unsw cse thesis

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Thesis Part A (CSE) - BIOM5950

Faculty:   Faculty of Engineering

School:   Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering

Course Outline:   http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/thesis/

Campus:  Sydney

Career:  Undergraduate

Units of Credit:  6

EFTSL:  0.12500  (more info)

Indicative Contact Hours per Week:  1

Enrolment Requirements:

Prerequisite: Completion of at least 126uc in program 3728 or 3757.

Excluded:  BIOM5920, COMP4910

CSS Contribution Charge:  2  (more info)

Tuition Fee:   See Tuition Fee Schedule

Further Information:   See Class Timetable

View course information for previous years .

Description

Study Levels

UNSW Quick Links

A Small Guide to Writing Your Thesis

Kevin Elphinstone

This is not intended to be a definitive guide to scientific authorship. There are many other guides available that are more comprehensive, both on the internet and in print. I suggest you refer to one or more of them before beginning to author a thesis.

This guide was motivated by reading many draft theses and the observation that most first-time thesis writers make very similar mistakes.  One  goal of this guide is mostly self-serving, it 's to avoid me spending my entire life repeating the same advice to every student whose draft thesis I receive. However, following this guide has advantages for both me and the thesis writer. It will allow me to spend my time concentrating on providing clear technical feedback, and not sounding like a tedious tape recording that is played independently of the submitted document. Heeding the advice contained herein is likely to produce a better thesis than simply taking a hit and miss approach. 

Prerequisites

Before submitting a draft to me, I expect the following work to be done.

• The thesis has a title and an author. You have seen my office,  your thesis will be placed in it at some point. You increase the odds dramatically of your thesis being found again if it is not an anonymous, untitled, pile of paper amongst all the other paper.
• The thesis has page numbers. Have you ever tried to piece together a 50+ page document without page numbers? I don't plan to!
• There are section headings and a table of contents. Like a long journey, a large document needs navigation aids to help steer the intrepid reader along the way. Don't risk me getting lost trying to find something.
• There is a bibliography with citations that are correct where cited . Have you ever tried checking the reference [?] ?

And most importantly

• The thesis has been spell checked, and proofread for clarity and grammatical correctness.

If you are too lazy to go to the trouble to provide me with a coherent document mostly free of inconsequential distractions (simple typos, etc.), then I will not read it.

The Thesis Itself

Simplistically, a thesis is a proposition advanced or position taken, that is then substantiated by argument or experiment.  A dissertation, the document that embodies the proposed thesis and substantiation, is also termed thesis. However,  thesis is not a fancy name for a report, or pile of paper. A thesis is expected to contain exactly that described above, a proposed position or solution, and a methodical substantiation. Avoid the common mistake of writing a chronological report of all the work you did. This is a good way to waste my time, and miss your chance to get feedback on the real thesis.

You should also note that a thesis is not a collection of ideas. A thesis has a single theme that is obvious from the start to the end of the document . If there is no obvious theme, you should seriously ask yourself why? Potential answers include a simple lack of coherent structure (the thesis is in there, but your hiding it), attempting more than one thesis (avoid tackling too many problems in too little detail), and having no clear thesis at all. Avoid the "build and experiment without clear reason" approach to research, you should identify the thesis prior to starting, not after supposedly finishing.

Contents    

Theses usually have an expected format. You should not stick rigidly to a standard format (show initiative and creativity), however you also should not deviate significantly from it. The more you deviate, the more you will have to lead the reader through your thesis. Don't risk losing the reader by trying to be "clever".

The standard thesis looks something like

Introduction

• Background & Related Work

Proposed Solution

Experimental results.

Now looking at each section in detail

A reader of the introduction should be able to answer the following questions, although not in any depth.

• What is the thesis about?
• Why is it relevant or important?
• What are the issues or problems?
• What is the proposed solution or approach?
• What can one expect in the rest of the thesis?

State what the thesis is about early. Don't keep the reader guessing until the end of the introduction, or worse, the end of the thesis (don't laugh, I have read draft theses that left me wondering after reading the entire document). You should provide a brief and gentle overview of the thesis topic (or problem) to give the reader enough context  to understand the rest of the introduction. Don't overwhelm the reader with detail at the start. You will provide the details later elsewhere in the thesis. Target the level of writing at one of your peers, but not necessarily somebody working in the same area.

State why the topic is important. Address the "so what?" criteria. Why are you working on the topic? Why should somebody else be interested? Your motivation should be obvious after the introduction, but not necessarily provably so at this point.

State what the major issues are in solving your problem. Coherently overview the issues in enough detail to be able to understand they exist, but don't go into details yet or attempt to prove they exist. The overview should be in just enough depth to understand why you might propose the your particular solution or approach you are taking.

Describe your proposed solution or position your taking. Again, you should not go into minute details, nor should you attempt to prove your solution at this point; the remainder of the thesis will describe and substantiate your solution in detail, that what a thesis is :-)

At this point the reader will know what your working on, why, what are the major issues, and what your proposed solution is, but usually only if he takes your word for it. You should outline what the reader should expect in the rest of the thesis. This is not just the table of contents in sentence form, it is an overview of the remainder of the thesis so the reader knows what to expect.

Related Work and Background

The related work section (sometimes called literature review ) is just that, a review of work related to the problem you are attempting to solve. It should identify and evaluate past approaches to the problem. It should also identify similar solutions to yours that have been applied to other problems not necessarily directly related to the one your solving. Reviewing the successes or limitations of your proposed solution in other contexts provides important understanding that should result in avoiding past mistakes, taking advantage of previous successes, and most importantly, potentially improving your solution or the technique in general when applied in your context and others.  In addition to the obvious purpose indicated, the related work section also can serve to:

• justify that the problem exists by example and argument,
• motivate interest in your work by demonstrating relevance and importance,
• identify the important issues,
• and provide background to your solution.

Any remaining doubts over the existence, justification, motivation, or relevance of your thesis topic or problem at the end of the introduction should be gone by the end of related work section.

Note that a literature review is just that, a review. It is not a list of papers and a description of their contents! A literature review should critique, categorize, evaluate, and summarize work related to your thesis. Related work is also not a brain dump of everything you know in the field. You are not writing a textbook; only include information directly related to your topic, problem, or solution.

At this point the reader will have enough background (from the related work and introduction) to begin a detailed problem analysis and solution proposal. You should clearly identify in detail what the problem is, what you believe are the important issues, describe your proposed solution to the problem, and demonstrate why you believe your particular proposal is worth exploring. Note you might have one or more variants that are worth exploring. This is okay assuming you have time to explore them as they can be compared experimentally if you cannot clearly justify the preference for a particular varient.

You must also clearly identify what the outstanding issues are with your solution. These are the issues that must be resolved by experiment. If you don't need to experiment, you must have proved your solution correct. This situation occurs in mathematics, but it is rare in operating systems. 

The reader now knows your proposed solution(s), understands the problem in detail, and knows what are the outstanding issues. You can now introduce the experiments you used to resolve the outstanding issues in your solution. You must describe how these experiments resolve the outstanding issues. Experiments without clear motivation why they were conducted are a waste of paper, give me an interesting novel to read if you really feel compelled to give me dead trees.

Describe the experimental set up in such a way that somebody could reproduce your results. This should be aimed at the level of somebody externally tackling the same problem, using your solution, and wanting to verify your results. This should not be targeted at the level of somebody within the local group, using your code, on our machines. Details such as  "do blah on machine X to get machine Y to perform monitor" should not be in a thesis. Such information is useful, but make it available outside your thesis.

Present the results in a comprehendible manner. Describe them in words. Don't simply include ten pages of tables and graphs. Again, buy me a book instead. Make sure that the tables and graphs have clear labels, scales, keys, and captions.   

This section takes the outstanding issues you previously identified, the experimental results, and analyzes them. Did the experimental results substantiate your solution, and how do they substantiate your solution. Where the results what you expected? Did the experiments create new issues? If so, identify them.

By the end of this section the reader should know how your proposed solution worked out. The reader should know what issues were resolve, what the resolution was, and what issues remain. 

Recap on your thesis. It has been a long journey if the reader has made it this far. Remind the reader what the big picture was. Briefly outline your thesis, motivation, problem, and proposed solution.

Now the most important part, draw conclusions based on your analysis. Did your proposed solution work? What are the strong points? What are the limitations?

Significant issues identified in the thesis, or still outstanding after the thesis, should be describe as future work.

After Completing the Draft

It is normal for most thesis authors to get lost in the details while writing such a large and detailed work. I highly recommend forgetting your thesis for at least a day or so (a week is recommended). Take a break, play sport, learn to parachute, read a book, just do something that distracts you completely from the job at hand. After taking a break, read the thesis from front to back in one attempt. Use a pen and critically review your own work, but don't distract yourself from reading by immediately fixing the thesis when you find problems. Ask yourself does the thesis convey the big picture, are the details comprehensible, are there holes in your arguments, is there irrelevant stuff in there, is there relevant stuff missing? You will be surprised what you find the first time you read from front to back after taking a break from the thesis.

At this point you should have a coherent document that you can be proud of, and I am now quite happy to proofread your thesis :-)

Second Opinions

I recommend getting a second opinion when dealing with any doctors :-)

Here are some links you may find useful in no particular order.

Current Topics

I will be supervising 4th-year thesis students in 2011. I'm currently offering the following topics:

• Mapping WebCMS to Moodle
• UNSW Course Advisor
• Seminar Database
• A System to Assist with Tutor Allocation
• Research Portal Builder
• Comparative Study of Database Approaches
• Assignment Submission and Assessment for WebCMS

I am happy to entertain student-initiated projects. If you have a clever idea and think it can be developed into a Thesis Project, then make a suggestion. If it's a bit small for a thesis, you might consider a COMP3901 Special Project .

Nowadays, everyone knows how to build database-backed web sites. I'm not interested in supervising "just another web interface". I want systems that are innovative, robust, with a decent interface and which ultimately can be used for an extended period by CSE or UNSW for real work. You'll also be expected to evaluate your system on real users, so I want it completed by early in the second session of your enrolment.

Former Students

(Reverese chronological order; alphabetical within semesters)

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For former, current and future students or staff to discuss UNSW.

How CSE thesis marks are counted

Does anyone know how CSE thesis marks are counted? It comes in 3 courses Thesis A/B/C and you'll only get a final mark after thesis C (A and B would appear as EC). So when calculating your WAM, is it 3 ThesisMark or 1 ThesisMark?

Also when applying for PhD scholarship, do they count your last year in Bachelor's and your honours WAM, or do they just count the two years before you finished your honours? Asking this because I'm taking 4 terms to finish honours and idk how to interpret "marks in 3rd year and 4th year" for scholarship consideration.

Thanks for any help : )

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CSE Thesis Topics

Enrolment options.

This is a special Moodle site setup for managing the CSE thesis topic database for staff and students. 

Self Enrolment (Instructor)

Self enrolment (grading tutor), self enrolment (auditor), self enrolment (student).

COMP4951 21T3

Course outline.

• Thesis A Marking Criteria
• Week-by-week

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Introduction

The School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) administers final year thesis reports in single, combined, and concurrent degree programs for the BE (Computer Engineering), BE (Software Engineering), BE (Bioinformatics), BSc (Computer Science Honours).

Contacts and Course Web Sites

The first point of contact for all thesis enquiries:

• Dr. Jing Hsu - Thesis course administrator ( [email protected] )
• Assoc. Prof. Chun Tung Chou - Thesis coordinator ( [email protected] )

The thesis administration related enquiries should be sent to [email protected] (cc’ing [email protected] ) . We will help you through all policy related matters, including thesis extensions, late penalties, result submission, and reassessment coordination.

As a general rule, all templates and reference materials regarding the thesis will be made available through UNSW Moodle Web sites created for thesis students. You can also utilize the forum to communicate with your fellow thesis students and the Thesis Coordinator.

The Thesis Coordinator can help you with generic academic guidance and any other thesis-related matters that you need some advice/discussion independently of your supervisor. However, your supervisor is the main person to talk to in all matters relating to conducting your thesis.

Course Aims and Learning Outcomes

Course Aims

The thesis provides an opportunity for you to bring together engineering principles learned over the previous years of study, and apply these principles to innovatively solve problems such as the development of a specific design and/or the investigation of a hypothesis. Thesis projects are complex, open-ended problems that allow room for your creativity, and the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of results. Typically, the project you work with will have multiple possible solutions or conclusions and sufficient complexity to require a degree of project planning. The thesis requires you to formulate problems in engineering terms, manage an engineering project and find solutions by applying engineering methods. You will also develop an ability to work in a research and development environment.

Course Learning Outcomes

At the conclusion of this course, students should be able to:

• Carry out a project following industry and professional engineering standards and methods. (7, 8, 9, 10)
• Critically reflect on a specialist body of knowledge related to a topic. (2, 3)
• Apply scientific and engineering methods to solve an engineering problem. (7)
• Analyse data objectively using quantitative and mathematical methods. (2, 7, 8)
• Demonstrate oral and written communication in professional and lay domains. (12)
• Ability to complete complex tasks through effective planning and communication (13, 14, 15)

*Note: cross reference the numbers in brackets to the BE (Hons) Program Learning Outcomes in Appendix A.

Course Overview

Pre-requisites

• for BE students, you must have completed at least 75% of Stage 3 (ie. approximately 132 units of credit must be completed before enrolling in Thesis Part A).
• for CS students, you must be enrolled in the first semester of Computer Science Honours

Undergraduate theses are unusual (compared to other courses) in that they consist of a single piece of work spread over three courses: Part A, Part B and Part C. The three parts have quite different outcomes and assessment, which are described in detail below, but which can be summarised as:

• aims: understand the problem, develop a plan, start working on solution
• assessment items: presentation in week 8, initial report in week 11
• aims: complete part of the solution, evaluate it, and demonstrate your partial solution
• assessment items: demonstration in week 11
• aims: complete the solution, evaluate it, write up the whole project
• assessment items: project demonstration in week 8, final report in week 11

Students with excellent academic records and who perform exceptionally (HD grade) in Thesis A may be permitted to do Thesis B and C together in a single term. However, for students who do both Thesis B and Thesis C in one term there are different deadlines for Thesis B deliverables:

• assessment items: preliminary demonstration in week 4

Through the thesis, you will put into practice the knowledge and skills that you've learned in your study up to this point. You do this by investigating a research topic, developing a significant software/hardware system, or some combination of these. All topics will require you to carry out the same basic set of six tasks:

• Define the problem: with the topic description as starting point, you need to describe in more detail what the problems are or what the product is. You also need to motivate the work and say why it is important that it should be done.
• Survey the literature: you need to determine what the key developments in the area are, and in particular, how they relate to your topic. Describe, compare and analyse the `competition.
• Present your options: describe and compare the alternative methods that could be applied to solve the problems that you have identified, or the (alternative) steps involved in making the product. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods.
• Plan your attack: decide on the method(s) that are most appropriate, and justify your decision(s). Plan how you will do the work, and check with your supervisor that your plan is realistic. Note that you will be using this plan in Thesis Part B.
• Solve the problem: carry out your plan and either develop a solution to the research problem, or build the system.
• Evaluate your solution: justify why your solution is a good solution. For a theory problem, this may already be clear from the solution (proof) itself. For other kinds of research problems, you might do some complexity analysis or build a simulation. For software development, you need to carry out a testing plan which analyses relevant aspects of the system such as correctness, performance, usability, etc.

Deliverables and Assessment

An overview of the assessment items is described below. Refer to the course Web site for full marking criteria details of each assessment item.

For the exact due dates/times, refer to the Due Dates/Submission pages on the site.

• Thesis Seminar Presentation (during Week 8) (25%): Make a 30-minute presentation about your Thesis A topic and the plan
• Thesis A Written Report (Wednesday Week 11) (75%)

A mark out of 100 will be returned by your supervisor and the assessor. Your thesis A mark is the average of your supervisor’s mark and assessor’s mark. It will contribute 20% towards your final thesis mark. In your UNSW academic transcript, Thesis A is graded as Enrolment Continuing/Discontinuing. You must pass both the written report and the seminar to receive an Enrolment Continuing(EC) grade in Thesis A.

• Thesis Seminar Presentation (during Week 11) (100%): Make a 30-minute presentation about your preliminary outcome and the plan for the rest of the thesis

A mark out of 100 will be returned by your supervisor and the assessor. Your thesis B mark is the average of your supervisor’s mark and assessor’s mark. It will contribute 5% towards your final thesis mark. In your UNSW academic transcript, Thesis B is graded as Enrolment Continuing/Discontinuing.

• Thesis Demonstration/Presentation (During Week 8) (10%): Make a 30-minute presentation about the final outcome of your thesis. This could be a demonstration of your system built or a presentation of your theoretical work.
• Final Thesis Report (Week 11) (90%): The final Thesis Report is often called simply "The Thesis".
• Thesis Summary/Abstract (Wednesday Week 11): Along with the report, you are required to submit a 150-word summary of your thesis. This summary is going to be published in the CSE Thesis Digital Archive.

A mark out of 100 will be returned by your supervisor and the assessor. Your thesis C mark is the average of your supervisor’s mark and assessor’s mark. It will contribute 70% towards your final thesis mark.

Participation:

• Participation is a component of Thesis C but assessed by the supervisor only.
• The supervisor gives the participation marks based on student participation (contact frequency with the supervisor, efforts made, etc) during the entire thesis process.

A mark out of 100 will be returned by your supervisor.

The final thesis mark is computed as follows:

ThesisASeminar = mark out of 100

ThesisAReport = mark out of 100

ThesisASeminar = (ThesisASeminarMarkSupervisor + ThesisASeminarMarkAssessor)/2

ThesisAReport = (ThesisAReportMarkSupervisor +ThesisAReportMarkAssessor)/2

ThesisAMark = 0.75*ThesisAReport + 0.25*ThesisASeminar

ThesisAGrade = EC, if ThesisAMark >= 50; FL, otherwise

ThesisBMark = mark out of 100

ThesisBMark = (ThesisBMarkSupervisor + ThesisBMarkAssessor) / 2

ThesisBGrade = EC, if ThesisBMark >= 50; FL, otherwise

ThesisCDemo = mark out of 100

ThesisCReport = mark out of 100

ThesisCDemo = (ThesisCDemoMarkSupervisor + ThesisCDemoMarkAssessor)/2

ThesisCReport = (ThesisCReportMarkSupervisor + ThesisCReportMarkAssessor)/2

ThesisCMark = 0.1*ThesisCDemo + 0.9*ThesisCReport

ParticipationMark = mark out of 100

Final Mark:

FinalMark = 0.2*ThesisAMark + 0.05*ThesisBMark + 0.7*ThesisCMark + 0.05*ParticipationMark

FinalGrade = HD|DN|CR|PS|FL, determined by FinalMark

For example:

ThesisASeminar= 80

ThesisAReport= 88

ThesisAMark = 0.25*80 + 0.75*88 = 86

ThesisBMark = 82

ThesisCDemo= 90

ThesisCReport= 80

ThesisCMark = 0.1*90+ 0.9*80 = 81

ParticipationMark = 80

FinalMark = 0.2*86 + 0.05*82 + 0.7*81 + 0.05*80 = 82 (not including late penalty)

Thesis Showcase

After the Thesis C demonstrations, the Thesis Coordinator will invite students to demonstrate their work at an evening showcase event attended by academic staff, other students and industry representatives. The showcase is scheduled on Thursday evening of Week 12. The showcase students must provide a poster which summaries their thesis work by Wednesday Week 12.

Late Penalties, Extensions, and Special Consideration

Any student who doesn't attend their Thesis A seminar/submit their presentation slides or submits their report by the due date will receive an Absent Fail grade and will be required to re-enroll the following semester. Special Consideration can be sought in the usual manner, by submitting an application within the required time to Student Central (see below for more details on Special Consideration) .

Any student who does not present their Thesis B seminar and submit their demo slides by the due date will receive an Absent Fail grade and will be required to re-enroll the following semester. Special Consideration can be sought in the usual manner, by submitting an application within the required time to Student Central (see below for more details on Special Consideration) .

Application for an Extension

If you are going to submit your thesis late then you should notify the Thesis Administration ([email protected]) and submit a written request. Submit a special consideration (extension request) via UNSW Student Central. You should include the thesis extension form (found in the Course Resources section) - and any relevant documentation such as a medical certificate.

Note that if you submit late then you will automatically incur a late penalty unless you have specifically applied for and been granted an exemption from the late penalty in advance (see below).

Late Penalty

The penalty for submitting late will be applied as follows:

• For all other assessment items besides Thesis C report - zero (0) awarded
• For Thesis C report (aka the thesis) - 5 marks off the Thesis C mark (ThesisCMark) for every day late (weekends count as days). The penalty applies only if the Thesis C mark is greater than 50. The penalty applies until the Thesis C mark decreases to 50. Further lateness does not result in failure of the course.
• Example 1, if the Thesis C mark is 77, but the Thesis C report was turned in 5 days late, the final Thesis C mark will be 52 (77-5*5).
• Example 2, if the Thesis C mark is 77, but the Thesis C report was turned in 6 days late, the final Thesis C mark will be 50.

Application for an Exemption to a Late Penalty

An exemption from the late penalty is only granted in extenuating circumstances, e.g. prolonged sickness or major equipment or supply delays. These circumstances must be documented, and the documentation must clearly show how the work was affected.

if you require an extension because of major equipment or supply delays, or an illness or family circumstances (for example), you should apply for an exemption from the late penalty in the following way:

1. Fill in the thesis extension request form (found in the Course Resources section)

2. Apply for Special Consideration via Student Central.

3. Submit a copy of the extension request form and any other relevant supporting documentation to Student Central

4. Make sure your supervisor is fully informed of your circumstances.

5. You will receive a confirmation email, copied to your supervisor and assessor, outlining the new deadline and penalty conditions.

In all cases, the School will get back to you with a decision via an email to your CSE account.

UNSW Special Consideration Policy

Reassessment Procedure

The Thesis Part C mark may be queried by a student. Before doing so, the student should be aware of the following:

Thesis Part C reports are marked by the supervisor and assessor independently. The final mark is determined by an average of these two marks, less any penalties. The supervisor and assessor do not apply any (or exempt) mark penalties for lateness. Late penalties are applied by Thesis Administration after consultation with the Thesis Coordinator after the submission of the marks to the Student Office.

Supervisors and assessors can modify their mark after submission via an email to Thesis Administration ([email protected]) but must justify the change to the Thesis Coordinator once final results have been released to students. The student's CSE weighted average or eligibility for honours are not sufficient grounds to justify a marked change or a request for revision of the final mark.

An application for review must be made not later than 15 working days from the date of official results notification to students. After a review of the mark, the mark may be either increased or decreased .

Thesis Report Review

If a student feels that an error has been made in marking the thesis report, then the following action should be carried out:

1. The student should email the Thesis Administration ([email protected]) and explain the error. If the error is clear Thesis Administration will make arrangements for the mark to be corrected, otherwise students will be directed to step 2.

2. The student should see both the supervisor and assessor, together or separately, and request both to review their assessment of the report.

3. If the academics deem the request reasonable, both should review their assessment independently, and forward a report to Thesis Administration ([email protected]).

4. Thesis Administration will inform the student of the Thesis Report Review outcome after discussion with the Thesis Coordinator.

Thesis Coordinator Review

If the student is not content with the result of the Thesis Report Review, then the student should initiate a Thesis Coordinator Review.

1. The student should contact the Thesis Administration ([email protected]) again, and submit via email the reasons why they feel the result of the Thesis Report Review was unacceptable.

2. Thesis Administration will contact the Thesis Coordinator, who will review the case determine whether the conclusion of the Thesis Report Review should stand, or an independent examiner should be asked to assess the report. The independent examiner may choose to interview the supervisor and assessor before assessing the report itself.

3. If the student is still not content, then the student is able to submit a complaint to the CSE Grievance Officer.

Students should be aware that they are always able to submit a formal application for review via Student Central. However, a fee is charged for such reviews, and the scope of the review is far more restrictive than a school-oriented review. It is thus advisable to follow the school's internal review procedures.

UNSW policy on Review of Results

Some Advice on Research

Here is some simple advice that will help you get on well with your supervisor and work effectively:

Meet with your supervisor regularly. Note that your supervisor is not there to tell you what to do, but to advise you. In general, you should take the initiative to organise meetings, and you should drive the work. Manage your time. You are responsible for monitoring your own progress and ensuring that you remain on track to meet deadlines. However, your supervisor should be able to tell you whether you are being too optimistic, or whether you need to do more.

Write-up as you go. Do not under-estimate how much time it will take to write up the work. Writing-up as you go is not only more time-efficient, it also forces you to formulate your ideas more clearly and completely, and this will substantially increase the overall quality of your work. As well, your final mark will depend largely on the quality of the work and the quality of the presentation in the thesis.

Focus on the project. Understanding the context of your work is important in placing and motivating the research. However, having a concrete, narrow focus when you are working towards a goal and understanding thoroughly the deeper issues involved is better than working too broadly or tackling too wide a problem. Your supervisor should help you to keep your work suitably focused.

Many students are too ambitious in Thesis Part A and Part B and find they run out of time with a thesis that is nowhere near finished. Make sure that the project is feasible (do this early in consultation with your supervisor), write-up whenever you can, and keep an eye on the plan.

Expectations and Responsibilities of Students Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Plagiarism may be defined as "the presentation of the thoughts or work of another as one's own " Examples include:

• direct duplication of the thoughts or work of another, including by copying work, or knowingly permitting it to be copied. This includes copying material, ideas or concepts from a book, article, report or other written document (whether published or unpublished), composition, artwork, design, drawing, circuitry, computer program or software, web site, Internet, other electronic resource, or another person's assignment without appropriate acknowledgment paraphrasing another person's work with very minor changes keeping the meaning, form and/or progression of ideas of the original;
• piecing together sections of the work of others into a new whole; presenting an assessment item as independent work when it has been produced in whole or part in collusion with other people, for example, another student or a tutor; and, claiming credit for a proportion a work contributed to a group assessment item that is greater than that actually contributed.
• Submitting an assessment item that has already been submitted for academic credit elsewhere may also be considered plagiarism.
• The inclusion of the thoughts or work of another with attribution appropriate to the academic discipline does not amount to plagiarism.

Students are reminded of their Rights and Responsibilities in respect of plagiarism, as set out in the University Undergraduate and Postgraduate Handbooks, and are encouraged to seek advice from academic staff whenever necessary to ensure they avoid plagiarism in all its forms.

The Learning Centre website is the central University online resource for staff and student information on plagiarism and academic honesty.

The Learning Centre also provides substantial educational written materials, workshops, and tutorials to aid students, including those incorrect referencing practices, paraphrasing, summarising, essay writing, time management, and appropriate use of a range of materials such as text, images, formulae, and concepts.

Individual assistance is available on request from The Learning Centre.

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

UNSW Ethics Committee and Ethics Approval

Does your thesis involve other people doing something for you?

If so, it may require ethics approval.

The basic principle is that if you want people to provide you with something, even if just 5 min of their time to answer questions, then you should (i) treat them with suitable dignity and (ii) ensure any possibility that they may be badly affected is absolutely minimised. When research at UNSW involves people, then it comes under the oversight of the UNSW Ethics Committee which must give approval before it proceeds.

You will need to get approval if your project involves any of the following (more than one may apply):

a survey, even if done online, an interview, focus group, or other such qualitative method, data-mining, when individual identities might be revealed, behavioural observation, e.g. people using something, choices people make, online activities recording or photography of people, even if in public spaces experiments on human reactions (or other abilities) human performance, e.g. running, falling, playing music, testing a device, tasting or smelling, e.g. foods, and, of course, drug trials, body tissues and other medical activities.

Also, projects involving animals will need ethics approval. Visit the Human Research Ethics Web site to find out what you need to do.

Human Research Ethics Web Site

Occupational Health and Safety Policies and Expectations

The role of the Occupational, Health Safety and Environment team is to provide a professional service to the UNSW, its staff, and students on all matters relating to occupational health, safety, and environment, particularly in the area of legislative compliance.

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All tertiary education institutions have a responsibility to provide the opportunity for students with disabilities to access and participate equitably in tertiary education in order to achieve their individual capabilities. UNSW Australia also has obligations under the following anti-discrimination legislation:

New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Disability Discrimination Act (1992).

UNSW is committed to the goals of equal opportunity and affirmative action in education and employment. It aims to provide a study and work environment for staff and students that fosters fairness, equity and respect for social and cultural diversity and that is free from unlawful discrimination, harassment, and vilification.

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BE (Hons) Program Learning Outcomes

• Comprehensive, theory-based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the engineering discipline.
• Conceptual understanding of the mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics, and computer and information sciences which underpin the engineering discipline.
• In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the engineering discipline.
• Discernment of knowledge development and research directions within the engineering discipline.
• Knowledge of engineering design practice and contextual factors impacting the engineering discipline.
• Understanding of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities, and bounds of sustainable engineering practice in the specific discipline.
• Application of established engineering methods to complex engineering problem-solving.
• Fluent application of engineering techniques, tools, and resources.
• Application of systematic engineering synthesis and design processes.
• Application of systematic approaches to the conduct and management of engineering projects.
• Ethical conduct and professional accountability.
• Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains.
• Creative, innovative and pro-active demeanour.
• Professional use and management of information.
• Orderly management of self, and professional conduct.
• Effective team membership and team leadership.

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Dr Alex Skvortsov

My educational background is in theoretical physics.  My PhD thesis (Moscow University of Applied Physics and Technology) dealt with models of sound-vortex interaction and flow acoustics. I have significant R&D experience in defence sponsored projects (data fusion, sensor networks, flow noise, new vibro-elastic materials) on which I worked in academia and industry. I have been working at Defence Science and Technology since 2005, initially in the area of Hazard Modelling and Bioengineering. Since 2014 I am the Group Leader for Acoustic Signature Control, a group which researches novel solutions for acoustic signature management.

• Publications
• Research Activities
• Teaching and Supervision
• Book Chapters Book Chapters | 2021 Karimi M; Maxit L; Croaker P; Robin O; Skvortsov A; Atalla N; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'A hybrid UWPW-FEM technique for vibroacoustic analysis of panels subject to a turbulent boundary layer excitation' , in Flinovia-Flow Induced Noise and Vibration Issues and Aspects-III , pp. 343 - 356 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64807-7_16 Book Chapters | 2021 MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A; Dylejko P , 2021 , 'A viscoelastic model of rough-wall boundary-layer noise' , in Flinovia-Flow Induced Noise and Vibration Issues and Aspects-III , pp. 279 - 293 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64807-7_13 Book Chapters | 2018 MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A; Dylejko P , 2018 , 'Flow noise estimation with the vibroelastic analogy: Effect of material properties' , in Flinovia-Flow Induced Noise and Vibration Issues and Aspects-II: A Focus on Measurement, Modeling, Simulation and Reproduction of the Flow Excitation and Flow Induced Response , pp. 289 - 305 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76780-2_18 Book Chapters | 2015 Ristic B; Skvortsov A , 2015 , 'Predicting Extinction of Biological Systems with Competition' , in Emerging Trends in Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, and Systems Biology: Algorithms and Software Tools , pp. 455 - 466 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802508-6.00025-9
• Edited Books
• Journal Articles Journal articles | 2024 Kha J; Croaker P; Karimi M; Skvortsov A , 2024 , 'Uncertainty Analysis in Airfoil–Turbulence Interaction Noise Using Polynomial Chaos Expansion' , AIAA Journal , 62 , pp. 657 - 667 , http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.J062941 Journal articles | 2024 Leong AS; Skvortsov AT , 2024 , 'Estimation of scalar field distribution in the Fourier domain' , Digital Signal Processing: A Review Journal , 146 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2023.104371 Journal articles | 2024 Lin C; Sharma G; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2024 , 'Hybrid control of the radiated sound from a cylindrical shell with a voided soft coating' , Journal of Sound and Vibration , 570 , pp. 118065 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2023.118065 Journal articles | 2024 Skvortsov AT; Grebenkov DS; Chan L; Ooi A , 2024 , 'Slip length for a viscous flow over a plane with complementary lattices of superhydrophobic spots' , European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids , 106 , pp. 89 - 93 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2024.03.007 Journal articles | 2024 Tavakoli S; Kirezci C; Lee J; Sgarioto D; Skvortsov AT; Babanin AV , 2024 , 'A simple method for calculating the probability of quiescent periods in random seas for maritime search and rescue operations' , Ocean Engineering , 304 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117838 Journal articles | 2024 Zahtila T; Lam WK; Chan L; Sutherland D; Moinuddin K; Dai A; Skvortsov A; Manasseh R; Ooi A , 2024 , 'On the propagation of planar gravity currents into a stratified ambient' , Physics of Fluids , 36 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0190835 Journal articles | 2023 Chan L; Kevin ; Skvortsov A; Ooi A , 2023 , 'Effect of straight riblets of the underlying surface on wall bounded flow drag' , International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow , 102 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2023.109160 Journal articles | 2023 Grebenkov DS; Skvortsov AT , 2023 , 'Survival in a nanoforest of absorbing pillars' , Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical , 56 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/acc3cf Journal articles | 2023 Kha J; Karimi M; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; Kirby R , 2023 , 'Forced vibroacoustic response of a cylindrical shell in an underwater acoustic waveguide' , Ocean Engineering , 273 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.113899 Journal articles | 2023 Kirezci C; Skvortsov AT; Sgarioto D; Babanin AV , 2023 , 'Dispersion of tracer particles by wave turbulence' , Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena , 448 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2023.133725 Journal articles | 2023 Martin PA; Skvortsov AT , 2023 , 'Steady state diffusion in tubular structures: Assessment of one-dimensional models' , European Journal of Applied Mathematics , 34 , pp. 262 - 279 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0956792522000110 Journal articles | 2023 Ristic B; Benavoli A; Skvortsov A , 2023 , 'Robust Target Area Search Using Sets of Probabilities' , Digital Signal Processing: A Review Journal , 142 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2023.104195 Journal articles | 2023 Sharma G; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2023 , 'Scaling relations for sound scattering by a lattice of hard inclusions in a soft medium' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 154 , pp. 108 - 114 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019939 Journal articles | 2023 Skvortsov AT; Dagdug L; Berezhkovskii AM; Bezrukov SM , 2023 , 'Blockage coefficient of cylindrical blocker and diffusion resistance of membrane channels' , Physics of Fluids , 35 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135305 Journal articles | 2023 Skvortsov AT; Dagdug L; Hilder EF; Berezhkovskii AM; Bezrukov SM , 2023 , 'Permeability and diffusion resistance of porous membranes: Analytical theory and its numerical test' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 158 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138036 Journal articles | 2023 Skvortsov AT; Grebenkov DS; Chan L; Ooi A , 2023 , 'Slip length for a viscous flow over spiky surfaces' , EPL , 143 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/acfaba Journal articles | 2023 Zhu SJ; Ooi A; Skvortsov A; Manasseh R , 2023 , 'Modelling underwater noise mitigation of a bubble curtain using a coupled-oscillator model' , Journal of Sound and Vibration , 567 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2023.117903 Journal articles | 2022 Chan L; Skvortsov A; Ooi A , 2022 , 'Flow over a confined mounted fence at low and moderate Reynolds number: A numerical study' , International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow , 96 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2022.109001 Journal articles | 2022 Dagdug L; Skvortsov AT; Berezhkovskii AM; Bezrukov SM , 2022 , 'Blocker Effect on Diffusion Resistance of a Membrane Channel: Dependence on the Blocker Geometry' , Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 126 , pp. 6016 - 6025 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00715 Journal articles | 2022 Grebenkov DS; Skvortsov AT , 2022 , 'Diffusion toward a nanoforest of absorbing pillars' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 157 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132197 Journal articles | 2022 Grebenkov DS; Skvortsov AT , 2022 , 'Mean first-passage time to a small absorbing target in three-dimensional elongated domains' , Physical Review E , 105 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.105.054107 Journal articles | 2022 Ho E; Rajagopalan A; Skvortsov A; Arulampalam S; Piraveenan M , 2022 , 'Game Theory in Defence Applications: A Review' , Sensors , 22 , http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031032 Journal articles | 2022 Kha J; Karimi M; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; Kirby R , 2022 , 'An analytical approach for modelling the vibroacoustic behaviour of a heavy fluid-loaded plate near a free surface' , Journal of Sound and Vibration , 538 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2022.117206 Journal articles | 2022 Kocan M; Skvortsov A , 2022 , 'Scaling laws of strong convective thermals: comparison with experimental data' , Environmental Fluid Mechanics , 22 , pp. 245 - 257 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652-022-09836-7 Journal articles | 2022 Lin C; Sharma G; Eggler D; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2022 , 'Sound radiation from a cylindrical shell with a multilayered resonant coating' , International Journal of Mechanical Sciences , 232 , pp. 107479 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107479 Journal articles | 2022 Martin PA; Skvortsov AT , 2022 , 'On blockage coefficients: Flow past a body in a pipe' , Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences , 478 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0677 Journal articles | 2022 Ooi A; Lu W; Chan L; Cao Y; Leontini J; Skvortsov A , 2022 , 'Turbulent flow over a cylinder confined in a channel at Re = 3,900' , International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow , 96 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2022.108982 Journal articles | 2022 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Arulampalam S; Demirhan H; Kim DY , 2022 , 'Solving the Datum Search as a Partially Observed Stochastic Game' , IEEE Access , 10 , pp. 30762 - 30769 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3160192 Journal articles | 2022 Sharma G; Toyoda M; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2022 , 'Acoustic performance of a metascreen-based coating for maritime applications' , Journal of Vibration and Acoustics: Transactions of the ASME , 144 , pp. 1 - 18 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4053543 Journal articles | 2022 Skvortsov AT; Kirezci C; Sgarioto D; Babanin AV , 2022 , 'Intermittency of gravity wave turbulence on the surface of an infinitely deep fluid: Numerical experiment' , Physics Letters, Section A: General, Atomic and Solid State Physics , 449 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2022.128337 Journal articles | 2022 Xie K; Cao Y; He Z; Wang K; Ding J; MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A; Qiu X; Li D , 2022 , 'Acoustic absorption of ultralight graphene-based cellular monoliths' , Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing , 128 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05964-5 Journal articles | 2021 Fischer J; Doolan C; Rowan M; Lamos D; Seers J; Vargas O; Lam S; Skvortsov A , 2021 , 'Acoustic localization of a buoyancy driven model using a beamforming hydrophone array' , Applied Acoustics , 174 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107798 Journal articles | 2021 Karimi M; Croaker P; Skvortsov A; Maxit L; Kirby R , 2021 , 'Simulation of airfoil surface pressure due to incident turbulence using realizations of uncorrelated wall plane waves' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 149 , pp. 1085 - 1096 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0003498 Journal articles | 2021 Pereira HPP; Violante-Carvalho N; Fabbri R; Babanin A; Pinho U; Skvortsov A , 2021 , 'An algorithm for tracking drifters dispersion induced by wave turbulence using optical cameras' , Computers and Geosciences , 148 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104654 Journal articles | 2021 Sharma G; Marsick A; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'Acoustic radiation from a cylindrical shell with a voided soft elastic coating' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 150 , pp. 4308 - 4314 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0008907 Journal articles | 2021 Skvortsov A; Dubois TC; Jamriska M; Kocan M , 2021 , 'Scaling laws for extremely strong thermals' , Physical Review Fluids , 6 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.053501 Journal articles | 2021 Skvortsov A; Sharma GS; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'Sound absorption by a metasurface comprising hard spheres in a soft medium' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 150 , pp. 1448 - 1452 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0005897 Journal articles | 2021 Skvortsov AT; Dagdug L; Berezhkovskii AM; Macgillivray IR; Bezrukov SM , 2021 , 'Evaluating diffusion resistance of a constriction in a membrane channel by the method of boundary homogenization' , Physical Review E , 103 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.103.012408 Journal articles | 2021 Violante-Carvalho N; Skvortsov A; Babanin A; Pereira H; Pinho U; Esperança PTT , 2021 , 'The turbulent dispersion of surface drifters by water waves: experimental study' , Ocean Dynamics , 71 , pp. 379 - 389 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01423-y Journal articles | 2020 Grebenkov DS; Skvortsov AT , 2020 , 'Mean first-passage time to a small absorbing target in an elongated planar domain' , New Journal of Physics , 22 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/abc91f Journal articles | 2020 Karimi M; Croaker P; Maxit L; Robin O; Skvortsov A; Marburg S; Kessissoglou N , 2020 , 'A hybrid numerical approach to predict the vibrational responses of panels excited by a turbulent boundary layer' , Journal of Fluids and Structures , 92 , pp. 1 - 18 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2019.102814 Journal articles | 2020 Karimi M; Maxit L; Croaker P; Robin O; Skvortsov A; Marburg S; Noureddine A; Kessissoglou N , 2020 , 'Analytical and numerical prediction of acoustic radiation from a panel under turbulent boundary layer excitation' , Journal of Sound and Vibration , 479 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115372 Journal articles | 2020 Martin PA; Skvortsov AT , 2020 , 'Scattering by a sphere in a tube, and related problems' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 148 , pp. 191 - 200 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0001518 Journal articles | 2020 Ooi A; Chan L; Aljubaili D; Mamon C; Leontini JS; Skvortsov A; Mathupriya P; Hasini H , 2020 , 'Some new characteristics of the confined flow over circular cylinders at low reynolds numbers' , International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow , 86 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2020.108741 Journal articles | 2020 Ristic B; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Intermittent information-driven multi-agent area-restricted search' , Entropy , 22 , http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/E22060635 Journal articles | 2020 Sharma GS; Faverjon B; Dureisseix D; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Audoly C; Kessissoglou N , 2020 , 'Acoustic performance of a periodically voided viscoelastic medium with uncertainty in design parameters' , Journal of Vibration and Acoustics: Transactions of the ASME , 142 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4046859 Journal articles | 2020 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2020 , 'On superscattering of sound waves by a lattice of disk-shaped cavities in a soft material' , Applied Physics Letters , 116 , pp. 041602 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5130695 Journal articles | 2020 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2020 , 'Sound scattering by a bubble metasurface' , Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics , 102 , pp. 214308 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.214308 Journal articles | 2020 Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Mean first passage time for a particle diffusing on a disk with two absorbing traps at the boundary' , Physical Review E , 102 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.012123 Journal articles | 2020 Zhu SJ; Ooi A; Manasseh R; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Prediction of gas holdup in partially aerated bubble columns using an EE-LES coupled model' , Chemical Engineering Science , 217 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2020.115492 Journal articles | 2019 Babanin AV; Rogers WE; de Camargo R; Doble M; Durrant T; Filchuk K; Ewans K; Hemer M; Janssen T; Kelly-Gerreyn B; Machutchon K; McComb P; Qiao F; Schulz E; Skvortsov A; Thomson J; Vichi M; Violante-Carvalho N; Wang D; Waseda T; Williams G; Young IR , 2019 , 'Waves and swells in high wind and extreme fetches, measurements in the Southern Ocean' , Frontiers in Marine Science , 6 , http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00361 Journal articles | 2019 Bennetts LG; Peter MA; Dylejko P; Skvortsov A , 2019 , 'Effective properties of acoustic metamaterial chains with low-frequency bandgaps controlled by the geometry of lightweight mass-link attachments' , Journal of Sound and Vibration , 456 , pp. 1 - 12 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.05.022 Journal articles | 2019 Grebenkov DS; Metzler R; Oshanin G; Dagdug L; Berezhkovskii AM; Skvortsov AT , 2019 , 'Trapping of diffusing particles by periodic absorbing rings on a cylindrical tube' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 150 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5098390 Journal articles | 2019 Karimi M; Croaker P; Skvortsov A; Moreau D; Kessissoglou N , 2019 , 'Numerical prediction of turbulent boundary layer noise from a sharp-edged flat plate' , International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids , 90 , pp. 522 - 543 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.4733 Journal articles | 2019 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2019 , 'Acoustic performance of periodic steel cylinders embedded in a viscoelastic medium' , Journal of Sound and Vibration , 443 , pp. 652 - 665 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2018.12.013 Journal articles | 2019 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2019 , 'Sound absorption by rubber coatings with periodic voids and hard inclusions' , Applied Acoustics , 143 , pp. 200 - 210 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.09.003 Journal articles | 2019 Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Sharma G; Kessissoglou N , 2019 , 'Sound scattering by a lattice of resonant inclusions in a soft medium' , Physical Review E , 99 , pp. 063006 - 063006 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.99.063006 Journal articles | 2019 Skvortsov AT; Berezhkovskii AM; Dagdug L , 2019 , 'Steady-state flux of diffusing particles to a rough boundary formed by absorbing spikes periodically protruding from a reflecting base' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 150 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5088725 Journal articles | 2018 Skvortsov A; Ristic B; Kamenev A , 2018 , 'Predicting population extinction from early observations of the Lotka–Volterra system' , Applied Mathematics and Computation , 320 , pp. 371 - 379 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2017.09.029 Journal articles | 2018 Skvortsov AT; Berezhkovskii AM; Dagdug L , 2018 , 'Trapping of diffusing particles by short absorbing spikes periodically protruding from reflecting base' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 149 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5040774 Journal articles | 2018 Skvortsov AT; Berezhkovskii AM; Dagdug L , 2018 , 'Trapping of diffusing particles by spiky absorbers' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 148 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011060 Journal articles | 2017 Dylejko PG; Macgillivray IR; Moore SM; Skvortsov AT , 2017 , 'The Influence of Internal Resonances from Machinery Mounts on Radiated Noise from Ships' , IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering , 42 , pp. 399 - 409 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2016.2593648 Journal articles | 2017 Gubala A; Walsh S; McAllister J; Weir R; Davis S; Melville L; Mitchell I; Bulach D; Gauci P; Skvortsov A; Boyle D , 2017 , 'Identification of very small open reading frames in the genomes of Holmes Jungle virus, Ord River virus, and Wongabel virus of the genus Hapavirus, family Rhabdoviridae' , Evolutionary Bioinformatics , 13 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1176934317713484 Journal articles | 2017 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2017 , 'Acoustic performance of gratings of cylindrical voids in a soft elastic medium with a steel backing' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 141 , pp. 4694 - 4704 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4986941 Journal articles | 2017 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2017 , 'Sound transmission through a periodically voided soft elastic medium submerged in water' , Wave Motion , 70 , pp. 101 - 112 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2016.10.006 Journal articles | 2016 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Gunatilaka A , 2016 , 'A study of cognitive strategies for an autonomous search' , Information Fusion , 28 , pp. 1 - 9 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2015.06.008 Journal articles | 2015 Dagdug L; Berezhkovskii AM; Skvortsov AT , 2015 , 'Trapping of diffusing particles by striped cylindrical surfaces. Boundary homogenization approach' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 142 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4922444 Journal articles | 2015 Dubois TC; Jamriska M; Skvortsov A , 2015 , 'Dispersion of particles by a strong explosion' , Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics , 92 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.023025 Journal articles | 2015 Ngo-Cong D; Mohammed FJ; Strunin DV; Skvortsov AT; Mai-Duy N; Tran-Cong T , 2015 , 'Higher-order approximation of contaminant transport equation for turbulent channel flows based on centre manifolds and its numerical solution' , Journal of Hydrology , 525 , pp. 87 - 101 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.038 Journal articles | 2015 Ristic B; Gunatilaka A; Gailis R; Skvortsov A , 2015 , 'Bayesian likelihood-free localisation of a biochemical source using multiple dispersion models' , Signal Processing , 108 , pp. 13 - 24 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2014.08.023 Journal articles | 2015 Skakauskas V; Katauskis P; Skvortsov A; Gray P , 2015 , 'Toxin effect on protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells: A simple kinetic model' , Mathematical Biosciences , 261 , pp. 83 - 90 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2014.12.004 Journal articles | 2015 Skvortsov AT; Berezhkovskii AM; Dagdug L , 2015 , 'Note: Boundary homogenization for a circle with periodic absorbing arcs. Exact expression for the effective trapping rate' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 143 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4936866 Journal articles | 2014 Dagdug L; Berezhkovskii AM; Skvortsov AT , 2014 , 'Aris-Taylor dispersion in tubes with dead ends' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 141 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4885854 Journal articles | 2014 Gailis R; Gunatilaka A; Lopes L; Skvortsov A; Smith-Miles K , 2014 , 'Managing uncertainty in early estimation of epidemic behaviors using scenario trees' , IIE Transactions (Institute of Industrial Engineers) , 46 , pp. 828 - 842 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0740817X.2013.803641 Journal articles | 2014 Gunatilaka A; Skvortsov A; Gailis R , 2014 , 'A review of toxicity models for realistic atmospheric applications' , Atmospheric Environment , 84 , pp. 230 - 243 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.051 Journal articles | 2014 Rajasegarar S; Havens TC; Karunasekera S; Leckie C; Bezdek JC; Jamriska M; Gunatilaka A; Skvortsov A; Palaniswami M , 2014 , 'High-resolution monitoring of atmospheric pollutants using a system of low-cost sensors' , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 52 , pp. 3823 - 3832 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2276431 Journal articles | 2014 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Walker A , 2014 , 'Autonomous search for a diffusive source in an unknown structured environment' , Entropy , 16 , pp. 789 - 813 , http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16020789 Journal articles | 2014 Skakauskas V; Katauskis P; Skvortsov A; Gray P , 2014 , 'Modelling effects of internalized antibody: A simple comparative study' , Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling , 11 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-11-11 Journal articles | 2014 Skvortsov A; Walker A , 2014 , 'Trapping of diffusive particles by rough absorbing surfaces: Boundary smoothing approach' , Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics , 90 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.023202 Journal articles | 2013 Berezhkovskii AM; Skvortsov AT , 2013 , 'Aris-Taylor dispersion with drift and diffusion of particles on the tube wall' , Journal of Chemical Physics , 139 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4818733 Journal articles | 2013 Skvortsov A; Gray P , 2013 , 'A simple model for assessment of anti-toxin antibodies' , BioMed Research International , 2013 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/230906 Journal articles | 2013 Skvortsov A; Jamriska M; Dubois TC , 2013 , 'Tracer dispersion in the turbulent convective layer' , Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 70 , pp. 4112 - 4121 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0268.1 Journal articles | 2013 Skvortsov A; Suendermann B; Gamble G; Roberts M; Ilaya O; Pitaliadda D , 2013 , 'Scaling laws of tracer dispersion in a multi-compartment structure' , Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science , 45 , pp. 110 - 116 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.10.012 Journal articles | 2012 Jamriska M; DuBois TC; Skvortsov A , 2012 , 'Statistical characterisation of bio-aerosol background in an urban environment' , Atmospheric Environment , 54 , pp. 439 - 448 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.049 Journal articles | 2012 Mendis C; Skvortsov A; Gunatilaka A; Karunasekera S , 2012 , 'Performance of wireless chemical sensor network with dynamic collaboration' , IEEE Sensors Journal , 12 , pp. 2630 - 2637 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2012.2198349 Journal articles | 2012 Skvortsov A; Ristic B , 2012 , 'Modelling and performance analysis of a network of chemical sensors with dynamic collaboration' , International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks , 2012 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/656231 Journal articles | 2012 Skvortsov A; Ristic B , 2012 , 'Monitoring and prediction of an epidemic outbreak using syndromic observations' , Mathematical Biosciences , 240 , pp. 12 - 19 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2012.05.010 Journal articles | 2011 Roberts MD; Skvortsov AT , 2011 , 'A coupled air flow model for multi-layer protective clothing' , Advances and Applications in Fluid Mechanics , 9 , pp. 77 - 89 Journal articles | 2011 Skakauskas V; Katauskis P; Skvortsov A , 2011 , 'A reaction-diffusion model of the receptor-toxin-antibody interaction' , Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling , 8 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-8-32 Journal articles | 2011 Skvortsov A; Yee E , 2011 , 'Scaling laws of peripheral mixing of passive scalar in a wall-shear layer' , Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics , 83 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.036303 Journal articles | 2011 Yee E; Skvortsov A , 2011 , 'Scalar fluctuations from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer' , Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics , 84 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.036306 Journal articles | 2010 Skvortsov A; Jamriska M; Dubois TC , 2010 , 'Scaling laws of passive tracer dispersion in the turbulent surface layer' , Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics , 82 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.82.056304
• Working Papers
• Other Conference Papers | 2023 Nguyen HV; Luong H; Sgarioto D; Skvortsov A; Arulampalam S; Duffy J; Ranasinghe DC , 2023 , 'Joint Estimation of Vessel Parameter-Motion and Sea State' , in 2023 26th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2023 , http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/FUSION52260.2023.10224110 Conference Papers | 2023 Potts D; Leong Z; Skvortsov A; Binns J; Marcollo H , 2023 , 'WAKES OF SURFACE-PIERCING CYLINDERS' , in Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE , http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2023-101473 Conference Papers | 2023 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Arulampalam S; Kim DY , 2023 , 'Sensor Management for Localisation of an Evasive Target: The Benefits of Game Theory' , in 2023 15th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, ICCAE 2023 , pp. 144 - 148 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCAE56788.2023.10111480 Conference Papers | 2022 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Arulampalam S; Kim DY , 2022 , 'A Study of Datum Search Patterns Using a Stochastic Game Framework' , in 2022 11th International Conference on Control, Automation and Information Sciences, ICCAIS 2022 , pp. 13 - 18 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCAIS56082.2022.9990275 Conference Papers | 2021 Howell R; Croaker P; Gargan-Shingles C; Dylejko P; Skvortsov A , 2021 , 'Estimating propeller trailing-edge pressure using the BPM method' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 202 - 209 Conference Papers | 2021 Kha J; Karimi M; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; Kirby R , 2021 , 'Sound radiation from a plate immersed in water near the free surface' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 39 - 40 Conference Papers | 2021 Kha J; Karimi M; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; Kirby R , 2021 , 'Vibrational response of a fluid-loaded baffled plate near the free surface of a fluid' , in Proceedings of INTER-NOISE 2021 - 2021 International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering , http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/IN-2021-2721 Conference Papers | 2021 Levin C; Sharma GS; MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'Acoustic performance of a voided soft medium under hydrostatic pressure' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 313 - 317 Conference Papers | 2021 Lin C; Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'Sound radiation from a cylindrical shell with an acoustic coating' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 393 - 394 Conference Papers | 2021 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'Sound absorption of a soft medium embedded with hard spheres' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 318 - 319 Conference Papers | 2021 Skvortsov A; Sharma GS; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2021 , 'Acoustic metamaterials for maritime applications' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 401 - 408 Conference Papers | 2021 Tsigklifis K; Wong M; De Candia S; Dylejko P; Croaker P; Skvortsov A , 2021 , 'Reduced order modelling of vibroelastic response of a hydrofoil in homogeneous isotropic turbulence' , in Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2021: Making Waves, AAS 2021 , pp. 240 - 247 Conference Papers | 2020 Chan L; Skvortsov A; Ooi A , 2020 , 'Turbulent Flow Over a Mounted Fence Confined in a Channel' , in 22nd Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2020 , http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/00bab69 Conference Papers | 2020 Cook A; Babanin A; Sgarioto D; Graham P; Mathew J; Skvortsov A; Manasseh R; Tothova D , 2020 , 'A UAV 'mobile buoy' for measuring surface waves' , in 22nd Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2020 , http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/8e7141e Conference Papers | 2020 Howell R; Dylejko P; Croaker P; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Benchmarking a quasi-steady method for predicting propeller unsteady loads' , in Acoustics 2019, Sound Decisions: Moving Forward with Acoustics - Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society Conference Papers | 2020 Howell R; Dylejko P; Croaker P; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Benchmarking a quasi-steady method for predicting propeller unsteady loads' , in Acoustics 2019, Sound Decisions: Moving Forward with Acoustics - Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society Conference Papers | 2020 Jayasekara S; Al-Hourani A; Ristic B; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Autonomous UAV Search for an RF Source in Urban Environments' , in 2020 14th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems, ICSPCS 2020 - Proceedings , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCS50536.2020.9310037 Conference Papers | 2020 Ooi A; Chan L; Lu W; Cao Y; Philip J; Leontini J; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Turbulent Flow Over a Confined Cylinder at Re=3, 900' , in 22nd Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2020 , http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/2efa954 Conference Papers | 2020 Van Nguyen H; Ranasinghe DC; Skvortsov A; Arulampalam S , 2020 , 'Computationally efficient methods for estimating unknown input forces on structural systems' , in Proceedings of 2020 23rd International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2020 , http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/FUSION45008.2020.9190270 Conference Papers | 2020 Zhu SJ; Ooi A; Manasseh R; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Evaluation of Computational Models for Simulations of Multiperforated Bubble Column' , in 22nd Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2020 , http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/e9624e0 Conference Papers | 2020 de Candia S; Moore S; MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Modelling the vibro-acoustic behaviour of expansion chamber silencers for fluid-filled pipe systems' , in Acoustics 2019, Sound Decisions: Moving Forward with Acoustics - Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society Conference Papers | 2020 de Candia S; Moore S; MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A , 2020 , 'Modelling the vibro-acoustic behaviour of expansion chamber silencers for fluid-filled pipe systems' , in Acoustics 2019, Sound Decisions: Moving Forward with Acoustics - Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society Conference Papers | 2019 Fischer JR; Doolan CJ; Skvortsov A , 2019 , 'A modified eigenvalue background noise removal method applied on several numerical and experimental test cases' , in 25th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 2019 , http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2718 Conference Papers | 2019 Jin Y; Dylejko P; Skvortsov A; Duffy J , 2019 , 'Prediction of unsteady propeller performance in an inhomogeneous wake' , in Australian Acoustical Society Annual Conference, AAS 2018 , pp. 511 - 520 Conference Papers | 2019 Karimi M; Croaker P; Kessissoglou N; Robin O; Atalla N; Berry A; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; Marburg S , 2019 , 'A numerical and experimental study of vibroacoustic responses of a panel excited by a turbulent boundary layer' , in Proceedings of the 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV 2019 , Montréal, Canada , presented at ICSV26 , Montréal, Canada , 07 July 2019 - 11 July 2019 Conference Papers | 2019 Karimi M; Croaker P; Kessissoglou N; Robin O; Atalla N; Berry A; Maxit L; Skvortsov A; Marburg S , 2019 , 'A numerical and experimental study of vibroacoustic responses of a panel excited by a turbulent boundary layer' , in Proceedings of the 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV 2019 , Montréal, Canada , presented at ICSV , Montréal, Canada , 07 July 2019 - 11 July 2019 Conference Papers | 2018 Karimi M; Croaker P; Peters H; Marburg S; Skvortsov A; Kessissoglou N , 2018 , 'Vibro-acoustic response of a flat plate under turbulent boundary layer excitation' , in INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON congress and conference proceedings (INCE) , Institute of Noise Control Engineering , Ibiza, Spain , pp. 133 - 139 , presented at NOVEM 2018 – Noise and Vibration Emerging Methods , Ibiza, Spain , 07 May 2018 - 09 March 2018 , https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ince/incecp/2018/00000257/00000001/art00014;jsessionid=2ltkojvhao4et.x-ic-live-01 Conference Papers | 2018 Sharma G; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2018 , 'Acoustic performance of phononic crystals for underwater coating applications' , Auckland, New Zealand , presented at 3rd Australasian Conference on Wave Science (KOZWaves 2018) , Auckland, New Zealand , 12 February 2018 - 14 February 2018 Conference Papers | 2018 Skvortsov A; Sharma G; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2018 , 'Acoustic performance of coatings comprising periodic voids and steel inclusions in rubber' , in Proceedings of the 25th International Congress on Sound and Vibration , Hiroshima, Japan , presented at 25th International Congress on Sound and Vibration , Hiroshima, Japan , 08 July 2018 - 12 July 2018 Conference Papers | 2018 Yen JSY; Butler D; Lamos D; Seers J; Clarke DB; Cairns R; Rowan M; Skvortsov A , 2018 , 'Experiments and simulations of an accelerating buoyancy-driven model' , in Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2018 Conference Papers | 2018 Yen JSY; Butler D; Lamos D; Seers J; Clarke DB; Cairns R; Rowan M; Skvortsov A , 2018 , 'Experiments and simulations of an accelerating buoyancy-driven model' , in Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2018 Conference Papers | 2017 Fischer J; Rowan M; Jacquemin P; Lamos D; Vargas O; Malcolm J; Skvortsov A; Doolan C , 2017 , 'Wind tunnel flow noise measurements using a random design acoustic array' , in Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2017 Perth: Sound, Science and Society - 2017 Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society, AAS 2017 Conference Papers | 2017 Karimi M; Croaker P; Skvortsov A; Kessissoglou N , 2017 , 'Computation of flow-generated sound of a flat plate using a hybrid RANS-BEM technique' , in INTER-NOISE 2017 - 46th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering: Taming Noise and Moving Quiet , Hong Kong, China , presented at 46th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering , Hong Kong, China , 27 August 2017 - 30 August 2017 Conference Papers | 2017 MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A; Dylejko P , 2017 , 'Vibroelastic models for flow noise estimation' , in 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV 2017 Conference Papers | 2016 Knox B; Dylejko P; Chen L; Skvortsov A , 2016 , 'Mapping noise and efficiency for marine propeller designs' , in 2nd Australasian Acoustical Societies Conference, ACOUSTICS 2016 , pp. 1120 - 1127 Conference Papers | 2016 Sharma GS; Kessissoglou N; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I , 2016 , 'Underwater sound transmission through periodically voided soft elastic mediums' , in Vogiatzis K; Kouroussis G; Crocker M; Pawelczyk M (eds.) , Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV23) , INT INST ACOUSTICS & VIBRATION , Athens, Greece , presented at The 23rd International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV23) , Athens, Greece , 10 July 2016 - 14 July 2016 Conference Papers | 2016 Sharma GS; Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Kessissoglou N , 2016 , 'Underwater acoustic absorption using a periodically voided soft elastic medium' , in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Honolulu, Hawaii, USA , presented at 5th Joint Meeting Acoustical Society of America and Acoustical Society of Japan , Honolulu, Hawaii, USA , 28 November 2016 - 02 December 2016 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4969477 Conference Papers | 2016 Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I; Dylejko P , 2016 , 'Scaling law for flow noise: Effect of material properties' , in ICSV 2016 - 23rd International Congress on Sound and Vibration: From Ancient to Modern Acoustics Conference Papers | 2015 2015 , 'Acoustic performance of periodic composite materials' Conference Papers | 2014 Dylejko P; Macgillivray I; Skvortsov A , 2014 , 'Isolator internal resonance and radiated noise from ships' , in INTERNOISE 2014 - 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World Through Noise Control Conference Papers | 2014 MacGillivray I; Skvortsov A , 2014 , 'Estimation of pressure fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer based on vibro-elastic models' , in INTERNOISE 2014 - 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World Through Noise Control Conference Papers | 2014 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Walker A , 2014 , 'Autonomous information driven search for a diffusive source in an unknown structured environment' , in IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing Proceedings , pp. 296 - 299 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SSP.2014.6884634 Conference Papers | 2014 Ristic B; Skvortsov A , 2014 , 'Bayesian estimation of the rates in a stochastic biochemical reaction network' , in Proceedings of 2014 International Symposium on Information Theory and Its Applications, ISITA 2014 , pp. 206 - 210 Conference Papers | 2014 Skvortsov A; MacGillivray I , 2014 , 'A simple model of effective elastic properties of materials with inclusions' , in INTERNOISE 2014 - 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World Through Noise Control Conference Papers | 2014 Skvortsov AT; MacGillivray IR , 2014 , 'Propagation of elastic waves in composite materials with inclusions' , in 8th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2014, as Part of Engineers Australia Convention 2014 , pp. 306 - 314 Conference Papers | 2013 Karunasekera S; Skvortsov A; Gunatilaka A; Pitaliadda D , 2013 , 'Statistics of chemical tracer concentration in a multi-compartment structure measured with a sensor network' , in Proceedings - 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, MODSIM 2013 , pp. 1089 - 1095 Conference Papers | 2012 Gunatilaka A; Skvortsov A; Gailis R , 2012 , 'High fidelity simulation of hazardous plume concentration time series based on models of turbulent dispersion' , in 15th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2012 , pp. 1838 - 1845 Conference Papers | 2012 Skvortsov A; Suendermann B; Gamble G; Roberts M; Ilaya O; Pitaliadda D , 2012 , 'Tracer dispersion in a multi-compartment structure' , in Proceedings of the 18th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2012 Conference Papers | 2011 Croaker P; Alex skvortsov AS; Kessissoglou N , 2011 , 'A simple approach to estimate flow-induced noise from steady state CFD data' , in Proceedings of Acoustics 2011 , The Australian Acoustical Society , Darlinghurst NSW , pp. 1 - 8 , presented at Australian Acoustical SocietyConference 2011: Breaking New Ground, Acoustics 2011 , Gold Coast, QLD , 02 November 2011 - 04 November 2011 , http://www.mech.uq.edu.au/acoustics2011/ Conference Papers | 2011 Gunatilaka A; Skvortsov A; Gailis R , 2011 , 'Generating concentration time series for simulation studies of hazardous plumes' , in MODSIM 2011 - 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation - Sustaining Our Future: Understanding and Living with Uncertainty , pp. 461 - 467 Conference Papers | 2011 Testolin MJ; Skvortsov A; Hill A , 2011 , 'Comparison of the relative performance of active and passive aerosol collection methods for biological detection' , in MODSIM 2011 - 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation - Sustaining Our Future: Understanding and Living with Uncertainty , pp. 496 - 502 Conference Papers | 2010 Karunasekera S; Beaton J; Dimech A; Skvortsov A; Gunatilaka A , 2010 , 'A distributed eResearch tool for evaluating source backtracking algorithms' , in Proceedings - 2010 6th IEEE International Conference on e-Science, eScience 2010 , pp. 17 - 24 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eScience.2010.16 Conference Papers | 2010 Karunasekera S; Mendis C; Skvortsov A; Gunatilaka A , 2010 , 'A decentralized dynamic sensor activation protocol for chemical sensor networks' , in Proceedings - 2010 9th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, NCA 2010 , pp. 218 - 223 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NCA.2010.39 Conference Papers | 2010 Karunasekera S; Skvortsov A; Gunatilaka A , 2010 , 'Minimizing the operational cost of chemical sensor networks' , in Proceedings of the 2010 6th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP 2010 , pp. 37 - 42 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2010.5706735 Conference Papers | 2010 Mendis C; Gunatilaka A; Skvortsov A; Karunasekera S , 2010 , 'The effect of correlation of chemical tracers on chemical sensor network performance' , in Proceedings of the 2010 6th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP 2010 , pp. 103 - 108 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2010.5706768 Conference Papers | 2010 Skvortsov A; Ristic B; Woodruff C , 2010 , 'Predicting an epidemic based on syndromic surveillance' , in 13th Conference on Information Fusion, Fusion 2010 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icif.2010.5711847 Conference Papers | 2010 Skvortsov A; Roberts M; Gaylor K; Norwood C , 2010 , 'Flow around an axially symmetrical slender body with perforated boundaries' , in 17th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference 2010 , pp. 595 - 598 Conference Papers | 2010 Skvortsov A; Walker A , 2010 , 'Modelling of tracer fluxes in complex canopies by means of conformal mapping and multifractal formalism' , in 17th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference 2010 , pp. 485 - 489 Conference Papers | 2009 Dekker AH; Skvortsov AT , 2009 , 'Topological issues in sensor networks' , in 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM 2009 - International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Interfacing Modelling and Simulation with Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Proceedings , pp. 952 - 958 Conference Papers | 2009 Dekker AH; Skvortsov AT , 2009 , 'Topological issues in sensor networks' , in 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Interfacing Modelling and Simulation with Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Proceedings , pp. 952 - 958 Conference Papers | 2009 Gunatilaka A; Ristic B; Mendis C; Karunasekera S; Skvortsov A , 2009 , 'The effect of data collection geometry on radiological source localisation' , in ISSNIP 2009 - Proceedings of 2009 5th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing , pp. 145 - 150 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2009.5416850 Conference Papers | 2009 Mendis C; Gunatilaka A; Ristic B; Karunasekera S; Skvortsov A , 2009 , 'Experimental verification of evolutionary estimation algorithms for radioactive source localisation' , in ISSNIP 2009 - Proceedings of 2009 5th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing , pp. 151 - 156 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2009.5416811 Conference Papers | 2009 Morelande MR; Skvortsov A , 2009 , 'Radiation field estimation using a Gaussian mixture' , in 2009 12th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2009 , pp. 2247 - 2254 Conference Papers | 2009 Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Morelande M , 2009 , 'Predicting the progress and the peak of an epidemic' , in ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings , pp. 513 - 516 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2009.4959633 Conference Papers | 2009 Skvortsov A; Gray P , 2009 , 'Modeling and simulation of receptor-toxin-antibody interaction' , in 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM 2009 - International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Interfacing Modelling and Simulation with Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Proceedings , pp. 185 - 191 Conference Papers | 2009 Skvortsov A; Gray P , 2009 , 'Modeling and simulation of receptor-toxin-antibody interaction' , in 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Interfacing Modelling and Simulation with Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Proceedings , pp. 185 - 191 Conference Papers | 2009 Skvortsov A; Ristic B; Morelande M , 2009 , 'Networks of chemical sensors: A simple mathematical model for optimisation study' , in ISSNIP 2009 - Proceedings of 2009 5th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing , pp. 385 - 390 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2009.5416845 Conference Papers | 2008 Gunatilaka A; Ristic B; Skvortsov A; Morelande M , 2008 , 'Parameter estimation of a continuous chemical plume source' , in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2008 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2008.4632408 Conference Papers | 2007 Skvortsov AT; Connell RB; Dawson PD; Gailis RM , 2007 , 'Epidemic modelling: Validation of agent-based simulation by using simple mathematical models' , in MODSIM07 - Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for Sustainability, Proceedings , pp. 657 - 662 Conference Papers | 2007 Skvortsov AT; Dawson PD; Roberts MD; Gailis RM , 2007 , 'Chemical, biological and radiological hazard assessment: A new model of a plume in a complex urban environment' , in MODSIM07 - Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for Sustainability, Proceedings , pp. 645 - 649 Conference Papers | 2007 Skvortsov AT; Dawson PD; Roberts MD; Gailis RM , 2007 , 'Modelling of flow and tracer dispersion over complex urban terrain in the atmospheric boundary layer' , in Proceedings of the 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, 16AFMC , pp. 943 - 946

V. I. Lenin

Theses on fundamental tasks of, the second congress of the communist international.

Written: 30 June, 1920 First Published: July of 1920 Source: Lenin’s Collected Works , 4th English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1965, Volume 31 , pages 184-201 Translated: Julius Katzer Transcription\HTML Markup: David Walters & R. Cymbala Copyleft: V. I. Lenin Internet Archive (www.marx.org) 2002. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

The Essence of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and of Soviet Power

What Immediate and Universal Preparation for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat Should Consist of

Rectification of the Political Line—Partly Also the Composition—of Parties Affiliated or Desiring to Affiliate to the Communist International

1.The present stage in the development of the international communist movement is marked by the fact that the finest representatives of the revolutionary proletariat in all capitalist countries have fully grasped the fundamental principles of the Communist International, viz., dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet power, and have ranged themselves with unbounded enthusiasm on the side of the Communist International. An even bigger and more important step forward is the definite sympathy with these fundamental principles that has everywhere taken shape among the broadest masses; not only of the urban proletariat, but of the advanced section of the rural workers as well.

On the other hand, two errors, or failings, are to be observed in the very rapidly growing international communist movement. One, which is very grave and constitutes an immense and immediate danger to the success of the cause of proletarian emancipation, is that a section of the old leaders and of the old parties of the Second International—some yielding half-unconsciously to the wishes and pressure of the masses, and some deliberately deceiving the masses in order to retain their function of agents and assistants of the bourgeoisie within the working-class movement—declare their qualified or even unqualified adherence to the Third International, while actually remaining in all their practical party and political work, on the level of the Second International. Such a state of affairs is absolutely intolerable, because it leads to downright corruption of the masses, detracts from the Third International’s prestige, and threatens a repetition of the same acts of treachery as were perpetrated by the Hungarian Social-Democrats, who so hastily assumed the title of Communists. The other error, which is far less significant and is more in the nature of growing pains of the movement, consists in a tendency towards “Leftism” which results in a wrong appraisal of the role and the tasks of the party with regard to the class and the masses, and a wrong attitude towards the revolutionary Communists’ obligation to work in bourgeois parliaments and reactionary trade unions.

Communists are in duty bound, not to gloss over shortcomings in their movement, but to criticise them openly so as to remedy them the more speedily and radically. For this purpose it is necessary: first, to define as concretely as possible, particularly on the basis of the practical experience already acquired, the content of the concepts “dictatorship of the proletariat” and “Soviet power”; second, to specify the precise content of the immediate and systematic preparatory work to be carried on in all countries so as to give effect to these slogans; and third, to specify the methods and means of rectifying the faults in our movement.

The Essence Of The Dictatorship Of The Proletariat and of Soviet Power

2.The victory of socialism (as the first stage of communism) over capitalism requires that the proletariat, as the only really revolutionary class, shall accomplish the following three tasks. First—overthrow the exploiters, and first and foremost the bourgeoisie, as their principal economic and political representative; utterly rout them; crush their resistance; absolutely preclude any attempt on their part to restore the yoke of capital and wage-slavery. Second—win over and bring under the leadership of the Communist Party, the revolutionary vanguard of the proletariat, not only the entire proletariat, or its vast majority, but all who labour and are exploited by capital; educate, organise, train and discipline them in the actual course of a supremely bold and ruthlessly firm struggle against the exploiters; wrest this vast majority of the pqpulation in all the capitalist countries from dependence on the bourgeoisie; imbue it, through its own practical experience, with confidence in the leading role of the proletariat and of its revolutionary vanguard. Third—neutralise, or render harmless, the inevitable vacillation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, between bourgeois democracy and Soviet power, to be seen in the class of petty proprietors in agriculture, industry and commerce—a class which is still fairly numerous in nearly all advanced countries, although comprising only a minority of the population—as well as in the stratum of intellectuals, salary earners, etc., which corresponds to this class.

The first and second tasks are independent ones, each requiring its own special methods of action with regard to the exploiters and to the exploited respectively. The third task follows from the first two, and merely requires a skilful, timely and flexible combination of methods of the first and second type, depending on the specific circumstances in each separate instance of vacillation.

3.In the concrete situation created throughout the world, and above all in the most advanced, powerful, enlightened and free capitalist countries, by militarism, imperialism, the oppression of colonies and weak countries, the world wide imperialist butchery and the “Peace” of Versailles—in that situation the very idea of the capitalists peacefully submitting to the will of the majority of the exploited, the very idea of a peaceful, reformist transition to socialism, is not merely sheer philistine stupidity but also down right deception of the workers, embellishment of capitalist wage-slavery, and concealment of the truth. That truth consists in the bourgeoisie, even the most enlightened and democratic, no longer hesitating at any fraud or crime, even the massacre of millions of workers and peasants, so as to preserve private ownership of the means of production. Only the forcible overthrow of the bourgeoisie, the confiscation of its property, the destruction of the entire bourgeois state apparatus from top to bottom—parliamentary. judicial, military, bureaucratic, administrative, municipal, etc.—right down to the wholesale deportation or internment of the most dangerous and stubborn exploiters and the institution of strict surveillance over them so as to foil their inevitable attempts to resist and to restore capitalist slavery—only such measures can ensure real submission of the whole class of exploiters.

On the other hand, the idea, common among the old parties and the old leaders of the Second International, that the majority of the exploited toilers can achieve complete clarity of socialist consciousness and firm socialist convictions and character under capitalist slavery, under the yoke of the bourgeoisie (which assumes an inIinite variety of forms that become more subtle and at the same time more brutal and ruthless the higher the cultural level in a given capitalist country) is also idealisation of capitalism and of bourgeois democracy, as well as deception of the workers. In fact, it is only after the vanguard of the proletariat, supported by the whole or the majority of this, the only revolutionary class, overthrows the exploiters, suppresses them, emancipates the exploited from their state of slavery and-immediately improves their conditions of life at the expense of the expropriated capitalists—it is only after this, and only in the actual process of an acute class strugg]e, that the masses of the toilers and exploited can be educated, trained and organised around the proletariat under whose influence and guidance, they can get rid of the selfishness, disunity, vices and weaknesses engendered by private property; only then will they be converted into a free union of free workers.

4.Victory over capitalism calls for proper relations between the leading (Communist) party, the revolutionary class (the proletariat) and the masses, i.e., the entire body of the toilers and the exploited. Only the Communist Party, if it is really the vanguard of the revolutionary class, if it really comprises all the finest representatives of that class, if it consists of fully conscious and staunch Communists who have been educated and steeled by the experience of a persistent revolutionary struggle, and if it has succeeded in linking itself inseparably with the whole life of its class and, through it, with the whole mass of the exploited, and in completely winning the confidence of this class and this mass—only such a party is capable of leading the proletariat in a final, most ruthless and decisive struggle against all the forces of capitalism. On the other hand, it is only under the leadership of such a party that the proletariat is capable of displaying the full might of its revolutionary onslaught, and of overcoming the inevitable apathy and occasional resistance of that small minority, the labour aristocracy, who have been corrupted by capitalism, the old trade union and co-operative leaders, etc.—only then will it be capable of displaying its full might, which, because of the very economic structure of capitalist society, is infinitely greater than its proportion of the population. Finally, it is only after they have been really emancipated from the yoke of the bourgeoisie and of the bourgeois machinery of state, only after they have found an opportunity of organising in their Soviets in a really free way (free from the exploiters), that the masses, i.e., the toilers and exploited as a body, can display, for the first time in history, all the initiative and energy of tens of millions of people who have been crushed by capitalism. Only when the Soviets have become the sole state apparatus is it really possible to ensure the participation, in the work of administration, of the entire mass of the exploited, who, even under the most enlightened and freest bourgeois democracy, have always actually been excluded 99 per cent from participation in the work of administration. It is only in the Soviets that the exploited masses really begin to learn—not in books, but from their own practical experience—the work of socialist construction, of creating a new social discipline and a free union of free workers.

What Immediate And Universal Preparation for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat Should Consist of

5.The present stage in the development of the international communist movement is marked by the fact that in the vast majority of capitalist countries, the proletariat’s preparations to effect its dictatorship have not been completed, and, in many cases, have not even been systematically begun. From this it does not, however, follow that the proletarian revolution is impossible in the immediate future; it is perfectly possible, since the entire economic and political situation is most inflammable and abounds in causes of a sudden flare-up; the other condition for revolution, apart from the proletariat’s preparedness, viz., a general state of crisis in all the ruling and in all bourgeois parties, also exists. However, it does follow that the Communist Parties’ current task consists not in accelerating the revolution, but in intensifying the preparation of the proletariat. On the other hand, the facts cited above from the history of many socialist parties make it incumbent on us to see that “recognition” of the dictatorship of the proletariat shall not remain a more matter of words.

Hence, from the point of view of the international proletarian movement, it is the Communist parties ’ principal task at the present moment to unite the scattered Communist forces, to form a single Communist Party in every country (or to reinforce or renovate the already existing Party) in order to increase tenfold the work of preparing the proletariat for the conquest of political power—political power, moreover, in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The ordinary socialist work conducted by groups and parties which recognise the dictatorship of the proletariat has by no means undergone that fundamental reorganisation, that fundamental renovation, which is essential before this work can be considered communist work and adequate to the tasks to be accomplished on the eve of proletarian dictatorship.

6.The proletariat’s conquest of political power does not put a stop to its class struggle against the bourgeoisie; on the contrary, it renders that struggle most widespread, intense and ruthless. Owing to the extreme intensification of the struggle all groups, parties and leaders in the working-class movement who have fully or partly adopted the stand of reformism, of the “Centre”, etc., inevitably side with the bourgeoisie or join the waverers, or else (what is the most dangerous of all) land in the ranks of the unreliable friends of the victorious proletariat. Hence, preparation for the dictatorship of the proletariat calls, not only for an intensification of the struggle against reformist and “Centrist” tendencies, but also for a change in the character of that struggle. The struggle cannot be restricted to explaining the erroneousness of these tendencies; it must unswervingly and ruthlessly expose any leader of the working-class movement who reveals such tendencies, for otherwise the proletariat cannot know who it will march with into the decisive struggle against the bourgeoisie. This struggle is such that at any moment it may—and actually does, as experience has shown—substitute criticism with weapons for the weapon of criticism. [6] Any inconsistency or weakness in exposing those who show themselves to be reformists or “Centrists” means directly increasing the danger of the power of the proletariat being overthrovn by the bourgeoisie, which tomorrow will utilise for the counter-revolution that which short-sighted people today see merely as “theoretical difference”.

7.In particular, we must not restrict ourselves to the usual repudiation, in principle, of all collaboration between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, of all “collaborationism”. Under the dictatorship of the proletariat, which will never be able, at one stroke, to abolish private property completely, mere defence of “liberty”’ and “equality”, while private ownership of the means of production is preserved, turns into “collaboration” with the bourgeoisie, and undermines the rule of the working class. The dictatorship of the proletariat means that the state uses its whole machinery of power to uphold and perpetuate “no-liberty” for the exploiters to continue their oppression and exploitation, “inequality” between the owner of property (i.e., one who has appropriated for himself certain means of production created by social labour) and the non-owner. That which, prior to the victory of the proletariat, seems merely a theoretical difference on the question of “democracy” inevitably becomes, on the day following victory, a question that is settled by force of arms. Consequently, even preliminary work in preparing the masses to effect the dictatorship of the proletariat is impossible without a radical change in the entire character of the struggle against the “Centrists” and the “champions of democracy “.

8.The dictatorship of the proletariat is the most determined and revolutionary form of the proletariat’s class struggle against the bourgeoisie. This struggle can be successful only when the most revolutionary vanguard of the proletariat has the backing of the overwhelming majority of the proletariat. Hence, preparation for the dictatorship of the proletariat entails not only explanation of the bourgeois character of all reformism, of all defence of democracy, while private ownership of the means of production is preserved; it entails, not only exposure of such trends, which are in fact a defence of the bourgeoisie within the labour movement; it also calls for old leaders being replaced by Communists in proletarian organisations of absolutely every type—not only political, but also trade union, co-operative, educational, etc. The more complete, lengthy and firmly established the rule of bourgeois democracy has been in a given country, the more the bourgeoisie will have succeeded in securing the appointment to such leading posts of people whose minds have been moulded by it and imbued with its views and prejudices, and who have very often been directly or indirectly bought by it. These representatives of the labour aristocracy, bourgeoisified workers, should be ousted from all their posts a hundred times more sweepingly than hitherto, and replaced by workers—even by wholly inexperienced men, provided they are connected with the exploited masses and enjoy their confidence in the struggle against the exploiters. The dictatorship of the proletariat will require the appointment of such inexperienced workers to the most responsible posts in the state; otherwise the workers’ government will be impotent and will not have the support of the masses.

9.The dictatorship of the proletariat means that all toiling and exploited people, who have been disunited, deceived, intimidated, oppressed, downtrodden and crushed by the capitalist class, come under the full leadership of the only class trained for that leadership by the whole history of capitalism. That is why the following is one of the methods whereby preparations for the dictatorship of the proletariat should be started everywhere and immediately:

In all organisations, unions and associations without exception, and first and foremost in proletarian organisations, but also in those of the non-proletarian toiling and exploited masses (political, trade union, military, co-operative, educational, sports, etc., etc.), groups or cells of Communists should be formed—preferably open groups, but underground groups as well, the latter being essential whenever there is reason to expect their suppression, or the arrest or banishment of their members on the part of the bourgeoisie; these cells, which are to be in close touch with one another and with the Party centre, should, by pooling their experience, carrying on work of agitation, propaganda and organisation, adapting themselves to absolutely every sphere of public life and to every variety and category of the toiling masses, systematically educate themselves, the Party, the class, and the masses by means of such diversified work.

In this connection, it is of the utmost importance that necessary distinctions between the methods of work should be evolved in practice: on the one hand, in relation to the “leaders”, or “responsible representatives”, who are very often hopelessly beset with petty-bourgeois and imperialist prejudices—such “leaders” must be ruthlessly exposed and expelled from the working-class movement—and, on the other hand, in relation to the masses, who, particularly after the imperialist holocaust, are for the most part inclined to listen to and accept the doctrine that the guidance from the proletariat is essential, as the only way of escape from capitalist slavery. We must learn to approach the masses with particular patience and caution so as to be able to understand the distinctive features in the mentality of each stratum, calling, etc., of these masses.

10.In particular, there is a group or cell of Communists that deserves exceptional attention and care from the Party, i.e., the parliamentary group of Party members, who are deputies to bourgeois representative institutions (primarily the national, but also local, municipal, etc., representative institutions). On the one hand, it is this tribune which is held in particular regard by large sections of the toiling masses, who are backward or imbued with petty-bourgeois prejudices; it is therefore imperative for Communists to utilise this tribune to conduct propaganda, agitation and organisational work and to explain to the masses why the dispersal of the bourgeois parliament by the national congress of Soviets was legitimate in Russia (and, at the proper time, will be legitimate in any country). On the other hand, the entire history of bourgeois democracy, particularly in the advanced countries, has converted the parliamentary rostrum into one of the principal, if not the principal, venues of unparalleled fraudulency, financial and political deception of the people, careerism, hypocrisy and oppression of the working people. The intense hatred of parliaments felt by the best representatives of the revolutionary proletariat is therefore quite justified. The Communist parties and all parties affiliated to the Third International—especially those which have not arisen by splitting away from the old parties and by waging a long and persistent struggle against them, but through the old parties accepting (often nominally) the new stand—should therefore adopt a most strict attitude towards their parliamentary groups; the latter must be brought under the full control and direction of the Central Committees of the Parties; they must consist, in the main, of revolutionary workers; speeches by members of parliament should be carefully analysed in the Party press and at Party meetings, from a strictly communist standpoint; deputies should be sent to carry on agitational work among the masses; those who manifest Second International leanings should be expelled from the parliamentary groups, etc.

11.One of the chief causes hampering the revolutionary working-class movement in the developed capitalist countries is the fact that because of their colonial possessions and the super-profits gained by finance capital, etc., the capitalists af these countries have been able to create a relatively larger and more stable labour aristocracy, a section which comprises a small minority of the working class. This minority enjoys better terms of employment and is most-imbued with a narrow-minded craft spirit and with petty-bourgeois and imperialist prejudices. It forms the real social pillar of the Second International, of the reformists and the “Centrists”; at present it might even be called the social mainstay of the bourgeoisie. No preparation of the proletariat for the overthrow of the bourgeoisie is possible, even in the preliminary sense, unless an immediate, systematic, extensive and open struggle is waged against this stratum, which, as experience has already fully shown, will no doubt provide the bourgeois White guards with many a recruit after the victory of the proletariat. All parties affiliated to the Third International must at all costs give effect to the slogans: “Deeper into the thick of the masses”, “Closer links with the masses”—meaning by the masses all those who toil and are exploited by capital, particularly those who are least organised and educated, who are most oppressed and least amenable to organisation.

The proletariat becomes revolutionary only insofar as it does not restrict itself to the narrow framework of craft interests, only when in all matters and spheres of public life, it acts as the leader of all the toiling and exploited masses; it cannot achieve its dictatorship unless it is prepared and able to make the greatest sacrifices for the sake of victory over the bourgeoisie. In this respect, the experience of Russia is significant both in principle and in practice. The proletariat could not have achieved its dictatorship there, or won the universally acknowledged respect and confidence of all the toiling masses, had it not made the most sacrifices, or starved more than any other section of those masses at the most crucial moments of the onslaught, war and blockade effected by the world bourgeoisie.

In particular, the Communist Party and all advanced proletarians must give all-round and unstinted support especially to the spontaneous and mass strike movement, which, under the yoke of capital, is alone capable of really rousing, educating and organising the masses, of imbuing them with complete confidence in the leadership of the revolutionary proletariat. Without such preparation, no dictatorship of the proletariat is possible; those who are capable of publicly opposing strikes, such as Kautsky in Germany and Turati in Italy, cannot possibly be tolerated in the ranks of parties affiliated to the Third International. This applies even more, of course, to those trade union and parliamentary leaders who so often betray the workers by using the experience of strikes to teach them reformism, and not revolution (for instance, in Britain and in France in recent years).

12.In all countries, even in those that are freest, most “legal”, and most “peaceful” in the sense that the class struggle is least acute there, it is now absolutely indispensable for every Communist Party to systematically combine legal and illegal work, legal and illegal organisations. Notwithstanding their false and hypocritical declarations, the governments of even the most enlightened and freest of countries, where the bourgeois-democratic system is most “stable”, are already systematically and secretly drawing up blacklists of Communists and constantly violating their own constitutions so as to give secret or semi-secret encouragement to the whiteguards and to the murder of Communists in all countries, making secret preparations for the arrest of Communists, planting agents provocateurs among the Communists, etc., etc. Only a most reactionary philistine, no matter what cloak of fine “democratic” and pacifist phrases he may don, will deny this fact or the conclusion that of necessity follows from it viz., that all legal Communist parties must immediately form illegal organisations for the systematic conduct of illegal work and for complete preparations for the moment the bourgeoisie resorts to persecution. Illegal work is most necessary in the army, the navy and the police because, since the imperialist holocaust, governments the world over have begun to stand in dread of people’s armies which are open to the workers and peasants, and are secretly resorting to all kinds of methods to set up military units specially recruited from the bourgeoisie and equipped with the most up-to-date weapons.

On the other hand, it is likewise necessary that, in all cases without exception, the parties should not restrict themselves to illegal work, but should conduct legal work as well, overcoming all obstacles, starting legal publications, and forming legal organisations under the most varied names, which should be frequently changed if necessary. This is being practised by the illegal Communist parties in Finland, Hungary, partly in Germany, Poland, Latvia, etc. It should be practised by the Industrial Workers of the World in the U.S.A. and by all Communist parties at present legal, should public prosecutors see fit to take proceedings against them on the grounds of resolutions adopted by Congresses of the Communist International, etc.

A combination of illegal and legal work is an absolute principle dictated, not only by all features of the present period, that of the eve of the proletarian dictatorship, but also by the necessity of proving to the bourgeoisie that there is not, nor can there be, any sphere of activity that cannot be won by the Communists; above all, it is dictated by the fact that broad strata of the proletariat and even broader strata of the non-proletarian toiling and exploited masses still exist everywhere, who continue to believe in bourgeois-democratic legality and whom we must undeceive without fail.

13.In particular, the conditions of the working-class press in most advanced capitalist countries strikingly reveal the utter fraudulency of liberty and equality under bourgeois democracy, as well as the necessity of systematically combining legal work with illegal work. Both in vanquished Germany and in victorious America, the entire power of the bourgeoisie’s machinery of state and all the machinations of the financial magnates are employed to deprive the workers of their press, these including legal proceedings, the arrest (or murder by hired assassins) of editors, denial of mailing privileges, the cutting off of paper supplies, and so on and so forth. Besides, the news services essential to daily newspapers are run by bourgeois telegraph agencies, while advertisements, without which a large newspaper cannot pay its way, depend on the “good will” of the capitalists. To sum up: through skulduggery and the pressure of capital and the bourgeois state, the bourgeoisie is depriving the revolutionary proletariat of its press.

To combat this, the Communist parties must create a new type of periodical press for mass distribution among the workers: first, legal publications, which, without calling themselves communist and without publicising their links with the Party, must learn to make use of any legal opportunity, however slight, just as the Bolsheviks did under the tsar, after 1905; secondly, illegal leaflets, even the briefest and published at irregular intervals, but reprinted at numerous printshops by workers (secretly, or, if the movement has become strong enough, by the revolutionary seizure of printshops), and providing the proletariat with outspoken revolutionary information and revolutionary slogans.

Preparations for the dictatorship of the proletariat is impossible without a revolutionary struggle, into which the masses are drawn, for the freedom of the communist press.

Rectification Of The Political Line— Partly Also Of The Composition— Of Parties Affiliated Or Desiring To Affiliate To The Communist International

14.The measure in which the proletariat in countries most important from the viewpoint of world economics and politics is prepared to establish its dictatorship can be seen with the greatest objectivity and precision in the fact that the most influential parties of the Second International, viz., the French Socialist Party, the Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany, the Independent Labour Party of Great Britain and the Socialist Party of America, [7] have withdrawn from this yellow International, and have decided—the first three conditionally, the latter even unconditionally—to affiliate to the Third In ternational. This proves that not only the vanguard of the revolutionary proletariat but its majority too have begun to come over to our side, convinced by the entire course of events. The main thing now is the ability to consummate this process and to consolidate firmly in point of organisation what has been achieved, so as to advance all along the line, without the slightest wavering.

15.All the activities of the parties mentioned (to which should be added the Socialist Party of Switzerland, [8] if the telegraph reports of its decision to join the Third International are true) show—as any periodical of these parties will strikingly confirm—that they are not yet communist, and quite often run directly counter to the fundamental principles of the Third International, viz., the recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet government in place of bourgeois democracy.

Accordingly, the Second Congress of the Communist International must resolve that it cannot immediately accept the affiliation of these parties; that it endorses the reply given by the Executive Committee of the Third International to the German “Independents” [9] ; that it confirms its readiness to conduct negotiations with any party that withdraws from the Second International and desires to enter into closer relations with the Third International; that it will admit the delegates of such parties in a deliberative capacity to all its congresses and conferences; that it sets the following conditions for the complete adhesion of these (and similar), parties with the Communist International:

1)All decisions of all Congresses of the Communist International and of its Executive Committee to be published in all the periodicals of the parties concerned;

2)These decisions to be discussed at special meetings of all sections or local organisations of the parties;

3)After such discussion, special congresses of the parties to be convened to sum up the results, and for the purpose of—

4)Purging the parties of elements that continue to act in the spirit of the Second International;

5)All periodical publications of the parties to be placed under exclusively Communist editorship.

The Second Congress of the Third International should instruct its Executive Committee formally to accept these and similar parties into the Third International after ascertaining that all these conditions have actually been met and that the activities of the parties have assumed a communist character.

16.As to the question of the conduct of Communists now holding a minority of the responsible posts in these and similar parties, the Second Congress of the Communist International should resolve that, in view of the obvious growth of sincere sympathy for communism among working men belonging to these parties, it would be undesirable for Communists to resign from the latter, as long as they can carry on work within them for the recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet government, and as long as it is possible to criticise the opportunists and Centrists who still remain in these parties.

At the same time, the Second Congress of the Third International should declare in favour of Communist groups and organisations, or groups and organisations sympathising with communism, joining the Labour Party in Great Britain, despite its membership in the Second International. As long as this party ensures its affiliated organisations their present freedom of criticism and freedom to carry on work of propaganda, agitation and organisation in favour of the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet government, and as long as this party preserves the character of a federation of all trade union organisations of the working class, it is imperative for Communists to do everything and to make certain compromises in order to be able to exercise their influence on the broadest masses of the workers, to expose their opportunist leaders from a higher tribune, that is in fuller view of the masses, and to hasten the transfer of political power from the direct representatives of the bourgeoisie to the “labour lieutenants of the capitalist class”, so that the masses may be more quickly weaned away from their last illusions on this score.

17.Concerning the Socialist Party of Italy, the Second Congress of the Third International considers that the criticism of that party and the practical proposals submitted to the National Council of the Socialist Party of Italy in the name of the party’s Turin section, [10] as set forth in L’Ordine Nuovo of May 8, 1920, are in the main correct and are fully in keeping with the fundamental principles of the Third International.

Accordingly, the Second Congress of the Third International requests the Socialist Party of Italy to convene a special congress to discuss these proposals and also all the decisions of the two Congresses of the Communist International for the purpose of rectifying the party’s line and of purging it, particularly its parliamentary group, of non-Communist elements.

18.The Second Congress of the Third International considers erroneous the views on the Party’s relation to the class and to the masses, and the view that it is not obligatory for Communist parties to participate in bourgeois parliaments and in reactionary trade unions. These views have been refuted in detail in special decisions of the present Congress, and advocated most fully by the Communist Workers’ Party of Germany, and partly by the Communist Party of Switzerland [11] , by Kommunismus , organ of the East-European Secretariat of the Communist International in Vienna, by the now dissolved secretariat in Amsterdam, by several Dutch comrades, by several Communist organisations in Great Britain, as, for example, the Workers’ Socialist Federation, etc., and also by the Industrial Workers of the World in the U.S.A. and the Shop Stewards’ Committees in Great Britain, etc.

Nevertheless, the Second. Congress of the Third International considers it possible and desirable that those of the above-mentioned organisations which have not yet officially affiliated to the Communist International should do so immediately; for in the present instance, particularly as regards the Industrial Workers of the World in the U.S.A. and Australia, as well as the Shop Stewards’ Committees in Great Britain, we are dealing with a profoundly proletarian and mass movement, which in all essentials actually stands by the basic principles of the Communist International. The erroneous views held by these organisations regarding participation in bourgeois parliaments can be explained, not so much by the influence of elements coming from the bourgeoisie, who bring their essentially petty-bourgeois views into the movement—views such as anarchists often hold—as by the political inexperience of proletarians who are quite revolutionary and connected with the masses.

For this reason, the Second Congress of the Third International requests all Communist organisations and groups in the Anglo-Saxon countries, even if the Industrial Workers of the World and the Shop Stewards’ Committees do not immediately affiliate to the Third International, to pursue a very friendly policy towards these organisations, to establish closer contacts with them and the masses that sympathise with them, and to explain to them in a friendly spirit—on the basis of the experience of all revolutions, and particularly of the three Russian revolutions of the twentieth century—the erroneousness of their views as set forth above, and not to desist from further efforts to amalgamate with these organisations to form a single Communist party.

19.In this connection, the Congress draws the attention of all comrades, particularly in the Latin and Anglo-Saxon countries, to the fact that, since the war, a profound ideological division has been taking place among anarchists all over the world regarding the attitude to be adopted towards the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet government. Moreover, a proper understanding of these principles is particularly to be seen among proletarian elements that have often been impelled towards anarchism by a perfectly legitimate hatred of the opportunism and reformism of the parties of the Second International. That understanding is growing the more widespread among them, the more familiar they become with the experience of Russia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Germany.

The Congress therefore considers it the duty of all Communists to do everything to help all proletarian mass elements to abandon anarchism and come over to the side of the Third International. The Congress points out that the measure in which genuinely Communist parties succeed in winning mass proletarian elements rather than intellectual, and petty-bourgeois elements away from anarchism, is a criterion of the success of those Parties.

July 4, 1920

[6] Lenin is quoting from Marx’s work “Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie” (see Marx/Engels, Werke , Bd. 1, S. 385).

[7] The American Socialist Party was formed in July 1901 at a congress held in Indianapolis, as the result of a merger of groups that had broken away from the Socialist Workers’ Party and the Social-Democratic Party of the U.S.A. Among the new party’s organisers was Eugene Debs, a popular figure in the U.S. labour movement. The social composition of the party was not uniform, it contained native-born and immigrant workers, as well as small farmers and people of petty-bourgeois origin. The Centrist and the Right-wing opportunist leaders of the party (Victor Berger, Morris Hillquit and others) denied the necessity of the proletarian dictatorship, renounced revolutionary methods of struggle, and reduced all party activities to participation in election campaigns. During the First World War (1914-18) three trends appeared in the Socialist Party: the social-chauvinists, who supported the imperialist policy of the Administration, the Centrists, who opposed the imperialist war only in word, and the revolutionary minority, who took an internationalist stand and struggled against the war.

The Socialist Party’s Left wing, headed by Charles Ruthenberg, William Foster, William Haywood and others, relying on the proletarian elements, waged a struggle against the party’s opportunist leadership, for independent proletarian action and the formation of industrial trade unions based on the principles of the class struggle. In 1919 a split took place in the Socialist Party. The party’s Left wing broke away, bccoming the initiator and nucleus of the Communist Party of the U.S.A. At present the Socialist Party is a small sectarian organisation.

[8] The Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland (known as the Swiss Socialist Party) was formed in the seventies of the last century and affiliated to the First International. The party was re-formed in 1888. The opportunists were very influential in the party, and during the First World War took a social-chauvinist stand. In the autumn of 1916, the Party’s Right wing broke away to form their own organisation. The majority, headed by Robert Grimm, took a Centrist, social-pacifist stand, while the Left wing of the party adhered to an internationalist stand. The Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia influenced and strengthened the Left wing which, in December 1920, broke away and joined the Communist Party of Switzerland in 1921 (see Note 69).

[9] “Draft (or the Theses) of the R.C.P.’s Reply to a Letter from the German Independent Social-Democratic Party” (see present edition, Vol. 30, pp. 337-44).

[10] The Turin section accused the Italian Socialist Party with its conciliatory leadership, of failing to give a correct analysis of events, in the conditions of the revolutionary upsurge in Italy (1919-20) that had created the possibility of the seizure of political power by the proletariat, and of having failed to advance any slogan acceptable to the revolutionary masses, and expel the reformists from its ranks. The section made a number of practical proposals: the expulsion of the opportunists from the party; the formation of communist groups in each factory, in the trade unions, co-operatives, and army barracks, the setting-up of factory T.U. committees to organise control of production in industry and agriculture. The section demanded that work to prepare the working masses for the creation of Soviets should be begun at once.

[11] In October 1918, part of the Social-Democrat Left wing united to form the Communist Party of Switzerland. It was not a big party at the time, being represented by two delegates at the Second Congress of the Comintern.

In December 1920, the Left wing of the Swiss Social-Democratic Party broke away from it, and raised the question of forming a strong section of the Communist International in Switzerland. At a congress held in Zurich in March 1921, attended by 28 delegates from the Communist Party and 145 delegates representing the former Left wing of the Social-Democratic Party, the two groups officially united to form a single Communist Party of Switzerland.

Collected Works Volume 31 Collected Works Table of Contents Lenin Works Archive

The School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences

Cognitive science, cognitive science, ph.d., program overview.

The doctoral program in Cognitive Science was launched in 2003 with the aim of making seminal contributions to the field by training the next generation of world-class cognitive scientists.  In keeping with the interdisciplinary nature of cognitive science, this program trains students to integrate theories, methods, and tools from a variety of fields.

Program Outcomes

Because there are no traditional qualifiers, students become engaged in research from the beginning of their first semester in the program. Students work closely with individual faculty as well as teams of faculty, postdocs, and graduate students whose research interests include computational cognitive modeling, artificial intelligence, extreme expertise, human and machine reasoning, computational linguistics, perception and action, theoretical neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive engineering, and advanced synthetic characters. There is a strong emphasis on building models of natural and artificial cognitive systems using formal, quantitative, and mathematical tools. The department has excellent research facilities, such as eye tracking equipment, an array of robotics equipment, and a large-scale immersive virtual environment lab.

Our graduate students are innovative, interdisciplinary and making impactful contributions to the field of cognitive science. Take a look at our current graduate student profiles to read about the variety of research interests our students pursue. 

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