kara Sea, the Urals lie almost exactly along the 60 degree meridian of longitude and extend for about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) from north to south and varies in width from about 50 kilometers (30 miles) in the north and 160 kilometers (100 miles) the south. At kilometers 1777 on the Trans-Siberian Railway there is white obelisk with "Europe" carved in Russian on one side and "Asia" carved on the other.

The eastern side of the Urals contains a lot of granite and igneous rock. The western side is primarily sandstone and limestones. A number of precious stones can be found in the southern part of the Urals, including emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and aquamarines. The highest peaks are in the north. Mount Narodnaya is the highest of all but is only 1884 meters (6,184 feet) high. The northern Urals are covered in thick forests and home to relatively few people.

Like the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, the Urals are very old mountains — with rocks and sediments that are hundreds of millions years old — that were one much taller than they are now and have been steadily eroded down over millions of years by weather and other natural processes to their current size. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: “The rock composition helps shape the topography: the high ranges and low, broad-topped ridges consist of quartzites, schists, and gabbro, all weather-resistant. Buttes are frequent, and there are north–south troughs of limestone, nearly all containing river valleys. Karst topography is highly developed on the western slopes of the Urals, with many caves, basins, and underground streams. The eastern slopes, on the other hand, have fewer karst formations; instead, rocky outliers rise above the flattened surfaces. Broad foothills, reduced to peneplain, adjoin the Central and Southern Urals on the east.

“The Urals date from the structural upheavals of the Hercynian orogeny (about 250 million years ago). About 280 million years ago there arose a high mountainous region, which was eroded to a peneplain. Alpine folding resulted in new mountains, the most marked upheaval being that of the Nether-Polar Urals...The western slope of the Urals is composed of middle Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. In many places it descends in terraces to the Cis-Ural depression (west of the Urals), to which much of the eroded matter was carried during the late Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago). Found there are widespread karst (a starkly eroded limestone region) and gypsum, with large caverns and subterranean streams. On the eastern slope, volcanic layers alternate with sedimentary strata, all dating from middle Paleozoic times.”

Southern Urals

The southern Urals are characterized by grassy slopes and fertile valleys. The middle Urals are a rolling platform that barely rises above 300 meters (1,000 feet). This region is rich in minerals and has been heavily industrialized. This is where you can find Yekaterinburg (formally Sverdlovsk), the largest city in the Urals.

Most of the Southern Urals are is covered with forests, with 50 percent of that pine-woods, 44 percent birch woods, and the rest are deciduous aspen and alder forests. In the north, typical taiga forests are the norm. There are patches of herbal-poaceous steppes, northem sphagnous marshes and bushy steppes, light birch forests and shady riparian forests, tall-grass mountainous meadows, lowland ling marshes and stony placers with lichen stains. In some places there are no large areas of homogeneous forests, rather they are forests with numerous glades and meadows of different size.

In the Ilmensky Mountains Reserve in the Southern Urals, scientists counted 927 vascular plants (50 relicts, 23 endemic species), about 140 moss species, 483 algae species and 566 mushroom species. Among the species included into the Red Book of Russia are feather grass, downy-leaved feather grass, Zalessky feather grass, moccasin flower, ladies'-slipper, neottianthe cucullata, Baltic orchis, fen orchis, helmeted orchis, dark-winged orchis, Gelma sandwart, Krasheninnikov sandwart, Clare astragalus.

The fauna of the vertebrate animals in the Reserve includes 19 fish, 5 amphibian and 5 reptile. Among the 48 mammal species are elks, roe deer, boars, foxes, wolves, lynxes, badgers, common weasels, least weasels, forest ferrets, Siberian striped weasel, common marten, American mink. Squirrels, beavers, muskrats, hares, dibblers, moles, hedgehogs, voles are quite common, as well as chiropterans: pond bat, water bat, Brandt's bat, whiskered bat, northern bat, long-eared bat, parti-coloured bat, Nathusius' pipistrelle. The 174 bird bird species include white-tailed eagles, honey hawks, boreal owls, gnome owls, hawk owls, tawny owls, common scoters, cuckoos, wookcocks, common grouses, wood grouses, hazel grouses, common partridges, shrikes, goldenmountain thrushes, black- throated loons and others.

Activities and Places in the Ural Mountains

The Urals possess beautiful natural scenery that can be accessed from Yekaterinburg with a rent-a-car, hired taxi and tour. Travel agencies arrange rafting, kayaking and hiking trips. Hikes are available in the taiga forest and the Urals. Trips often include walks through the taiga to small lakes and hikes into the mountains and excursions to collect mushrooms and berries and climb in underground caves. Mellow rafting is offered in a relatively calm six kilometer section of the River Serga. In the winter visitor can enjoy cross-mountains skiing, downhill skiing, ice fishing, dog sledding, snow-shoeing and winter hiking through the forest to a cave covered with ice crystals.

Lake Shartash (10 kilometers from Yekaterinburg) is where the first Ural gold was found, setting in motion the Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745, which created so much wealth one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. The area around Shartash Lake is a favorite picnic and barbecue spot of the locals. Getting There: by bus route No. 50, 054 or 54, with a transfer to suburban commuter bus route No. 112, 120 or 121 (the whole trip takes about an hour), or by car (10 kilometers drive from the city center, 40 minutes).

Revun Rapids (90 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg near Beklenishcheva village) is a popular white water rafting places On the nearby cliffs you can see the remains of a mysterious petroglyph from the Paleolithic period. Along the steep banks, you may notice the dark entrance of Smolinskaya Cave. There are legends of a sorceress who lived in there. The rocks at the riverside are suited for competitive rock climbers and beginners. Climbing hooks and rings are hammered into rocks. The most fun rafting is generally in May and June.

Olenii Ruchii National Park (100 kilometers west of Yekaterinburg) is the most popular nature park in Sverdlovsk Oblast and popular weekend getaway for Yekaterinburg residents. Visitors are attracted by the beautiful forests, the crystal clear Serga River and picturesque rocks caves. There are some easy hiking routes: the six-kilometer Lesser Ring and the 15-kilometer Greater Ring. Another route extends for 18 km and passes by the Mitkinsky Mine, which operated in the 18th-19th centuries. It's a kind of an open-air museum — you can still view mining an enrichment equipment here. There is also a genuine beaver dam nearby.

Among the other attractions at Olenii Ruchii are Druzhba (Friendship) Cave, with passages that extend for about 500 meters; Dyrovaty Kamen (Holed Stone), created over time by water of Serga River eroding rock; and Utoplennik (Drowned Man), where you can see “The Angel of Sole Hope”., created by the Swedish artist Lehna Edwall, who has placed seven angels figures in different parts of the world to “embrace the planet, protecting it from fear, despair, and disasters.”

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation (official Russia tourism website russiatourism.ru ), Russian government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Yomiuri Shimbun and various books and other publications.

Updated in September 2020

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