Identification of unresolved problem
Formulation of aims and objectives.
TYPE-II: Cumulative Doctoral thesis: A modem but quite useful practice.
A book containing the pearls of a PhD work has standardized divisions and formats, where the number of pages should be weighted in terms of content rather than container. The book includes summary, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions, references and acknowledgements.
Two exercises are mandatory before starting a PhD programme:
Now comes the most crucial and functional part of the doctoral work, the materials/subjects and methods section. This part can be considered as the motor of the PhD work. The reliability, sensitivity and specificity of the motor must be checked before embarking on a long journey. Controlling the controls is the best guide for a precise and authentic work. Usually materials and methods contain components such as a description of the species involved, their number, age, weight and anthropometric parameters, types of surgical procedures and anesthesia if applied, and a detailed description of methodology. Continuous or point measurements should be thoroughly described. However, a dynamic method should always be preferred to static one.
The experimental protocol should be designed after a small pilot study, which is especially advisable in research on human subjects. A detailed and well-thought experimental protocol forms the basis of conditions under which the results would be obtained. Any deviation from the experimental protocol will affect the outcome, and the interpretation of results. It may be noted that great discoveries are usually accidental and without a protocol, based merely on careful observation! However, for the sake of a publication, a protocol has to be designed after the discovery. After having described the different phases of the experimental protocol with the help of a schematic diagram e.g., showing variables, time period and interventions, the selection of a statistical method should be discussed. Negative results should not be disregarded because they represent the boundary conditions of positive results. Sometimes the negative results are the real results.
It is usual practice that most PhD candidates start writing the methodological components first. This is followed by writing the results. The pre-requisites for writing results are that all figures, tables, schematic diagrams of methods and a working model should be ready. They should be designed in such a way that the information content of each figure should, when projected as a frame be visually clear to audience viewing it from a distance of about fifty feet. It is often observed that the presenters themselves have difficulty in deciphering a frame of the Power-Point being projected in a conference.
The results of a doctoral thesis should be treated like a bride. The flow of writing results becomes easier if all figures and tables are well prepared. This promotes the train of thoughts required to analyze the data in a quantitative fashion. The golden rule of writing results of a thesis is to describe what the figure shows. No explanation is required. One should avoid writing anything which is not there in a figure. Before writing one should observe each diagram for some time and make a list of observations in the form of key words. The more one has understood the information content of a figure; the better will be the fluency of writing. The interruption of the flow in writing most often indicates that an author has not understood the results. Discussion with colleagues or reference to the literature is the only remedy, and it functions sometimes like a caesarean procedure.
Statistical methods are good devices to test the degree of authenticity and precision of results if appropriately applied. The application of statistical technique in human studies poses difficulties because of large standard deviations. Outliers must be discussed, if they are excluded for the sake of statistical significance. Large standard deviations can be minimized by increasing the number of observations. If a regression analysis is not weighted, it gives faulty information. The correlation coefficient value can change from 0.7 to 0.4 if the regression analysis is weighted using Fisher’s test. The dissection of effect from artifact should be analysed in such a way that the signal to noise ratio of a parameter should be considered. A competent statistician should always be consulted in order to avoid the danger of distortion of results.
The legend of a figure should be well written. It contains a title, a brief description of variables and interventions, the main effect and a concluding remark conveying the original message. The writing of PhD work is further eased by a well maintained collection of data in the form of log book, original recordings, analyzed references with summaries and compiling the virgin data of the study on master plan sheet to understand the original signals before submitting to the procedures of statistics. The original data belong to the laboratory of an institution where it came into being and should be preserved for 5-7 years in the archive for the sake of brevity.
This is the liveliest part of a thesis. Its main goal is to defend the work by staging a constructive debate with the literature. The golden rule of this written debate should be that a rigid explanation looks backward and a design looks forward. The object is to derive a model out of a jig-saw puzzle of information. It should be designed in such a way that the results of the present study and those of authors from the literature can be better discussed and interpreted. Agreement and disagreement can be better resolved if one considers under what experimental conditions the results were obtained by the various authors. It means that the boundary conditions for each result should be carefully analyzed and compared.
The discussion can be divided into the following parts:
Another way of writing a doctoral work is a cumulative type of thesis. 11 It consists of a few original publications in refereed journals of repute. It is supplemented by a concise summary about the research work. This type of thesis is usually practiced in Sweden, Germany and other countries. It has the advantage of being doubly refereed by the journals and the faculty of health sciences. Additionally, papers are published during a doctoral work. A declaration has to be given to the faculty of science about the sharing of research work in publications, provided there are co-authors. The weightage should be in favour of the PhD candidate, so that the thesis can ethically be better defended before the team of august research faculty.
A critical review of this manuscript by Dr. Roger Sutton, Dr. Khalid Khan, Dr. Bukhtiar Shah and Dr. Satwat Hashmi is gratefully acknowledged.
Dedicated to the memory of Mr. Azim Kidwai for his exemplary academic commitment and devotion to the science journalism in Pakistan.
Calloway Cook Calloway Cook is the President of Illuminate Labs and has reviewed over 1,000 clinical trials. See full bio . , Author | Taylor Graber MD Taylor Graber is a Medical Doctor (MD) and a practicing anaesthesiologist. He's also an entrepreneur who runs a health and wellness startup. See full bio . , Medical Reviewer Last updated: Nov 05, 2023
Calloway Cook Calloway Cook is the President of Illuminate Labs and has reviewed over 1,000 clinical trials. See full bio . , Author
Taylor Graber MD Taylor Graber is a Medical Doctor (MD) and a practicing anaesthesiologist. He's also an entrepreneur who runs a health and wellness startup. See full bio . , Medical Reviewer Last updated: Nov 05, 2023
We review published medical research in respected scientific journals to arrive at our conclusions about a product or health topic. This ensures the highest standard of scientific accuracy.
Illuminate Labs has a team of medical experts including doctors and Registered Dietitians who are assigned to review the accuracy of health claims and medical research summaries based on the relevancy of their expertise to the article topic.
The focus of our articles is to share our opinion on the potential efficacy and safety of health trends and products.
T hesis is a wellness brand that sells personalized nootropics. The brand sells supplements with unique names like “Creativity” and “Motivation,” and claims that their individualized products are “based on your unique brain chemistry.”
But is there legitimate research backing personalized nootropics or is this just a marketing spin? Why does the brand ask for so much personal data? Are their supplements well-formulated? And how do real users rate and describe the effects of Thesis?
In this article we’ll answer all of these questions and more as we share our concerns about the marketing practices and health claims of Thesis.
We’ll also analyze the ingredients in one of their formulations based on medical research to give our take on whether or not it's likely to be effective. We’ll share customer reviews of Thesis nootropics including some from individuals with ADHD.
The branding around Thesis is of “personalized nootropic formulas,” however this may be entirely untrue.
We submitted test answers into the health intake form of their site, along with a fake email, and after submitting all of this information we were brought to their “Starter Kit” landing page which is accessible at this link .
If you access the above link in a new window, the products suggested are the exact same, which suggests that Thesis is really collecting sensitive customer health data based on the guise of “personalized” supplements, while providing no additional value, which is a highly questionable marketing approach in our opinion.
The concept of “personalized nootropics” doesn’t even make sense, because the manufacturer would have to literally formulate and package them when a customer placed an order, unique to each customer’s order which is highly unlikely. It would make no business sense for a company to formulate millions of unique products and would be logistically impossible.
It appears that Thesis simply recommends some of their supplements to consumers based on their needs, which is not a “personalized nootropic formula,” it’s a personalized recommendation which literally any brand could offer.
This leads us to our second concern about this brand.
Rather than simply selling supplements, they require users to complete a questionnaire which asks a number of sensitive health questions.
As shown above, the brand requires users to answer questions about their gender identity and their alcoholic intake in their health quiz. What does this have anything to do with nootropics, and why would any user share this data with a random supplement startup?
We would recommend avoiding this brand based on these marketing and data collection practices alone, but in the next section we’ll analyze the formulation of one of their products.
Thesis’ “Motivation Formula” contains five active ingredients: l-phenylalanine, Dynamine, vitamin B12, forskolin and artichoke extract.
L-phenylalanine is an amino acid that Thesis describes as supporting mood, attention and motivation, however these claims are uncited and we can’t find any medical evidence supporting them.
Most of the clinical research we found on this ingredient involves obesity, with this clinical trial finding that l-phenylalanine may increase the sense of fullness and decrease calories consumed in overweight individuals, but only at a dose 20x that in Thesis’ supplement.
Dynamine is a trademarked form of methylliberine, which is a chemical compound that can be isolated from coffee beans and tea. Thesis claims that this compound “supports alertness” but this claim is uncited and we can’t find any medical evidence supporting it.
The manufacturer of this ingredient is a company called Compound Solutions, and the company even states on their website that this ingredient is “typically used in combination with caffeine and TeaCrine,” because all three of the clinical trials that the manufacturer cites on their website use Dynamine in combination with either caffeine or TeaCrine.
However, there is no caffeine or TeaCrine in Thesis Motivation.
Vitamin B12 is often included in nootropic formulations, but we’re unsure why. As we referenced in our review of another nootropic supplement called Noocube which also contains this ingredient, we can’t identify any medical evidence that vitamin B12 improves cognitive function in healthy adults without a vitamin B12 deficiency.
Forskolin was shown in an animal study to reduce memory loss, but the lowest dose used was equivalent to over 200% of the human-equivalent dose in Thesis. We can’t identify any clinical trials with human trial participants proving this compound to be an effective nootropic.
Artichoke extract is the final active ingredient, and Thesis claims that this ingredient “supports blood flow and promotes stress management.” These claims are uncited and we’re unclear on why this ingredient would be included in a nootropic formula, as even the stated health claims do not reference an explicit improvement in cognitive function.
Thesis fails to publish inactive ingredients for Motivation, which is an important consumer safety concern.
Overall we do not consider Thesis Motivation likely to be effective for improving cognitive function or productivity as we are unable to identify a single active ingredient that we would consider effective at the given dose, based on a review of clinical studies.
We do not recommend this supplement or brand, and consider this product to be one of the worst nootropic formulations that we’ve reviewed on Illuminate Health. Most nootropic supplements we review at least contain one effectively-dosed active ingredient.
One of our product testers named Matt Donnelly tested Thesis. Here's his experience:
I spent the month trying out the starter pack, which included CLARITY, MOTIVATION, LOGIC, and MOTIVATION.
Of the four, the only one that seemed to have any positive effect was LOGIC. It's good for “Research projects” and “Complex problem-solving” according to the packaging.
I was hoping for good results because I had been sidetracked from creative projects. It seemed like this one may have contributed to more focus overall and focused attention.
On some days I got very tired a few hours after taking the capsules, and needed to lie down in the afternoon.
There are three or four pills in each packet. It seemed to me like a lot to consume on a daily basis, and the pills are large so they could be challenging to swallow.
Overall, I would rate Thesis 3/10 and I wouldn't purchase this product again.
A YouTube creator named “LUKAS YAN” reviewed Thesis nootropics and shared his thoughts on whether or not the supplements improved his physical and mental energy:
Thesis Nootropics do not appear to have been studied in any clinical trials, so it’s impossible to say for certain whether or not they’re likely to cause side effects. However, we can make an educated guess based on their formulations.
Most of the active ingredients in Thesis supplements appear to be safe and well-studied. We don’t have access to the full set of the brand’s supplements because instead of transparently posting all product pages they rely on the “individualized” marketing.
Our concern in regard to side effects is that the brand fails to clearly publish inactive ingredient information, and some inactive ingredients can cause side effects.
We hope that in the future Thesis publishes inactive ingredients in the same section where active ingredients are published for each supplement they sell. This is important for consumer safety.
Mind Lab Pro by Performance Lab is our top premium nootropic pick.
This is the first Illuminate Labs Certified supplement, and has been shown to be effective for short-term cognitive improvements in two clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals.
Performance Lab MCT Oil is our top food-based nootropic pick.
MCT oil is derived from coconut oil, and improved memory recall by 20% in adults in a 2022 meta-study .
Illuminate Labs Ginkgo Biloba Extract is our top herbal nootropic pick.
A medical review published in the Psychopharmacology journal found that ginkgo biloba supplementation improved attention and cognitive performance in healthy, young adults.
We don’t recommend using Thesis supplements to treat any specific health condition.
There are several TikTok reviews from individuals with ADHD who tried Thesis supplements.
A TikTok user named Syd shared her experience using Thesis while having ADHD:
@sydneydelucchi Lets try @takethesis ! #nootropics #nootropicsforadhd #adhd ♬ original sound - Syd 🦋
A TikTok creator named Mike Cribbs shared her experience:
@mikacribbs Replying to @adrienne here are my initial thoughts using @Thesis 💙🩵 #takethesis #nootropics #thesis ♬ Fukashigi no Carte Lofi Hiphop (Bunny Girl Senpai) - bvyunx
We disagree with the way Thesis markets their products, and we recommend that consumers avoid giving sensitive health data to dietary supplement startups unnecessarily.
The one Thesis supplement that we analyzed based on its active ingredients, called Motivation, was underwhelming. We were unable to identify any effectively-dosed ingredients based on a review of medical research, and the brand fails to clearly publish inactive ingredient information or cite the health claims made about their ingredients.
We do not recommend Thesis supplements although we don’t consider it likely that the supplements will cause side effects.
Some TikTok users with ADHD who tried Thesis supplements had relatively negative feedback.
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Your brain is a primary difference between winning a Nobel prize and living a life of mediocrity.
How well it functions isn’t solely a matter of genetics.
Neuroscience research, and overwhelming anecdotal experience, show that we can dramatically upgrade our:
Welcome to the world of “neurohacking”. Using special ingredients and lifestyle practices to optimize the brains and increase our overall quality of life.
But there’s one glaring issue…
Companies making the best brain-boosting supplements recognize this and customize their formulas to your unique lifestyle.
One such nootropic experience is a “newcomer” (you’ll learn why this isn’t exactly true) called Thesis. You take a short brain assessment, they send you a starter kit, and their complimentary coach helps you hone the perfect brain supplements — customized to you!
This post will thoroughly review of TakeThesis, how it compares to other nootropics companies, and whether this is the last brain supplement you’ll need.
In a hurry?
Use the exclusive Thesis code URBAN to save 10%
These are different from the off-label use of prescription pharmaceuticals like Adderall.
Essentially, nootropics are a special class of ingredients that satisfy ALL the following criteria:
There’s something that makes them even better…
Nootropics upgrade your baseline performance even after you stop taking them . They cause long-term changes to brain structure and function. Almost like training you how to operate at a higher level and forming positive habits.
At the same time, the good ones provide a quick and noticeable pick-me-up. You don’t wonder if they’re working.
The right formulas help you reach your full potential faster and more effectively.
Thesis is the masterpiece of expert brain supplement formulators Dan Freed and Adam Greenfield. This duo began researching nootropics out of personal need. Both struggled with poor cognitive performance. They learned how to balance brain chemistry to maximize performance.
Now they’re sharing their discoveries with the world.
After great success with their original product, Find My Formula (which I reviewed here), they revamped their formulations and process.
While each of us has unique neurochemistries, after working with enough people, they began to spot patterns in which ingredients, the forms of those ingredients, and doses work best. Over the span of years, they’ve amassed a huge dataset:
Resulting in 86% of users reporting higher energy levels, better mood, more reliable memory, and greater motivation.
Unsurprisingly, Thesis has garnered a stellar 96% customer satisfaction.
The company also has soul. By donating a portion of each sale to both the Covenant House and The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), they’re evolving the future of brain enhancement and also making it more accessible to the world.
When evaluating any nootropic, you must consider how they source and test ingredients.
The sad truth is that most of the products on the market are WORSE than useless. Contaminated with heavy metals, mycotoxins, pathogens, even adulterated with banned (dangerous) substances.
Thesis puts each ingredient through a rigorous, multi-step ethical, medical, and legal evaluation. Before acquiring and testing the ingredients for safety and purity, every ingredient must be supported as safe and effective by clinical trials.
This team keeps up with the ever-changing regulations.
Since the days of Find My Formula, a lot has changed. Each of their blends has undergone a major overhaul.
One of the common gripes with naturals is that you don’t feel anything.
Thesis isn’t your run-of-the-mill supplement company.
They’ve streamlined a process resulting in 86 percent of users finding their neurochemically tuned formulations in less than one month.
This is how to best use Thesis:
Your Thesis journey begins with a short survey to understand your basic lifestyle, how your brain functions, and your goals for using nootropics. The entire “quiz” takes just a few minutes. When you finish, their AI finds your “digital twin” to determine which formulations are most likely to work for you.
A few days later, you’ll receive the Thesis Starter Kit in the mail, with the four separate blends best matched to your brain.
I suggest jotting down the way you feel, your challenges, and goals. That way you’ll have something to reference after several weeks of testing. Bonus points for including audio/video in your log.
You’ll follow the directions, testing each product for six days in a row. Then take a break over the weekend, allowing your body to reset. Though you don’t need two days off, I notice better effects when I give my body the extra rest day.
If you’re sensitive, I suggest taking these capsules first thing in the morning.
At any point, you can schedule a call with one of the resident Thesis Nootropics Experts. They’ll help coach you to ensuring the best possible experience and tweak your kit as necessary. Definitely take advantage of the experts, as they’re a key bonus of Thesis !
By the end of the month, you’ll have discovered your favorite blends and the ones that you don’t like. It’s perfectly normal to not like some of them, and your future orders will only include the products you love most.
Note that I’ve written about five blends below, but your Starter Kit will only contain four. Once you’ve gone through the Starter Kit, you’ve demoed the blends.
Hopefully, you’ve discovered the ones that work great for you.
For every subsequent order, you get four slots to customize however you prefer. My favorite combo is:
But if I really loved a particular blend, for example, I could just do:
You can request any of the formulations in either of two versions: caffeinated or caffeine-free.
Don’t pay much attention to the names of each. They’re merely general suggestions of the most often reported benefits. It’s entirely possible that you’ll get more clarity from Creativity, or better logical reasoning from Energy.
Let’s examine each of the different blends.
I reach for Energy when I get less than 7 hours of sleep, or when I need extra energy to crush a workout and power through a long Monday. It’s also useful for travel days, or when I know I’ll wind up in energy-depleting situations. Others use it to reinforce new healthy habits.
Thesis Energy blend ingredients include:
Sabroxy is an ancient Ayurvedic extract that comes from the bark of the Indian trumpet tree. Research suggests it enhances memory, focus, immunomodulation, mood, and even skin health.
From previous experience, I know that I respond well to Zynamite and TeaCrine. The former is an extract of mango leaf, and the latter is a molecular cousin of caffeine that comes from a tea plant, is non-habit forming, and with fewer side effects. Both noticeably increase energy, as expected. As a bonus, I find that these two also lift my mood.
Compared to the previous Energy formula, this iteration is smoother and more refined. Each sachet contains three capsules, and I start feeling effects 15 minutes after swallowing them.
I’ve been a big fan of all the Energy blends I’ve tested so far. It’s constantly ranked in my top 2 favorites due to the pronounced effects. It feels like a more full-body caffeine without the jitters or crash.
As the package insert describes, Clarity supports a calm, focused flow and is great for optimal performance during high-stakes days. Good for presentations, content creation, and non-stimulating concentration.
I’ve found this description to be spot on. The formula has undergone a complete overhaul, featuring two ingredients I haven’t found in other nootropics.
Thesis Clarity blend ingredients include:
7, 8 Dihydroxyflavone is a man-made flavonoid that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and mimic the effects of BDNF (dubbed “MiracleGro for the brain”). Camellia Sinesis is the ingredient that earned tea’s reputation as a health drink. It’s a potent source of the relaxing compound l-Theanine. Epicatechin also comes from tea, and it promotes optimal blood flow, mood, and neuroprotection.
A dose of Clarity takes three capsules, and I couldn’t pinpoint the exact time I started feeling it. The effects became more pronounced after approximately one hour.
Don’t expect a huge boost in energy or racing thoughts from this one. Once I released that expectation, I noticed that I felt clear, calm yet alert, steady, and mentally sharp . All without overstimulation. I flowed through my work, easily focusing on each task through completion.
To my surprise, Clarity went from among my least favorite Find My Formula blends, to my Thesis top pick.
I’m confident that this is one of the only nootropics that I can take in the afternoon (or even evening) and still sleep great.
Creativity helps you generate new ideas, think abstractly, and finally bring your dream projects to fruition. It works by quieting overthinking and helping integrate both hemispheres of the brain.
The stack of powerful adaptogenic herbs also makes it an excellent choice for stressful situations, or to relax in social events.
You can rest assured that it contains some of the most researched and scientifically proven herbs on the planet. Ashwagandha and Panax Ginseng are staples in Ayurvedic (Indian) and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Thousands of studies back their use.
Thesis Creativity blend ingredients include:
The Thesis formulators did a great job here, handpicking the strongest, cleanest, and most bioavailable forms of each ingredient.
Zembrin is one I hadn’t heard of, but am impressed by what I’ve learned. It’s a plant extract known to boost mood, improve workout focus, alleviate nervousness, and enhance complex problem-solving.
Approximately 45 minutes after my three-capsule dose, I noticed myself feeling slightly less reactive to urgent emails and other daily stressors. I could also more easily discern wisdom from my intuition. Each time I followed my instinct, I made the right choice.
I do already regularly take Ashwagandha and Ginseng in my own supplement regimen (which I stopped for this experiment), so it’s likely that my reaction is milder than most.
The name summarizes it well. Logic supports rational thinking. Making a popular choice among lawyers, bankers, programmers, scientists, academics, and those looking to boost their analytical abilities.
Though I didn’t get it selected for my Starter Kit, I reached out to their customer service to have it swapped in. As a Data Scientist, I knew that this would fit me well.
I was right. My first experience with the original Find My Formula Logic blend quickly took silver (only behind their original Energy). It hit the sweet spot between energetic stimulation and effortless focus. I went from spec sheet to finished product 35 percent faster than normal.
Thesis Logic blend ingredients include:
As its name suggests, Triacetyluridine is a more potent version of the nootropic uridine. It’s known to improve learning, memory, energy, mood, and reduce neuroinflammation.
Theobromine is a mild stimulant related to caffeine naturally occurring in cacao. It increases blood flow, and improves focus.
Those interested in memory enhancement may know Bacopa — one of the greatest ancient memory-enhancing herbs. Gingko is another notable natural herb, known to improve alertness, concentration, focus, and memory.
Phosphatidylserine comes from sunflowers. It gently alleviates stress without drowsiness, improves memory, and increases alertness.
Indeed, the Logic formulation improves working memory, offsets stress, and accelerates learning. On days I reluctantly approached tedious work, the two capsule dose of Logic took the edge off within about 20 minutes.
I’m still experimenting with the latest Logic blend, but so far it stacks up with the original. The new Logic feels slightly weaker, but I greatly prefer the new ingredients.
Motivation comes in a lime-green sachet. It’s Thesis’ take on the classic and original CILTEP nootropic stack.
Motivation bills itself as best for:
It’s one of the blends that’s most polarizing. You either love it, or you hate it.
I’ve tested this exact formulation produced by several different companies (including NaturalStacks and Find My Formula), and I’ve had bad experiences every single time.
The predominant effect I notice is a headache (which I never get). I also feel slightly spacey. This time I came prepared and used Semax to pull me out of my CILTEP fog.
But just as many people rave about their Motivation.
Thesis Motivation blend ingredients include:
It’s safe to say that after two days of use, you’ll know which Motivation camp you fall into.
Confidence is a newer Thesis blend that came out in mid-2022 after heavy internal research and development. I’ve been using it for the last few weeks and it’s certainly one of my favorites. Perhaps my top non-stimulating Thesis Formula.
Typical use cases for Confidence include:
My experience with Thesis Confidence has been overwhelmingly positive. Within about 30 minutes, I felt a smooth and definite mood boost. The day seemed to flow easily. I didn’t feel jitters or nervousness before overwise stressful no-agenda meetings.
This one is great for social situations. I’m noticing that I feel more comfortable and bold as a newbie Bachata dancer.
Although it’s not very stimulating, I noticed a slight rush kind of like the effect of finishing a good workout. Increased blood flow and slight flushing paired with relaxation (but certainly not any sedation).
Thesis Confidence blend ingredients include:
This is an excellent formula. I love the synergy between the ingredients. Plus, many of these (like Saffron) are expensive and commonly faked in supplements. By using the patented versions, we’re assuredly getting the real thing.
When the shipment finally arrives in the mail, you might feel overwhelmed.
Here’s what to expect…
Inside the large box, you’ll find four smaller boxes. Each box contains five sachets. Monday through Saturday mornings, you take one full sachet (2-3 capsules).
I suggest you take notes beforehand on what you wish to get out of the experience. Some popular examples include:
Then, at the end of each day, spend 15-seconds jotting down notes in the provided instruction manual. Trust me, this makes a huge difference. After completing week four, you’ll probably forget which blends you loved, the effects they had, and which ones didn’t work for you.
Some of the ingredients last slightly longer in your system, so I take the entire weekend off to allow my neurochemistry to reset. This also ensures you get the most bang for your buck.
After repeating this process for all four boxes, you’ll have discovered your favorite blends. A Thesis coach can help you customize future orders so you’ll only receive the ones you want!
Nootropics aren’t cheap.
You can skip this entire section, but these tips will help ensure that you get the most out of your experience.
Caffeine-free . If you’re new to nootropics, start with the non-caffeinated versions. I drink coffee most days. Sometimes two cups. But I always get my nootropics caffeine-free. For several reasons. First, nootropics potentiate caffeine. One coffee can feel like 3. If you’re not used to the combo, going caff-free gives you more control. Caff-free also means that I can take nootropics later in the day. Also, the health benefits of coffee don’t come from caffeine but from the polyphenols, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals. Plus, I just like the taste of coffee.
If you like this kind of thing, join my FREE nootropics mini-course where you’ll learn:
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Should i take thesis with caffeine.
I recommend taking Thesis without caffeine to start. Caffeine greatly increases the effects of certain nootropics. For some, this can be too much and lead to panic, headaches, and unease. You can always add coffee and more easily control your caffeine dosage later.
Thesis is the latest generation of Find My Formula nootropics. They’ve refined, upgraded, and revamped every single one of their formulas according to the latest neuroscience research. Find My Formula products are no longer available.
Your ideal Thesis stack depends on your neurochemistry, lifestyle, and goals. People either love or hate their Motivation blend. My favorites (in order) are Clarity, Energy, and then Logic.
Thesis offers two different buying options: one-time, and subscription. One-time purchases cost $119.00 and subscriptions cost $79.00 per month. Use code URBAN and save an extra 15 percent! Thesis backs all purchases with a full 30-day no-questions-asked money-back guarantee.
Ignore those that say you’re stuck with a less-than-optimal brain.
According to the latest neuroscience (and countless personal examples), that’s demonstrably false.
That is if you use the right products.
The most popular nootropics today are:
I’m constantly trying the latest nootropic formulas.
I take most of them for a month and see little benefit.
Thesis is one exception, featuring an impressive array of the highest-quality forms of well-researched ingredients. Drawing from their millions of data points, they’ve come up with unique formulas that give you both a quick boost and long-term benefits .
So that one day, should you choose, you can completely stop supplementing and continue enjoying all the fruits of an upgraded brain.
I personally prefer their Clarity, Energy, and Logic. Each serves a role specific to the type of day I have ahead.
Since the original Find My Formula blends, I’m impressed with their improvements. They’ve moved away from some of the man-made ingredients and embraced natural (but effective) bioharmonizing compounds.
As of January 2022, Thesis has amassed a 4.5+ star rating on 7,411 ratings.
Try it yourself with the exclusive Outliyr discount:
Thesis nootropics code URBAN saves you 10%
To the long-term Formula users — what do you think of the update? Have you enjoyed the new Thesis blends?
Let’s have a discussion in the comments below!
Post Tags: Brain & Cognition , Lifestyle , Nootropics , Review , Supplements
Unfortunately, I can not use any of the samples sent by Thesis. Each packet contained the caffeine equal to a cup of coffee.
What a bummer!
I’m not sure how you do with caffeine, but it also includes l-theanine which is a natural amino acid that really smoothes out the negative effects of caffeine (I won’t use any form of caffeine without it). You might want to reach out to their team about this, but last I heard, one of the pills in each sachet is exclusively caffeine/theanine. I’ve received a few caffeinated boxes, and just threw away the smallest white caffeine/theanine pill.
Or you can reach out to them and they will likely make it right.
Hey, I had the same issue. Fortunately, the caffeine portion comes in its own separate capsule (the white capsule in each packet), so you can choose to leave it out!
Correct. It’s the smaller white one if there are multiple white capsules.
I’ll be honest. I think this is a scam, like snake oil.
Hi Andrew. Not sure what you mean. Have you ever used nootropics? Or botanicals/herbals? What makes you think this is a scam?
This is my first time visiting the website although I’m no stranger to nootropics. I don’t remember where or how I discovered acetyl choline—AGP?—but it was a game changer for me. I’d been taking phosphatidylserine for memory enhancement for at least 2 decades, L-Tyrosine to boost dopamine, PEA, for the same reason. All on my own initiative, as a result of my own independent research. What disturbs me about Thesis is: 1). I suffer from a congenital disease for which there is no cure—Lipedema—and this is allegedly at the root of the fatigue which has blighted my entire life and which I have been attempting to overcome for most of it. The disease afflicts about 10% of women and as one doctor blithely informed me, “you;d be better off with cancer. At least there’s a chance you might recover.” As a result of the quiz I took, Thesis informed me I was in the bottom 4% of applicants and never investigated further. Well, Hello. 2). Quiz had questions about exercise but nothing about diet or meditation, Since I follow functional and integrative Medicine, these gaps disappointed me. I still haven’t made up my mind about becoming a member, but I am grateful to Andrew Huberman for drawing my attention to this range of products.
Hi Jacqueline, sorry about the super slow response here! Glad you’ve found things that work for you. That’s strange. When I took the quiz, they didn’t show percentiles. I agree, diet and meditation are essential. Impossible to overlook really, especially when we’re discussing nutraceuticals. I’ll let them know when I talk to them next.
Update on “the ingredients are not evenly distributed throughout the pills.” I spoke to a Thesis rep this week, and after a detailed conversation regarding the caffeine pills (the small white pill in each caffeine line of products), she clarified that the other pills (not the 100mg of caffeine + 200 mg of L-Theanine small white pill) have the remaining blend evenly distributed between the pills.
Loved your article, how you spelt it out, and agree strongly with the feelings on Clarity being “clear, calm yet alert, steady, and mentally sharp. All without overstimulation.”
Good correction! The caffeine/theanine pill is easy enough to spot.
Thanks for the feedback. Which are your favorite(s)?
Nick, this is an awesome intro to nootropics and Thesis, thank you for breaking this down! I was a Formula customer for years and my favorite blends were Clarity and Creativity. With the new Thesis formulations Energy has been added into my routine! I feel like I have tools at my disposal for any occasion… Creativity is great for social situations or other experiences that would otherwise leave me mentally fatigued, Clarity is great when I have a ton I want to accomplish without interruption, Energy is great when I haven’t had great sleep or need to do more physical stuff. I don’t use it every day, but it’s there when I need a lift. Great read, thanks for the knowledge!
Thanks! How often do you use Thesis? Do you combine it with anything else?
Nick Urban is the Founder of Outliyr, an expert Biohacker with 12+ years of experience, a Data Scientist, a Certified CHEK Practitioner, Host of the Mind Body Peak Performance Podcast, and a High-Performance Coach. Click here to read how Nick went from struggling pre-diabetic, to collegiate rugby national champion. To send Nick a message, visit his Contact Page .
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Whether you're a college student hoping to ace your exams, a busy professional striving for a promotion, or an older adult concerned about dementia , the idea of popping a pill that boosts your brainpower might seem appealing. So perhaps it's not surprising that the use of nootropics -- aka cognitive enhancers or smart drugs -- is on the rise. But do they work? And are they safe?
The term "nootropics" first referred to chemicals that met very specific criteria. But now it's used to refer to any natural or synthetic substance that may have a positive impact on mental skills. In general, nootropics fall into three general categories: dietary supplements , synthetic compounds, and prescription drugs.
While health experts generally agree that taking a prescription nootropic for an FDA-approved purpose (such as a stimulant medication if you have ADHD or donepezil if you have Alzheimer’s) may be helpful, the use of any type of cognitive enhancer in healthy people is far more controversial.
Barry Gordon, MD, PhD, director of the cognitive neurology/neuropsychology division at Johns Hopkins Medicine, says there's "no strong evidence" that any of the supplements now being sold for their supposed memory-boosting powers are helpful. "It's not clear that they work and not clear that they're safe," he says. He’s also skeptical of the basic premise behind nootropics.
"The circuits that are involved in human cognition are very complicated and not fully understood," he says. "You can't just 'turn up the dial' that easily." He notes that people who believe their mental performance has increased thanks to nootropics are largely being influenced by a placebo effect. "If you're more confident and think you'll do better, you will do better."
Chris D'Adamo, PhD, director of research and education at the University of Maryland’s Center for Integrative Medicine, has a different take. Like Gordon, he doesn't think nootropics will give you superhuman mental abilities, but he does believe they have the potential to offer some people an edge.
"Most people seeking to optimize cognitive function would be better off focusing on getting enough sleep , eating a nutrient-dense diet , and managing their stress ," he says. But once you have those basics down, the right nootropics might serve as a bonus, helping you think more clearly and sharply or reduce your chances of cognitive decline as you age, he says.
Almost everyone uses a nootropic, whether they know it or not, says D'Adamo. He's talking about caffeine , and while it can have health risks if you overdo it, this natural stimulant has been shown to improve thinking skills. It doesn't simply make you feel more alert, says D'Adamo: Caffeine also gives you more access to several chemicals (neurotransmitters) in your brain such as acetylcholine, which helps with short-term memory and learning.
But most people interested in nootropics aren't sticking to coffee or tea. They’re branching out to dietary supplements. Some, such as ginseng and gingko, have not held up to scientific scrutiny. Yet others -- including CDP-choline, L-theanine, creatine monohydrate, Bacopa monnieri , huperzine A, and vinpocetine -- may still hold promise.
Racetams, such as piracetam, are another type of nootropic. You can get these synthetic compounds over the counter in the U.S., but they’re considered prescription drugs in some other countries. D'Adamo says these chemicals, which act on neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, have been studied in older adults who have a decline in thinking skills. He doesn’t recommend them for most younger, healthy people.
Prescription nootropics largely consist of stimulants such as those in some ADHD medications . Although these work well for many people with ADHD , they are not recommended for others who simply want to improve their focus and attention. Many college students get these types of drugs illegally, and while they may seem to help in the short term, there are serious risks. Side effects may include insomnia , blurry vision , high blood pressure , a fast heart rate , circulation problems, and addiction .
Another type of prescription nootropic is modafinil ( Provigil ). It's FDA-approved to treat narcolepsy, sleep apnea , and shift work disorder, but some studies suggest that it may help with learning and memory in healthy people. Modafinil appears to be safer than other types of stimulants, but more research is needed.
If you're considering trying nootropic supplements, you should talk it over with your doctor first. As with all supplements, you’ll want your doctor to let you know about any health risks, like effects on any conditions you have or medications you take.
Keep in mind that although there are some studies on the topic, they tend to be small or limited to the impact on older adults. Also, everyone's brain chemistry is unique, so what works for one person might not for another, says D'Adamo. That said, these four types might have promise:
L-theanine: This supplement seems to enhance the mental effects of caffeine and counteract caffeine -induced jitteriness, D'Adamo says. Research has shown that combining caffeine and L-theanine may help you multitask better. The safest way to get this combo is by drinking pure green tea, which contains both caffeine and L-theanine, but it's also OK to combine your usual coffee or tea with an L-theanine supplement.
Don't take caffeine in pill or power form, as it's too easy to overdo it. Caffeine, in excess, can be toxic, causing a racing heartbeat and even leading to seizures or death. Just 1 teaspoon of pure caffeine powder could have as much caffeine as you’d get from 28 cups of coffee. The FDA, which has cracked down on makers of pure and highly concentrated caffeine products, notes that the difference between a safe amount and a toxic amount is very small.
CDP-choline: Often prescribed in Europe as a drug, CDP-choline has been shown to help memory -- at least in people who have dementia caused by vascular problems in the brain. There are no known side effects, so it's generally considered safe to try.
Creatine monohydrate: Frequently found in body-building supplements, creatine helps build muscle mass. But studies have also found that it may improve reasoning skills and short-term memory in healthy people. It increases levels of a molecule called ATP, which leads to more cellular energy, D'Adamo says. "I take it regularly just for energy. It's very safe." But talk to your doctor first if you have any kidney problems.
Bacopa monnieri : A traditional Indian (ayurvedic) herb, Bacopa monnieri -- also known as brahmi -- has been suggested by some to help the brain processes information faster. It causes the branches of nerve cells (dendrites) to grow, says D'Adamo. He says this process takes some time; expect to wait 4-6 weeks for results. Although it's generally well-tolerated, it may cause abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea.
While combining several of these supplements might seem like a good idea -- and many formulas on the market that do just that -- D'Adamo doesn't recommend it because most of the combos haven't been well-studied. Instead, he suggests trying one or two for a few months, then taking a month off before going back on them or switching to others. His concern is that you can become tolerant to nootropics (including caffeine), which means you'll need more and more for them to work for you.
As with any dietary supplements, you should also keep in mind that the FDA doesn’t closely regulate nootropic supplements the way it does prescription drugs. Look for reputable brands and trust your body: If you notice any side effects or don't see an improvement in the expected timeframe, it's wise to stop.
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INFORMATION FOR
Resources and forms to help you navigate the MD Thesis process.
Examples for reference section formatting, avoiding the risk of copyright violation when submitting the md thesis, instructions for uploading a pdf version of a medical thesis, thesis publishing agreement form, evaluations of advisor.
The formal thesis is presented as a digital document (PDF) during the graduation year. In general, one topic is appropriate for the thesis, but it is recognized that some students may have performed several projects in parallel under the supervision of their mentor. If the student elects to include more than one study in the thesis, it is recommended that an attempt be made to integrate the topics into one coherent presentation. In rare cases where this goal cannot be achieved, it may be acceptable to divide the results section into different portions (or “chapters”). However, to be consistent with Yale formatting requirements, a thesis may not contain more than one abstract, introduction, statement of purpose, methods, results, and discussion section. It is not acceptable to submit a published or submitted manuscript in lieu of the thesis requirement. It must adhere to the following formatting and content requirements. These aspects of research are critical in making the work sound, error-free, and impactful for communities of interest. Recognizing that students may have uncertainly regarding how these guidelines relate to their thesis, the OSR will be happy to answer any questions that may arise. Additionally, students may find it useful to consult the Equator reporting guidelines to enhance the quality and transparency of their theses. The Yale MD Thesis is a doctoral thesis that assesses research competencies as the basis for the conferring of a doctoral degree. Therefore, a minimum requirement of 30 pages (exclusive of title page, abstract, acknowledgements, table of contents, figure legends, references) is considered the minimum acceptable length.
It is acknowledged that theses in the area of medical humanities, ethics, history, and related fields may not obviously adhere to the above requirements. In this case, the thesis will likely replace the “hypothesis” with a “claim” based on evidence gleaned through literary, historical, and ethical research. The first paragraph of the Methods should still contain information about the student’s contribution. The subsequent paragraphs should describe the artistic, literary, or historical databases and methods used to gather the “evidence” presented in support of and contrary to the central claim. The discussion and remaining sections are the same and the 30-page minimum applies. Students with questions regarding the best framing of their thesis should contact OSR.
Standardized format for the abstract of each MD thesis is required. This format must be followed for all abstracts published in the Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. These abstracts will not be reviewed for content. It is the responsibility of the student investigator and the faculty advisor to prepare the abstract. Faculty sponsors provide approval of the abstract when they approve the final version of the thesis. These abstract instructions are to be used for the digital library submission.
The thesis assessment will assess student performance on the following domains using a 1-5 Likert Scale.
Likert Scale:
The vast majority of YSM students receive scores of 2-3 across these domains. Scores of 1 are considered truly outstanding. Scores of 5 are highly unusual and indicate the presence of critical deficiencies. Students receiving a score of “5” in any domain will be referred to OSR and the Progress Committee for remediation in order that they may stay on track to graduate.
1. Yalow, R.S., and Berson, S.A. 1960. Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. J. Clin. Invest. 39:1157-1175.
2. Gardner, W., and Schultz, H.D. 1990. Prostaglandins regulate the synthesis and secretion of the atrial natriuretic peptide. J. Clin. Invest. In press.
3. Myant, N.B. 1981. The Biology of Cholesterol and Related Steroids. London: Heinemann Medical Books. 882 pp.
4. Innerarity, T.L., Hui, D.Y., and Mahley, R.W. 1982. Hepatic apoprotein E (remnant) receptor. In Lipoproteins and Coronary Atherosclerosis. G. Noseda, S. Fragiacomo, R. Fumagalli, and R. Paoletti, editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland. 173-181.
5. Standardized format for the abstract of each MD thesis is required. This format must be followed for all abstracts published in the Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. These abstracts will not be reviewed for content. It is the responsibility of the student investigator and the faculty advisor to prepare the abstract. Faculty sponsors provide approval of the abstract when they approve the final version of the thesis. These abstract instructions are to be used for the digital library submission.
The MD Thesis represents an academic milestone. Thesis copyright exists from the time the work was created in digital form. Every article, book, or web page used in conducting research and writing the thesis is also protected by copyright. All downloaded research articles and passage citations are also scholarship that is protected by the legal concept of fair use. A basic understanding of copyright protections and fair use is found at www.copyright.gov . Yale University also provides a guide to copyright protection and fair use: http://ogc.yale.edu/legal_reference/copyright.html .
Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law describes how to determine if a particular use of copyrighted material is fair. However, the distinction between what is fair use and what is infringement is not always clear or easily defined. Copying an image from an academic e-journal and citing the source does not substitute for obtaining permission to reproduce the image. Many publishers use www.copyright.com to grant reproduction rights of their articles to authors.
ProQuest/UMI and the Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library may elect not to distribute any thesis that lacks evidence that permission or reproduction rights have been secured. Providing evidence of permission or reproduction rights is a student author responsibility. Examples encountered in MD Thesis research that require documentation of reproduction rights include but are not limited to:
The safest course is to avoid using published images without obtaining permission. It is almost always possible to cite a source and expect that readers can find the figure, chart, or image in the published version of the referenced work. Research faculty who transfer copyright to a publisher of their article are no longer the copyright holder and are unable to grant permission for reproduction. To circumvent this issue, the student or mentor may be able to obtain unpublished images from their group’s image collection.
When it is impracticable or prohibitively expensive to obtain permission through the publisher or the Copyright Clearance Center (www.copyright.com), students should avoid using that material, unless they have obtained a written legal opinion that fair use would apply to the situation. Neither the Office of Student Research nor the Yale Library can supply legal advice on copyright and fair use. If there is any doubt, it is advisable to consult the Yale University Office of the Vice President and General Counsel at (203) 432-4949.
Students may have concerns about publishing their work in the public domain for reasons such as copyright, content, or intellectual property. These students have several courses of action. One is to select an alternate topic. The other is to place the thesis under permanent embargo at the time of upload into the Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library. In either case, students be aware of these issues as they plan their thesis and reach out to OSR for additional information.
OSR will offer a thesis copyright session for all students, including those in the Class of 2025, in fall of this year.
Upon receiving notification that the MD thesis has been approved as fulfilling partial requirement for Yale’s MD degree, students should upload the thesis to the Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library. Students will receive instructions at the time their thesis is formally approved. For reference, a high-level overview is outlined below.
Starting with the YSM class of 2002, the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library and OSR have collaborated on the Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library (YMTDL) project, publishing the digitized full text of medical student theses as a durable product of Yale student research accomplishments. Digital publication of theses ensures dissemination of the work to communities of interest, provides students with a formal citation for their thesis, and demonstrates the exceptional quality of student research and student-faculty cooperation at Yale. In 2006, the digital copy became a graduation requirement. Starting in 2012, alumni of the Yale School of Medicine were invited to participate in the YMTDL project by granting scanning and hosting permission to the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, which digitized the Library’s print copy of their thesis or dissertation.
Yale School of Medicine requires that the MD thesis be submitted to the YMTDL. This submission is accompanied by a completed “ Yale School of Medicine Digital Thesis Depositor’s Declaration Form. ”
Detailed instructions
The electronic thesis submission process in ProQuest provides step by step submission instructions. Questions may also be directed to Courtney Hadley in the Medical Library ([email protected]).
A few things to note: the ETD Administrator software is a 3rd party product that YSM licenses from ProQuest. Because this vendor is unaffiliated with Yale, the OSR and Yale University Libraries do not have control over its policies or processes. The ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global database is a subscription resource that collects dissertations and theses from multiple countries and a range of academic specialties. This collection is then made available to subscribers. When students choose to make their thesis publicly available, the full text will appear in this database and users will be able to read, save, and download the text.
EliScholar is a digital platform for scholarly publishing provided by the Yale University Library (YUL). While it is supported by third party software, EliScholar is maintained by YUL and offers more flexibility in uploading and managing theses. The option selected for thesis release in the ETD Administrator system will apply to both ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global and EliScholar. All theses are available to the Yale community (individuals with a NetID and password and users physically present at a library facility on campus) upon publication. A limited release of approved theses to the awarding institution’s user community is common practice.
More detailed instructions will be provided at the time of thesis approval in March 2025.
YSM requires a Thesis Publishing Agreement Form, previously known as a Thesis Deposit Declaration Form, to be submitted in conjunction with your final thesis to ProQuest. For reference, you can find a copy of the form at this link.
We urge your participation in evaluating your experience with your thesis advisor at this Qualtrics link . The results will be kept anonymous, and any feedback to the individual faculty member will be made over a three- to four-year interval and will be a summarized statement, not involving reproduction or direct quotes from this form.
We will file these evaluations for future use by first and second year students who are looking for a project and research advisor. These evaluations have been immensely valuable to students initiating thesis projects. Thank you for your cooperation in this effort.
Contact us if you have questions or need accessibility assistance with the documents on this page.
Writing a medical thesis: tips for post-graduate students.
A medical thesis is the written work resulting from an original research in the field of Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, and other health and life sciences. It is submitted by the students in order to obtain a higher degree from the University.
However, keep this in mind! The purpose of submitting a medical thesis is not limited to the achievement of a doctoral or post-graduate degree. It is a medium to organize the scientific knowledge in a way to make further progress in the field.
That’s the reason why the experts in medical thesis writing stress on the importance of choosing the right topic for your thesis. You must be able to address a genuine problem or series of problems through your medical thesis. Choose a topic that aligns with your interest and where you can offer a fresh perspective through your research study.
After choosing the topic for your research study, collaborate with your supervisor to design your research study and its goal. Collect all the information and data pertaining to your research before proceeding with your clinical trials.
Now, you are ready with your research data and clinical findings. You just need to pen down your findings in your medical thesis.
That sounds easy, isn’t it?
In reality, it’s not so. But, you need not worry! Writing a medical thesis becomes easy and fun if you follow the given steps with competence:
Prepare an outline of the thesis in accordance with the following sections:
List the major sections and chapters in each. Do a section at a time. Assemble all the figures and tables and organise them into a logical sequence.
The title reflects the content of your thesis. For writing a perfect thesis title:
The purpose of writing an Introduction is to provide the reader with sufficient background information on the topic and help him understand and evaluate the results of the present study, without needing to refer to the previous publications on the topic.
Cite the research papers written on your research topic
This section must be so written that the reader is able to repeat the study and validate its findings.
Write a detailed exposition about the participants in the study, what materials you used and how you analyzed the results
Keep in mind the objective of your research while writing the “Results” section. The findings of the research can be documented in the form of:
Use text to summarize small amounts of data. Do not over-use tables, figures, and graphs in your paper. Moreover, do not repeat information presented in the table or figure in the text format. Text must be a summary or highlight of the information presented in tables or figures.
Good medical theses have a targeted discussion keeping it focused on the topic of the research. Include:
The conclusion of your research study must comprise of:
However, avoid any statement that does not support your data.
With these tips, write your thesis like a pro and don’t let it delay your doctoral award!
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Executive Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Director, African Centre for Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, University of Johannesburg
Alex Broadbent receives funding from the National Research Foundation of South Africa.
University of Johannesburg provides support as an endorsing partner of The Conversation AFRICA.
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What is medicine? We recognise it in all societies past and present. But the nature of medicine differs so greatly from place to place and time to time that it’s difficult to offer a single answer. So what is it that we see in common between a traditional healer’s throwing of bones and the cardiologist’s incisions?
One of the answers that often seems to be implicit in what we say and think about medicine is a curative thesis : medicine’s goal is to cure the sick. Curing the sick is the core medical competence, whose exercise is medicine’s core business.
But if the curative thesis is true, then most medicine throughout history – as well as much contemporary medicine – isn’t medicine at all. Much medicine was and is ineffective, or at best partially effective. The curative thesis leads to a dismissive attitude towards the past efforts upon which any current medicine is built, as well as failing to promote profitable collaboration between traditions.
A second idea is an inquiry thesis about medicine: although the goal of medicine is to cure, its core business is something quite different. It’s this thesis I explore in my latest article .
That “something” has to do with inquiring into the nature and causes of health and disease. The idea is that we don’t necessarily expect someone to be able to cure us. We will accept that they are a medical expert if they can show an understanding of our ailment, often by issuing an accurate prognosis. Perhaps they won’t have a complete understanding, but they should somehow be engaged with the larger project of inquiry into the nature and causes of health and disease.
The inquiry thesis offers a way to understand the history of medicine that makes it more than a tale of quackery and gullibility. It also provides a way to understand medical traditions that practised outside the West, or in the West in defiance of the mainstream. They may offer or at least engage with a project of obtaining; a kind of understanding that Western medicine cannot.
The inquiry model of medicine lays the ground for fruitful and respectful discussions between medical traditions that doesn’t descend into an untenable relativism about what works.
The curative thesis faces a difficulty that I believe it cannot overcome.
We do not define an activity by its goal alone, unless it has at least some success in that respect. A blacksmith cannot be defined as one who makes horseshoes if he simply throws lumps of hot metal onto his anvil and hammers them randomly – occasionally producing something horseshoe-like, but more often producing a mess.
Yet, taking a historical perspective, something of this kind has been true of medicine for much of its history, before it developed a serious curative arsenal. Historian of medicine Roy Porter has remarked that
the prominence of medicine has lain only in small measure in its ability to make the sick well. This was always true, and remains so today.
What, then, could be the business of medicine – the thing in which we recognise expertise, even when we accept that there is no cure to be had?
This is where the inquiry model enters the picture. I propose that the business of medicine is understanding the nature and causes of health and disease, for the purpose of cure.
The core of the argument is simple: what could medical persons be good at doing, that relates to the goal of cure without achieving it? The most likely candidate is understanding. Understanding is something that we can gain without corresponding curative success.
As with the curative thesis, there are several objections to the inquiry model. First, it is obvious that many doctors either don’t (fully) understand what they treat or, if they do, don’t (successfully) communicate this understanding to the patient. Who, then, understands? In what sense is the doctor’s competence understanding?
The answer is that understanding isn’t a binary. You can partially understand something. You can be one the road to understanding it better, by inquiring into it. Hence the inquiry model of medicine. The idea is not that medicine is a sack full of answers, but rather that it is an ongoing effort to find answers.
Another objection is that so-called understanding is often bogus, and that medicine is as unsuccessful in this regard as in cure. This fails to account for the historical record, which – at least for Western medicine –- is precisely a case of understanding without curative success.
And, just as false scientific theories have contributed to developing scientific understanding , so false medical theories have provided a foundation for what we now accept.
Medicine is an ancient and complex social phenomenon, variously seen as art, science and witchcraft. These visions share the goal of curing disease. But it is too crude to think medicine as only the business of curing, since in that case, few doctors would be in business.
The distinctive feature of medicine is that it tries to cure by obtaining some understanding of the nature and causes of health and disease: by inquiry, in short. This understanding of medicine permits a much healthier dialogue between proponents of different traditions, and enables a non-defensive perspective on areas where we remain sadly lacking in curative ability.
This is an edited, shortened version of an article that first appeared in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, ‘The inquiry model of medicine’ , accompanied by a podcast available on the article’s page and also here .
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Phd thesis defence.
On Thursday, August 22, 2024, from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM, in Hall 1 of the College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani (UOS), the thesis defense of PhD student Enas Sabah Hassan, specializing in Medical Physiology, was successfully conducted. The thesis, titled “Physiologic, Toxicologic, and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effects of Heracleum Lasiopetalum in Sprague-Dawley Rats,” was supervised by Assistant Professor Dr. Heshu Sulaiman Rahman and co-supervised by Assistant Professor Dr. Sherwan H. Omer.
We extend our congratulations to the student and the supervisors for their hard work, dedication, and the excellent results achieved in this study.
The thesis discussion committee comprised the following esteemed academic staff, as detailed in the decree below
تاووتوێ کردنی تێزی دکتۆرای خوێندکار ایناس صباح حسن لە بواری فسیۆلۆجی/کارئەندامزانی بە سەرپەرشتی بەڕێزان پ.ی د.هێشوو سلیمان رحمن و پ.ی د.شیروان حمە صالح، بە سەرکەوتوویی ئەنجام درا پیرۆزبایی گەرم لە خوێندکار و سەرپەرشتیارەکانی دەکەین بۆ پێشکەش کردنی ئەم کارە زانستی یە جوانە
College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani hosted the third module of the Capacity Building in Medical Education, on July 25 & 26, 2025, with the participation of fifty faculty and medical students from four colleges of medicine: Wasit, Sulaimani, Al-Kafeel, and Al-Ameed. The course was organized by the RCP Iraq network aiming at preparing competent staff to lead the curriculum committees in the four colleges. The module was a 15-hour practical interactive training divided into two days in relevance to writing educational objectives for teaching in large and small groups, procedural and clinical skills. The activities throughout the two days included online quizzes, short presentations by selected participants, and ending with the mid-course MCQ exam. We highly appreciate the invaluable efforts of Dr. Hilal Al Safar, Dr. Batol Ali Ghalib, Dr Nazar Hadad, and Dr Baseem Natheer. We extend our appreciation to the members of the four colleges for enriching the training course with their participation.
The College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani (CoM-UoS), held a ceremony to honor Mr. Abdulla for his dedicated service in the Registry Department over several years. Mr. Abdulla has been a committed and hardworking member of our team, contributing significantly to the smooth operation of the college. We extend our heartfelt wishes for his continued success and good health in his retirement.
كۆلێجی پزیشكی زانكۆی سلێمانی ڕێوڕهسمی ڕێزلێنانی بۆ كارمهندی دڵسۆزی كۆلێج كاك عبدالله عثمان ڕێكخست به بۆنهی خانهنشین بوونیهوه
كاك عبدالله بۆ ماوهی ساڵانێكی زۆره له بهشی تۆمارگهی كۆلێجی پزیشكی به شێوهیهكی ماندوونهناسانه كاردهكات
به ناوی ڕاگرایهتی كۆلێج و مامۆستا و كاتمهند و خوێندكاری كۆلێجی پزیشكی یهو سوپاسی ئهكهین و دهستی ماندوو بوونی ئهگوشین و هیوای تهندروستی یهكی باشی بۆ ئهخوازین له پای ئهو ههوڵ و خزمهتهی پێشكهشی كۆلێجی كردووه.
On behalf of the deanery, faculty, staff, and students of the College of Medicine, we express our gratitude to Anzu Company for their assistance in the construction of parts of our college building, as well as for providing an Anatomage table, two silicone cadavers, and other models for our Anatomy Department.
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January 30, 2019
by Alex Broadbent, The Conversation
What is medicine? We recognise it in all societies past and present. But the nature of medicine differs so greatly from place to place and time to time that it's difficult to offer a single answer. So what is it that we see in common between a traditional healer's throwing of bones and the cardiologist's incisions?
One of the answers that often seems to be implicit in what we say and think about medicine is a curative thesis: medicine's goal is to cure the sick. Curing the sick is the core medical competence, whose exercise is medicine's core business.
But if the curative thesis is true, then most medicine throughout history – as well as much contemporary medicine – isn't medicine at all. Much medicine was and is ineffective, or at best partially effective. The curative thesis leads to a dismissive attitude towards the past efforts upon which any current medicine is built, as well as failing to promote profitable collaboration between traditions.
A second idea is an inquiry thesis about medicine: although the goal of medicine is to cure, its core business is something quite different. It's this thesis I explore in my latest article .
That "something" has to do with inquiring into the nature and causes of health and disease. The idea is that we don't necessarily expect someone to be able to cure us. We will accept that they are a medical expert if they can show an understanding of our ailment, often by issuing an accurate prognosis. Perhaps they won't have a complete understanding, but they should somehow be engaged with the larger project of inquiry into the nature and causes of health and disease.
The inquiry thesis offers a way to understand the history of medicine that makes it more than a tale of quackery and gullibility. It also provides a way to understand medical traditions that practised outside the West, or in the West in defiance of the mainstream. They may offer or at least engage with a project of obtaining; a kind of understanding that Western medicine cannot.
The inquiry model of medicine lays the ground for fruitful and respectful discussions between medical traditions that doesn't descend into an untenable relativism about what works.
The curative thesis faces a difficulty that I believe it cannot overcome.
We do not define an activity by its goal alone, unless it has at least some success in that respect. A blacksmith cannot be defined as one who makes horseshoes if he simply throws lumps of hot metal onto his anvil and hammers them randomly – occasionally producing something horseshoe-like, but more often producing a mess.
Yet, taking a historical perspective, something of this kind has been true of medicine for much of its history, before it developed a serious curative arsenal. Historian of medicine Roy Porter has remarked that "the prominence of medicine has lain only in small measure in its ability to make the sick well. This was always true, and remains so today."
What, then, could be the business of medicine – the thing in which we recognise expertise, even when we accept that there is no cure to be had?
This is where the inquiry model enters the picture. I propose that the business of medicine is understanding the nature and causes of health and disease, for the purpose of cure.
The core of the argument is simple: what could medical persons be good at doing, that relates to the goal of cure without achieving it? The most likely candidate is understanding. Understanding is something that we can gain without corresponding curative success.
As with the curative thesis, there are several objections to the inquiry model. First, it is obvious that many doctors either don't (fully) understand what they treat or, if they do, don't (successfully) communicate this understanding to the patient. Who, then, understands? In what sense is the doctor's competence understanding?
The answer is that understanding isn't a binary. You can partially understand something. You can be one the road to understanding it better, by inquiring into it. Hence the inquiry model of medicine. The idea is not that medicine is a sack full of answers, but rather that it is an ongoing effort to find answers.
Another objection is that so-called understanding is often bogus, and that medicine is as unsuccessful in this regard as in cure. This fails to account for the historical record, which – at least for Western medicine –- is precisely a case of understanding without curative success.
And, just as false scientific theories have contributed to developing scientific understanding , so false medical theories have provided a foundation for what we now accept.
Medicine is an ancient and complex social phenomenon, variously seen as art, science and witchcraft. These visions share the goal of curing disease. But it is too crude to think medicine as only the business of curing, since in that case, few doctors would be in business.
The distinctive feature of medicine is that it tries to cure by obtaining some understanding of the nature and causes of health and disease: by inquiry, in short. This understanding of medicine permits a much healthier dialogue between proponents of different traditions, and enables a non-defensive perspective on areas where we remain sadly lacking in curative ability.
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This is the liveliest part of a thesis. Its main goal is to defend the work by staging a constructive debate with the literature. The golden rule of this written debate should be that a rigid explanation looks backward and a design looks forward. The object is to derive a model out of a jig-saw puzzle of information.
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Step 1: Start your thesis with a suitable 'Title'. The title is an intro to the contents of your thesis. An ideal title should be within 65 characters, devoid of all abbreviations and grammatical mistakes, and not contain stop words like 'a', 'an', 'the', 'of', 'but', etc. Step 2: Next, write your thesis 'Abstract'.
The Yale MD Thesis is a doctoral thesis that assesses research competencies as the basis for the conferring of a doctoral degree. Therefore, a minimum requirement of 30 pages (exclusive of title page, abstract, acknowledgements, table of contents, figure legends, references) is considered the minimum acceptable length.
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Medicine is an ancient and complex social phenomenon, variously seen as art, science and witchcraft. These visions share the goal of curing disease. But it is too crude to think medicine as only ...
Our research themes include: Medical Photonics; Molecular Biology, encompassing Infection, Genomics, and Cell Signalling; and People and Populations, encompassing Health Psychology, Violence Reduction, and Child and Adolescent Health. For more information please visit the School of Medicine home page. This material is presented to ensure timely ...
On Thursday, August 22, 2024, from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM, in Hall 1 of the College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani (UOS), the thesis defense of PhD student Enas Sabah Hassan, specializing in Medical Physiology, was successfully conducted.
Medicine is an ancient and complex social phenomenon, variously seen as art, science and witchcraft. These visions share the goal of curing disease. But it is too crude to think medicine as only ...