quiz for research paper

Parts of research paper

Quiz   by jean daryl ampong.

Feel free to use or edit a copy

includes Teacher and Student dashboards

Measure skills from any curriculum

Tag the questions with any skills you have. Your dashboard will track each student's mastery of each skill.

• edit the questions
• save a copy for later
• start a class game
• automatically assign follow-up activities based on students’ scores
• assign as homework
• share a link with colleagues
• print as a bubble sheet
• Q 1 / 9 Score 0 Which of the following is NOT a part of a research paper? 29 Introduction Acknowledgment Title page Acknowledgment

Our brand new solo games combine with your quiz, on the same screen

Correct quiz answers unlock more play!

• Q 1 Which of the following is NOT a part of a research paper? Introduction Acknowledgment Title page Acknowledgment 30 s
• Q 2 Which of the following sections comes first in a research paper? Abstract Conclusion Methodology Introduction 30 s
• Q 3 Which of the following is the section where you highlight the key findings of your research paper? Results Introduction Conclusion Methodology 30 s
• Q 4 Which of the following is NOT one of the main sections of a research paper? Conclusion Appendix Introduction Results 30 s
• Q 5 Which section of a research paper describes the methods and procedures used in the research? Results Introduction Methodology Conclusion 30 s
• Q 6 Which section of a research paper summarizes the main points and provides recommendations based on the research findings? Results Methodology Introduction Conclusion 30 s
• Q 7 Which of the following is the correct order of the sections in a research paper? Abstract, Conclusion, Introduction, Methodology, References, Title page, Results, Discussion Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References Introduction, Results, Methodology, Abstract, Conclusion, References, Title page, Discussion Results, Introduction, Methodology, Conclusion, Title page, Abstract, References, Discussion 30 s
• Q 8 Which section of a research paper lists the sources cited in the paper? Results Introduction Conclusion References 30 s
• Q 9 Which of the following is NOT one of the key elements of a research paper? Methodology Glossary Abstract Introduction 30 s

Teachers give this quiz to your class

Scientific Writing: Peer Review and Scientific Journals

by Natalie H. Kuldell

Have an account?

Suggestions for you See more

11th -  12th  

Nature of academic texts, parts of a paragraph, 3rd -  5th  , 49.8k plays, cohesive devices, academic writing quiz, persuasive essay, argumentative writing.

Parts of a Research Paper

10 questions

Introducing new   Paper mode

No student devices needed.   Know more

It is a list of works on a subject or by an author that were used or consulted to write a research paper.

Review of Related Literature

Bibliography

Definition of Terms

It is a brief summary of the researcher’s main ideas and restates the paper's main thesis, giving the reader the sense that the stated goal of the paper has been accomplished.

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Conclusions

Recommendations

It deals with the description of the research subject, methods and tools of the study, and analysis that was used to summarize the final results of the research.

Methodology

Background of the Study

It is where the researcher introduces the overview of the topic, the main points of information, and why the subject is important.

It describes past important researches and how they specifically relate to the research thesis. It is a synthesis of the previous literature and the new idea being researched.

These are the added suggestions that the researcher wants people to follow when performing future studies.

It shows the different sections of the research paper and the page numbers on which they begin.

Table of Contents

It provides details to the reader on what and how the study will contribute and who will benefit from it.

Significance of the Study

It is a concise description of the problem or issues a research seeks to address.

It explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies the parameters within the study will be operating.

Scope and Limitations

Explore all questions with a free account

Continue with email

Continue with phone

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Starting the research process
• Writing Strong Research Questions | Criteria & Examples

Writing Strong Research Questions | Criteria & Examples

Published on October 26, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research question pinpoints exactly what you want to find out in your work. A good research question is essential to guide your research paper , dissertation , or thesis .

All research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

Table of contents

How to write a research question, what makes a strong research question, using sub-questions to strengthen your main research question, research questions quiz, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research questions.

You can follow these steps to develop a strong research question:

• Choose your topic
• Do some preliminary reading about the current state of the field
• Narrow your focus to a specific niche
• Identify the research problem that you will address

The way you frame your question depends on what your research aims to achieve. The table below shows some examples of how you might formulate questions for different purposes.

Using your research problem to develop your research question

Note that while most research questions can be answered with various types of research , the way you frame your question should help determine your choices.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them. The criteria below can help you evaluate the strength of your research question.

Focused and researchable

Feasible and specific

Complex and arguable

Relevant and original

Chances are that your main research question likely can’t be answered all at once. That’s why sub-questions are important: they allow you to answer your main question in a step-by-step manner.

Good sub-questions should be:

• Less complex than the main question
• Focused only on 1 type of research
• Presented in a logical order

Here are a few examples of descriptive and framing questions:

• Descriptive: According to current government arguments, how should a European bank tax be implemented?
• Descriptive: Which countries have a bank tax/levy on financial transactions?
• Framing: How should a bank tax/levy on financial transactions look at a European level?

Keep in mind that sub-questions are by no means mandatory. They should only be asked if you need the findings to answer your main question. If your main question is simple enough to stand on its own, it’s okay to skip the sub-question part. As a rule of thumb, the more complex your subject, the more sub-questions you’ll need.

Try to limit yourself to 4 or 5 sub-questions, maximum. If you feel you need more than this, it may be indication that your main research question is not sufficiently specific. In this case, it’s is better to revisit your problem statement and try to tighten your main question up.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

As you cannot possibly read every source related to your topic, it’s important to evaluate sources to assess their relevance. Use preliminary evaluation to determine whether a source is worth examining in more depth.

This involves:

• Reading abstracts , prefaces, introductions , and conclusions
• Looking at the table of contents to determine the scope of the work
• Consulting the index for key terms or the names of important scholars

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (“ x affects y because …”).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses . In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

• Researchability
• Feasibility and specificity
• Relevance and originality

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, November 21). Writing Strong Research Questions | Criteria & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 17, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-questions/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, how to define a research problem | ideas & examples, how to write a problem statement | guide & examples, 10 research question examples to guide your research project, get unlimited documents corrected.

✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts

• Privacy Policy

Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

• Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
• Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
• Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
• Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
• Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
• Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
• Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
• Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

• How often do you use social media per day?
• Less than 30 minutes
• 30 minutes to 1 hour
• 1 to 2 hours
• 2 to 4 hours
• More than 4 hours
• Which social media platforms do you use?
• Others (Please specify)
• How often do you experience the following on social media?
• Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
• Cyberbullying
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
• Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
• Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
• Very positive
• Somewhat positive
• Somewhat negative
• Very negative
• In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Social comparison
• In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Education on healthy social media use
• Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
• Social media detox programs
• Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

• Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
• Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
• Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
• Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

• For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
• For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
• To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

• To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
• To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
• To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
• To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

• Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
• Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
• Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
• Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
• Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

• Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
• Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
• Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
• Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
• Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

• Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
• Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
• Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
• Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
• Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Data Interpretation – Process, Methods and...

Appendix in Research Paper – Examples and...

Research Design – Types, Methods and Examples

Literature Review – Types Writing Guide and...

Theoretical Framework – Types, Examples and...

Figures in Research Paper – Examples and Guide

Journal Article Investigates Explosion Hazards from Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Gas

The new peer-reviewed journal article, Experimental Investigation of Explosion Hazard from Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway has been published in FUEL . The paper was authored by Nate Sauer and Adam Barowy from the Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI), part of UL Research Institutes, as well as Benjamin Gaudet from UL Solutions . As part FSRI’s Impact of Batteries on Fire Dynamics research project, the paper investigates the explosion hazards of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway gas.

Investigating the Explosion Hazards from Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Effluent Gas 

As adoption of lithium-ion battery technology increases worldwide, safety hazards from fire and explosions present a real concern to the fire service. To better understand the hazards,  21 experiments were conducted within a full-scale garage structure designed based on demographic data and modern North American construction. The experiments included  two flammable gas mixtures derived from commercial testing of nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and lithium iron phosphate cathode cells with the UL 9540A methodology including gas chromatography to determine gas composition. Experiments were designed to simulate:

• prompt-ignition of flammable off-gas emanating from an energy storage system (ESS) lithium-ion battery experiencing propagating thermal runaway; and
• delayed-ignition deflagration occurring after ESS lithium-ion battery off-gas accumulates and mixes within the garage volume

During tests, pressure rise within the enclosed garage was measured using high-speed piezoelectric pressure transducers. Overpressure data was compared to known ranges for structural damage and bodily injury thresholds while time-resolved overpressure was compared to vented explosion models. Correlations were developed between gas volume and measured impulse and overpressure.

“As we see more incidents related to explosions of lithium-ion batteries, there is a clear need for concrete data to characterize the associated hazards. This data can facilitate conversations about how to mitigate the risks associated with thermal runaway.” — Nate Sauer , post-doctoral researcher, FSRI

The Impact of Explosions Resulting from Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Gas

Data shows that when lithium-ion batteries fail and go into thermal runaway, the accumulation of thermal runaway gas poses an explosion hazard. This study finds that battery sizes such as those found in electric lawn mowers, electric vehicles, and e-mobility devices may produce enough gas during thermal runaway to damage a residential structure and risk injury to first responders or occupants. Report findings summarize the relationship between battery size and potential explosion severity. The data   is freely available to the public through an online repository .

About FUEL : 

Research into energy sources is a critical area of study. For nearly 90 years, FUEL has been the leading source of research in fuel science. The research scope is broad and includes many topics of increasing interest such as environmental aspects and pollution.

Experiments Investigate Lithium-Ion Battery Explosion Hazards

Read about the experiments investigating explosion hazards from lithium-ion battery thermal runaways in residential garages.

Near Miss Incident Involving Energy Storage System

Technical Report

Read FSRI’s report investigating this near miss incident in Surprise, AZ.

• Social Media Hub
• Apply for a Job

Trivia Quiz On Writing Research Papers!

Do you want to be adept at writing research papers? If yes, then look no further than this quiz. Learning to assess sources is a vital part of writing research papers. Information obtained from relevant sources such as educational books and websites makes a skillfully written paper even better. Your layout may depend upon the length of your research paper. If you want to know more about writing research papers, try this quiz.

A good way to evaluate trustworthy online sources is to...

Look at the domain extension.

Look for pages with background music.

Look for pages that have no author listed.

Look for pages written by amateurs.

Rate this question:

In general, the most trustworthy online sources have domain extensions...

.php and .mov.

.gov and .edu.

.com and .jpeg.

.asp and .png.

In general, an online source is not good if...

The author has authority on the subject.

The author provides evidence to substantiate opinions.

There are a lot of spelling and grammar mistakes.

What the author says can be substantiated by other sources.

In general, an online source is good if...

It provides no links to other sources.

The author uses an angry, provocative tone.

The tone is sensationalistic.

The site is not obviously just an advertisement for a product.

Sites should be avoided if...

They contain a lot of dead links.

It is an academic site.

The information they contain is relevant to your research.

The author uses a fair and balanced tone.

A good thesis statement...

Is vague and indirect.

Presents a position that is debatable.

Makes broad generalizations.

States the obvious.

Presents more than one position on a topic.

Is angry and biased in tone.

Is merely a restatement of the topic.

Makes clear the direction the essay is going to take.

If you are experiencing writer's block, you should...

Make sure that everything you write is perfect.

Turn off your internal critic.

Start writing later in the quarter.

Start writing your introduction.

Generally, speaking, which of the following should you NOT do when writing a paper?

Start early enough in the quarter to make sure you are finished in time.

Develop the introduction and conclusion later.

Use deadlines (as motivators) to your own advantage.

Try to put everything in a logical order while you are writing.

Which of the following is not a good way to structure your paper?

Asking yourself questions about the text as you read.

Arguing against a secondary source with which you disagree.

Writing bits and pieces of your paper, then putting them all together in a logical order afterwards.

Trying to guess what your professor wants.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Generally speaking, who, what, where, why, and how are irrelevant questions when writing about literature.

Even people who write well sometimes have difficulty writing.

Worrying about the final grade will probably make it more difficult to write.

You should always choose a topic that is interesting to you.

Which of the following should you NOT do if you are having difficulty writing?

Focus on the subject of your paper.

Avoid writing until you feel comfortable.

Give yourself small rewards along the way.

Establish your own personal ideal conditions for writing.

Mind mapping and outlining are different ways of...

Organizing your thoughts.

Scheduling your writing time.

Rewarding yourself.

Getting bogged down in your research.

Which of these is not a transition statement?

"as we know"

"at the same time"

"in addition"

"in spite of"

Which of the following is not a transition statement?

"of course"

Revising and editing are the same thing.

The difference between revising and editing is that....

When we revise we make minor changes, and when we edit we make major changes to our writing.

When we edit we make minor changes, and when we revise we make major changes to our writing.

Revising has to do with improving the text, and editing doesn't.

Editing has to do with improving the text, and revising doesn't.

When we are writing the first draft, we shouldn't worry about style and accuracy.

When writing an academic paper, we should assume our reader knows nothing about the topic., your paper should have a unifying theme stated as a thesis near the end of the first or second paragraph., it is best to avoid theses that are too argumentative or controversial., an argument is a conceptual statement aimed at a specific conclusion., it's a good idea to give your paper the same title as the work you are writing about., ideally, your title should be informative enough that anyone who reads it will have some idea what your paper is about., if you have to use pronouns to refer to people in general, you should use the masculine forms (he, his, him)., you should strive to use erudite words in your writing, even if you're not sure what they mean., if you are not writing a paper, but giving a presentation in class, you don't have to worry about research and organization, your final thesis might be different from your original working thesis., writing your paper in stages, bit by bit, is the surest way to guarantee successful completion., when writing your paper, you should keep in mind the arguments a hostile reader might make., you cannot use secondary sources if they do not directly discuss the work you are analyzing., choosing a topic that is too narrow is as big a problem as choosing a topic that is too broad., in literary analysis we do not speak of right or wrong readings, but of strong or weak readings., the reader of your paper must ultimately agree with you., a literary analysis of a narrative work is usually a plot summary., when you read a text for analysis, you should underline, highlight, or otherwise take notes as you read., the title of a text is usually your first clue as to what it's about., tone is the attitude that is created by the words in the text., if a text breaks the conventions of its genre, that's not usually something you would comment on in an analysis., all of the things evoked in the text are collectively referred to as imagery., a symbol is an image that has more than one meaning in a text., most close readings are of lengthy texts., you should probably decide on your research topic before you go to the library to search for sources., your research topic and your thesis are the same thing., in most cases, you will probably have to narrow your topic, or you will have too much information., in modern languages courses, most of your secondary sources are likely to be newspaper and magazine articles., usually you will quote directly from all of your sources., block quotes are used for quotes that are three lines or longer..

Quiz Review Timeline +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

• Current Version
• Mar 20, 2023 Quiz Edited by ProProfs Editorial Team
• Nov 18, 2012 Quiz Created by Marilocosta

Related Topics

• Time Management

Recent Quizzes

Featured Quizzes

Popular Topics

• Analytical Quizzes
• Basic Computer Quizzes
• Communication Quizzes
• Critical Thinking Quizzes
• Leadership Quizzes
• Management Quizzes
• Mathematical Quizzes
• Office Skill Quizzes
• Presentation Skill Quizzes
• Public Speaking Quizzes

Related Quizzes

Wait! Here's an interesting quiz for you.

Preliminary Research on Dynamic Hoek–Brown Strength Criterion for Rock Mass

• Original Paper
• Published: 18 September 2024

Cite this article

• Xiaokun Xie 1 , 4 ,
• Jianchun Li 1 ,
• Yang Zou 2 ,
• Xing Li 1 &
• Jian Zhao 3  

The Hoek–Brown strength criterion is commonly employed to anticipate rock mass failure, considering influential factors including rock mass quality and static stress conditions. Nevertheless, extensive experiments have revealed that the strength of intact rock also depends on the loading rate. Since rock masses frequently experience dynamic loading in practical scenarios, extending the application of this criterion into the dynamic domain is both valuable and challenging. This paper initiates an exploration into the dynamic strength criterion of rock masses, drawing from experimental studies on the dynamic mechanical response of jointed rock specimens. A dynamic three-dimensional strength test was carried out on artificially jointed rock specimens using SHPB equipment with confining pressure. Specimens contain a set of sub-horizontal joint and a set of sub-vertical joint. The research shows that the dynamic compressive strength and Young’s modulus of jointed rock specimens increase with the increase of loading rate. The dynamic scale effect of rocks is more related to the structure, rather than being solely dictated by scale. Discussion is undertaken regarding the fundamental form of dynamic strength criterion of rock mass, which is modified from the Hoek–Brown (H–B) criterion. Subsequently, the dynamic compressive strength and Young’s modulus of jointed rock specimens are analyzed. By accounting for dynamic size effects, the geological strength index (GSI) was evaluated, which is closely consistent with GSI calculated through dynamic Young’s modulus. The relationship between GSI and loading rate is discussed. According to the GSI chart, the joint spacings of rock masses as reflected by the specimen’s structures under different loading rates are derived. These findings contribute valuable guidance on utilizing laboratory-scale jointed rock specimens to assess the mechanical behavior and strength characteristics of rock masses under dynamic loads such as blasting.

Dynamic experiment on jointed rock specimens using SHPB equipment

Dynamic mechanical properties of jointed rock specimens

Dynamic Hoek-Brown strength criterion for rock masses

Dynamic size effect of jointed rock mass and dynamic GSI

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Alejano LR, Arzúa J, Bozorgzadeh N, Harrison JP (2017) Triaxial strength and deformability of intact and increasingly jointed granite specimens. Int J Rock Mech Min 95:87–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.03.009

Article   Google Scholar  

Amadei B (1988) Strength of a regularly jointed rock mass under biaxial and axisymmetric loading conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci & Geomech Abstr. 25(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(88)92712-X

Arzúa J, Alejano LR (2013) Dilation in granite during servo-controlled triaxial strength tests. Int J Rock Mech Min 61:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.02.007

Arzúa J, Alejano LR, Walton G (2014) Strength and dilation of jointed granite specimens in servocontrolled triaxial tests. Int J Rock Mech Min 69:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.04.001

Arzúa J, Alejano LR, Pérez-Rey I (2015) Effect of scale and structure on the strength and deformability of rocks. International Symposium on Rock Mechanics Congress.

Bahrani N, Kaiser PK (2013) Strength degradation of non-persistently jointed rock mass. Int J Rock Mech Min 62:28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.03.013

Brady BHG and Brown ET (2006) Rock Mechanics: For Underground Mining. Springer, Berlin. pp:46-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2116-9 .

Cai M, Kaiser PK, Uno H, Tasaka Y, Minami M (2004) Estimation of rock mass deformation modulus and strength of jointed hard rock masses using the GSI system. Int J Rock Mech Min 41(1):3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00025-X

Dershowitz WS and Herda HH (1992) Interpretation of fracture spacing and intensity. In: Proc.us Symp.on Rock Mechanics ARMA-92–0757.

Feng P, Xu Y, Dai F (2021) Effects of dynamic strain rate on the energy dissipation and fragment characteristics of cross-fissured rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min 138(5):104600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104600

González-Fernández MA, Estévez-Ventosa X, Alonso E, Alejano LR (2021) Analysis of size effects on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion of intact granite specimens. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 833:012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/833/1/012023

González-Fernández MA, Estévez-Ventosa X, Alejano LR, Masoumi H (2023a) Size-dependent behaviour of hard rock under triaxial loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56:6009–6025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03367-3

González-Fernández MA, Estévez-Ventosa X, García-Bastante F, Alejano LR, Ferrero MA (2023b) Study of size effects on the peak and residual strength of intact and artificially fissured granite specimens. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1124:012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012023

Hoek E (1983) Strength of Jointed Rock Masses. Géotechnique 33(3):187–223. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1983.33.3.187

Hoek E (1994) Strength of rock and rock masses. ISRM News Journal 2:4–16

Google Scholar  

Hoek E, Diederichs MS (2006) Empirical estimation of rock mass modulus. Int J Rock Mech Min 43(2):203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.06.005

Hoek E, Wood D, Shah S (1992) A modified Hoek-Brown criterion for jointed rock masses. Rock Charact: ISRM Symp, Chester 14–17:209–213

Hoek E and Brown ET (1980) Underground excavations in rock. Inst. Min. 537 Metall, London. pp: 131-179.

Hoek E, Kaiser PK, Bawden WF (1995) Support of underground excavations in hard rock. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp: 91-105

Hoek E, Carranza-Torres C, Corkum B (2002) Hoek–Brown failure criterion – 2002 edition. In: Proc. NARMS-TAC Conference, Toronto. 1:267–273.

Hokka M, Black J, Tkalich D, Fourmeau M, Kane A, Hoang NH, Li CC, Chen WW, Kuokkala VT (2016) Effects of strain rate and confining pressure on the compressive behavior of Kuru granite. Int J Impact Eng 91(May):183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.01.010

Hong L, Li XB, Ma C, Yin TB, Ye ZY, Liao GY (2008) Study on size effect of rock dynamic strength and strain rate sensitivity. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 27(3):526–533. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2008.03.012.(InChinese)

Jaeger JC, Cook NGW, Zimmerman RW (2007) Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 4th edn. Chapman and Hall, London

Jin L, Yu WX, Du XL, Zhang S, Li D (2019) Meso-scale modelling of the size effect on dynamic compressive failure of concrete under different strain rates. Int J Impact Eng 25:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.10.011

John KW (1972) Engineering properties of jointed rock. . In: Müller, L. (eds) Rock Mechanics. International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, 165. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4109-0_9 .

Li JC (2013) Wave propagation across non-linear rock joints based on time-domain recursive method. Geophys J Int 193(2):970-985. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt020

Li JC, Li NN, Li HB, Zhao J (2017) An SHPB test study on wave propagation across rock masses with different contact area ratios of joint. Int j impact eng 105:109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.12.011

Li JC, Rong LF, Li HB, Hong SN (2019) An SHPB test study on stress wave energy attenuation in jointed rock masses. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2(2):403-420.  https://doi.org/10.1007/S00603-018-1586-Y

Liang CY, Li X, Zhang H, Li SD, He JM, Ma CF (2013) Research on size effect of uniaxial compression properties of granite under medium and low strain rates. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 32(3):528–536. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6915.2013.03.012.(InChinese)

Liu M, Liu E (2017) Dynamic mechanical properties of artificial jointed rock specimens subjected to cyclic triaxial loading. Int J Rock Mech Min 98:54–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.07.005

Martin D, Lu Y, Lan H, Christiansson R (2014) Numerical approaches for estimating the effect of scale on rock mass strength. In: Proceedings 7th Nordic Grouting Symposium and 2nd Nordic Rock Mechanics Symposium pp: 93–106.

Pérez-Rey I, Muñoz-Ibáñez A, González-Fernández MA, Muñiz-Menéndez M, Herbón Penabad M, Estévez-Ventosa X, Delgado J, Alejano LR (2023) Size effects on the tensile strength and fracture toughness of granitic rock in different tests. J Rock Mech Geotech 15(9):2179–2192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.11.005

Qi C, Wang M, Bai J, Li KR (2014) Mechanism underlying dynamic size effect on rock mass strength. Int J Impact Eng 68:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.01.005

Qi C, Wang M, Wang Z et al (2023) Study on the coupling effect of sample size and strain rate on rock compressive strength. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56:5103–5114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03309-z

Serafim JL and Pereira JP (1983) Considerations on the geomechanical classification of Bieniawski. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on engineering geology in underground construction. Lisbon; September, 33–44.

Shu PY, Li HH, Wang TT, Ueng TH (2018) Dynamic strength of rock with single planar joint under various loading rates at various angles of loads applied. J Rock Mech Geotech 10(3):545–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.01.005

Su QQ, Ma QY, Ma DD, Yuan P (2021) Dynamic mechanical characteristic and fracture evolution mechanism of deep roadway sandstone containing weakly filled joints with various angles. Int J Rock Mech Min 137:104552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104552

Xia KW, Yao W (2015) Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar system—A review. J Rock Mech Geotech 7(1):27–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.07.008

Xia KW, Dai F, Chen R (2011) Split Hopkinson pressure bar tests of rocks: Advances in experimental techniques and applications to rock strength and fracture. In: Zhou Y, Zhao J (eds) Advances in rock dynamics and applications. CRC Press, London, pp 35–77

Xie XK, Li JC, Zheng YL (2023) Experimental study on dynamic mechanical and failure behavior of a jointed rock mass. Int J Rock Mech Min 168:105415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2023.105415

Yuan W, Li JC, Zheng YL, Wang ZJ (2023) Experimental study on shear characteristics of a rock joint subjected to dynamic shear load. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03692-7

Zhao J (2000) Applicability of Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown strength criteria to the dynamic strength of brittle rock. Int J Rock Mech Min 37(7):1115–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00049-6

Zheng QS, Liu EL, Sun P, Liu MX, Yu D (2020) Dynamic and damage properties of artificial jointed rock specimens subjected to cyclic triaxial loading at various frequencies. Int J Rock Mech Min 128:104243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104243

Zhou XP, Zhang JZ, Wong LNY (2018) Experimental study on the growth, coalescence and wrapping behaviors of 3D cross-embedded flaws under uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:1379–1400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1406-4

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42220104007, 42377160), the Entrepreneurial Team Program of Jiangsu Province, China (JSSCTD202140).

National Natural Science Foundation of China, 42377160, Xing Li,42220104007, J.C. LI,Entrepreneurial Team Program of Jiangsu Province, China, JSSCTD202140, J.C. LI

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Future Underground Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China

Xiaokun Xie, Jianchun Li & Xing Li

Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden

Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia

Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

Xiaokun Xie

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianchun Li .

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest.

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Xie, X., Li, J., Zou, Y. et al. Preliminary Research on Dynamic Hoek–Brown Strength Criterion for Rock Mass. Rock Mech Rock Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-04160-6

Download citation

Received : 19 January 2024

Accepted : 01 September 2024

Published : 18 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-04160-6

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• 3D SHPB equipment
• Jointed rock specimens
• Loading rate
• Dynamic Hoek–Brown criterion
• Small-scale rock mass
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research