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Planning Argument Writing: E-Waste (Part 1 of 4)

Learn how to create an outline to help you prepare to write an essay. You will read an informational text about technotrash, also called electronic waste or e-waste. Then, you will work on creating an outline that could help you write an argumentative essay about this topic. The outline will include a claim/thesis statement, main ideas, reasons, evidence, counterclaims, and rebuttals.  

This interactive tutorial is part 1 in a 4-part series about writing an argumentative essay. Click below to open the other tutorials in the series.

Part 1 - Planning Argument Writing: E-Waste

Part 2 - Introductions in Argument Writing: E-Waste  

Part 3 - Body Paragraphs in Argument Writing: E-Waste

Part 4 - Conclusions in Argument Writing: E-Waste

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Electronic Thesis/Dissertation

Journal Issue

A Case Against E-Waste: Where One Country's Trash is not Another Country's Treasure: Developing National E-Waste Legislation to Regulate E-Waste Exportation.

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A Case Against E-Waste: Where One Country's Trash is Not Another Country's Treasure: Developing National E-Waste Legislation to Regulate E-Waste ExportationOver the past decade, the proliferation of electronic devices in the waste stream has caused an increase in exportation of used electronics to third world countries. As a result of this exportation, several health and environmental issues have manifested. A large percentage of these wastes are shipped to third world countries where the devices are improperly disposed of either through burning or open disposal. The result of such improper disposal is the release of toxic constituents in to the environment. This paper delves in to detail about the toxicity of electronic components, and examines the health and environmental effects of improper disposal of e-waste in third world countries. After discussing the negative implications that improper disposal of e-waste, the paper will examine the current state and local laws that the United States has regarding e-waste disposal, and will discuss the inherent inadequacies. Included in this discussion is an analysis of the success of various state programs and how a proper disposal or recycling scheme should look. The paper then will examine the current national legislation on hazardous wastes, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Then, this paper examines other nations, and their e-waste legislation including the European WEEE and RoHS schemes, and other countries. Finally, this paper lays out a framework for how national legislation within the United States should look, either by amending RCRA or creating entirely new legislation.

• French, Dominique Cristina
• Legislation
• Master's Thesis
• All rights reserved
• In Copyright
• Environmental Law
• Paddock, Lee
•  https://scholarspace.library.gwu.edu/etd/zg64tm15k

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Electronic waste (e-waste)

• E-waste is one of the fastest growing solid waste streams in the world (1) .
• In 2022, an estimated 62 million tonnes of e-waste were produced globally. Only 22.3% was documented as formally collected and recycled (2) .
• Lead is a common substance released into the environment when e-waste is recycled, stored or dumped using informal activities, including open burning, (3) .
• Informal e-waste recycling activities may have several adverse health effects. Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable.
• ILO and WHO estimate that millions of women and child labourers working in the informal recycling sector globally may be at risk of hazardous e-waste exposures (4,5) .

Every year millions of electrical and electronic devices are discarded as products break or become obsolete and are thrown away. These discarded devices are considered e-waste and can become a threat to health and the environment if they are not disposed of and recycled appropriately.

Common items in e-waste streams include computers, mobile phones, large household appliances, and medical equipment. Millions of tonnes of e-waste are recycled using unsound activities, as well as being stored in homes and warehouses, dumped, and illegally exported. When e-waste is recycling using unsound activities, it can release up to 1000 different chemical substances into the environment, including known neurotoxicants such as lead  (3) . Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable due to their pathways of exposure and developmental status. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 16.5 million children were working in the industrial sector in 2020, of which waste processing is a subsector  (4) .

Scope of the problem

Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing solid waste streams in the world (1) . Less than a quarter of e-waste produced globally in 2022 was known to be formally recycled; however, e-waste streams contain valuable and finite resources that can be reused if they are recycled appropriately. E-waste has therefore become an important income stream for individuals and some communities. People living in low- and middle-income (LMICs), particularly children, face the most significant risks from e-waste due to lack of appropriate regulations and enforcement, recycling infrastructure and training. Despite international regulations targeting the control of the transport of e-waste from one country to another, its transboundary movement to LMICs continues, frequently illegally. E-waste is considered hazardous waste   as it contains toxic materials and can produce toxic chemicals when recycled inappropriately. Many of these toxic materials are known or suspected to cause harm to human health, and several are included in the  10 chemicals of public health concern , including dioxins, lead and mercury. Inferior recycling of e-waste is a threat to public health and safety. 

Exposure to e-waste

Electrical and electronic items contain many different toxic substances. Users are unlikely to have contact with these substances while the items are functional. When they become waste, these toxicants can be released into the environment if the devices are managed using environmentally-unsound practices and activities. Many unsound practices have been observed at e-waste sites including: 

• dumping on land or in water bodies 
• landfilling along with regular waste 
• opening burning or heating 
• acid baths or acid leaching   
• stripping and shredding plastic coatings
• manual disassembly of equipment.  

These activities are considered hazardous to the environment and health as they release toxic pollutants, contaminating the air, soil, dust, and water at recycling sites and in neighbouring communities. Open burning and heating are considered the most hazardous activities due to the toxic fumes created. Once in the environment, these toxic pollutants can travel significant distances from the point of pollution, exposing people in faraway areas to hazardous substances.  

Children are the most vulnerable

Epidemiological research has posed several adverse health outcomes linked to informal and unsound e-waste recycling activities. 

Children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable to the effects of hazardous pollutants from informal e-waste recycling activities. Children are often involved in waste picking and scavenging, burning discarded e-waste and the manual dismantlement of items into component parts. In some countries, children may serve as a source of cheap labour and their small hands give them an advantage in taking apart the smallest items. These activities directly expose children to injury and high levels of hazardous substances. Working as a waste picker is hazardous labour and is considered one of the worst forms of child labour by the ILO. In 2020, the ILO estimated that as many as 16.5 million children globally were working in the industrial sector, of which waste processing is a subsector (4) . It is unknown how many child labourers participate in informal e-waste recycling.  

E-waste exposure may be linked to the following health effects during pregnancy and in infants and children:

• adverse neonatal outcomes , including increased rates of stillbirth and premature birth;
• neurodevelopment, learning and behaviour outcomes , especially associated with lead released through informal e-waste recycling activities;
• reduced lung and respiratory function and increased asthma incidence , which may be linked to high levels of contaminated air pollution that characterize many e-waste recycling sites.

Children and pregnant women are at high risk to hazardous substances released through informal e-waste recycling activities due to their unique vulnerabilities. Children have different exposures to e-waste recycling activities than adults. E-waste recycling activities release toxic chemicals that can cross the placenta and may contaminate breastmilk, for example mercury. Fetuses and young children are highly sensitive to many pollutants released through e-waste recycling due to their rapidly developing bodies, including their respiratory, immune and central nervous systems. E-waste contains several known neurotoxicants, including lead and mercury, that may disrupt the development of the central nervous system during pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adolescence. Some harmful toxicants from e-waste may also impact the structural development and function of the lungs. Changes to children’s developing systems may cause irreparable harm and affect them for the rest of their lives.

Prevention and management

National and international actions are essential to protect communities from unsound e-waste recycling activities. Actions that can be taken include: 

• adopting and enforcing high-level international agreements; 
• developing and implementing national e-waste management legislation that protects public health; 
• incorporating health protection measures into national legislation; 
• monitoring e-waste sites and surrounding communities; 
• implementing and monitoring interventions that improve informal e-waste recycling activities, protect public health and ensure vital sources of community revenue; 
• educating health workers across all levels on e-waste-related child health issues; 
• eliminating child labour.

International agreements

The Basel Convention controls the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal. It is a comprehensive environmental agreement that aims to tackle issues surrounding hazardous wastes, including e-waste and its management. In 2019, the Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention entered into force. It prohibits the movement of hazardous wastes, including e-waste, from countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission countries and Liechtenstein to other states that are party to the Convention. The Basel Convention runs programmes and workshops to develop and deliver guidance on environmentally sound management of e-waste. It also provides states with guidelines to distinguish between waste and non-waste and the transboundary movement of e-waste. Regional conventions also exist, including the Bamako Convention and the Waigani Convention. Both regional conventions arose in response to the Basel Convention and aim to further restrict the movement of hazardous wastes, including e-waste, in African and South Pacific countries, respectively.

WHO response

World Health Organization’s (WHO) Initiative on E-waste and Child Health is contributing to a number of international e-waste programmes and pilot projects in countries in Latin America and Africa. These projects are developing frameworks to protect children’s health from e-waste exposures that can be adapted and replicated in other countries and settings. The Initiative aims to:

• increase access to evidence, knowledge and awareness of the health effects of e-waste
• improve health sector capacity to manage and prevent risks
• facilitate monitoring and evaluation of e-waste exposures and interventions that protect health.

In 2021, WHO released its first global report on e-waste and child health , which called for greater effective and binding action to protect children from the growing threat. WHO has developed training tools for the health sector, including a training package for health care providers , including a specific training module on e-waste and child health . Additionally, WHO contributes to multi-agency capacity training tools, including a MOOC , a joint course with PAHO and the UNICEF-WHO Introduction to Children's Environmental Health .

• Tackling informality in e-waste management: the potential of cooperative enterprises. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 2014 ( https://www.ilo.org/sector/Resources/publications/WCMS_315228/lang--en/index.htm )
• Balde CP, Kuehr R, Yamamoto T, McDonald R, D’Angelo E, Althaf S et al. The Global E-waste Monitor 2024. Bonn, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Institute for Training and Resources; 2024 ( https://ewastemonitor.info/ ).
• Widmer R, Oswald-Krapf H, Sinha-Khetriwal D, Schnellmann M, Böni H. Global perspectives on e-waste. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2005;25(5):436-458.
• Child labour: global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 2021 ( https://www.ilo.org/ipec/ChildlabourstatisticsSIMPOC/lang--en/index.htm ).
• Children and digital dumpsites: e-waste exposure and child health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 ( https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/341718 ).
• WHO's work on children's environmental health
• WHO Initiative on E-waste and Child Health (leaflet)
• Children and digital dumpsites: e-waste exposure and child health
• UNICEF-WHO Introduction to Children’s Environmental Health
• Preventing impacts of electronic waste on child health
• E-waste and child health
• International Lead Poisoning Prevention Week
• Children and digital dumpsites: smaller hands, cheaper labour – the crisis of e-waste and children’s health
• PAHO online training course on e-waste

E-waste and its sustainable management

• Master of Applied Science
• Environmental Applied Science and Management

Granting Institution

Lac thesis type.

• Thesis Project

Usage metrics

• Waste management (including agricultural waste)

Embargoed and Restricted Access

Reason: Under embargo until 17 January 2025. After this date a copy can be supplied under Section 51(2) of the Australian Copyright Act 1968 by submitting a document delivery request through your library

Development of Electronic Waste (e-waste) Management and Coarse PCB-Particles Based Processing Techniques in Developing Countries

Campus location, principal supervisor, additional supervisor 1, additional supervisor 2, year of award, department, school or centre, degree type, usage metrics.

• Hydrometallurgy
• Waste management, reduction, reuse and recycling

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Past and emerging topics related to electronic waste management: top countries, trends, and perspectives

• Research Article
• Published: 18 April 2019
• Volume 26 , pages 17135–17151, ( 2019 )

Cite this article

• Daniel Fernandes Andrade 1 ,
• João Paulo Romanelli 2 &
• Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-0278 1  

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51 Citations

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A bibliometric analysis was performed to assess historical and recent research trends regarding e-waste studies from 1998 to 2018. Documents related to e-waste were identified from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science© (WoS) database, and a total of 3311 academic articles was retrieved. The analysis was performed from four main aspects: (1) publication activity by year, by WoS category, and by geographic distribution; (2) journals; (3) most-cited papers; and (4) top 10 countries and author keyword analysis. The number of publications concerning e-waste issues has increased substantially over the last 20 years, especially in the environmental science category, and more than a third of the publications were produced in China (1181 records). Waste Management and Environmental Science & Technology were the most sought-after journals for disseminating the results. Studies related to “e-waste flow analysis,” “recycling,” “recovery of precious metals,” and “risk assessment of recycling areas” have been the most common for several years. The analysis of keywords suggested that there are many topics on electronic waste and that each country has presented a different focus of research. Overall, the bibliometric analysis proved to be an efficient tool with which to monitor historical and current research trends and to evaluate the sheer volume of currently existing scientific literature on e-waste topics.

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The authors are grateful to the Research Foundation of São Paulo (Fapesp, grants 2016/17304-0 and 2016/01513-0), which supported this study and to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq for financially supporting this work (Projects 401074/2014-5, 305637/2015-0). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Andrade, D.F., Romanelli, J.P. & Pereira-Filho, E.R. Past and emerging topics related to electronic waste management: top countries, trends, and perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26 , 17135–17151 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05089-y

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Challenges and opportunities in the management of electronic waste and its impact on human health and environment.

1. Introduction

2. digitalization and the boom in global mining, 3. e-waste pollution: a global challenge, 4. sustainable approaches towards effective e-waste management, 4.1. reuse of e-waste, 4.1.1. refurbishing e-waste, 4.1.2. e-waste in construction industry, 4.1.3. e-waste plastics for cell culture applications, 4.2. recycling of e-waste, 4.3. urban mining of e-waste for resource recovery, 4.4. physical, electrochemical, and biotechnological approaches for metal recovery from e-waste, 4.5. energy recovery from e-waste plastics through pyrolysis, 4.6. clean hydrogen fuel extraction from e-waste by gasification, 5. ecofriendly product design and manufacturing as an alternative solution, 6. importance of policies to combat the challenges of e-waste management, 7. conclusions, author contributions, conflicts of interest.

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Ghulam, S.T.; Abushammala, H. Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Electronic Waste and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment. Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031837

Ghulam ST, Abushammala H. Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Electronic Waste and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment. Sustainability . 2023; 15(3):1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031837

Ghulam, Salma Taqi, and Hatem Abushammala. 2023. "Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Electronic Waste and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031837

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Masters Theses

Modeling and improvement of electronic waste collection system: case study at grand valley state university.

Quang Tran Nhat Nguyen , Grand Valley State University

Date Approved

Graduate degree type, degree name.

Engineering (M.S.E.)

Degree Program

School of Engineering

First Advisor

Second advisor.

Arjumand Ali

Third Advisor

Shirley Fleischmann

Fourth Advisor

Sung-Hwan Joo

Academic Year

Accelerated and advanced development of the electronics industry in the 21st century is creating the rapid obsolescence of electrical and electronic equipment. This causes one of the largest and unstoppable waste streams called electronic waste (e-waste). There have been obstacles in e-waste recycling, including the existence of the informal sector such as peddlers (a larger issue in developing countries) and insufficient consumer awareness. The ideal e-waste recycling system would be able to overcome these obstacles. To establish an effective e-waste recycling system, the first important step is to implement an e-waste collection system. To implement an e-waste collection system, many organizations such as companies, universities, and neighborhoods have found it difficult to determine the consumers’ willingness to participate in e-waste collection and to estimate the amount of e-waste that would be collected. This thesis introduces a model that can be used to determine consumers’ willingness to participate in e-waste recycling and estimate the amount of electronic waste that could be collected. After that, the next step to improve an e-waste collection system can be planned based on the factors that affect the consumers’ willingness to participate in e-waste recycling and the estimated amount of e-waste that would be collected. The methods that were used in the existing studies including the formulations for estimating the amount of e-waste were modified to fit correctly into the proposed model. The purpose of the thesis is applying the model to improve e-waste collection in an educational institution community by identifying the willingness of students, faculty, and university staff members to participate in ewaste recycling in this community, estimating the collected amount of e-waste, and recommending the next step based on the consumers’ willingness and estimated amount of e-waste.

ScholarWorks Citation

Nguyen, Quang Tran Nhat, "Modeling and Improvement of Electronic Waste Collection System: Case Study at Grand Valley State University" (2019). Masters Theses . 960. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/960

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(In) formality in E-waste Movement and Management in the Global Economy

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• Global Development Institute

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E-WASTE MANAGEMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTING PRACTICES IN SELECTED ENGINEERING UNIVERSITIES OF METRO MANILA

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Electronic waste (e-waste) is the fastest-growing class of waste because of the remarkable demand for various electronic gadgets such as mobiles and laptops. Moreover, its improper disposal is life-threatening because it includes hundreds of different substances, many of which are toxic elements and pollutants that can leach to soil and surface and groundwater or be emitted into the air, causing a major negative impact on the environment and public health. As a result, studies on the sustainable management of e-waste have gained increasing attention from researchers globally in the last decade to explore practical strategies to reduce or utilize this special waste. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the major aspects of e-waste, including its definition, composition, and the impact of its end-of-life disposal on human health and the environment, while also focusing on some practical sustainable solutions and strategies toward effective e-waste management. It wi...

The discarded electronic items and gadgets which possesses no use are describes as electronic waste or e-waste. Exposure to these is disastrous due to the presence of hazardous and non – biodegradable substances present in them. The rate of generation of e-waste is not only a problem of both developing and developed countries. The exposure of e-waste causes various diseases such as hard metal lung diseases, berylliosis, Minamata disease, itai-itai disease etc. The hazardous components of e-waste not only affect human lives but also result in environmental degradation causing air, water and soil pollution. These consequences can be attributed to the dangerous discharges of lead, mercury, cadmium, etc. from the waste. Landfilling, incineration, recycling and bioremediation are some of the techniques used to treat e-waste. This review article overviews the scenario of e-waste generation, the health and environmental consequences caused and mechanisms to treat the e-waste production.

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Waste electrical and electronic equipment is a rapidly growing problem worldwide and can cause environmental and health problems due to its content of hazardous materials such as heavy metals and others. On the other hand, awareness and recycling of e-waste is an important issue to ensure the successful management, classification and sorting of e-waste according to international standards. This study provides information on the knowledge, awareness and behavior of university students in dealing with, disposal, recycling and management of waste electrical and electronic equipment, as measured through a field survey in the form of an electronic questionnaire for students of the Faculty of Public Health (University of Benghazi) from the three departments: Nutrition, Environmental Health and Health Services Administration For the third and fourth years in the first months of 2022, a regular random sample of 250 students was selected from a total of 568 students. The main results of the study indicate that 60% of the sample is familiar with the concept of electrical and electronic waste. Most of the participants believe that e-waste has health and environmental risks (80.8%), and most participants would like to recycle e-waste (81.2%) and participate in the recycling program provided that the authorities establish awareness programs about the importance of treatment and recycling (53.6%) of this waste. In addition to setting up a comprehensive mechanism for collecting and sorting e-waste and then transferring it to a body designated to deal with it, imposing fines for dumping e-waste in streets and public squares, and creating awareness through workshops and media awareness about the dangers of e-waste and how to treat it.

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