presentation on computer fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C

Reema Thareja, Assistant Professor, Institute of Information Technology and Management

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

1 st gen-1940-56

2 nd gen 1956-63

3 rd -64-71

4 th —72-89

5 th -mordern day

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SOFTWARE

• A computer is a machine that takes instructions and performs computations based on those instructions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

The word generation means the state of improvement in the product development process. Similarly, computer generation refers to the different advancements of new computer technology.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first generation computers used very large number of vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are prime examples of first-generation computing devices.

Advantages: Fastest calculating device of their time

Disadvantages:

1. Dissipate a lot of heat

2. Consume a lot of electricity

3. Very bulky in size

4. These computers were frequently down due to hardware failures.

5. These computers needed constant maintenance because of low mean time between failures

6. Limited commercial use because these computers were difficult to program

7. Very expensive

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

• The second generation computers were manufactured using transistors.
• While first generation computers were programmed using machine language, second generation computers moved towards symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
• At this time, high-level programming languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL and SNOBOL were also being developed.
• Second generation computers were first to store instructions in memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
• Second generation computers were first developed for the atomic energy industry.

Advantages:

1. Consumed less electricity and thus dissipated less heat as compared to first generation computers

2. Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than first generation computers

3. Could be programmed using assembly language and high level languages

4. These computers had faster primary memory and a larger secondary memory

1. Second generation computers were manufactured using transistors that had to be assembled manually. This made commercial production of computers difficult and expensive.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
• These computers had few megabytes of main memory and magnetic disks which could store few tens of megabytes of data per disk drive.
• High level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were standardized by ANSI
• Some more high level programming languages like PL/I PASCAL and BASIC were introduced at this time.
• Third generation computers were the first to implement time sharing operating systems.
• Input to these computers could now be provided using keyboards and mouse.
• Faster than second generation computers and could perform 1 million transactions per second.

2. Smaller, cheaper and more reliable than their predecessors

3. These computers had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage

4. They were widely used for scientific as well as business applications

5. During this generation of computers, standardization of existing high level languages and invention of new high level languages was done

6. These computers had time sharing operating system which allowed interactive use of computer by one or more users simultaneously thereby improving the productivity of the users.

Fourth Generation (1971-1989) Microprocessors

• The microprocessor started the fourth generation of computers with thousands of integrated circuits built onto a single silicon chip.
• Semi-conductor memories were used which were very fast, even the hard disks became cheaper, smaller in size and larger in capacity.
• For input, floppy disks (in addition to magnetic tapes) were used to port data and programs from one computer to another.
• During this period many new operating systems were developed like MS-DOS MS-Windows UNIX and Apple’s proprietary operating system.
• Development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
• In this period, several word processing packages, spreadsheet packages and graphics packages were introduced.

1. Smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable

2. Consumed less electricity and therefore dissipated less heat

3. They had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage

4. They could be used as general purpose computers.

5. GUIs enabled people to learn to work with computers very easily. So the use of computers in both office and home became widespread.

6. Networks allowed sharing of resources thereby efficient utilization of computer hardware and software

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

• The fifth generation computers are completely based on a new concept of artificial intelligence.
• Although such computers are still in development, there are certain applications like voice recognition which is widely being used today.
• In the fifth generation of computers the aim is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
• The two most common are LISP and Prolog.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be broadly classified into four categories based on their speed, amount of data that they can hold and price.

Computers can be broadly classified into four categories based on their speed, amount of data that they can hold, and price .

Classification of Computers

Super Computer

Mini Computers

Mainframe Computers

Micro Computers

Intelligent Terminal

Dumb Terminal

Workstation

Cellular Telephones

H/PC Pro Devices

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

• Word Processing
• Digital Audio or Video Composition
• Desktop Publishing
• Traffic Control
• Legal System
• Retail Business
• Travel and Tourism
• Business and Industry
• Weather Forecasting
• Online Banking
• Industry and Engineering
• Decision Support Systems
• Expert Systems

BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device which basically performs five major operations which includes:

1) accepts data or instructions (input)

2) stores data

3) process data

4) displays results (output) and

5) controls and co-ordinates all operations inside a computer

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

Data and instructions

Flow of data and instructions

Control exercised by control unit

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Computer Fundamental Tutorial

This Computer Fundamental Tutorial covers everything from basic to advanced concepts, including computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced professional, this tutorial is designed to enhance your computer skills and take them to the next level.

What is Computer?

The computer is a super-intelligent electronic device that can perform tasks, process information, and store data. It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform tasks under the control of a program and produces the output. A computer is like a personal assistant that follows instructions to get things done quickly and accurately. It has memory to store information temporarily so that the computer can quickly access it when needed.

Prerequisites for Computer Fundamentals

No prerequisites or prior knowledge required to learn computer fundamentals, Hence, this article on Computer Fundamentals is designed for absolute beginners.

Computer Fundamentals Tutorial Index

In the upcoming section you will get a topic wise categories for computer fundamental. So, explore the below section to learn the fundamentals of computer fundamentals.

Introduction To Computer Fundamentals

• What are Computer Fundamentals?
• Importance of Computer Fundamentals in Digital Age
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer
• Classification of Computers
• Application area of Computer

History and Evolution of Computers

• History of Computers
• The Origins of Computing
• First Generation – 1940-1956 Vacuum Tubes
• Second Generation – 1956-1963 Transistors
• Third Generation – 1964-1971 Integrated Circuits
• Fourth Generation – 1971-Present Microprocessors 
• Fifth Generation – Present and Beyond Artificial Intelligence 

Components of a Computer System

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory Units

Input Devices

Output devices.

• LCD Monitor
• LED Monitor
• QWERTY Keyboard
• AZERTY Keyboard
• DVORAK Keyboard
• Trackball Mouse
• Mechanical Mouse
• Optical Mouse
• Wireless Mouse
• Peripherals Devices

Computer Hardware

• Motherboard
• What are the Functions of a CPU?
• Program Execution in the CPU
• Difference Between ALU and CU
• Difference between System Unit and CPU
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• SRAM Full Form
• DRAM Full Form
• Difference between Random Access Memory (RAM) and Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
• Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Similarities of RAM and ROM
• Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
• Solid State Drives (SSD)
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)
• Computer Peripherals (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, etc.)

Computer Software

• Introduction to Software
• Types of Software
• Application Software
• System Software
• Utility Software
• What is Keyboard?
• What is Mouse? 
• What is a Joystick?
• What is a light pen?
• What is Scanner?
• What is OCR? 
• What is barcode reader?
• What is WebCam?

Data Storage and Memory

• What is a Storage Device?
• Types of Data Storage
• Optical Storage 
• DVD-ROM Full Form
• DVD-RAM Full Form
• DVD-R Full Form
• DVD-RW Full Form
• Flash Drives
• Memory Cards
• Cloud Storage

Computer Short Cut Key

• Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys
• Function Keys on keyboard
• Windows Shortcut Keys
• Keyboard Shortcuts for Ubuntu  |
• Most Used Shortcuts of Turbo C++
• Important Questions for Computer Keyboard Shortcuts
• Computer Memory
• Register Memory
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory

Basics of Operating System

• What is Operating System?
• Evolution of Operating System
• Types of Operating Systems
• Operating System Services
• Functions of Operating System

Computer Security and Privacy

• What is Computer Security?
• Importance of Computer Security
• Common Security Threats
• Network Security Measures (Firewalls, Encryption)
• Access Control
• User Authentication
• Privacy Concerns and Data Protection

Computer Networks and Internet

• Introduction to Computer Networks
• Network Topologies (Star, Bus, Ring)
• Network Protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP)
• World Wide Web

Introduction to Programming

• What is Programming?
• A Categorical List of programming languages
• Language Processors: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter
• Variables ( C , C++ , Java )
• Data Types ( C , C++ , Java )
• Operators ( C , C++ , Java )
• Control Structures (Conditionals, Loops)
• Functions and Procedures

Difference Between

• Difference between RAM and ROM
• Difference between Hard Disk and Floppy Disk
• Difference between CD-ROM and Magnetic Disks
• Difference between Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
• Difference between Magnetic Disk and Optical Disk
• Difference between Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD)
• Difference between CD and DVD
• Difference Between Blu-Ray and DVD
• Difference between Application Software and Utility Software
• Difference between Application Software and Operating System
• Difference between System Software and Application Software
• Difference between Barcode and QR Code

Functionalities of Computer

Any digital computer performs the following five operations:

• Step 1 − Accepts data as input.
• Step 2 − Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required.
• Step 3 − Execute the data and convert it into useful information.
• Step 4 − Provides the output.
• Step 5 − Have control over all the above four steps

The Evolution of Computers

A journey through the history of computers. We’ll start with the origins of computing and explore the milestones that led to the development of electronic computers.

Applications of Computer Fundamentals

• Software Development: Computer fundamentals are fundamental to software development. Understanding programming languages, algorithms, data structures, and software design principles are crucial for developing applications, websites, and software systems. It forms the basis for creating efficient and functional software solutions.
• Network Administration : Computer fundamentals are essential for network administrators. They help set up and manage computer networks, configure routers and switches, troubleshoot network issues, and ensure reliable connectivity. Knowledge of computer fundamentals enables network administrators to maintain and optimize network performance.
• Cybersecurity : Computer fundamentals are at the core of cybersecurity. Understanding the basics of computer networks, operating systems, encryption techniques, and security protocols helps professionals protect systems from cyber threats. It enables them to identify vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and respond effectively to security incidents.
• Data Analysis : Computer fundamentals are necessary for data analysis and data science. Knowledge of programming, statistical analysis, and database management is essential to extract insights from large datasets. Understanding computer fundamentals helps in processing and analyzing data efficiently, enabling data-driven decision-making.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning : Computer fundamentals provide the foundation for AI and machine learning. Concepts such as algorithms, data structures, and statistical modelling are vital in training and developing intelligent systems. Understanding computer fundamentals allows professionals to create AI models, train them on large datasets, and apply machine learning techniques to solve complex problems.

Understanding computer fundamentals is essential for anyone looking to navigate the digital world confidently. This tutorial Computer fundamental has covered the basics of hardware, software, operating systems, and networking, providing you with a solid foundation. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to refresh your knowledge, mastering these core concepts will help you use technology more effectively and prepare you for more advanced studies in computing.

Computer Fundamentals Tutorial – FAQs

Q.1 how long does it take to learn computer fundamentals .

The time required to learn computer fundamentals can vary depending on your prior knowledge and the depth of understanding you aim to achieve. With consistent effort and dedication, one can grasp the basics within a few weeks or months. However, mastering computer fundamentals is an ongoing process as technology evolves.

Q.2 Are computer fundamentals only for technical professionals? 

No, computer fundamentals are not limited to technical professionals. They are beneficial for anyone who uses computers in their personal or professional life. Basic computer skills are increasingly essential in various careers and everyday tasks.

Q.3 Can I learn computer fundamentals without any prior technical knowledge? 

Absolutely! Computer fundamentals are designed to be beginner-friendly. You can start learning without any prior technical knowledge. There are numerous online tutorials, courses, and resources available that cater to beginners.

Q.4 How can computer fundamentals improve my job prospects? 

Computer skills are highly sought after in today’s job market. Proficiency in computer fundamentals can enhance your employability by opening up job opportunities in various industries. It demonstrates your adaptability, problem-solving abilities, and ability to work with digital tools.

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Education Standards

Pennsylvania standards for business, computer and information technology.

Learning Domain: Computer and Information Technologies

Standard: Compare and contrast peripheral devices of computing systems for specific needs.

LESSON SECTION 6 Title_ Introduction to Computer Basics

Computer basics lesson plan.

Title: Introduction to Computer Basics

To familiarize students with basic computer terminology and operations.

Materials Needed:

Computers with internet access

Projector or smartboard

Handouts with key terms and concepts

Lesson Plan:

1. Introduction (5 minutes):

Greet the students and introduce the topic of computer basics.

Explain the importance of understanding computer fundamentals in today's digital age.

2. Overview of Components (10 minutes):

Use a visual aid (diagram or presentation) to explain the main components of a computer system: CPU, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and system unit.

Discuss the function of each component and how they work together.

3. Basic Operations (15 minutes):

Demonstrate how to power on and shut down a computer properly.

Explain the functions of the desktop, taskbar, and start menu (if using Windows OS).

Introduce the concept of files and folders and how to navigate through them.

4. Input and Output Devices (10 minutes):

Discuss different input devices (keyboard, mouse, touchpad) and their functions.

Explain output devices (monitor, printer) and their roles.

5. Basic Software Applications (15 minutes):

Introduce common software applications such as word processors, web browsers, and email clients.

Show how to open and navigate these applications.

6. Internet Basics (5 minutes):

Briefly explain what the internet is and how it works.

Discuss web browsers and demonstrate how to navigate websites.

7. Recap and Q&A (5 minutes):

Summarize the key points covered in the lesson.

Encourage students to ask questions and clarify any doubts they may have.

8. Assignment (optional):

Provide a simple assignment such as creating a document using a word processor or conducting basic internet research.

Assign readings or online tutorials for further practice.

Conclusion:

Conclude the lesson by emphasizing the importance of regular practice and exploration to improve computer skills.

Additional Tips:

Keep the language simple and avoid technical jargon as much as possible.

Encourage hands-on practice during the lesson to reinforce learning.

Provide resources for further learning and practice outside of class time.

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Computer Fundamentals

Mar 14, 2019

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Computer Fundamentals. MSCH 233 Lecture 7. Magnetic Drives. Types of Magnetic Drives: Floppy drive Hard disk Removable hard drive Tape drive Pocket-sized drive Microdrive. Floppy drive. Uses a high density floppy disk The floppy disk can store 1.44 MB of data It’s called drive A.

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Presentation Transcript

Computer Fundamentals MSCH 233 Lecture 7

Magnetic Drives Types of Magnetic Drives: • Floppy drive • Hard disk • Removable hard drive • Tape drive • Pocket-sized drive • Microdrive

Floppy drive • Uses a high density floppy disk • The floppy disk can store 1.44 MB of data • It’s called drive A

Hard Disk • Called C drive • Used to keep software and files organized in a convenient way • Can hold several gigabytes of data

Removable Hard Drive • Zip and Jaz drive are the most popular • Can hold 1.5 GB

Tape Drive • Stores data on tape cartridge • Used for backup purposes • A tape hold up to 10 GB of data

Pocket-Sized drive • Ultra portable drives • Used with mobile computers • Hold 40 MB of data • The Peerless system can hold 20 GB, which allow you to store thousands of MP3 and video games.

Microdrive • Smallest hard drive • Used for digital cameras, laptop, and audio players • It comes in 340 MB, 1 GB • Uses a PC card adapter.

How to protect your data? • Protect floppy against high temperatures • Check for virus before opening a file you received from the Web • Keep a back-up of your data • Magnetic field can damage the information stored on disks, Don’t leave them near the telephone • Keep disks away from water and humidity • When handling CDs and DVDs, hold the disk s around the edge. • Add password and security devices to protect confidential information. • Update your anti virus program regularly since new viruses are created everyday.

Floppy Disk in details • They are called Floppy because they consist of flexible plastic material which has a magnetized surface • When you format a floppy: the tracks in the disk is divided into sectors. • When you save a file: the OS moves the read/write heads of the disk drive toward empty sector, and record the data and write an entry for the directory • When you open the file: The OS looks for its entry in the directory , move the read/write head to the correct sector, and read the file into the RAM.

Hard Disk • Work like a floppy but can hold much more data and spin at a higher speed. • The speed at which hard drive find data is called “ access time” • Access time is measured in milliseconds. • Most hard drive have an access time of 8 to 14 ms • Data transfer rate is the average speed required to transmit data from a system to the RAM. Example 10 MG/second • There are external, internal , and removable hard drives.

Optical Drives Vs. Magnetic Drives • OD can store information at much higher densities than magnetic disks. • OD are Ideal for multimedia applications , where images, sounds and animation occupy a lot of disk space. • OD are not affected by magnetic field • OD are secure and stable • OD are slower than hard drives

Types of Optical Drives: • CD-ROM • CD-RW & CD-R • DVD • Magneto Optical (MO)

CD-ROM • Most economical way of sharing information • Can store 650 MB of data , that replaces 300,000 pages of text ( about 500 floppies) • Can play music, and store data • Cannot write anything onto a CR-ROM . You can only read.

CD-Recorders - Allows you to create and duplicate CDs. • Used to backup hard disk • Used to distribute & archive information Come in two forms: • CD-R (write once) • Can write once only • CD-RW (rewritable) • Can be erased and re-used,

DVD (Digital versatile Disk) • Can hold 17 GB about 25 times an ordinary CR-ROM • Can Store large amount of multimedia software, movies ,and music. • They are read only devices • Companies produced also DVD-R and DVD-RW

Magneto-Optical drives • Use both laser and electromagnet to record information • MO disks are rewritable • Comes in two formats: • 5.25” cartridge and can hold 5.2 GB • 3.5” floptical disks , have capacity of 230 MB to 1..3 GB • Ideal for backup and portable mass storage

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71. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. Figure 71-1 All computer systems perform four basic functions: input, processing, storage, and output. Figure 71-2 A potentiometer uses a movable contact to vary resistance and send an analog voltage right to the PCM.

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. Instructor: Fatima Naseem Lecture # 01 [email protected] http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2010/cpCFbs/index.asp. Course Book. “Introduction to Computers” by Peter Norton, 6th Edition. Contact. Fatima Naseem Room # 17, CED.

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