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Home » Research Summary – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Summary – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Summary

Definition:

A research summary is a brief and concise overview of a research project or study that highlights its key findings, main points, and conclusions. It typically includes a description of the research problem, the research methods used, the results obtained, and the implications or significance of the findings. It is often used as a tool to quickly communicate the main findings of a study to other researchers, stakeholders, or decision-makers.

Structure of Research Summary

The Structure of a Research Summary typically include:

• Introduction : This section provides a brief background of the research problem or question, explains the purpose of the study, and outlines the research objectives.
• Methodology : This section explains the research design, methods, and procedures used to conduct the study. It describes the sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Results : This section presents the main findings of the study, including statistical analysis if applicable. It may include tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent the data.
• Discussion : This section interprets the results and explains their implications. It discusses the significance of the findings, compares them to previous research, and identifies any limitations or future directions for research.
• Conclusion : This section summarizes the main points of the research and provides a conclusion based on the findings. It may also suggest implications for future research or practical applications of the results.
• References : This section lists the sources cited in the research summary, following the appropriate citation style.

How to Write Research Summary

Here are the steps you can follow to write a research summary:

• Read the research article or study thoroughly: To write a summary, you must understand the research article or study you are summarizing. Therefore, read the article or study carefully to understand its purpose, research design, methodology, results, and conclusions.
• Identify the main points : Once you have read the research article or study, identify the main points, key findings, and research question. You can highlight or take notes of the essential points and findings to use as a reference when writing your summary.
• Write the introduction: Start your summary by introducing the research problem, research question, and purpose of the study. Briefly explain why the research is important and its significance.
• Summarize the methodology : In this section, summarize the research design, methods, and procedures used to conduct the study. Explain the sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Present the results: Summarize the main findings of the study. Use tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent the data if necessary.
• Interpret the results: In this section, interpret the results and explain their implications. Discuss the significance of the findings, compare them to previous research, and identify any limitations or future directions for research.
• Conclude the summary : Summarize the main points of the research and provide a conclusion based on the findings. Suggest implications for future research or practical applications of the results.
• Revise and edit : Once you have written the summary, revise and edit it to ensure that it is clear, concise, and free of errors. Make sure that your summary accurately represents the research article or study.
• Add references: Include a list of references cited in the research summary, following the appropriate citation style.

Example of Research Summary

Here is an example of a research summary:

Title: The Effects of Yoga on Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis

Introduction: This meta-analysis examines the effects of yoga on mental health. The study aimed to investigate whether yoga practice can improve mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, stress, and quality of life.

Methodology : The study analyzed data from 14 randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of yoga on mental health outcomes. The sample included a total of 862 participants. The yoga interventions varied in length and frequency, ranging from four to twelve weeks, with sessions lasting from 45 to 90 minutes.

Results : The meta-analysis found that yoga practice significantly improved mental health outcomes. Participants who practiced yoga showed a significant reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as stress levels. Quality of life also improved in those who practiced yoga.

Discussion : The findings of this study suggest that yoga can be an effective intervention for improving mental health outcomes. The study supports the growing body of evidence that suggests that yoga can have a positive impact on mental health. Limitations of the study include the variability of the yoga interventions, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.

Conclusion : Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis support the use of yoga as an effective intervention for improving mental health outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the optimal length and frequency of yoga interventions for different populations.

References :

• Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., Dobos, G., & Berger, B. (2013). Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and anxiety, 30(11), 1068-1083.
• Khalsa, S. B. (2004). Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 48(3), 269-285.
• Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1), 3-12.

Purpose of Research Summary

The purpose of a research summary is to provide a brief overview of a research project or study, including its main points, findings, and conclusions. The summary allows readers to quickly understand the essential aspects of the research without having to read the entire article or study.

Research summaries serve several purposes, including:

• Facilitating comprehension: A research summary allows readers to quickly understand the main points and findings of a research project or study without having to read the entire article or study. This makes it easier for readers to comprehend the research and its significance.
• Communicating research findings: Research summaries are often used to communicate research findings to a wider audience, such as policymakers, practitioners, or the general public. The summary presents the essential aspects of the research in a clear and concise manner, making it easier for non-experts to understand.
• Supporting decision-making: Research summaries can be used to support decision-making processes by providing a summary of the research evidence on a particular topic. This information can be used by policymakers or practitioners to make informed decisions about interventions, programs, or policies.
• Saving time: Research summaries save time for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders who need to review multiple research studies. Rather than having to read the entire article or study, they can quickly review the summary to determine whether the research is relevant to their needs.

Characteristics of Research Summary

The following are some of the key characteristics of a research summary:

• Concise : A research summary should be brief and to the point, providing a clear and concise overview of the main points of the research.
• Objective : A research summary should be written in an objective tone, presenting the research findings without bias or personal opinion.
• Comprehensive : A research summary should cover all the essential aspects of the research, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions.
• Accurate : A research summary should accurately reflect the key findings and conclusions of the research.
• Clear and well-organized: A research summary should be easy to read and understand, with a clear structure and logical flow.
• Relevant : A research summary should focus on the most important and relevant aspects of the research, highlighting the key findings and their implications.
• Audience-specific: A research summary should be tailored to the intended audience, using language and terminology that is appropriate and accessible to the reader.
• Citations : A research summary should include citations to the original research articles or studies, allowing readers to access the full text of the research if desired.

When to write Research Summary

Here are some situations when it may be appropriate to write a research summary:

• Proposal stage: A research summary can be included in a research proposal to provide a brief overview of the research aims, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.
• Conference presentation: A research summary can be prepared for a conference presentation to summarize the main findings of a study or research project.
• Journal submission: Many academic journals require authors to submit a research summary along with their research article or study. The summary provides a brief overview of the study’s main points, findings, and conclusions and helps readers quickly understand the research.
• Funding application: A research summary can be included in a funding application to provide a brief summary of the research aims, objectives, and expected outcomes.
• Policy brief: A research summary can be prepared as a policy brief to communicate research findings to policymakers or stakeholders in a concise and accessible manner.

Advantages of Research Summary

Research summaries offer several advantages, including:

• Time-saving: A research summary saves time for readers who need to understand the key findings and conclusions of a research project quickly. Rather than reading the entire research article or study, readers can quickly review the summary to determine whether the research is relevant to their needs.
• Clarity and accessibility: A research summary provides a clear and accessible overview of the research project’s main points, making it easier for readers to understand the research without having to be experts in the field.
• Improved comprehension: A research summary helps readers comprehend the research by providing a brief and focused overview of the key findings and conclusions, making it easier to understand the research and its significance.
• Enhanced communication: Research summaries can be used to communicate research findings to a wider audience, such as policymakers, practitioners, or the general public, in a concise and accessible manner.
• Facilitated decision-making: Research summaries can support decision-making processes by providing a summary of the research evidence on a particular topic. Policymakers or practitioners can use this information to make informed decisions about interventions, programs, or policies.
• Increased dissemination: Research summaries can be easily shared and disseminated, allowing research findings to reach a wider audience.

Limitations of Research Summary

Limitations of the Research Summary are as follows:

• Limited scope: Research summaries provide a brief overview of the research project’s main points, findings, and conclusions, which can be limiting. They may not include all the details, nuances, and complexities of the research that readers may need to fully understand the study’s implications.
• Risk of oversimplification: Research summaries can be oversimplified, reducing the complexity of the research and potentially distorting the findings or conclusions.
• Lack of context: Research summaries may not provide sufficient context to fully understand the research findings, such as the research background, methodology, or limitations. This may lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of the research.
• Possible bias: Research summaries may be biased if they selectively emphasize certain findings or conclusions over others, potentially distorting the overall picture of the research.
• Format limitations: Research summaries may be constrained by the format or length requirements, making it challenging to fully convey the research’s main points, findings, and conclusions.
• Accessibility: Research summaries may not be accessible to all readers, particularly those with limited literacy skills, visual impairments, or language barriers.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How To Write A Research Summary

It’s a common perception that writing a research summary is a quick and easy task. After all, how hard can jotting down 300 words be? But when you consider the weight those 300 words carry, writing a research summary as a part of your dissertation, essay or compelling draft for your paper instantly becomes daunting task.

A research summary requires you to synthesize a complex research paper into an informative, self-explanatory snapshot. It needs to portray what your article contains. Thus, writing it often comes at the end of the task list.

Regardless of when you’re planning to write, it is no less of a challenge, particularly if you’re doing it for the first time. This blog will take you through everything you need to know about research summary so that you have an easier time with it.

What is a Research Summary?

A research summary is the part of your research paper that describes its findings to the audience in a brief yet concise manner. A well-curated research summary represents you and your knowledge about the information written in the research paper.

While writing a quality research summary, you need to discover and identify the significant points in the research and condense it in a more straightforward form. A research summary is like a doorway that provides access to the structure of a research paper's sections.

Since the purpose of a summary is to give an overview of the topic, methodology, and conclusions employed in a paper, it requires an objective approach. No analysis or criticism.

Research summary or Abstract. What’s the Difference?

They’re both brief, concise, and give an overview of an aspect of the research paper. So, it’s easy to understand why many new researchers get the two confused. However, a research summary and abstract are two very different things with individual purpose. To start with, a research summary is written at the end while the abstract comes at the beginning of a research paper.

A research summary captures the essence of the paper at the end of your document. It focuses on your topic, methods, and findings. More like a TL;DR, if you will. An abstract, on the other hand, is a description of what your research paper is about. It tells your reader what your topic or hypothesis is, and sets a context around why you have embarked on your research.

Getting Started with a Research Summary

Before you start writing, you need to get insights into your research’s content, style, and organization. There are three fundamental areas of a research summary that you should focus on.

• While deciding the contents of your research summary, you must include a section on its importance as a whole, the techniques, and the tools that were used to formulate the conclusion. Additionally, there needs to be a short but thorough explanation of how the findings of the research paper have a significance.
• To keep the summary well-organized, try to cover the various sections of the research paper in separate paragraphs. Besides, how the idea of particular factual research came up first must be explained in a separate paragraph.
• As a general practice worldwide, research summaries are restricted to 300-400 words. However, if you have chosen a lengthy research paper, try not to exceed the word limit of 10% of the entire research paper.

How to Structure Your Research Summary

The research summary is nothing but a concise form of the entire research paper. Therefore, the structure of a summary stays the same as the paper. So, include all the section titles and write a little about them. The structural elements that a research summary must consist of are:

It represents the topic of the research. Try to phrase it so that it includes the key findings or conclusion of the task.

The abstract gives a context of the research paper. Unlike the abstract at the beginning of a paper, the abstract here, should be very short since you’ll be working with a limited word count.

Introduction

This is the most crucial section of a research summary as it helps readers get familiarized with the topic. You should include the definition of your topic, the current state of the investigation, and practical relevance in this part. Additionally, you should present the problem statement, investigative measures, and any hypothesis in this section.

Methodology

This section provides details about the methodology and the methods adopted to conduct the study. You should write a brief description of the surveys, sampling, type of experiments, statistical analysis, and the rationality behind choosing those particular methods.

Create a list of evidence obtained from the various experiments with a primary analysis, conclusions, and interpretations made upon that. In the paper research paper, you will find the results section as the most detailed and lengthy part. Therefore, you must pick up the key elements and wisely decide which elements are worth including and which are worth skipping.

This is where you present the interpretation of results in the context of their application. Discussion usually covers results, inferences, and theoretical models explaining the obtained values, key strengths, and limitations. All of these are vital elements that you must include in the summary.

Most research papers merge conclusion with discussions. However, depending upon the instructions, you may have to prepare this as a separate section in your research summary. Usually, conclusion revisits the hypothesis and provides the details about the validation or denial about the arguments made in the research paper, based upon how convincing the results were obtained.

The structure of a research summary closely resembles the anatomy of a scholarly article . Additionally, you should keep your research and references limited to authentic and  scholarly sources only.

Tips for Writing a Research Summary

The core concept behind undertaking a research summary is to present a simple and clear understanding of your research paper to the reader. The biggest hurdle while doing that is the number of words you have at your disposal. So, follow the steps below to write a research summary that sticks.

1. Read the parent paper thoroughly

You should go through the research paper thoroughly multiple times to ensure that you have a complete understanding of its contents. A 3-stage reading process helps.

a. Scan: In the first read, go through it to get an understanding of its basic concept and methodologies.

b. Read: For the second step, read the article attentively by going through each section, highlighting the key elements, and subsequently listing the topics that you will include in your research summary.

c. Skim: Flip through the article a few more times to study the interpretation of various experimental results, statistical analysis, and application in different contexts.

Sincerely go through different headings and subheadings as it will allow you to understand the underlying concept of each section. You can try reading the introduction and conclusion simultaneously to understand the motive of the task and how obtained results stay fit to the expected outcome.

2. Identify the key elements in different sections

While exploring different sections of an article, you can try finding answers to simple what, why, and how. Below are a few pointers to give you an idea:

• What is the research question and how is it addressed?
• Is there a hypothesis in the introductory part?
• What type of methods are being adopted?
• What is the sample size for data collection and how is it being analyzed?
• What are the most vital findings?
• Do the results support the hypothesis?

Discussion/Conclusion

• What is the final solution to the problem statement?
• What is the explanation for the obtained results?
• What is the drawn inference?
• What are the various limitations of the study?

3. Prepare the first draft

Now that you’ve listed the key points that the paper tries to demonstrate, you can start writing the summary following the standard structure of a research summary. Just make sure you’re not writing statements from the parent research paper verbatim.

Instead, try writing down each section in your own words. This will not only help in avoiding plagiarism but will also show your complete understanding of the subject. Alternatively, you can use a summarizing tool (AI-based summary generators) to shorten the content or summarize the content without disrupting the actual meaning of the article.

SciSpace Copilot is one such helpful feature! You can easily upload your research paper and ask Copilot to summarize it. You will get an AI-generated, condensed research summary. SciSpace Copilot also enables you to highlight text, clip math and tables, and ask any question relevant to the research paper; it will give you instant answers with deeper context of the article..

4. Include visuals

One of the best ways to summarize and consolidate a research paper is to provide visuals like graphs, charts, pie diagrams, etc.. Visuals make getting across the facts, the past trends, and the probabilistic figures around a concept much more engaging.

5. Double check for plagiarism

It can be very tempting to copy-paste a few statements or the entire paragraphs depending upon the clarity of those sections. But it’s best to stay away from the practice. Even paraphrasing should be done with utmost care and attention.

Also: QuillBot vs SciSpace: Choose the best AI-paraphrasing tool

6. Religiously follow the word count limit

You need to have strict control while writing different sections of a research summary. In many cases, it has been observed that the research summary and the parent research paper become the same length. If that happens, it can lead to discrediting of your efforts and research summary itself. Whatever the standard word limit has been imposed, you must observe that carefully.

7. Proofread your research summary multiple times

The process of writing the research summary can be exhausting and tiring. However, you shouldn’t allow this to become a reason to skip checking your academic writing several times for mistakes like misspellings, grammar, wordiness, and formatting issues. Proofread and edit until you think your research summary can stand out from the others, provided it is drafted perfectly on both technicality and comprehension parameters. You can also seek assistance from editing and proofreading services , and other free tools that help you keep these annoying grammatical errors at bay.

8. Watch while you write

Keep a keen observation of your writing style. You should use the words very precisely, and in any situation, it should not represent your personal opinions on the topic. You should write the entire research summary in utmost impersonal, precise, factually correct, and evidence-based writing.

9. Ask a friend/colleague to help

Once you are done with the final copy of your research summary, you must ask a friend or colleague to read it. You must test whether your friend or colleague could grasp everything without referring to the parent paper. This will help you in ensuring the clarity of the article.

Once you become familiar with the research paper summary concept and understand how to apply the tips discussed above in your current task, summarizing a research summary won’t be that challenging. While traversing the different stages of your academic career, you will face different scenarios where you may have to create several research summaries.

In such cases, you just need to look for answers to simple questions like “Why this study is necessary,” “what were the methods,” “who were the participants,” “what conclusions were drawn from the research,” and “how it is relevant to the wider world.” Once you find out the answers to these questions, you can easily create a good research summary following the standard structure and a precise writing style.

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Scientific Journal Article Summary Example: Best Practices

We can all agree - condensing complex scientific research into an accurate, engaging summary is tricky.

But with the right approach, you can craft summaries that effectively convey key details and implications to various audiences.

In this post, you'll uncover best practices for summarizing scientific journal articles. You'll learn how to identify core findings, summarize methodologies precisely, convey results properly, and synthesize everything into a cohesive narrative. An example APA-formatted summary is also provided to see these tips in action.

Introduction to Scientific Journal Article Summaries

Summarizing scientific journal articles is an important skill for researchers and students. It allows you to concisely communicate the key objectives, methods, findings, and conclusions of a study to various audiences.

The Art of Condensing Complex Research

When summarizing scientific research, it is essential to identify and highlight the core elements that capture the essence of the study. This involves analyzing complex details and data to extract the most critical information. Key steps include:

Clearly articulating the central research question or objective

Condensing the methods into a simple overview

Highlighting key results and statistics

Summarizing the conclusions and implications

Skills like active reading, critical thinking, and concise writing help distill multidimensional research into accessible summaries.

Target Audience: Tailoring Summaries for Different Readers

Scientific article summaries should be adapted based on the intended reader. For example:

Emphasize key learning points

Define discipline-specific terminology

Focus on practical applications

Academic Peers

Use precise disciplinary language

Include technical details on methodology

Highlight novel contributions to the field

Scientific Journal Article Summary Example for Students

Here is an example summary of a microbiology study tailored specifically for a student reader:

A 2022 study on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found that a synthetic AMP named “peptoid-1” effectively killed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in lab tests. The peptoid-1 molecule disrupted the bacterial cell membranes of MRSA, including difficult-to-treat biofilms. The research demonstrates the potential of synthetic AMPs as a promising new class of antibiotics to combat drug-resistant superbugs like MRSA. This has important implications for developing urgently needed antibiotics to address the growing global threat of antimicrobial resistance.

This summary briefly explains the key learning points of the study in straightforward language appropriate for students. Technical details are avoided, and emphasis is placed on articulating the essential findings, applications, and implications.

How do you write a summary for a scientific journal article?

A well-written summary of a scientific journal article should cover three main points:

Why the research was done

The first section of your summary should provide background information and context about why the research was conducted. This includes:

The research goals, questions, or hypotheses being investigated

Gaps in existing knowledge the study aims to address

The overall importance of the research topic

For example:

This study investigates the effects of climate change on crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Prior research has not examined how higher temperatures may impact staple crops in this region specifically. Understanding climate change effects on agriculture is critical for food security policymaking across developing nations.

What happened in the experiment

The second section should explain the methodology and highlight key findings from the study's experiments, data analysis, or other research activities. Use concise language to describe:

The study sample, materials, and procedures

Statistical analysis techniques

Major results that relate to the research questions

For instance:

Researchers compiled 30 years of temperature data and crop production records from six countries. Using regression analysis, they found higher temperatures significantly reduced wheat and maize yields by an average of 15% and 12%, respectively.

What conclusions the author drew

Finally, summarize the researchers' conclusions, implications, and recommendations based on their results. Mention any limitations noted and future research suggested.

The authors conclude rising temperatures from climate change could seriously impact food security in sub-Saharan Africa. They call for policies to help farmers adapt through heat-tolerant crop varieties and improved irrigation access. Additional research is needed to develop effective adaptation strategies.

Following this basic structure will help you efficiently summarize the essential information in a scientific journal article.

What is journal article summary?

A journal article summary concisely overviews the main points and key takeaways from a scientific paper published in an academic journal. It allows readers to quickly understand the core findings and arguments of the original article without having to read the full text.

An effective summary should:

Identify the main objective or research question the authors aimed to address

Highlight the key methods, data sources, and analytical approaches used

Summarize the major results and main conclusions

Note any limitations or unanswered questions for future research

For example, a summary of a psychology paper might overview the hypothesis tested, experiment methodology, participant demographics, statistical analyses conducted, and whether the findings supported or rejected the original hypothesis.

Summaries are a useful way for scientists to stay current with latest developments across broad fields of research. They also help readers determine if they should invest time reading the full article based on whether the topic and findings are relevant to their own work. As such, summaries should provide enough detail and context to evaluate the scope and implications of the research.

Formatting a Journal Article Summary

When writing a journal article summary, the exact formatting can vary depending on the target publication or audience needs. However, some key elements tend to be consistent:

Citation: Include a full citation of the original paper using the required scholarly style

Background: 1-2 sentences placing the research in context of current knowledge state

Objective: 1 sentence stating the purpose/focus of the study

Methods: 1-2 sentences summarizing the experiment, data, analyses performed

Results: 2-3 sentences describing the major findings

Conclusion: 1-2 sentences covering implications and future directions

The full summary is typically 150-250 words or 8-15 sentences. Brevity and precision are key when condensing a complex study into such a compact overview.

What is the general format for summary of a journal article?

Summarizing a scientific journal article requires capturing the key details while maintaining brevity. Here are some best practices:

Follow the structure of the original paper

Like an abstract, organize your summary by:

Introduction - Cover the background, purpose, and hypothesis.

Methods - Briefly describe the experimental design.

Results - Highlight the main findings without going into excessive detail.

Discussion - Summarize the author's interpretation and conclusions.

Focus on key information

Identify and extract only the most critical details:

Research goals

Sample characteristics

Variables examined

Statistical analyses performed

Major results obtained

Conclusions reached

Maintain objectivity

Present the findings in a neutral tone without inserting your own opinions or judgments.

Use paraphrasing

Summarize points in your own words instead of relying heavily on direct quotes. However, scientifically precise terminology should be retained.

Follow formatting guidelines

Adhere to style formatting per journal or publisher requirements. Most scientific summaries require American Psychological Association (APA) citations.

Keeping summaries clear, accurate, and concise requires practice. But following these research article summary guidelines will help ensure quality. With wisio.app 's tools for discovering papers and translating terminology, scientists can efficiently produce summaries to advance their work.

How do you summarize a journal article in APA?

When summarizing a journal article in APA style, it is important to follow some key guidelines:

Use Your Own Words

Read through the full article and highlight the key points

Write the summary using your own words while staying true to the original meaning

Avoid directly quoting chunks of text from the original

Focus on Relevant Elements

Identify the critical elements like purpose, methods, findings, conclusions

Summarize only details directly relevant to the core focus of the article

Keep contextual details brief or exclude if non-essential

Maintain Clear Distinction

Clearly indicate in the summary which ideas are yours versus the author's

Do not interject your own analysis, evaluation, or interpretation

Keep the summary objective and descriptive in nature

Follow APA Formatting

Include a citation to the original article

Apply proper in-text citations for any verbatim short quotes

Format the summary using standard APA guidelines for font, spacing, etc.

Keep it Brief

Strive to keep the summary less than 10-15% of the original length

Tighten long summaries by removing non-vital details

Aim for brevity while preserving meaning and scientific accuracy

Following these basic tips will help produce an APA-style summary that accurately conveys the essence of the journal article in a clear and concise manner.

Understanding the Structure of Scientific Articles

Delve into the typical structure of scientific journal articles to understand the framework from which summaries are derived.

Dissecting the IMRaD Format

The IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) format is a standard structure used in scientific writing. Understanding this structure is key when summarizing journal articles.

The Introduction presents background context, defines key terms, and states the research objective and hypothesis. When summarizing, capture the main research goals and questions driving the study.

The Methods section provides details on the experimental design, materials, data collection procedures, and statistical analysis. Identify the overall methodology without delving into granular specifics.

The Results present objective findings from the data analysis. Highlight key quantitative outcomes and discoveries in your summary.

The Discussion section interprets the results, explores their significance, compares them to other studies, acknowledges limitations, and suggests future work. Summarize the main conclusions, implications, and next steps discussed.

Decoding Abstracts and Conclusions

Article abstracts concisely overview the purpose, methods, findings, and implications covered in the full text. Leverage abstracts when first assessing articles for relevance.

Conclusions summarize the key points and provide final thoughts. Use them to validate your understanding of the central themes.

Both provide a helpful frame of reference when synthesizing summaries.

Critical Reading for Effective Summarization

Carefully analyze each section and subsection

Annotate and highlight meaningful passages

Identify connections between key ideas

Focus on what findings reveal about the research problem

Capture enough detail to convey original intent

Synthesize using clear, concise language

Thoughtful critical reading builds comprehension essential for quality summarization.

How to Summarize a Research Article

Summarizing a research article requires identifying the core findings and contributions, accurately capturing the methodologies, conveying the key results and implications, and crafting a cohesive narrative. Here is a step-by-step guide:

Identifying Core Findings and Contributions

When summarizing a research article, it is essential to pinpoint the most significant findings and contributions of the study. Key steps include:

Read the abstract and conclusion to understand the major findings.

Highlight unique discoveries, breakthroughs, or advances made.

Note the implications and importance communicated by the authors.

Identify knowledge gaps filled or new frameworks proposed.

Focusing on these elements will help determine the core essence to convey in your summary.

Summarizing Methodologies with Precision

While summarizing the methodologies, avoid oversimplifying complex research processes. Key tips include:

Use concise yet precise language to describe methods applied.

Specify instruments or tools leveraged in the research.

Provide sample sizes and measures captured if relevant.

Note statistical or analytical techniques utilized.

Maintaining key methodological details demonstrates analytical rigor when sharing the research with others.

Conveying Results and Their Implications

An effective summary should clearly communicate the study's results and why they matter. To accomplish this:

Report quantitative findings or qualitative discoveries made.

Contextualize results using benchmarks, comparisons, or real-world impacts.

Connect results back to the research aims and knowledge gaps identified.

Discuss limitations along with future research needed.

This enables readers to grasp the meaningfulness of the results.

Crafting a Cohesive Narrative

Finally, structure the various summary elements into a cohesive overview:

Organize content using section headers around aims, methods, results, and conclusions.

Use transition words (e.g. “additionally,” “in contrast,” “as a result”) to improve flow.

Focus on information that supports the core findings and contributions of the work.

Avoid excessive details and maintain brevity.

Following these steps will produce a concise yet insightful summary showcasing the relevance of the research.

Scientific Journal Article Summary Example APA Format

Adhering to proper formatting guidelines is critical when summarizing scientific journal articles, especially for academic purposes. The American Psychological Association (APA) style provides clear standards that enable precise, uniform communication across scientific disciplines.

Adhering to APA Style in Summaries

Following APA style lends credibility and ensures readers can easily reference sources. Key elements include:

Properly formatting in-text citations and references

Using headings and subheadings to organize content

Applying title case capitalization

Using active voice and clear language

Formatting title page with running head, page numbers, and other elements

Adhering to these conventions helps establish summaries as reputable academic works worthy of consideration.

Example of an APA-Formatted Summary

Here is an example of a properly formatted APA summary:

Smith, J. (2021). The impact of climate change on coral reef ecosystems. Marine Biology , 166 (3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03876-8

This study examined the effects of rising ocean temperatures and acidification on coral reef health over 5 years. The author tracked changes in coral cover and biodiversity across 12 reef sites in the Caribbean Sea. On average, coral cover declined by 18.7% and species richness decreased by 22.4% on reefs exposed to prolonged marine heatwaves. The declines were attributed to mass coral bleaching triggered by unusually warm water temperatures. The findings suggest climate change may severely degrade coral reef ecosystems within decades. Further research into mitigation strategies is warranted to preserve these valuable marine habitats.

Key elements like the citation, use of third-person perspective, headings, and formal academic language adhere to APA conventions.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in APA Summaries

When writing APA-style summaries, writers should avoid:

Neglecting to include a full citation for the original work

Using first-person pronouns like “I” or “we”

Inserting opinions or commentary from the summarizer

Failing to use headings to organize content

Including direct quotes from the original text

Avoiding these pitfalls will ensure an APA-compliant summary format.

Practical Tips for Writing Scientific Summaries

Language and terminology: clarity above all.

When summarizing scientific research, it is crucial to use clear, precise language and terminology. Avoid vague or ambiguous phrasing, and opt for specificity whenever possible. Define key terms, acronyms, or concepts that may be unfamiliar to readers. Simplify complex statistical analysis or scientific jargon for general audiences without losing integrity. Stick to plain language with straightforward syntax to ensure readers grasp the key findings.

Brevity vs. Completeness: Striking the Right Balance

Balancing brevity and completeness presents a challenge when summarizing scientific papers. Focus on highlighting the central objective, methodology, results, and conclusions. Resist dwelling on intricate experimental details or tangential discussions. However, take care not to oversimplify complex research. Seek to distill the essence without omitting information that substantively impacts the interpretation or reproducibility of the study. Adhere to word limits when required but avoid excluding key facts, figures, or takeaways in the quest for brevity.

Ethical Considerations in Summarizing Research

When writing scientific summaries, it is vital to represent the original piece fairly and avoid misconstruing the author's intent. Exercise caution when paraphrasing specialized statistical analysis or scientific terminology. Cite sources properly, and refrain from plagiarizing significant portions of the original text. Also, recognize the limitations of summarization; for complete details, readers should consult the primary literature. By maintaining high ethical standards, scientific summarizers uphold the integrity of research communication.

Conclusion: Synthesizing the Essentials

Summarizing scientific journal articles effectively requires adhering to several key best practices. By focusing on the article's key findings, methodology, and conclusions, skilled summarizers can efficiently communicate the essential information to readers.

Recapitulating Best Practices for Summary Writing

When summarizing a scientific article, it's important to:

Highlight the important methods, data, and analyses used in the study

Note the study's core findings and conclusions

Maintain the authors' original meaning and intent

Follow applicable formatting guidelines (e.g. APA style)

Adhering to these principles helps preserve the accuracy and integrity of the research while making the information more readily digestible.

Summary of a Research Article Example

Here is an example summary incorporating the best practices covered in this article:

Smith et al. (2021) set out to understand the effects of climate change on crop yields. The authors analyzed 30 years of temperature, rainfall, and corn production data across major farming regions of the U.S. Midwest. They found that increased temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns have already caused measurable declines in corn yields over the past decade. Based on predictive climate models, the authors expect these negative impacts on crop productivity to accelerate in the coming years if mitigation measures are not adopted. This clearly structured summary concisely conveys the objective, methods, key results, and conclusions of the article while maintaining authorial intent and voice. The formatting adheres to APA guidelines.

In this way, skillful summarization enables efficient scientific communication while upholding standards of accuracy and integrity.

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Research Summary Structure, Samples, Writing Steps, and Useful Suggestions

Updated 28 Aug 2024

What is a Research Summary and Why Is It Important?

A research summary is a type of paper designed to provide a brief overview of a given study - typically, an article from a peer-reviewed academic journal. It is a frequent type of task encountered in US colleges and universities, both in humanitarian and exact sciences, which is due to how important it is to teach students to properly interact with and interpret scientific literature and in particular, academic papers, which are the key way through which new ideas, theories, and evidence are presented to experts in many fields of knowledge. A research summary typically preserves the structure/sections of the article it focuses on. Get the grades you want with our professional research paper helper .

How to Write a Research Summary – Typical Steps

Follow these clear steps to help avoid typical mistakes and productivity bottlenecks, allowing for a more efficient through your writing process:

• Skim the article in order to get a rough idea of the content covered in each section and to understand the relative importance of content, for instance, how important different lines of evidence are (this helps you understand which sections you should focus on more when reading in detail). Make sure you understand the task and your professor's requirements before reading the article. In this step, you can also decide whether to write a summary by yourself or ask for a cheap research paper writing service instead.
• Analyze and understand the topic and article. Writing a summary of a research paper involves becoming very familiar with the topic – sometimes, it is impossible to understand the content without learning about the current state of knowledge, as well as key definitions, concepts, models. This is often performed while reading the literature review. As for the paper itself, understanding it means understanding analysis questions, hypotheses, listed evidence, how strongly this evidence supports the hypotheses, as well as analysis implications. Keep in mind that only a deep understanding allows one to efficiently and accurately summarize the content.
• Make notes as you read. You could highlight or summarize each paragraph with a brief sentence that would record the key idea delivered in it (obviously, some paragraphs deserve more attention than others). However, be careful not to engage in extensive writing while still reading. This is important because, while reading, you might realize that some sections you initially considered important might actually be less important compared to information that follows. As for underlining or highlighting – do these only with the most important evidence, otherwise, there is little use in “coloring” everything without distinction.
• Assemble a draft by bringing together key evidence and notes from each paragraph/ section. Make sure that all elements characteristic of a research summary are covered (as detailed below).
• Find additional literature for forming or supporting your critical view (this is if your critical view/position is required), for instance, judgments about limitations of the study or contradictory evidence.

Read Also:  Criminal Justice Research Topics To Impress Your Teacher

Research Summary Structure

The research summary format resembles that found in the original paper (just a concise version of it). Content from all sections should be covered and reflected upon, regardless of whether corresponding headings are present or not. Key structural elements of any research summary are as follows:

• Title – it announces the exact topic/area of analysis and can even be formulated to briefly announce key finding(s) or argument(s) delivered.
• Abstract – this is a very concise and comprehensive description of the study, present virtually in any academic article (the length varies greatly, typically within 100-500 words). Unlike an academic article, your research summary is expected to have a much shorter abstract.
• Introduction – this is an essential part of any research summary which provides necessary context (the literature review) that helps introduce readers to the subject by presenting the current state of the investigation, an important concept or definition, etc. This section might also describe the subject’s importance (or might not, for instance, when it is self-evident). Finally, an introduction typically lists investigation questions and hypotheses advanced by authors, which are normally mentioned in detail in any research summary (obviously, doing this is only possible after identifying these elements in the original paper).
• Methodology – regardless of its location, this section details experimental methods or data analysis methods used (e.g. types of experiments, surveys, sampling, or statistical analysis). In a research summary, many of these details would have to be omitted; hence, it is important to understand what is most important to mention.
• Results section – this section lists in detail evidence obtained from all experiments with some primary data analysis, conclusions, observations, and primary interpretations being made. It is typically the largest section of any analysis paper, so, it has to be concisely rewritten, which implies understanding which content is worth omitting and worth keeping.
• Discussion – this is where results are being discussed in the context of current knowledge among experts. This section contains interpretations of results, theoretical models explaining the observed results, study strengths and especially limitations, complementary future exploration to be undertaken, conclusions, etc. All these are important elements that need to be conveyed in a summary.
• Conclusion – in the original article, this section could be absent or merged with “Discussion”. Specific research summary instructions might require this to be a standalone section. In a conclusion, hypotheses are revisited and validated or denied, based on how convincing the evidence is (key lines of evidence could be highlighted).
• References – this section is for mentioning those cited works directly in your summary – obviously, one has to provide appropriate citations at least for the original article (this often suffices). Mentioning other works might be relevant when your critical opinion is also required (supported with new unrelated evidence).

Note that if you need some model research summary papers done before you start writing yourself (this will help familiarize you with essay structure and various sections), you could simply recruit our company by following the link provided below.

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Research Summary Writing Tips

Below is a checklist of useful research paper tips worth considering when writing research summaries:

• Make sure you are always aware of the bigger picture/ direction. You need to keep in mind a complete and coherent picture of the story delivered by the original article. It might be helpful to reread or scan it quickly to remind yourself of the declared goals, hypotheses, key evidence, and conclusions – this awareness offers a constant sense of direction, which ensures that no written sentence is out of context. It is useful doing this even after you have written a fourth, a third, or half of the paper (to make sure no deviation occurs).
• Consider writing a detailed research outline before writing the draft – it might be of great use when structuring your paper. A research summary template is also very likely to help you structure your paper.
• Sketch the main elements of the conclusion before writing it. Do this for a number of reasons: validate/invalidate hypotheses; enumerate key evidence supporting or invalidating them, list potential implications; mention the subject’s importance; mention study limitations and future directions for research. In order to include them all, it is useful having them written down and handy.
• Consider writing the introduction and discussion last. It makes sense to first list hypotheses, goals, questions, and key results. Latter, information contained in the introduction and discussion can be adapted as needed (for instance, to match a preset word count limit). Also, on the basis of already written paragraphs, you can easily generate your discussion with the help of a conclusion tool ; it works online and is absolutely free of charge. Apart from this, follow a natural order.
• Include visuals – you could summarize a lot of text using graphs or charts while simultaneously improving readability.
• Be very careful not to plagiarize. It is very tempting to “borrow” or quote entire phrases from an article, provided how well-written these are, but you need to summarize your paper without plagiarizing at all (forget entirely about copy-paste – it is only allowed to paraphrase and even this should be done carefully). The best way to stay safe is by formulating your own thoughts from scratch.
• Keep your word count in check. You don’t want your summary to be as long as the original paper (just reformulated). In addition, you might need to respect an imposed word count limit, which requires being careful about how much you write for each section.
• Proofread your work for grammar, spelling, wordiness, and formatting issues (feel free to use our convert case tool for titles, headings, subheadings, etc.).
• Watch your writing style – when summarizing content, it should be impersonal, precise, and purely evidence-based. A personal view/attitude should be provided only in the critical section (if required).
• Ask a colleague to read your summary and test whether he/she could understand everything without reading the article – this will help ensure that you haven’t skipped some important content, explanations, concepts, etc.

For additional information on formatting, structure, and for more writing tips, check out these research paper guidelines on our website. Remember that we cover most research papers writing services you can imagine and can offer help at various stages of your writing project, including proofreading, editing, rewriting for plagiarism elimination, and style adjustment.

Research Summary Example 1

Below are some defining elements of a sample research summary written from an imaginary article.

Title – “The probability of an unexpected volcanic eruption in Yellowstone” Introduction – this section would list those catastrophic consequences hitting our country in  case of a massive eruption and the importance of analyzing this matter. Hypothesis –  An eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano would be preceded by intense precursory activity manifesting a few weeks up to a few years in advance. Results – these could contain a report of statistical data from multiple volcanic eruptions happening worldwide looking specifically at activity that preceded these events (in particular, how early each type of activity was detected). Discussion and conclusion – Given that Yellowstone is continuously monitored by scientists and that signs of an eruption are normally detected much in advance and at least a few days in advance, the hypothesis is confirmed. This could find application in creating emergency plans detailing an organized evacuation campaign and other response measures.

Research Summary Example 2

Below is another sample sketch, also from an imaginary article.

Title – “The frequency of extreme weather events in US in 2000-2008 as compared to the ‘50s” Introduction – Weather events bring immense material damage and cause human victims. Hypothesis – Extreme weather events are significantly more frequent nowadays than in the ‘50s Results – these could list the frequency of several categories of extreme events now and then: droughts and associated fires, massive rainfall/snowfall and associated floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, arctic cold waves, etc. Discussion and conclusion – Several types of extreme events indeed became significantly more frequent recently, confirming this hypothesis. This increasing frequency correlates reliably with rising CO2 levels in atmosphere and growing temperatures worldwide and in the absence of another recent major global change that could explain a higher frequency of disasters but also knowing how growing temperature disturbs weather patterns, it is natural to assume that global warming (CO2) causes this increase in frequency. This, in turn, suggests that this increased frequency of disasters is not a short-term phenomenon but is here to stay until we address CO2 levels.

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Let Professionals Help With Your Research Summary

Writing a research summary has its challenges, but becoming familiar with its structure (i.e. the structure of an article), understanding well the article that needs to be summarized, and adhering to recommended guidelines will help the process go smoothly.

Simply create your account in a few clicks, place an order by uploading your instructions, and upload or indicate the article requiring a summary and choose a preferred writer for this task (according to experience, rating, bidding price). Our transparent system puts you in control, allowing you to set priorities as you wish (to our knowledge, few competitors have something equivalent in place). Obviously, we can help with many other essay types such as critical thinking essay, argumentative essay, etc. In particular, the research paper definition article on our website highlights a few popular paper types we work with.

Another unique advantage is that we allow and encourage you to communicate directly with your writer (if you wish) guiding his or her work – feel free to request partial drafts, to clarify potential issues you worry about, or even to revise papers as often as needed (for free) until you achieve a satisfactory result. We’ve implemented a system where money is released to writers only after students are fully satisfied with what they get. If you feel like giving it a try, it’s easy and worry-free! Just follow the link below.

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As a trained writer and an expert in book publishing and finalization, Paul knows how to engage readers in his text. As an author himself, Paul never misses a chance to write. Writing is his true passion as he explores technology, education, and entertainment among many popular subjects these days. His mentoring experience and skills of creative guidance make his writing accessible, clear, and fun to follow.

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Writing a Summary – Explanation & Examples

Published by Alvin Nicolas at October 17th, 2023 , Revised On October 17, 2023

In a world bombarded with vast amounts of information, condensing and presenting data in a digestible format becomes invaluable. Enter summaries. 

A summary is a brief and concise account of the main points of a larger body of work. It distils complex ideas, narratives, or data into a version that is quicker to read and easier to understand yet still retains the essence of the original content.

Importance of Summaries

The importance of summarising extends far beyond just making reading more manageable. In academic settings, summaries aid students in understanding and retaining complex materials, from textbook chapters to research articles. They also serve as tools to showcase one’s grasp of the subject in essays and reports. 

In professional arenas, summaries are pivotal in business reports, executive briefings, and even emails where key points need to be conveyed quickly to decision-makers. Meanwhile, summarising skills come into play in our personal lives when we relay news stories to friends, recap a movie plot, or even scroll through condensed news or app notifications on our smartphones.

Why Do We Write Summaries?

In our modern information age, the sheer volume of content available can be overwhelming. From detailed research papers to comprehensive news articles, the quest for knowledge is often met with lengthy and complex resources. This is where the power of a well-crafted summary comes into play. But what drives us to create or seek out summaries? Let’s discuss.

Makes Important Things Easy to Remember

At the heart of summarisation is the goal to understand. A well-written summary aids in digesting complex material. By distilling larger works into their core points, we reinforce the primary messages, making them easier to remember. This is especially crucial for students who need to retain knowledge for exams or professionals prepping for a meeting based on a lengthy report.

Simplification of Complex Topics

Not everyone is an expert in every field. Often, topics come laden with jargon, intricate details, and nuanced arguments. Summaries act as a bridge, translating this complexity into accessible and straightforward content. This is especially beneficial for individuals new to a topic or those who need just the highlights without the intricacies.

Aid in Researching and Understanding Diverse Sources

Researchers, writers, and academics often wade through many sources when working on a project. This involves finding sources of different types, such as primary or secondary sources , and then understanding their content. Sifting through each source in its entirety can be time-consuming. Summaries offer a streamlined way to understand each source’s main arguments or findings, making synthesising information from diverse materials more efficient.

Condensing Information for Presentation or Sharing

In professional settings, there is often a need to present findings, updates, or recommendations to stakeholders. An executive might not have the time to go through a 50-page report, but they would certainly appreciate a concise summary highlighting the key points. Similarly, in our personal lives, we often summarise movie plots, book stories, or news events when sharing with friends or family.

Characteristics of a Good Summary

Crafting an effective summary is an art. It’s more than just shortening a piece of content; it is about capturing the essence of the original work in a manner that is both accessible and true to its intent. Let’s explore the primary characteristics that distinguish a good summary from a mediocre one:

Conciseness

At the core of a summary is the concept of brevity. But being concise doesn’t mean leaving out vital information. A good summary will:

• Eliminate superfluous details or repetitive points.
• Focus on the primary arguments, events, or findings.
• Use succinct language without compromising the message.

Objectivity

Summarising is not about infusing personal opinions or interpretations. A quality summary will:

• Stick to the facts as presented in the original content.
• Avoid introducing personal biases or perspectives.
• Represent the original author’s intent faithfully.

A summary is meant to simplify and make content accessible. This is only possible if the summary itself is easy to understand. Ensuring clarity involves:

• Avoiding jargon or technical terms unless they are essential to the content. If they are used, they should be clearly defined.
• Structuring sentences in a straightforward manner.
• Making sure ideas are presented in a way that even someone unfamiliar with the topic can grasp the primary points.

A jumble of ideas, no matter how concise, will not make for a good summary. Coherence ensures that there’s a logical flow to the summarised content. A coherent summary will:

• Maintain a logical sequence, often following the structure of the original content.
• Use transition words or phrases to connect ideas and ensure smooth progression.
• Group related ideas together to provide structure and avoid confusion.

Steps of Writing a Summary

The process of creating a compelling summary is not merely about cutting down content. It involves understanding, discerning, and crafting. Here is a step-by-step guide to writing a summary that encapsulates the essence of the original work:

Reading Actively

Engage deeply with the content to ensure a thorough understanding.

• Read the entire document or work first to grasp its overall intent and structure.
• On the second read, underline or highlight the standout points or pivotal moments.
• Make brief notes in the margins or on a separate sheet, capturing the core ideas in your own words.

Identifying the Main Idea

Determine the backbone of the content, around which all other details revolve.

• Ask yourself: “What is the primary message or theme the author wants to convey?”
• This can often be found in the title, introduction, or conclusion of a piece.
• Frame the main idea in a clear and concise statement to guide your summary.

List Key Supporting Points

Understand the pillars that uphold the main idea, providing evidence or depth to the primary message.

• Refer back to the points you underlined or highlighted during your active reading.
• Note major arguments, evidence, or examples that the author uses to back up the main idea.
• Prioritise these points based on their significance to the main idea.

Draft the Summary

Convert your understanding into a condensed, coherent version of the original.

• Start with a statement of the main idea.
• Follow with the key supporting points, maintaining logical order.
• Avoid including trivial details or examples unless they’re crucial to the primary message.
• Use your own words, ensuring you are not plagiarising the original content.

Fine-tune your draft to ensure clarity, accuracy, and brevity.

• Read your draft aloud to check for flow and coherence.
• Ensure that your summary remains objective, avoiding any personal interpretations or biases.
• Check the length. See if any non-essential details can be removed without sacrificing understanding if it is too lengthy.
• Ensure clarity by ensuring the language is straightforward, and the main ideas are easily grasped.

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Dos and Don’ts of Summarising Key Points

Summarising, while seemingly straightforward, comes with its nuances. Properly condensing content demands a balance between brevity and fidelity to the original work. To aid in crafting exemplary summaries, here is a guide on the essential dos and don’ts:

Use your Own Words

This ensures that you have truly understood the content and are not merely parroting it. It also prevents issues of plagiarism.

Tip: After reading the original content, take a moment to reflect on it. Then, without looking at the source, write down the main points in your own words.

Attribute Sources Properly

Giving credit is both ethical and provides context to readers, helping them trace back to the original work if needed. How to cite sources correctly is a skill every writer should master.

Tip: Use signal phrases like “According to [Author/Source]…” or “As [Author/Source] points out…” to seamlessly incorporate attributions.

Ensure Accuracy of the Summarised Content

A summary should be a reliable reflection of the original content. Distorting or misrepresenting the original ideas compromises the integrity of the summary.

Tip: After drafting your summary, cross-check with the original content to ensure all key points are represented accurately and ensure you are referencing credible sources .

Avoid Copy-Pasting Chunks of Original Content

This not only raises plagiarism concerns but also shows a lack of genuine engagement with the material.

Tip: If a particular phrase or sentence from the original is pivotal and cannot be reworded without losing its essence, use block quotes , quotation marks, and attribute the source.

Do not Inject your Personal Opinion

A summary should be an objective reflection of the source material. Introducing personal biases or interpretations can mislead readers.

Tip: Stick to the facts and arguments presented in the original content. If you find yourself writing “I think” or “In my opinion,” reevaluate the sentence.

Do not Omit Crucial Information

While a summary is meant to be concise, it shouldn’t be at the expense of vital details that are essential to understanding the original content’s core message.

Tip: Prioritise information. Always include the main idea and its primary supports. If you are unsure whether a detail is crucial, consider its impact on the overall message.

Examples of Summaries

Here are a few examples that will help you get a clearer view of how to write a summary. 

Example 1: Summary of a News Article

Original Article: The article reports on the recent discovery of a rare species of frog in the Amazon rainforest. The frog, named the “Emerald Whisperer” due to its unique green hue and the soft chirping sounds it makes, was found by a team of researchers from the University of Texas. The discovery is significant as it offers insights into the biodiversity of the region, and the Emerald Whisperer might also play a pivotal role in understanding the ecosystem balance.

Summary: Researchers from the University of Texas have discovered a unique frog, termed the “Emerald Whisperer,” in the Amazon rainforest. This finding sheds light on the region’s biodiversity and underscores the importance of the frog in ecological studies.

Example 2: Summary of a Research Paper

Original Paper: In a study titled “The Impact of Urbanisation on Bee Populations,” researchers conducted a year-long observation on bee colonies in three urban areas and three rural areas. Using specific metrics like colony health, bee productivity, and population size, the study found that urban environments saw a 30% decline in bee populations compared to rural settings. The research attributes this decline to factors like pollution, reduced green spaces, and increased temperatures in urban areas.

Summary: A study analysing the effects of urbanisation on bee colonies found a significant 30% decrease in bee populations in urban settings compared to rural areas. The decline is linked to urban factors such as pollution, diminished greenery, and elevated temperatures.

Example 3: Summary of a Novel

Original Story: In the novel “Winds of Fate,” protagonist Clara is trapped in a timeless city where memories dictate reality. Throughout her journey, she encounters characters from her past, present, and imagined future. Battling her own perceptions and a menacing shadow figure, Clara seeks an elusive gateway to return to her real world. In the climax, she confronts the shadow, which turns out to be her own fear, and upon overcoming it, she finds her way back, realising that reality is subjective.

Summary: “Winds of Fate” follows Clara’s adventures in a surreal city shaped by memories. Confronting figures from various phases of her life and battling a symbolic shadow of her own fear, Clara eventually discovers that reality’s perception is malleable and subjective.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long is a summary.

A summary condenses a larger piece of content, capturing its main points and essence.  It is usually one-fourth of the original content.

What is a summary?

A summary is a concise representation of a larger text or content, highlighting its main ideas and points. It distils complex information into a shorter form, allowing readers to quickly grasp the essence of the original material without delving into extensive details. Summaries prioritise clarity, brevity, and accuracy.

When should I write a summary?

Write a summary when you need to condense lengthy content for easier comprehension and recall. It’s useful in academic settings, professional reports, presentations, and research to highlight key points. Summaries aid in comparing multiple sources, preparing for discussions, and sharing essential details of extensive materials efficiently with others.

How can I summarise a source without plagiarising?

To summarise without plagiarising: Read the source thoroughly, understand its main ideas, and then write the summary in your own words. Avoid copying phrases verbatim. Attribute the source properly. Use paraphrasing techniques and cross-check your summary against the original to ensure distinctiveness while retaining accuracy. Always prioritise understanding over direct replication.

What is the difference between a summary and an abstract?

A summary condenses a text, capturing its main points from various content types like books, articles, or movies. An abstract, typically found in research papers and scientific articles, provides a brief overview of the study’s purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions. Both offer concise versions, but abstracts are more structured and specific.

You May Also Like

In academia, research, journalism, and writing, the skill of quoting sources is fundamental. Accurate and proper quoting adds credibility to your work and demonstrates respect for the original authors and their ideas.

Scholarly sources, also known as academic sources, refer to materials created to meet the standards and expectations of the academic community.

Critical thinking is the disciplined art of analysing and evaluating information or situations by applying a range of intellectual skills. It goes beyond mere memorisation or blind acceptance of information, demanding a deeper understanding and assessment of evidence, context, and implications.

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• Sample Outlines and Paragraphs

Understanding Article Summaries

An article summary is a short, focused paper about one scholarly article that is informed by a critical reading of that article. For argumentative articles, the summary identifies, explains, and analyses the thesis and supporting arguments; for empirical articles, the summary identifies, explains, and analyses the research questions, methods, findings, and implications of the study.

Although article summaries are often short and rarely account for a large portion of your grade, they are a strong indicator of your reading and writing skills. Professors ask you to write article summaries to help you to develop essential skills in critical reading, summarizing, and clear, organized writing. Furthermore, an article summary requires you to read a scholarly article quite closely, which provides a useful introduction to the conventions of writing in your discipline (e.g. Political Studies, Biology, or Anthropology).

The most common problem that students have when writing an article summary is that they misunderstand the goal of the assignment. In an article summary, your job is to write about the article, not about the actual topic of the article. For example, if you are summarizing Smith’s article about the causes of the Bubonic plague in Europe, your summary should be about Smith’s article: What does she want to find out about the plague? What evidence does she use? What is her argument? You are not writing a paper about the actual causes of Bubonic plague in Europe.

Further, as a part of critical reading, you will often consider your own position on a topic or an argument; it is tempting to include an assessment or opinion about the thesis or findings, but this is not the goal of an article summary. Rather, you must identify, explain, and analyse the main point and how it is supported.

Your key to success in writing an article summary is your understanding of the article; therefore, it is essential to read carefully and closely. The Academic Skills Centre offers helpful instruction on the steps for critical reading: pre-reading, active and analytical reading, and reflection.

Argumentative Articles

As you read an argumentative article, consider the following questions:

• What is the topic?
• What is the research question? In other words, what is the author trying to find out about that topic?
• How does the author position his/her article in relation to other studies of the topic?
• What is the thesis or position? What are the supporting arguments?
• How are supporting arguments developed? What kind of evidence is used?
• What is the significance of the author’s thesis? What does it help you to understand about the topic?

Empirical Articles

As you read an empirical article, consider the following questions:

• What is the research question?
• What are the predictions and the rationale for these predictions?
• What methods were used (participants, sampling, materials, procedure)? What were the variables and controls?
• What were the main results?
• Are the findings supported by previous research?
• What are the limitations of the study?
• What are the implications or applications of the findings?

Create a Reverse Outline

Creating a reverse outline is one way to ensure that you fully understand the article. Pre-read the article (read the abstract, introduction, and/or conclusion). Summarize the main question(s) and thesis or findings. Skim subheadings and topic sentences to understand the organization; make notes in the margins about each section. Read each paragraph within a section; make short notes about the main idea or purpose of each paragraph. This strategy will help you to see how parts of the article connect to the main idea or the whole of the article.

A summary is written in paragraph form and generally does not include subheadings. An introduction is important to clearly identify the article, the topic, the question or purpose of the article, and its thesis or findings. The body paragraphs for a summary of an argumentative article will explain how arguments and evidence support the thesis. Alternatively, the body paragraphs of an empirical article summary may explain the methods and findings, making connections to predictions. The conclusion explains the significance of the argument or implications of the findings. This structure ensures that your summary is focused and clear.

Professors will often give you a list of required topics to include in your summary and/or explain how they want you to organize your summary. Make sure you read the assignment sheet with care and adapt the sample outlines below accordingly.

One significant challenge in writing an article summary is deciding what information or examples from the article to include. Remember, article summaries are much shorter than the article itself. You do not have the space to explain every point the author makes. Instead, you will need to explain the author’s main points and find a few excellent examples that illustrate these points.

You should also keep in mind that article summaries need to be written in your own words. Scholarly writing can use complex terminology to explain complicated ideas, which makes it difficult to understand and to summarize correctly. In the face of difficult text, many students tend to use direct quotations, saving them the time and energy required to understand and reword it. However, a summary requires you to summarize, which means “to state briefly or succinctly” (Oxford English Dictionary) the main ideas presented in a text. The brevity must come from you, in your own words, which demonstrates that you understand the article.

Sample Outlines and Paragraph

Sample outline for an argumentative article summary.

• General topic of article
• Author’s research question or approach to the topic
• Author’s thesis
• Explain some key points and how they support the thesis
• Provide a key example or two that the author uses as evidence to support these points
• Review how the main points work together to support the thesis?
• How does the author explain the significance or implications of his/her article?

Sample Outline for an Empirical Article Summary

• General topic of study
• Author’s research question
• Variables and hypotheses
• Participants
• Experiment design
• Materials used
• Key results
• Did the results support the hypotheses?
• Implications or applications of the study
• Major limitations of the study

Sample Paragraph

The paragraph below is an example of an introductory paragraph from a summary of an empirical article:

Tavernier and Willoughby’s (2014) study explored the relationships between university students’ sleep and their intrapersonal, interpersonal, and educational development. While the authors cited many scholars who have explored these relationships, they pointed out that most of these studies focused on unidirectional correlations over a short period of time. In contrast, Tavernier and Willoughby tested whether there was a bidirectional or unidirectional association between participants’ sleep quality and duration and several psychosocial factors including intrapersonal adjustment, friendship quality, and academic achievement. Further they conducted a longitudinal study over a period of three years in order to determine whether there were changes in the strength or direction of these associations over time. They predicted that sleep quality would correlate with measures of intrapersonal adjustment, friendship quality, and academic achievement; they further hypothesized that this correlation would be bidirectional: sleep quality would predict psychosocial measures and at the same time, psychosocial measures would predict sleep quality.

How to Summarize Any Research Article Better: Proven Tips Outlined

Rev › Blog › Marketing › How to Summarize Any Research Article Better: Proven Tips Outlined

You’ve got content gold on your hands—  primary  and  secondary  research materials from some of the top market research companies. Now, it’s time to decide how it relates to your products, project, or consumers. What’s more, you need to distill each article’s essential parts into easy-to-read, accurate, informative, and, most importantly, concise summaries. Overwhelming? Maybe. Impossible? Heck no; you just need a good strategy. So, where to start?

You’ve landed on the right page! These tips and techniques provide a template to help guide you through the process. 

Know Your Focus

The streaming TV hit,  Cobra Kai,  brings to mind Mr. Miyagi’s age-old wisdom– ‘Focus, Daniel-San.’ Focus is vital, as some sections of a research article are more relevant to your strategy than others. 

For example, a summary crafted for a school project or a university may focus on the experiment itself. In contrast, the article’s results and discussion sections may be more relevant to consumer marketing or for a business model.

Once you establish your focus, you’re less likely to waste time.

Read The Research Article

But before you do, let’s look at the makeup of these articles. Market research, focus group data, and surveys usually consist of five or more sections.

• An abstract or hypothesis
• Explanation of the methods used
• Tests or experiments performed
• Summation and or discussion of the results
• A list of references or source materials

Read The Abstract

Since some of the research articles you find will not work for your purpose, you should always start with the abstract. It’s an overview of the data and explains the purpose of the study as well as the expected results. So you’ll know whether to include the article or move on to the next piece of research.

Take Good Notes

The next step– read the article from abstract to references. But be prepared! Your mind may wander when faced with numbers, statistics, and long-winded wording. So grab your highlighter and pen and start taking notes.

Depending on the space available, you can write your notes in the margin. If you’re in a time crunch, check out  Rev . We’ve designed a convenient application perfect for taking notes! Download our  Voice Recorder App  for free and read your notes out loud. You’ll get a 99% accurate transcription of your summary notes sent to your email or account with a simple tap. 

Research Hack:  As an overview, a research article may not include every insight from the participants, interviews, or market data. Take a look at the references. You may find some hidden gems that will help your strategy stand out.    

Outline Your Thoughts

You’ve made notes, sifted through the numbers and statistics; but, there’s still a ton of information. An outline will make your writing process much more efficient. Although each research article is relatively straight-forward, you want your summary to stay on strategy.

Write A Summary

Okay, you’re ready to condense someone else’s work. Rather than stress over grammar and length, take the pressure off by writing a rough draft. Use key points from your notes, REV transcriptions, your outline, and the research article’s sections as your guide. 

Identify The Goal And The Methods Used

Like the author’s abstract, the beginning of your summary should address the research article’s fundamental objective .  This section may also include critical details about demographics, customer behavior, or trends. When summarizing, consider three key questions. 

• What is the goal of the research?
• What methods did the author(s) use?
• Are potential obstacles to success listed?

Methods vary in market research. You may have focus groups ,  in-depth interviews , or online discussions. Depending on the reason for your summary, the raw audio or video clips used in the study may hold nuggets. If full transcripts aren’t available, save time by uploading the clips to Rev. Our human transcription service costs $1.99 per minute, and we offer a 99% accuracy guarantee. We also offer a more cost-effective A.I. speech-to-text solution for only $0.25 per minute .

Describe The Observations

The experiment is the “meat” of the research. In your own words, briefly explain what the author(s) observed as the testing played out in real-time. You can talk about the time it took participants to complete tasks or directives. Were they excited about the client’s brand or disinterested? Basically, you’re recapping the participant’s reactions. 

Discuss The Outcome

As with any study, the results make or break the goal of the research. Was the test successful? Was anyone surprised by the outcome, or were there any unexpected developments? Pay careful attention to detail as you layout all conclusions reached by the author(s).

Article Summary Quick Tips: Do This, Not That

Is your head spinning yet? You can simplify the editing process by following these technical takeaways.

• Be Careful Not To Draw Your Own Conclusions:  You are summarizing the results of the research. The last thing you want to do is editorialize your summary. To avoid this, use the third-person point of view and present tense.  
• Keep Your Copy Clean And Free Of Errors:  Reread your text. Eliminate words like “that,” “in fact,” “however,” and adverbs. Make sure your summary is accurate. Then, use free websites like  Hemingway App  or paid services such as  Grammarly  to check for grammar or spelling issues. 
• Watch For Plagiarism:  Unless you’re using a word coined by the researcher, paraphrase your text. If you notice similar wording in your summary, reread the article so you can explain the data in your own words.
• Cite Your Sources: Steer clear of directly quoting the research. It’s best to paraphrase the data and reference the source using: the name of the university, the name of the journal and year of publication, or the name of the researcher, team, or society and year of study.  

Finalize Your Article Summary

Remember, you want your summary to be clear, straight-forward, and compelling. The market research article or study you’ve chosen may prove vital to you or your client’s business strategy and brand analysis. Take your time. Read and reread your summary. Make sure it’s representative of the research. And always triple-check your text for technical and factual accuracy.

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How to Write a Summary | Guide & Examples

Published on 25 September 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 12 May 2023.

Summarising , or writing a summary, means giving a concise overview of a text’s main points in your own words. A summary is always much shorter than the original text.

There are five key steps that can help you to write a summary:

• Read the text
• Break it down into sections
• Identify the key points in each section
• Write the summary
• Check the summary against the article

Writing a summary does not involve critiquing or analysing the source. You should simply provide an accurate account of the most important information and ideas (without copying any text from the original).

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Table of contents

When to write a summary, step 1: read the text, step 2: break the text down into sections, step 3: identify the key points in each section, step 4: write the summary, step 5: check the summary against the article, frequently asked questions.

There are many situations in which you might have to summarise an article or other source:

• As a stand-alone assignment to show you’ve understood the material
• To keep notes that will help you remember what you’ve read
• To give an overview of other researchers’ work in a literature review

When you’re writing an academic text like an essay , research paper , or dissertation , you’ll integrate sources in a variety of ways. You might use a brief quote to support your point, or paraphrase a few sentences or paragraphs.

But it’s often appropriate to summarize a whole article or chapter if it is especially relevant to your own research, or to provide an overview of a source before you analyse or critique it.

In any case, the goal of summarising is to give your reader a clear understanding of the original source. Follow the five steps outlined below to write a good summary.

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You should read the article more than once to make sure you’ve thoroughly understood it. It’s often effective to read in three stages:

• Scan the article quickly to get a sense of its topic and overall shape.
• Read the article carefully, highlighting important points and taking notes as you read.
• Skim the article again to confirm you’ve understood the key points, and reread any particularly important or difficult passages.

There are some tricks you can use to identify the key points as you read:

• Start by reading the abstract . This already contains the author’s own summary of their work, and it tells you what to expect from the article.
• Pay attention to headings and subheadings . These should give you a good sense of what each part is about.
• Read the introduction and the conclusion together and compare them: What did the author set out to do, and what was the outcome?

To make the text more manageable and understand its sub-points, break it down into smaller sections.

If the text is a scientific paper that follows a standard empirical structure, it is probably already organised into clearly marked sections, usually including an introduction, methods, results, and discussion.

Other types of articles may not be explicitly divided into sections. But most articles and essays will be structured around a series of sub-points or themes.

Now it’s time go through each section and pick out its most important points. What does your reader need to know to understand the overall argument or conclusion of the article?

Keep in mind that a summary does not involve paraphrasing every single paragraph of the article. Your goal is to extract the essential points, leaving out anything that can be considered background information or supplementary detail.

In a scientific article, there are some easy questions you can ask to identify the key points in each part.

If the article takes a different form, you might have to think more carefully about what points are most important for the reader to understand its argument.

In that case, pay particular attention to the thesis statement —the central claim that the author wants us to accept, which usually appears in the introduction—and the topic sentences that signal the main idea of each paragraph.

Now that you know the key points that the article aims to communicate, you need to put them in your own words.

To avoid plagiarism and show you’ve understood the article, it’s essential to properly paraphrase the author’s ideas. Do not copy and paste parts of the article, not even just a sentence or two.

The best way to do this is to put the article aside and write out your own understanding of the author’s key points.

Examples of article summaries

Let’s take a look at an example. Below, we summarise this article , which scientifically investigates the old saying ‘an apple a day keeps the doctor away’.

An article summary like the above would be appropriate for a stand-alone summary assignment. However, you’ll often want to give an even more concise summary of an article.

For example, in a literature review or research paper, you may want to briefly summarize this study as part of a wider discussion of various sources. In this case, we can boil our summary down even further to include only the most relevant information.

Citing the source you’re summarizing

When including a summary as part of a larger text, it’s essential to properly cite the source you’re summarizing. The exact format depends on your citation style , but it usually includes an in-text citation and a full reference at the end of your paper.

You can easily create your citations and references in APA or MLA using our free citation generators.

APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator

Finally, read through the article once more to ensure that:

• You’ve accurately represented the author’s work
• You haven’t missed any essential information
• The phrasing is not too similar to any sentences in the original.

If you’re summarising many articles as part of your own work, it may be a good idea to use a plagiarism checker to double-check that your text is completely original and properly cited. Just be sure to use one that’s safe and reliable.

A summary is a short overview of the main points of an article or other source, written entirely in your own words.

Save yourself some time with the free summariser.

A summary is always much shorter than the original text. The length of a summary can range from just a few sentences to several paragraphs; it depends on the length of the article you’re summarising, and on the purpose of the summary.

With the summariser tool you can easily adjust the length of your summary.

You might have to write a summary of a source:

• As a stand-alone assignment to prove you understand the material
• For your own use, to keep notes on your reading
• To provide an overview of other researchers’ work in a literature review
• In a paper , to summarise or introduce a relevant study

To avoid plagiarism when summarising an article or other source, follow these two rules:

• Write the summary entirely in your own words by   paraphrasing the author’s ideas.
• Reference the source with an in-text citation and a full reference so your reader can easily find the original text.

An abstract concisely explains all the key points of an academic text such as a thesis , dissertation or journal article. It should summarise the whole text, not just introduce it.

An abstract is a type of summary , but summaries are also written elsewhere in academic writing . For example, you might summarise a source in a paper , in a literature review , or as a standalone assignment.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, May 12). How to Write a Summary | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 23 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/working-sources/how-to-write-a-summary/

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A critique asks you to evaluate an article and the author’s argument. You will need to look critically at what the author is claiming, evaluate the research methods, and look for possible problems with, or applications of, the researcher’s claims.

Introduction

Give an overview of the author’s main points and how the author supports those points. Explain what the author found and describe the process they used to arrive at this conclusion.

Body Paragraphs

Interpret the information from the article:

• Does the author review previous studies? Is current and relevant research used?
• What type of research was used – empirical studies, anecdotal material, or personal observations?
• Was the sample too small to generalize from?
• Was the participant group lacking in diversity (race, gender, age, education, socioeconomic status, etc.)
• For instance, volunteers gathered at a health food store might have different attitudes about nutrition than the population at large.
• How useful does this work seem to you? How does the author suggest the findings could be applied and how do you believe they could be applied?
• How could the study have been improved in your opinion?
• Does the author appear to have any biases (related to gender, race, class, or politics)?
• Is the writing clear and easy to follow? Does the author’s tone add to or detract from the article?
• How useful are the visuals (such as tables, charts, maps, photographs) included, if any? How do they help to illustrate the argument? Are they confusing or hard to read?
• What further research might be conducted on this subject?

Try to synthesize the pieces of your critique to emphasize your own main points about the author’s work, relating the researcher’s work to your own knowledge or to topics being discussed in your course.

From the Center for Academic Excellence (opens in a new window), University of Saint Joseph Connecticut

Additional Resources

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Writing an Article Critique (from The University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center)

How to Critique an Article (from Essaypro.com)

How to Write an Article Critique (from EliteEditing.com.au)

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Best Summary Generator | Tools Tested & Reviewed

Published on May 6, 2024 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on May 21, 2024.

A summary generator (also called a summarizer , summarizing tool , or text summarizer ) is a kind of AI writing tool that automatically generates a short summary of a text. Many tools like this are available online, but what are the best options out there?

To find out, we tested 11 popular summary generators (all available free online, some with a premium version). We used two texts: a short news article and a longer academic journal article. We evaluated tools based on the clarity, accuracy, and concision of the summaries produced.

Our research indicates that the best summarizer available right now is the one offered by QuillBot . You can use it for free to summarize texts of up to 1,200 words—up to 6,000 with a premium subscription.

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Table of contents

1. quillbot , 2. resoomer , 3. scribbr , 4. sassbook , 5. paraphraser , 6. tldr this , 7. rephrase , 8. editpad , 9. summarizing tool , 10. smodin , 11. summarizer , research methodology, frequently asked questions about summarizers.

• Produces the clearest and most accurate summaries
• Summarizes text in a creative way, combining sentences
• Can summarize long texts (up to 6,000 words with premium)
• Options for length, format of summary, and keywords to focus on
• Highlights text that was used in the summary
• Summaries occasionally include errors
• Premium costs $19.95 a month (but gets you a variety of other tools)

We found QuillBot’s summarizer to be the most effective tool available right now. Its technology is more advanced and creative than any other tool’s. It offers a Key Sentences mode and a Paragraph mode; we found the Paragraph mode to be the most useful.

This mode effectively combined information from multiple sentences to produce a concise and clear summary. In the premium version, it was also able to summarize the longer testing text very effectively. The tool usefully highlights text from your input that was used in the summary, and it allows you to pick keywords to focus on if you want a summary of a specific theme.

We did notice some errors even in this tool: it occasionally misunderstood the meaning of the text or combined sentences in a way that was misleading. On one occasion, it seemed to introduce a typo (“collectiveists”) that wasn’t present in the original text.

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• Relatively clear and accurate summaries
• Summarizes creatively, combining sentences
• A variety of modes and options
• Can summarize long texts (no word limit as far as we could tell)
• Confusing interface with irrelevant features
• Summaries of long texts are long-winded and split across multiple pages
• Only the premium mode ($10.57 a month) is useful

We found that Resoomer, though significantly less powerful than QuillBot, was stronger than other competitors—at least, if you pay for its premium mode. Like QuillBot, it generated creative summaries that combined information from different sentences in a relatively fluent way.

It was able to summarize the long text, but the summary it produced was overly long and spread across multiple pages we had to click between, limiting its usefulness. Resoomer offers a variety of modes, but they are presented in a rather confusing way and all of the free modes are very basic, just picking out sentences from the text rather than generating an original summary.

The mode we found useful was the “Assisted” mode, which is unfortunately only available with a premium subscription. We also didn’t find a use for the unusual “More words” button, which generates a continuation of the summary, seemingly not based on anything in the text.

Try Resoomer

• Produces clear and accurate summaries (powered by QuillBot)
• Can’t summarize long texts (limit of 600 words)

Scribbr’s summarizer is powered by QuillBot technology, which means that it offers the same modes, options, and quality-of-life features such as highlighting text used in the summary. And it produces similarly creative summaries: clear, concise, and fluently written.

The Scribbr summarizer does have one key limitation compared to the QuillBot tool: it cannot handle longer texts, since it has a limit of 600 words per input. The Scribbr tool is free, with no sign-up required and no premium version available right now.

Try Scribbr’s summarizer

• Relatively fluent and creative summaries
• Can summarize long texts (up to 22,000 characters with premium)
• Provides options for length and format of summary
• Very expensive subscription ($39 a month)
• Adds unnecessary verbiage (“Authors say that …”)
• Fairly cluttered interface
• Summaries sometimes misleading or hard to follow

We found that Sassbook provided relatively creative summaries, combining information from different sentences in a similar way to QuillBot or Resoomer. But we found the results less clear than in those tools.

Especially for the longer text, we saw that Sassbook summaries were not very coherently structured, presenting information in a somewhat random order that was hard to follow. We also noticed the tool’s tendency to insert unnecessary text such as “Authors say that …”

Moreover, the tool can only handle longer texts if you pay for a premium subscription, and we found the premium subscription to be unreasonably priced at $39 a month. Perhaps if you find the other tools included in the subscription useful, it could be worth the price. For the summarizer alone, it certainly isn’t worth it, and there are much better and cheaper options out there.

Try Sassbook’s summarizer

• Creative summaries with use of note-style language
• Summaries are usually relatively clear and accurate
• Can’t summarize long texts (no word limit stated, but didn’t work with our long text)
• Summaries are too long, and length controls make little difference
• Note-style summaries may not be what you want
• Some confusing moments in summaries

Paraphraser’s summarizer is a free tool with no premium options. It offers two modes, “Summarizer” and “AI Summarizer”; the difference isn’t clearly explained, but in our experience, AI Summarizer produced much better results. Summaries produced in this mode were creative but rough, using note-style language (e.g., omitting articles, using abbreviations) in a way we didn’t see in other tools.

Other options were available but made little difference to the output. Selecting different lengths of summary made very little difference in practice, and the alternative “Bullets” mode presented the same text as the “Paragraph” mode, but in bullet points. Because summary length couldn’t be effectively adjusted, summaries were always longer than we would have liked: over half the length of the full text.

There were also some confusing errors in the output: summaries would often end with a sentence like “Please shorten this text” that clearly shouldn’t be there. And although no word limit is mentioned, the tool didn’t work for our longer text in practice, summarizing only the first 1,000 words.

Try Paraphraser’s summarizer

• 10 free “AI” summaries to start with
• Can summarize the long text
• Just selects a few sentences from the text, producing no original summary
• Costs $4 a month for premium options (100 summaries a month)
• Premium options not noticeably better than free version
• Options (e.g., “short” or “detailed” modes) not noticeably different

The TLDR This tool seems to operate in a very basic way, just taking a few sentences from the text and presenting them in the order in which they originally appeared. It does not combine or paraphrase information in a creative way, even in its premium “AI” mode, which we found produced results nearly identical to those of the free “key sentences” mode.

Like some other tools, it can pick out keywords from the text. But the keywords selected are sometimes not very logical (e.g., “Percent Last Year”), and clicking on them just googles them rather than doing anything in the tool itself. We also did not notice any significant differences between the “short” and “detailed” modes.

Because of its very basic approach and the lack of noticeable differences between its modes, we don’t advise paying for TLDR This.

Try TLDR This

• Can’t summarize the long text (no word limit stated, but didn’t work in practice)
• No options for different lengths or formats of summary

Like TLDR This, Rephrase’s summarizer seemed to just select sentences from the text and present them in the same order again, without any creative recombination of information. In this case, the only way it modified the text was by putting the paragraph breaks at different points.

Rephrase’s tool is free, but, as mentioned, it’s extremely basic. It also lacks any options to change the length or format of the summary. As with other tools like this, the sentences it selects feel very random and often make no sense out of context, meaning the “summary” provided is effectively useless.

No word limit is indicated in the tool, but in practice we found that it could only summarize the first 1,500 words of our longer text. We also found the interface somewhat cluttered with ads.

Try Rephrase’s summarizer

• Can summarize the long text (stated limit of 10,000 words, seems to be 9,000 in reality and much lower in premium mode)
• Premium mode ($30 for a month) is indistinguishable from free mode apart from having a lower word limit and  fewer  options
• Messy interface

Editpad was one of the worst tools we tested: like Paraphraser’s tool, it offered a “Summarizer” mode (which seems identical to Paraphraser’s tool) and an “AI Summarizer” mode (only available with a $30 premium subscription in the case of Editpad).

But Editpad’s AI Summarizer mode seems worse than the free mode. The results in both modes are very basic, seemingly just selecting some sentences from the text and presenting them in the same order. The AI Summarizer mode differed in only two ways that we noticed: it could not summarize the long text (the free mode could), and it did not have any options regarding the length of the summary.

It’s not clear why Editpad charges money for a tool that seems to be much worse than the (already poor) tool they offer for free, but we strongly advise against paying for it.

Try Editpad’s summarizer

• Just selects sentences from the text and presents them in random order
• Summary of long text is very long

Summarizing Tool is a free tool that doesn’t really produce coherent summaries. Like many other tools, it just chooses some sentences from the text rather than generating an original summary. Even worse, though, it shuffles the sentences into a random order, making the text difficult to follow.

It’s not clear how this kind of “summary” could be useful, since it’s much harder to understand than if the sentences were presented in their original order.

Additionally, while the tool could summarize the long text, its summary in this case was also very long. What you get is essentially an incoherent jumble of ideas that is not even particularly short.

Try Summarizing Tool

• Can choose length of summary
• “Abstractive” and “extractive” modes not noticeably different
• Summary loads slowly
• $5 a month for premium version

Smodin’s summarizer seems to do effectively the same thing as Summarizing Tool: picking sentences from the text and presenting them out of order. In “abstractive” mode, we did notice it sometimes made slight changes to sentences, such as removing a word from the start, but it didn’t seem to properly combine information from different sentences.

One thing it did frequently do was to insert spelling errors (e.g., “religioosity”) and inappropriate synonyms (e.g., “humanity” instead of “personality”) into the text, which seems strange considering how little it otherwise changed in each sentence. In combination with the random order of the sentences, this results in a highly incoherent “summary.”

Paying $5 a month for the premium version raises the character limit from 30,000 to 50,000 and removes the daily limit of 30 entries. Given the poor quality of the tool, we don’t recommend paying.

Try Smodin’s summarizer

• Just gives you the same text back, but cut off halfway through—not a summary at all
• Unclear interface (100% length is actually the shortest)
• Not clear what the “Best Line” mode is for

Summarizer’s tool performed the worst out of those we tested. All it does is present the same text back to you, but cut off at a certain point (depending on the length of summary you select). No changes are made to any of the sentences.

Essentially, it’s a tool that deletes all but the first paragraph of a text for you. This is quite easy to do yourself with the backspace key, and it’s not likely to result in a “summary” of the text.

Try Summarizer

For our comparison, we selected 11 summarizing tools that show up prominently in search results. All the tools we tested can be used for free, but several of them have premium versions that you can use if you pay for a subscription. We tested the premium versions when available.

To compare the capabilities of the different tools, we used two testing texts, which are linked below:

• A short online news article (around 575 words)
• A longer academic journal article (around 3,500 words)

In each case, we pasted the entire main text of the article into the summarizer, leaving out things like footnotes, the article title, and details about the authors.

To judge the usefulness of the summaries generated, we looked at three qualitative factors:

• Concision:  Did the tool effectively condense the text into a quick summary?
• Clarity:  Is the summary easy to understand, or are sentences sometimes confusingly phrased or out of context?
• Accuracy:  Does it correctly express the key points of the text? Are any important details left out or stated incorrectly?

In the individual reviews, we also take into account details like user-friendliness, pricing, and limitations such as being unable to summarize the longer text.

Our research into the best summary generators (aka summarizers or summarizing tools) found that the best summarizer available is the one offered by QuillBot.

While many summarizers just pick out some sentences from the text, QuillBot generates original summaries that are creative, clear, accurate, and concise. It can summarize texts of up to 1,200 words for free, or up to 6,000 with a premium subscription.

Try the QuillBot summarizer for free

A summary is a short overview of the main points of an article or other source, written entirely in your own words. Want to make your life super easy? Try our free text summarizer today!

An abstract concisely explains all the key points of an academic text such as a thesis , dissertation or journal article. It should summarize the whole text, not just introduce it.

An abstract is a type of summary , but summaries are also written elsewhere in academic writing . For example, you might summarize a source in a paper , in a literature review , or as a standalone assignment.

All can be done within seconds with our free text summarizer .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, May 21). Best Summary Generator | Tools Tested & Reviewed. Scribbr. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ai-tools/best-summarizer/

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A Complete Guide to Writing a Research Summary

A summary is a key part of any research. So, how should you go about writing one?

You will find many guides on the Internet about writing research. But, any article seldom covers the prospect of writing a research summary. While many things are shortened versions of the original article, there’s much more to research summaries.

From descriptive statistics to writing scientific research, a summary plays a vital role in describing the key ideas within. So, it begs a few questions, such as:

• What exactly is a research summary?
• How do you write one?
• What are some of the tips for writing a good research summary ?

In this guide, we’ll answer all of these questions and explore a few essential factors about research writing. So, let’s jump right into it.

What is a Research Summary?

A research summary is a short, concise summary of an academic research paper. It is often used to summarize the results of an experiment, summarize the major findings and conclusions, and provide a brief overview of the methods and procedures used in the study.

The purpose of a research summary is to provide readers with enough information about an article to decide whether they want to read it in its entirety. It should be no more than two paragraphs long and should include:

• A brief introduction summarizing why the article was written
• The main idea of the article
• The major findings and conclusions
• An overview of how the study was conducted

In order to write effective research summaries, it is important that you can capture the essential points of the research and provide a concise overview. The key step in writing a good summary is to read through the article and make notes of the key points.

This can be done by underlining or highlighting key phrases in the article. One essential thing is to organize these points into an outline format, which includes an introduction and conclusion paragraph.

Another best and quick way to generate a precise summary of your research paper is to take assistance from the online text summarizer, like Summarizer.org .

The online summarizing tool gets the research paper and creates a precise summary of it by taking the important points.

Finally, you must edit your work for grammar and spelling errors before submitting it for grading.

The purpose of the research summary is to provide a comprehensive sum of everything that’s in the research. This includes a summarization of scientific/literal research, as well as of the writer’s aim and personal thoughts.

As for the summary length, it shouldn’t be more than 10% of the entire content. So, if your research is around 1000-words or so, then your summary should be 100-words. But, considering how most research papers are around 3000-4000 words, it should be 300-400 words.

Key pillars of a Research Summary

The summary of any research doesn’t just include the summarized text of the entire research paper. It includes a few other key things, which we’ll explore later on in this article. But, the purpose of a summary is to give proper insights to the reader, such as:

• The writer’s intention
• sources and bases of research
• the purpose & result.

That’s why it’s important to understand that the summary should tell your reader all these elements. So, the fundamentals of any summary include:

• Write a section and state the importance of the research paper from your perspective. In this section, you will have to describe the techniques, tools, and sources you employed to get the conclusion.
• Besides that, it’s also meant to provide a brief and descriptive explanation of the actionable aspect of your research. In other words, how it can be implemented in real life.
• Treat your research summary like a smaller article or blog. So, each important section of your research should be written within a subheading. However, this is highly optional to keep things organized.
• As mentioned before, the research summary shouldn’t exceed 300-400 words. But, some research summaries are known to surpass 10000-words. So, try to employ the 10% formula and write one-tenth of the entire length of your research paper.

These four main points allow you to understand how a research summary is different from the research itself. So, it’s like a documentary where research and other key factors are left to the science (research paper), while the narration explains the key points (research summary)

How do you write a Research Summary?

Writing a research summary is a straightforward affair. Yet, it requires some understanding, as it’s not a lengthy process but rather a tricky and technical one. In a research summary, a few boxes must be checked. To help you do just that, here are 6 things you should tend to separately:

A summary’s title can be the same as the title of your primary research. However, putting separate titles in both has a few benefits. Such as:

• A separate title shifts attention towards the conclusion.
• A different title can focus on the main point of your research.
• Using two different titles can provide a better abstract.

Speaking of an abstract, a summary is the abstract of your research. Therefore, a title representing that very thought is going to do a lot of good too. That’s why it’s better if the title of your summary differs from the title of your research paper.

2. Abstract

The abstract is the summarization of scientific or research methods used in your primary paper. This allows the reader to understand the pillars of the study conducted. For instance, there has been an array of astrological research since James Webb Space Telescope started sending images and data.

So, many research papers explain this Telescope’s technological evolution in their abstracts. This allows the reader to differentiate from the astrological research made by previous space crafts, such as Hubble or Chandra .

The point of providing this abstract is to ensure that the reader grasps the standards or boundaries within which the research was held.

3. Introduction

This is the part where you introduce your topic. In your main research, you’d dive right into the technicalities in this part. However, you’ll try to keep things mild in a research summary. Simply because it needs to summarize the key points in your main introduction.

So, a lot of introductions you’ll find as an example will be extensive in length. But, a research summary needs to be as concise as possible. Usually, in this part, a writer includes the basics and standards of investigation.

For instance, if your research is about James Webb’s latest findings , then you’ll identify how the studies conducted by this Telescope’s infrared and other technology made this study possible. That’s when your introduction will hook the reader into the main premise of your research.

4. Methodology / Study

This section needs to describe the methodology used by you in your research. Or the methodology you relied on when conducting this particular research or study. This allows the reader to grasp the fundamentals of your research, and it’s extremely important.

Because if the reader doesn’t understand your methods, then they will have no response to your studies. How should you tend to this? Include things such as:

• The surveys or reviews you used;
• include the samplings and experiment types you researched;
• provide a brief statistical analysis;
• give a primary reason to pick these particular methods.

Once again, leave the scientific intricacies for your primary research. But, describe the key methods that you employed. So, when the reader is perusing your final research, they’ll have your methods and study techniques in mind.

5. Results / Discussion

This section of your research needs to describe the results that you’ve achieved. Granted, some researchers will rely on results achieved by others. So, this part needs to explain how that happened – but not in detail.

The other section in this part will be a discussion. This is your interpretation of the results you’ve found. Thus, in the context of the results’ application, this section needs to dive into the theoretical understanding of your research. What will this section entail exactly? Here’s what:

• Things that you covered, including results;
• inferences you provided, given the context of your research;
• the theory archetype that you’ve tried to explain in the light of the methodology you employed;
• essential points or any limitations of the research.

These factors will help the reader grasp the final idea of your research. But, it’s not full circle yet, as the pulp will still be left for the actual research.

6. Conclusion

The final section of your summary is the conclusion. The key thing about the conclusion in your research summary, compared to your actual research, is that they could be different. For instance, the actual conclusion in your research should bring around the study.

However, the research in this summary should bring your own ideas and affirmations to full circle. Thus, this conclusion could and should be different from the ending of your research.

5 Tips for writing a Research Summary

Writing a research summary is easy once you tend to the technicalities. But, there are some tips and tricks that could make it easier. Remember, a research summary is the sum of your entire research. So, it doesn’t need to be as technical or in-depth as your primary work.

Thus, to make it easier for you, here are four tips you can follow:

1. Read & read again

Reading your own work repeatedly has many benefits. First, it’ll help you understand any mistakes or problems your research might have. After that, you’ll find a few key points that stand out from the others – that’s what you need to use in your summary.

So, the best advice anyone can give you is to read your research again and again. This will etch the idea in your mind and allow you to summarize it better.

2. Focus on key essentials in each section

As we discussed earlier, each section of your research has a key part. To write a thoroughly encapsulating summary, you need to focus on and find each such element in your research.

Doing so will give you enough leverage to write a summary that thoroughly condenses your research idea and gives you enough to write a summary out of it.

3. Write the research using a summarizing tool

The best advice you can get is to write a summary using a tool. Condensing each section might be a troublesome experience for some – as it can be time-consuming.

To avoid all that, you can simply take help from an online summarizer. It gets the lengthy content and creates a precise summary of it by using advanced AI technology.

As you can see, the tool condenses this particular section perfectly while the details are light.

Bringing that down to 10% or 20% will help you write each section accordingly. Thus, saving precious time and effort.

4. Word count limit

As mentioned earlier, word count is something you need to follow thoroughly. So, if your section is around 200-word, then read it again. And describe it to yourself in 20-words or so. Doing this to every section will help you write exactly a 10% summary of your research.

5. Get a second opinion

If you’re unsure about quality or quantity, get a second opinion. At times, ideas are in our minds, but we cannot find words to explain them. In research or any sort of creative process, getting a second opinion can save a lot of trouble.

There’s your guide to writing a research summary, folks. While it’s not different from condensing the entire premise of your research, writing it in simpler words will do wonders. So, try to follow the tips, tools, and ideas provided in this article, and write outstanding summaries for your research.

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Digital Scholarship Services

DSS fosters the use of digital content and transformative technology in scholarship and academic activities. We provide consultative and technical support for a wide range of tools and platforms. We work with the campus community to publish, promote, and preserve the digital products of research through consultation, teaching, and systems administration. Our areas of expertise include data curation, research data management, computational research, digital humanities, and scholarly communication.

There are many AI tools coming out, this is just an example list of the types of tools available. These lists are a mix of free, trials, and premium. We do not endorse the use of one tool over another, instead researchers should evaluate tools to see if they fit their needs.

AI Summarizing & Q&A

• Adobe AI Assistant Adobe Acrobat Pro has a beta AI Assistant rolling out in a phased manner.
• ChatPDF Allows you to “talk to” an individual PDF file or group of files. Free tier allows 2 PDF uploads per day.
• Explainpaper Free tier generates a one sentence PDF summaries and allows unlimited "highlight explanations" (rephrasing passages you highlight) and follow up questions.
• Glasp Summarizes YouTube videos using ChatGPT and Claude.
• Quivr Tool for uploading files and data to a collection (a "brain") that then answers questions based on its LLM and documents in the collection. Quivr can be pulled from Github and set up to run completely locally on a computer with an OpenAI API account (paid, for computation used).
• Scholarcy Creates article summaries in the form of AI-generated flashcards with several sections. Free tier allows creating 3 flashcards per day, web browser extension, and exporting to Word.
• Summarify Distill lengthy content into concise summaries, including text, PDF, URL, blog, Youtube, and audio
• Summarize.tech Generate an AI summary of any YouTube video.
• TLDR this Free tier can summarize, query, and extract information from PDFs and .doc files.
• Wordtune Read AI summarizer and notetaking tool oriented towards writing and content professionals. Free tier offers a limited number of summaries and writing outputs per day. Ask questions of your entire library, but not of individual documents. Includes writing templates for common outputs like social media posts, co-worker communications, and others. Has a browser extension for using on particular webpages.
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English: Reading a Scholarly Article

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Reading a Scholarly Article

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This page was created to help you:

• Identify the different parts of a scholarly article
• Efficiently analyze and evaluate scholarly articles for usefulness

This page will focus on reading scholarly articles — published reports on original research in the social sciences, humanities, and STEM fields. Reading and understanding this type of article can be challenging. This guide will help you develop these skills, which can be learned and improved upon with practice.

We will go over:

Common Components of Original Research Articles

While you read, reading strategies, reading for citations.

Note: Not all articles contain all components.

In Practice

Scanning and skimming are essential when reading scholarly articles, especially at the beginning stages of your research or when you have a lot of material in front of you.

Many scholarly articles are organized to help you scan and skim efficiently. The next time you need to read an article, practice scanning the following sections (where available) and skim their contents:

• The abstract:  This summary provides a birds’ eye view of the article contents.
• The introduction:  What is the topic(s) of the research article? What is its main idea or question?
• The list of keywords or descriptors
• Methods:  How did the author(s) go about answering their question/collecting their data?
• Section headings:  Stop and skim those sections you may find relevant.
• Figures:  Offer lots of information in quick visual format.
• The conclusion:  What are the findings and/or conclusions of this article?

Reading a scholarly article isn’t like reading a novel, website, or newspaper article. It’s likely you won’t read and absorb it from beginning to end, all at once.

Instead, think of scholarly reading as inquiry, i.e., asking a series of questions as you do your research or read for class. Your reading should be guided by your class topic or your own research question or thesis.

For example, as you read, you might ask yourself:

• What questions does it help to answer, or what topics does it address?
• Are these relevant or useful to me?
• Does the article offer a helpful framework for understanding my topic or question (theoretical framework)?
• Do the authors use interesting or innovative methods to conduct their research that might be relevant to me?
• Does the article contain references I might consult for further information?

Mark Up Your Text

Read with purpose.

• Scanning and skimming with a pen in hand can help to focus your reading.
• Use color for quick reference. Try highlighters or some sticky notes. Use different colors to represent different topics.
• Write in the margins, putting down thoughts and questions about the content as you read.
• Use digital markup features available in eBook platforms or third-party solutions, like Adobe Reader or Hypothes.is.

Categorize Information

Create your own informal system of organization. It doesn’t have to be complicated — start basic, and be sure it works for you.

• Jot down a few of your own keywords for each article. These keywords may correspond with important topics being addressed in class or in your research paper.  
• Write keywords on print copies or use the built-in note taking features in reference management tools like Zotero and EndNote.  
• Your keywords and system of organization may grow more complex the deeper you get into your reading.

Highlight words, terms, phrases, acronyms, etc. that are unfamiliar to you. You can highlight on the text or make a list in a notetaking program.

• Decide if the term is essential to your understanding of the article or if you can look it up later and keep scanning.

You may scan an article and discover that it isn’t what you thought it was about. Before you close the tab or delete that PDF, consider scanning the article one more time, specifically to look for citations that might be more on-target for your topic.  

You don’t need to look at every citation in the bibliography — you can look to the literature review to identify the core references that relate to your topic. Literature reviews are typically organized by subtopic within a research question or thesis. Find the paragraph or two that are closely aligned with your topic, make note of the author names, then locate those citations in the bibliography or footnote.

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Research: Competent Leaders Know The Limits of Their Expertise

• David Dunning

How to spot the difference between confidence and competence.

It is very important as a manager to accurately gauge one’s competence; overconfidence can lead to significant business failures. Self-perceived expertise can cause individuals to overclaim knowledge, often mistaking confidence for actual competence. Genuine expertise, however, is marked by an accurate understanding of one’s limitations. The article advises leaders to rely on proven track records and data when evaluating their own abilities and those of others, underscoring Warren Buffet’s philosophy: success hinges on knowing the boundaries of your circle of competence.

Accurately gauging what you know — and more importantly, what you don’t — can mean the difference between success and failure as a manager.

• SA Stav Atir is an assistant professor of management at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Wisconsin School of Business. Her research focuses on the psychological processes that underlie knowledge judgments and learning decisions. She also studies topics related to diversity, equity, and inclusion.
• DD David Dunning is Mary Ann and Charles R. Walgreen, Jr., Professor of the Study of Human Understanding, as well as Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan. A social psychologist, his work focuses on misbeliefs about the self and misunderstandings between people.

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ESG factors and equity returns – a review of recent industry research

• 1 ESG factors and equity returns – a review of recent industry research
• 2 Part II: ESG factors and returns – a review of industry research since 2021
• 3 Part III: ESG factors and returns – a review of recent research

Part III: ESG factors and returns – a review of recent research

2024-09-25T10:24:00+01:00

By Michal Bartek, Senior Lead, Guidance, PRI Responsible Investment Solutions  

Since our January 2023 review of industry research on the connection between ESG factors and portfolio returns, much has changed. The responsible investment industry has been under siege in certain regions, particularly the US, where the backlash against ESG has intensified and fund outflows have increased.

This piece is our third blog summarising some of the public industry research examining the connections between ESG factors, company profitability and investment returns. It is certainly an opportune time to revisit the evidence. (Previous blogs appeared in 2021 and 2023 . In addition, links to relevant academic papers are available through blog posts in our research hub .) 

Energy sector a driving force since 2022 

Industry and academic research typically showed strong market-relative and absolute performance from sustainable and ESG strategies in the decade prior to February 2022. That changed with the tragic events in Ukraine. Since then, the broad narrative is that rising oil prices and strong performance from defence stocks dented relative and absolute performance of responsible investment strategies. Not investing in, or being underweight, these sectors have contributed to a more difficult environment for responsible investors to outperform benchmarks. However pieces from Kroll and MSCI offer a more nuanced message – both noting that companies with higher ESG ratings have outperformed sector peers. [1]

Another factor in the debate around the performance of ESG strategies over the last decade has been crowding. Has relative outperformance from highly rated ESG stocks been driven by strong fund inflows, limited liquidity and investors driven by ESG rankings rather than earnings or cash flow fundamentals? Has it simply been a case of expansion of valuation multiples beyond what current and future earnings could justify?  This would not bode well for future relative performance.    

MSCI’s research shows that, while outperformance may arise from multiple expansion in some cases, the main driver is better earnings fundamentals. McKinsey’s research [2] supports MSCI’s conclusions and also finds that management teams that chase growth without considering how their strategies could impact people, planet and their firm’s long-term sustainability not only increase reputational risk but are also less likely to lead to full growth potential. At the other end of the ESG-vs-performance spectrum is a study [3] by Vanguard finding little or no relationship, although the stock universe was narrower in geographic scope compared to the more global ones used in other papers.  

MSCI’s research shows that, while outperformance may arise from multiple expansion in some cases, the main driver is better earnings fundamentals.

Whereas most of the earlier research focused on the connection between ESG factors and returns, a number of recent industry reviews [4] of academic work have looked at a variety of factors relating to ESG and performance. Rockefeller Asset Management (among other conclusions) points out that improved corporate performance due to ESG factors becomes more marked over a longer time horizon, that ESG integration seems to perform better than negative screening approaches and that integration of ESG factors in asset selection and portfolio construction can provide downside protection and lower volatility. Abrdn confirms the latter point while noting the positive implications of higher ESG scores for the cost of capital, including in emerging markets countries. [5] Robeco’s particularly detailed meta analysis [6] also points out that many studies failed to distinguish between the different preferences of sustainable investors. Some investors may be seeking alignment of their investments with their values while others prioritise financial returns, resulting in a variety of objectives and investment mandates. This can skew financial returns of the broader universe of responsible investors who integrate material ESG factors. 

A caution regarding correlations 

In earlier blogs we noted that any links between ESG and performance are nuanced and complicated. As the industry papers [7] repeatedly note, correlations are influenced and complicated by:

• market capitalisation
• industry sector
• relative and absolute rankings
• ranking methodology changes
• incomplete coverage of the investment universe
• historical data limitations
• varying government policies and incentives that impact company performance
• shifting consumer behaviours 

It is all too easy to conclude that constructing portfolios from the best ESG-rated companies is the holy grail of investing. But investors should bear in mind: 

• the list of complications above;
• the fact that style trends (such as quality) can overlap with ESG factors;
• that thorough research, analysis and stewardship should not be overlooked. 

Conclusions 

Our review barely touches the surface of the research and analysis being published. The volatile market environment of the last two years has again stress-tested the relationship between returns and ESG factors. While the broad conclusions about relationships between ESG attributes and corporate performance remain valid, researchers are looking more closely at what we mean by ESG investing and ESG scores and assessments. The table below lists some of the key pieces referenced in this blog.   

We welcome comments and suggestions of any relevant research we have missed. 

Selected industry papers 

These papers are intended to provide a breadth of views and analysis from the investment industry. 

The PRI blog aims to contribute to the debate around topical responsible investment issues. It should not be construed as advice, nor relied upon. The blog is written by PRI staff members and occasionally guest contributors. Blog authors write in their individual capacity – posts do not necessarily represent a PRI view. The inclusion of examples or case studies does not constitute an endorsement by PRI Association or PRI signatories.

[1]  MSCI (March 2024)  17 years of MSCI ESG Ratings and long-term corporate performance ; Kroll (September 2023)  ESG and Global Investor Returns Study  

[2]  McKinsey & Company (September 2023)  How do ESG goals impact a company’s growth performance?   

[3]  Vanguard (November 2023)  Is there a link between ESG ratings and investment returns?  

[4]  Rockefeller Capital Management (October 2021)  ESG and Financial Performance: Uncovering the Relationship by Aggregating Evidence from 1,000 Plus Studies Published between 2015 – 2020  

[5]  Abrdn (August 2023)  How ESG can enhance portfolios – the evidence  

[6]   Robeco (January 2024)  Investigating the link between ESG and investment performance   

[7]  Deutsche Bank (October 2023)  ESG & investment performance: think strategically  ; JPMorgan (February 2024)  Sustainability and portfolio returns  

• Asset owners

Part II: ESG factors and returns – a review of industry research since 2021

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Climate Event Season: Making the case for an enabling policy environment

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• Published: 20 September 2024

Serum syndecan1 has the potential to reflect activity at diagnosis and predict death during follow-up in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis

• Taejun Yoon 1   na1 ,
• Jang Woo Ha 2   na1 ,
• Jung Yoon Pyo 3 ,
• Eunhee Ko 1 ,
• Sung Soo Ahn 2 ,
• Jason Jungsik Song 4 , 5 ,
• Yong-Beom Park 4 , 5 &
• Sang-Won Lee 4 , 5  

Arthritis Research & Therapy volume  26 , Article number:  166 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Metrics details

This study investigated whether serum syndecan1 at diagnosis reflects activity at diagnosis and predicts poor outcomes during follow-up in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV).

The study included 79 patients with AAV from the cohort of Korean patients diagnosed with AAV. AAV-specific indices, including the Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS), five-factor score (FFS), 36-item short-form survey (SF-36) physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS), and vasculitis damage index (VDI), were assessed. Laboratory data including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were also collected. The highest tertile and upper half of the BVAS were tentatively defined as having high AAV activity. Serum syndecan1 levels were measured in sera stored at diagnosis.

Serum syndecan1 at diagnosis was significantly correlated with AAV activity and functional status, as assessed by BVAS, FFS, SF-36 PCS, MCS, and acute-phase reactants, including ESR and CRP. Patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 76.1 ng/mL at diagnosis, and those with serum syndecan1 ≥ 60.0 ng/mL at diagnosis showed significantly higher risks for the highest tertile and the upper half of BVAS at diagnosis than those without, respectively. Patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis had a significantly higher risk for all-cause mortality during follow-up than those without, and further, exhibited a significantly lower cumulative patients’ survival rate than those without.

Serum syndecan1 at diagnosis may not only reflect AAV activity at diagnosis but may also be associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up.

Syndecans are proteins that constitute a family of heparan sulphate proteoglycans comprising four members: syndecan1, 2, 3, and 4, of which syndecan1 and 3 carry chondroitin sulphate. All four syndecans contain three domains: an ectodomain (N-terminal extracellular domain), a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain (C-terminal intracellular domain) [ 1 ]. Of the four syndecans, syndecan1 is highly expressed in fibroblastic and epithelial cells compared to endothelial cells, and its expression is known to be increased in the skin, liver, kidney, and lung tissues [ 2 ]. Syndecan1 can be released from cells expressing syndecan1 on the surface via cleavage by proteinases such as trypsin. Circulating syndecan1 may bind to a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and aggregate, leading to enhanced binding affinity to the transmembrane activator, calcium-modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) or B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) of B cells. Consequently, circulating syndecan1 may increase B cell survival and accelerate their differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells. Therefore, circulating syndecan1 may not only have the potential to aggravate autoantibody-associated diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and monoclonal gammopathy, but also act as a biomarker reflecting activity and predicting prognosis in each disease [ 3 , 4 ]. Another study has also shown that serum syndecan-1 levels may reflect vascular endothelium injury and mucosal damage in IgA vasculitis [ 5 ].

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of small-vessel vasculitis with few or no immune deposits [ 6 , 7 ] and has three subtypes according to the typical manifestations of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and eosinophilic GPA (EGPA) [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. ANCA is an autoantibody that recognises cytoplasmic autoantigens released by primed neutrophils, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and proteinase 3 (PR3). Circulating ANCA may bind to primed neutrophils, mostly forming neutrophil dimers and initiating ANCA-mediated neutrophil activation [ 11 ]. Given the role of circulating autoreactive ANCA in the pathogenesis of AAV and the effect of circulating syndecan1 on B cell activation, it can be reasonably speculated that circulating syndecan1 may be positively correlated with cross-sectional activity and significantly associated with fatal complications during the disease course of AAV. However, till date, the clinical importance of serum syndecan1 in AAV has not been investigated. Hence, in the present study, we investigated whether serum syndecan1 at diagnosis could reflect activity at diagnosis and predict poor outcomes during follow-up in patients with AAV.

Materials and methods

In the present study, 80 patients were randomly selected from a cohort of Korean patients with AAV. This was a prospective and observational cohort study of AAV initiated and conducted in this hospital. The inclusion criteria were (i) the first classification of AAV at the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, from 2016 to 2023; (ii) the fulfilment of the following criteria and definitions: the algorithm for AAV proposed by the European Medicine Agency in 2007 (the 2007 EMA algorithm), and the revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides suggested in 2012 (the 2012 CHCC definition) [ 6 , 7 ]; (iii) the reclassification of AAV according to the new classification criteria for MPA, GPA, and EGPA, proposed by the American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology in 2022 (the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria) [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]; (iv) the equipped medical records containing clinical and laboratory data sufficient for classifying AAV, assessing activity, and identifying poor prognosis from the diagnosis to the last visit; (v) the follow-up duration for at least six months or greater; (vi) the presence of the consent form for providing clinical data as well as blood samples at diagnosis; (vii) the presence of the 36-item short-form survey (SF-36) physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS) completed by the patients [ 12 ]; (viii) the absence of serious medical conditions mimicking AAV at diagnosis such as severe infectious and cancerous diseases [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]; (ix) the absence of medical or drug history affecting ANCA positive such as primary sclerosing cholangitis or propylthiouracil [ 13 , 14 ]; and (x) the absence of exposure to moderate to high doses of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive drugs for AAV treatment within four weeks before diagnosis. Of the 80 patients, one was excluded because the condition of the stored serum was not available, and 79 were finally analysed in this study.

Clinical and laboratory data

In terms of variables at the time of AAV diagnosis, age, sex, ex-smoker status, and body mass index were collected as demographic data. Positive results of not only MPO-ANCA and PR3-ANCA measure by an immunoassay but also perinuclear (P)-ANCA and cytoplasmic (C)-ANCA detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay were considered ANCA positive in this study according to the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria for AAV [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 15 ]. AAV-specific indices included the Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS), the five-factor score (FFS), SF-36 PCS and MCS, and the vasculitis damage index (VDI) were assessed [ 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia were reviewed as comorbidities [ 19 ]. Laboratory data including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were also collected. Poor outcomes of AAV and medications, including glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs, were evaluated during follow-up.

Poor outcomes

Poor AAV outcomes were defined as all-cause mortality and end-stage kidney disease after AAV diagnosis. The follow-up duration based on each poor outcome was defined as the period from diagnosis to its occurrence in patients with a corresponding poor outcome, whereas the duration from diagnosis to the last visit was defined for those without.

High activity of AAV

In this study, the highest tertile and upper half of the BVAS were tentatively defined as having high AAV activity and were subjected to statistical analyses.

Blood sampling

On the day AAV was classified and AAV-specific indices regarding activity, function, and major organ damage were assessed, whole blood was obtained from patients with AAV. Sera was immediately isolated from whole blood and stored at -80℃.

Measurement of serum syndecan1

Serum syndecan1 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) from collected and stored sera at diagnosis.

Statistical analyses

All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous and categorical variables were expressed as medians (25 − 75 percentiles) and numbers (percentages). The correlation coefficient (r) between the two variables was obtained using Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis. The significant area under the curve (AUC) was confirmed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The optimal cutoff was extrapolated by performing ROC curve analysis and selected as that with the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity. The relative risk (RR) of the cutoff for all-cause mortality was analysed using contingency tables and the chi-square test. The cumulative survival rates between the two groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the log-rank test. The multivariate Cox hazard model using variables with statistical significance in the univariate Cox hazard model was used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) during a considerable follow-up duration. Statistical significance was set at P  < 0.05.

Characteristics of patients

In terms of variables at diagnosis, the median age of the 79 patients was 64.0 years, and 40.5% and 59.5% of the patients were men and women, respectively. Thirty-eight, 24, and 17 patients were diagnosed with MPA, GPA, or EGPA, respectively. MPO-ANCA (or P-ANCA) and PR3-ANCA (or C-ANCA) were positive in 44 (55.7%) and 12 (15.2%) patients, respectively. The median BVAS, FFS, SF-36 PCS and MCS, and VDI were 5.0. 0, 52.5, 54.9, and 3.0, respectively. Among the organ involvements, the most common were lung involvement with 50 cases (63.3%), ear/nose/throat involvement with 41 cases (51.9%), and kidney involvement with 38 cases (48.1%). Of the 79 patients, 17, 25, and 14 had type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, respectively. The median ESR and CRP were 21.0 mm/h and 3.6 mg/L, and serum syndecan1 was measured at 52.2 ng/mL as a median value. In terms of variables during follow-up, of the 79 patients, six (7.6%) died and 18 (22.8%) experienced progression to ESKD for the median follow-up durations based on each poor outcome of 26.7, and 26.3 months, respectively.

Of the 79 patients, 78 received glucocorticoids, and the most commonly administered immunosuppressive drug was cyclophosphamide, followed by azathioprine (Table  1 ).

Serum syndecan1 levels for all patients with MPA, GPA, and EGPA are presented in the Supplementary Fig. 1. The range of syndecan1 levels was from 14.97 to 1504 ng/mL.

Correlation of variables with serum syndecan1 at diagnosis

Serum syndecan1 at diagnosis was significantly correlated with BVAS ( r  = 0.364), FFS ( r  = 0.400), all-cause mortality ( r  = 0.291), ESR ( r  = 0.505), CRP ( r  = 0.286), white blood cell count ( r  = 0.353), blood urea nitrogen ( r  = 0.467), and serum creatinine ( r  = 0.397). Meanwhile, serum syndecan1 at diagnosis was inversely correlated with SF-36 PCS ( r  = − 0.373), SF-36 MCS ( r  = − 0.330), haemoglobin ( r  = − 0.405), and serum albumin ( r  = − 0.451) at diagnosis (Table  2 ).

Relative risks of cut-off of serum syndecan1 for high activity of AAV at diagnosis

Receiver operating tertile of BVAS, ROC) curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis for the highest tertile of BVAS at diagnosis was statistically significant (0.864, 95% confidence interval 0.775, 0.953). The optimal cut-off of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis was calculated as the maximised summation of the sensitivity (70.4%) and specificity (90.4%) and was set as 76.1 ng/mL. When the patients were divided into two groups according to this cut-off, the highest tertile of BVAS at diagnosis was identified more often in patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 76.1 ng/mL at diagnosis than those without (79.2% vs. 14.5%, P  < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 76.1 ng/mL at diagnosis showed a significantly higher risk for the highest tertile of BVAS at diagnosis than those without (RR 22.325, 95% CI 6.474, 76.985) (Fig.  1 A).

Optimal cut-off and relative risks of serum syndecan1 for high BVAS. BVAS, Birmingham vasculitis activity score; CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk

Next, as for the upper half of BVAS, the optimal cut-off of serum syndecan1 was determined as 60.0 ng/mL (sensitivity, 64.4%; specificity, 79.4%) using the ROC curve analysis (AUC 0.752, 95% CI 0.647, 0.858). When the patients were divided into two groups according to this cut-off, patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 60.0 ng/mL at diagnosis exhibited the upper half of BVAS at diagnosis more frequently than those without (80.6% vs. 37.2%, P  < 0.001). Additionally, those with serum syndecan1 ≥ 60.0 ng/mL at diagnosis also showed a significantly higher risk for the upper half of BVAS at diagnosis than those without (RR 6.991, 95% CI 2.493, 19.608) (Fig.  1 B).

Relative risks of cut-off of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis for all-cause mortality during follow-up

On the other hand, among the two poor outcomes of AAV during follow-up, the ROC curve analysis unveiled that the AUC of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis for all-cause mortality during follow-up was significant (AUC 0.817, 95% CI 0.628, 1.000). When the optimal cutoff of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis for all-cause mortality during follow-up was set at 120.1 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 87.7%, respectively. When patients were divided into two groups according to this cut-off, all-cause mortality during follow-up was found more often in patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis than those without (35.7% vs. 1.5%, P  < 0.001). Moreover, patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis had a significantly higher risk for death than those without (RR 35.556, 95% CI 3.719, 339.904) (Fig.  2 ).

Optimal cut-off and relative risks of serum syndecan1 for all-cause mortality. CI: confidence interval; RR: relative risk

Cumulative survival rate

Patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis exhibited a significantly lower cumulative patient survival rate during follow-up than those with serum syndecan1 < 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis ( P  < 0.001) (Fig.  3 ).

Comparison of cumulative survival rates

Cox analyses

In the univariate Cox proportional analysis, the BVAS at diagnosis was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up. Meanwhile, serum syndecans1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis (HR 42.273), along with SF-36 PCS (HR 0.943), VDI (HR 1.591), dyslipidaemia (HR 11.068), white blood cell count (HR 1.130), haemoglobin (HR 0.604), and serum albumin (HR 0.152) at diagnosis were significantly associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up. However, in the multivariable Cox analysis of variables with statistical significance in the univariate analysis, none were independently associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up. Nevertheless, both dyslipidaemia (HR 9.928, 95% CI 1.000, 98.552, P  = 0.005) and serum syndecans-1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL (HR 59.822, 95% CI 0.611, 5,860.343, P  = 0.080) at diagnosis exhibited the possibility of the independent association with all-cause mortality during follow-up in patients with AAV (Table  3 ).

In the present study, we investigated whether serum syndecan1 at diagnosis could reflect activity at diagnosis and predict poor outcomes during follow-up in patients with AAV and obtained several interesting findings. Firstly, serum syndecan1 at diagnosis exhibited significant correlations with AAV activity and functional status at diagnosis, as assessed by the BVAS, FFS, SF-36 PCS and MCS, and acute-phase reactants at di0agnosis, including ESR and CRP. Secondly, the ROC curve showed the significant AUCs of serum syndecan1 for the two concepts of high AAV activity at diagnosis: patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 76.1 ng/mL at diagnosis, and those with serum syndecan1 ≥ 60.0 ng/mL at diagnosis showed significantly higher risks for the highest tertile and the upper half of BVAS at diagnosis than those without, respectively. Thirdly, patients with serum syndecan1 ≥ 120.1 ng/mL at diagnosis had a significantly higher risk for all-cause mortality during follow-up than those without, and further, exhibited a significantly lower cumulative patients’ survival rate than those without. Therefore, we conclude that in patients with AAV, serum syndecan1 at diagnosis may not only reflect AAV activity at diagnosis but may also be partially independently associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up.

Clinically, the most relevant immunological function of serum syndecan-1 in AAV pathogenesis likely involves its role in B cell differentiation and activation. This assumption appears to be supported by the role of circulating syndecan1 demonstrated in systemic lupus erythematosus and monoclonal gammopathy [ 3 , 4 ]. The first assumption was that there may be a positive correlation between serum syndecan1 and B cell counts. To confirm this, we could follow the approach used in other studies by counting the activated B cells or total B cells using the fluorescence-activated cell sorting method and evaluated their alteration according to the circulating levels of syndecan1 [ 20 ]. Since our study is a retrospective analysis, we investigated the correlation between serum syndecan1 and lymphocyte count, however, found no significant correlation between them ( r  = − 0.127, P  = 0.269) despite a positive correlation between serum syndecan1 and white blood cell count ( r  = 0.353, P  = 0.001).

Secondly, a positive correlation may occur between serum syndecan1 and the total gamma globulin fraction. We indirectly evaluated the serum levels of paraproteins using the gamma gap which is defined as the difference between total serum protein and serum albumin (total serum protein – serum albumin) [ 21 ]. Serum syndecan1 was positively correlated with the gamma gap ( r  = 0.589, P  < 0.001) along with serum albumin ( r  = − 0.451, P  < 0.001), and further, the slope of the gamma gap was higher than that of serum albumin. In principle, patients with malignancies, including monoclonal gammopathy, were excluded from this AAV cohort at the time of enrolment, and the gamma gap indicated only a non-cancerous gamma-globulin fraction.

The third hypothesis is that there may be a positive correlation between serum syndecan1 and ANCA titres. We found that serum syndecan1 was significantly correlated with MPO-ANCA titres ( r  = 0.431, P  < 0.001) among 79 patients though not with PR3-ANCA ( r  = − 0.039, P  = 0.731). Additionally, we found that patients with MPO-ANCA (or P-ANCA) positive exhibited a significantly higher serum syndecan1 than those without (63.2 ng/mL vs. 41.8 ng/mL, P  = 0.015). Collectively, although the correlation between serum syndecan1 and the level of B cell activation has not been clearly identified, the following hypothesis can be proposed: serum syndecan1 could indicate the serum levels of gamma-globulin production in B cells and further estimate MPO-ANCA titres at diagnosis. Therefore, this hypothesis suggests that serum syndecan1 may have the potential to reflect AAV activity at diagnosis by associating with MPO-ANCA (or P-ANCA)-specific clinical manifestations of BVAS.

The relative risk and cumulative survival rate of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis showed the possibility of an independent association with all-cause mortality during follow-up in patients with AAV. Additionally, in the univariate Cox analysis, the BVAS at diagnosis also tended to be associated with all-cause mortality (Table  3 ). Deceased patients had a significantly higher median serum syndecan1 than that of surviving patients (157.1 ng/mL vs. 48.2 ng/mL, P  = 0.010). Serum syndecan1 may affect the occurrence of initial chest and renal manifestations of AAV, which may contribute to an increased rate of all-cause mortality in patients with AAV [ 22 ]. When comparing the total scores of the nine systemic items of the BVAS between surviving and deceased patients, deceased patients had a significantly higher median total score for chest manifestations than that of the surviving patients (4.0 vs. 2.0, P  = 0.023). Furthermore, deceased patients showed a tendency for an increased median total score of renal manifestations compared with surviving patients (12.0 vs. 0, P  = 0.060).

Additionally, we speculated whether serum syndecan1 at diagnosis might be associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up by enhancing the production of gamma-globulin in B cells at diagnosis. Several studies have reported a link between gamma gap and increased mortality risk in various populations [ 23 , 24 ]. No significant difference was observed in the gamma gap between deceased and surviving patients (2.9 g/dL vs. 2.6 g/dL, P  = 0.251), and further, the gamma gap at diagnosis was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up in the univariable Cox analysis (HR 1.638, 95% CI 0.720, 3.729). Therefore, the association of serum syndecan1 at diagnosis with all-cause mortality during follow-up may not be due to alterations in the production of gamma globulin in B cells.

The strength of the present study is that it is the first to demonstrate the clinical implications of serum syndecan1 measured at diagnosis in patients with AAV in estimating vasculitis activity at diagnosis and has the potential to predict all-cause mortality during follow-up.

Critical limitations of this study are the small number of patients and the retrospective study design, despite the use of clinical data from a prospective observational cohort of AAV. Furthermore, due to the small group size, it is challenging to conduct separate analyses for MPO-ANCA-associated and PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. This study was unable to show dynamic changes in the correlation between serum syndecan1 and various variables simultaneously because of the limitations of being a cross-sectional study that did not include continuous clinical data. In addition, because of the limited availability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, it was not possible to evaluate activated B cells or the entire B cell population; therefore, only indirect evidence for this mechanism is presented. Nevertheless, we believe that this study has clinical importance as a pilot study investigating the role of serum syndecan1 in patients with AAV. We also expect that future prospective studies with more patients and serial clinical data, including the measurement of serum syndecan1 levels during treatment, disease relapse, and remission, will provide more dynamic and reliable information on the clinical implications of serum syndecan1 in AAV.

This study is the first to demonstrate that serum syndecan1 at diagnosis may not only reflect AAV activity at diagnosis but may also be associated with all-cause mortality during follow-up.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

• Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

ANCA-associated vasculitis

Birmingham vasculitis activity score

Five-factor score

36-item short-form survey

Physical component summary

Mental component summary

Vasculitis damage index

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

C-reactive protein

Microscopic polyangiitis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Eosinophilic GPA

Myeloperoxidase

Proteinase 3

Area under the curve

Receiver operator characteristic

Relative risk

Hazard ratio

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by a faculty research grant of Yonsei University College of Medicine for (6-2023-0155), CELLTRION PHARM, Inc. Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea (NCR 2019-6), and Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., Seoul, Republic of Korea. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. The authors have no competing interests to declare.

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Taejun Yoon and Jang Woo Ha are co-first authors and contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Medical Science, BK21 Plus Project, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Taejun Yoon & Eunhee Ko

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

Jang Woo Ha & Sung Soo Ahn

Department of Rheumatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea

Jung Yoon Pyo

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Jason Jungsik Song, Yong-Beom Park & Sang-Won Lee

Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Contributions

T.Y. and J.W.H. conceptualized this study. Data curation was conducted by T.Y., J.W.H., J.Y.P., and E.K. Formal analysis was performed by T.Y. and J.W.H. J.W.H. and S.W.L. acquired funding. J.W.H., S.S.A., and S.W.L. carried out the investigation. Methodology was developed by T.Y. and J.W.H. Project administration was handled by T.Y., J.W.H., J.Y.P., E.K., S.S.A., J.J.S., Y.B.P., and S.W.L. Resources were provided by J.W.H., J.J.S., Y.B.P., and S.W.L. Software was developed by T.Y. and J.W.H. Supervision was provided by Y.B.P. and S.W.L. Validation was conducted by T.Y., J.W.H., and S.W.L. Visualization was created by T.Y., J.W.H., and S.W.L. The original draft was written by T.Y. and S.W.L. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sang-Won Lee .

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This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (IRB number 2024-0724-001 ), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients at the time of blood sampling. The IRB waived the need for written informed consent if informed consent was obtained at the time of entry into the AAV cohort.

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Supplementary material 1. supplementary figure 1. serum syndecan1 levels for all patients with mpa, gpa, and egpa., rights and permissions.

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Yoon, T., Ha, J.W., Pyo, J.Y. et al. Serum syndecan1 has the potential to reflect activity at diagnosis and predict death during follow-up in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Res Ther 26 , 166 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-024-03393-8

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Research progress on laser processing of carbon fiber-reinforced composites

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As an advanced high-performance material, carbon fiber-reinforced composites have become one of the most widely used and important materials among all composites, due to their lightweight, high modulus, high strength, low thermal expansion, and corrosion resistance. They are widely used in aerospace, military weaponry, renewable energy, and sports equipment. As a non-contact processing technology, laser processing has many advantages in the machining of carbon fiber-reinforced composites. However, the significant differences in thermal-physical properties between carbon fibers and the resin matrix present substantial challenges for laser processing. During the laser processing of CFRP materials, a heat-affected zone typically forms, which not only affects processing quality but also reduces processing efficiency. Therefore, reducing and eliminating the heat-affected zone has become a critical issue in the laser processing of CFRP materials. In recent years, extensive research on CFRP laser processing technology has been conducted both domestically and internationally, and this paper will provide a summary. This paper conducts a comprehensive and in-depth study of laser processing of carbon fiber composites and explores the effects of different parameters on the heat-affected zone. Additionally, this paper describes the treatment of carbon fiber composites using multi-energy field-assisted laser processing technology, as well as the modeling and optimization of process performance. Finally, an outlook on the development trends of laser processing of CFRP is provided.

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This study was supported by the Education Department of Jilin Province (Grant No. JJKH20230796KJ).

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Jilin Key Laboratory of Solid-State Laser Technology and Application, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China

Zhao Zheng, Chunting Wu, Xiaotong Yu, Zhonghe Wang & Yao Ma

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Yao Ma, Xiaotong Yu, Zhonghe Wang, and Chunting Wu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zhao Zheng, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Zheng, Z., Wu, C., Yu, X. et al. Research progress on laser processing of carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 134 , 4041–4069 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-14374-1

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Received : 07 February 2024

Accepted : 01 September 2024

Published : 16 September 2024

Issue Date : October 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-14374-1

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