vocatives for speech writing

How to use vocatives: addressing someone in dialogue

• Clare Black
• 4 January 2022
• No Comments

What are vocatives?

Vocatives are used when addressing someone in dialogue. Examples could include a person’s name, a relation, a formal address, a formal title, a rank or job title, a term of affection or an insulting expression. Consider the following examples:

Relating to or denoting a case of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in Latin and other languages, used in addressing or invoking a person or thing. Oxford English Dictionary

‘Hello, Clare .’ (name)

‘Thank you, Mum .’ (relation)

‘Can I help you with your bags, sir ?’ (formal address)

‘Thank you, Lord Denning .’ (formal title)

‘All present and correct, Captain .’ (rank or job title)

‘Oh, you shouldn’t have spent so much on me, you silly thing .’ (affectionate term)

‘What the hell do you think you are doing, you lowlife ?’ (insulting term)

However, it’s best to use vocatives sparingly in fiction, as in real life we don’t tend to address people by their name or use a term of endearment every time we speak to someone. If vocatives are overused, the dialogue will feel contrived.

Why use vocatives?

To establish who is speaking.

As in real life, fictional characters use each other’s names in dialogue. But in real life we know who we are speaking to, whereas in a story the reader won’t necessarily know who is speaking unless they are told, especially if there are more than two people in the conversation.

‘ Anil , do you know why Simon has not come into work today?’ Sara checked her phone for the tenth time and looked worried. ‘ Jen , what about you? Have you heard from him today?’

To learn more about the characters

Vocatives give the reader valuable information about the relationships between the characters, without including lengthy passages of narrative.

‘I told you never to darken my door again, you useless buffoon .’

‘Is that all for now, ma’am ?’

‘You have all the answers as usual, my beloved .’

‘ Corporal , what on earth are you doing?’

Published example

She picked it up and put it to her ear. ‘What’s up?’

‘Sorry for disturbing you, boss ,’ he said. ‘Christmas and everything.’

The House in the Woods by Mark Dawson (Chapter 1, Kindle)

To add tension

Using someone’s name can increase tension and give a sense of the characters’ emotions and the mood of a scene.

‘ Stella , quick, run. We have ten seconds to get out.’

‘Is it really that difficult, Bob , to understand a few clear instructions?’

‘ Kip! What are you doing back early?’

Repetition of names

In reality, we wouldn’t repeat someone’s name over and over during a conversation. And the same should apply in fiction.

‘Hello, Omar. How are you?’

‘Fliss! Long time no see. I’m fine.’

‘So I see. You’re looking very well, Omar.’

‘Thank you, Fliss. So do you.’

‘Where are you working now, Omar?’

‘Well, I’m finally a self-employed editor, Fliss.’

‘Omar, that’s wonderful. I know you always wanted to do that. Is it easy to get work with publishers?’

‘Fliss, it is a hard slog I can tell you.’

It makes for tedious reading, doesn’t it?  The reader can work out who is talking without having the names repeated on every line. In reality, the conversation would probably be along the lines of:

‘So I see. You’re looking very well.’

‘Thank you. So do you’.

‘Where are you working now?’

‘Well, I’m finally a self-employed editor.’

‘It’s a hard slog I can tell you.’

Vocative comma

If vocatives are used without commas, the sentence will be ambiguous and confusing. A vocative comma is used before or after a name or a form of address in dialogue. If the name of the person being addressed is in the middle of the sentence, then a comma appears before and after the name.

Beginning of sentence

‘Pilar, you look stunning in that red dress.’

‘ Sweetheart, please stop nagging me.’

For extra emphasis or tension, you may want to use a full stop, exclamation mark or question mark following a vocative at the beginning of a sentence.

‘ Muttley! You naughty dog.’

‘ Sonia? Is that really you?’

Middle of sentence

‘Crumbs , Tarquin, what is that supposed to be?’

‘Oh , Tilly, don’t do that.’

End of sentence

‘Would you like a glass of wine , Isaac ?’

‘It’s so lovely to see you , Grandad .’

‘Back against the wall. Now. Do as I say , you scumbag .’

‘Thank you , madam . I’ll arrange for the bill to be prepared

Without a vocative comma

If a vocative comma is not included, the sentence may be confusing. The first example below could be correct but including a comma before office r makes the actual meaning clear.

‘Would you like a sweet officer ?’

‘Would you like a sweet, officer ?’

Do vocatives need to start with a capital letter?

In some circumstances, vocatives do need to start with a capital letter.

As a reminder, a vocative is used with a person’s name, a formal address, a rank or job title, a term of affection or an insulting expression.

A person’s name

Names (proper nouns) used as vocatives always start with a capital letter, unless the person deliberately chooses to start their name with a lower-case letter.

She had pale red hair, twisted up at the back and clipped into place. She smiled down at Ellie and said, ‘Good afternoon, Ellie . I hope you’ve got your brain switched on?’

Then She Was Gone by Lisa Jewell (Chapter 5, Kindle)

Vocatives used to address a relation always start with a capital letter.

‘Oh no, I forgot your birthday again, Uncle David .’

‘Hello, Grandma .’

‘Please, Mother , stop nagging me. I am fifty years old.’

‘I see you are dad dancing again, Dad. ’

If the relationship title is indirectly mentioned, as in the example above of dad dancing , then this will be in lower case. This also applies if the indirect address appears in the narrative.

‘I think your Aunty Pam is the best aunty in the world.’

(direct mention = upper case and indirect mention = lower case)

‘Will your father be joining us for dinner this evening?’

Monty followed his grandad out of the restaurant. Would he need helping into Dad’s car? He didn’t want to offend him by assuming.

‘ Mum , can I borrow the camcorder later to make a house video?’

‘Yes, but ask your dad first.

The Holiday by T. M. Logan (Chapter 2, Kindle)

Formal address

Vocaties used to formally address a person do not need a capital letter unless they are being used at the start of a sentence.

‘Can I help you with your bags, sir ?’

‘ Madam , please come this way.’

‘Yes, m’lady ,’ said Parker.

‘Hey, l ady , give me your bag.’

‘Do you have children, detective? Mrs Lyle said.

I stood up to face her.

‘Yes, ma’am . Just the one.’

‘Boy or girl?’

‘I have a little girl, ma’am . Eight years’ old. Scout.’

#taken: Wrong time. Wrong place. Wrong girl , Tony Parsons (Chapter 1, Kindle)

Formal titles

Vocatives indicating formal titles start with a capital letter.

‘It is indeed a pleasure to meet you, Your Majesty .’

‘Thank you for the generous donation, Lady Grantham .’

At this, counsel for the prosecution, Mrs Price, gives a small exhalation and begins to lift her head. The judge looks over his glasses at the young woman barrister and she raises the flat of her hand in response. ‘Forgive me, My Lord , I’m getting there, yes…’

Apple Tree Yard , Louise Doughty (Prologue, Kindle)

Rank or job title

Vocatives indicating rank or titles start with a capital letter.

‘Are the troops ready for battle, Colonel ?’

‘The cabin is ready for departure, Captain .’

Detective Superintendent , I’ve a request from a Brighton Central detective sergeant for you to attend a suspicious death at a house in Dyke Road Avenue.

Not Dead Enough by Peter James (Chapter 5, Kindle)

If the relationship title is indirectly mentioned, as in the above example, then this should be in lower case. This applies if the indirect address appears in the narrative.

‘Go down the station and speak with the duty sergeant .’

‘The captain has said no and that is final.’

I thought the councillor that was speaking was full of hot air, but Councillor Foster soon shut him up.

Terms of affection

Vocatives used as terms of affection do not need a capital letter unless they are being used at the start of a sentence.

‘Thank you, my love .’

‘ Darling , you are my saving grace.’

‘Have I told you, sweetie pie , that you are wonderful?’

‘Look at this!’ he said. ‘Cilla , darling , look, look!’

Absolute Proof by Peter James (Chapter 14, Kindle)

Insulting term

Vocatives used as insulting terms do not need a capital letter unless they are being used at the start of a sentence.

‘Do one, knobhead .’

‘ Numbnuts , you’ve forgotten the biscuits again.’

‘Please, you doofus , concentrate for once.’

Final words…

• establish who is being addressed
• increase tension and show mood and emotion
• provide information about the characters
• should not be overused
• should be punctuated correctly.

Absolute Proof , Peter James, Pan Macmillan, 2018

Apple Tree Yard , Louise Doughty, Faber & Faber, 2013

Not Dead Enough, Peter James, Pan, 2008

#taken: Wrong Time. Wrong Place. Wrong Girl , Tony Parsons, Cornerstone Digital, 2019

The Holiday, T. M. Logan, Zaffre, 2019

The House in the Woods , Mark Dawson, Unputdownable, 2020

Then She Was Gone , Lisa Jewell, Cornerstone Digital, 2017

Work with me

I’m  Clare Black , a fiction book editor based in Stockport, UK. I help independent authors prepare for publishing by fixing the important details and improving the readability of their books. I specialise in crime, thriller and contemporary fiction, but I am happy to consider other genres. I am a Professional Member of the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading (CIEP).

I offer various packages to help indie authors get published and would love the opportunity to discuss your book and how I can help you prepare for publishing.

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Vocative: Definition and Examples

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

A vocative is a word or phrase used to address a reader or listener directly, usually in the form of a personal name , title, or term of endearment ( Bob , Doctor , and  Snookums, respectively). The person's name or term of address is set off in the sentence with vocative commas . In  speech , the vocative is indicated by  intonation , meaning that an  utterance  is usually accented or emphasized. The grammar term for a sentence that uses a vocative is called being in the  vocative case (or direct address), and the term itself comes from a Latin word meaning "call."

Key Takeaways: Vocative

• When you address someone by name, you're using the vocative case.
• When you write a sentence with direct address, you set off the name with vocative commas. 
• When a vocative starts off with "you," it's likely negative—unless said in a sweet tone of voice. For example, "You dork."

How to Use the Vocative Case

When you use  direct address , by definition you are speaking (or writing) to someone directly. Using a person's name gets his or her attention and can show respect (using a formal title) or emotion (term of endearment or derogatory name). A vocative doesn't have to be a proper noun. It can also be a noun phrase (as in the last example).

• Mary , do you want to go to the concert with me?
• Thank you so much, honey , for doing that for me.
• I don't know what I'd do without you, Tim !
• Well, doctor , what's your conclusion?
• Professor , I have a question. 
• Son , we need to talk.
• Where are you, my little bookworm ?

Notice that these sentences are in second person, as they have  you  in them, or you is understood because of the direct address. Animals and objects can be in the vocative case as long as the sentence is talking directly to them.

• Darn it, keys , where the heck did I put you?
• Fido , stop chewing on the couch.

Of course, there's a negative side to terms of endearment. Author Leslie Dunkling describes that in English, they often start off with you as a part of the vocative phrase, in the structure of "you" + adjective + noun .

"Typical realizations of the formula would be: you bloody fool, you bloody swine, you cheeky sod, you dirty bastard, you lying bastard, you old cow, you stupid bitch. Often the adjective is omitted, 'you bastard,' 'you bitch,' 'you fool' being preferred."

She also notes, however, that with the right tone and context, these insults can also be terms of endearment or lighthearted.

Of course, a vocative phrase doesn't have to start with you to be negative or insulting; it just has to be in second person. 

• Get out of my way, jerkface.

Setting Off With the Vocative Comma

In writing, you set off the name, term of endearment, or person's title with a comma (a vocative comma) at the start or end of a sentence, or with two commas if the name is in the middle of the sentence. In spoken language, there's typically a pause where the comma would be.

When to Avoid the Vocative Comma

Not every utterance of a person's name or title is direct address. If you're speaking or writing about someone in the third person (he, she, it), that's not vocative case or direct address, and commas aren't used to set off the name or epithet. Some of the sentences here are in the first person, but they still use third to refer to the person spoken about.

• Mary went to the concert with me.
• I thanked my honey for the help.
• I don't know what I'd do without Tim.
• I asked the doctor what her conclusion was. 
• I had a question for the professor.
• He needed to talk to his son.
• Where is my little bookworm?

It's important to know the distinction because there are times when the lack of a vocative comma in a sentence can create confusion. 

• Direct address , talking to Kelly: I don't know, Kelly.
• Not direct address , talking about Kelly: I don't know Kelly. 

Careful Use of the Comma

Watch out for run-on sentences when using the vocative comma in the middle of a sentence. A name is not a conjunction that can join two independent clauses. 

• Run-on: Thank you so much, Shelly, I don't know what I'd do without you.
• Correction: Thank you so much, Shelly. I don't know what I'd do without you. 
• Or: Thank you so much. Shelly, I don't know what I'd do without you. 

Dunkling, Leslie. "A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address." Routledge, 1990.

• What is Direct Address in Grammar and Rhetoric?
• Common Case (Grammar)
• Terms of Address
• Avocation and Vocation
• What Are Expletives in English Grammar?
• Definition and Examples of Interrogative Pronouns
• Ergative Verbs and Processes
• Diglossia in Sociolinguistics
• Intensive Pronoun Definition and Examples
• Definition and Examples of Postmodifiers in English Grammar
• Verb Phrase
• Definition and Examples of Relativization in English
• Definition and Examples of Relative Pronouns in English
• Free (Nominal) Relative Clause
• What Is a Compound Verb?
• Embedded Questions in Grammar

How to Write an Effective Speech Outline: A Step-by-Step Guide

• The Speaker Lab
• March 8, 2024

Table of Contents

Mastering the art of speaking starts with crafting a stellar speech outline. A well-structured outline not only clarifies your message but also keeps your audience locked in.

In this article, you’ll learn how to mold outlines for various speech types, weaving in research that resonates and transitions that keep listeners on track. We’ll also show you ways to spotlight crucial points and manage the clock so every second counts. When it’s time for final prep, we’ve got smart tips for fine-tuning your work before stepping into the spotlight.

Understanding the Structure of a Speech Outline

An effective speech outline is like a map for your journey as a speaker, guiding you from start to finish. Think of it as the blueprint that gives shape to your message and ensures you hit all the right notes along the way.

Tailoring Your Outline for Different Speech Types

Different speeches have different goals: some aim to persuade, others inform or celebrate. Each type demands its own structure in an outline. For instance, a persuasive speech might highlight compelling evidence while an informative one focuses on clear explanations. Crafting your outline with precision means adapting it to fit these distinct objectives.

Incorporating Research and Supporting Data

Your credibility hinges on solid research and data that back up your claims. When writing your outline, mark the places where you’ll incorporate certain pieces of research or data. Every stat you choose should serve a purpose in supporting your narrative arc. And remember to balance others’ research with your own unique insights. After all, you want your work to stand out, not sound like someone else’s.

The Role of Transitions in Speech Flow

Slick transitions are what turn choppy ideas into smooth storytelling—think about how bridges connect disparate land masses seamlessly. They’re not just filler; they carry listeners from one thought to another while maintaining momentum.

Incorporate transitions that feel natural yet keep people hooked. To keep things smooth, outline these transitions ahead of time so nothing feels left up to chance during delivery.

Techniques for Emphasizing Key Points in Your Outline

To make certain points pop off the page—and stage—you’ll need strategies beyond bolding text or speaking louder. Use repetition wisely or pause strategically after delivering something significant. Rather than go impromptu, plan out what points you want to emphasize before you hit the stage.

Timing Your Speech Through Your Outline

A watchful eye on timing ensures you don’t overstay—or undercut—your moment under the spotlight. The rhythm set by pacing can be pre-determined through practice runs timed against sections marked clearly in outlines. Practice will help ensure that your grand finale isn’t cut short by surprise.

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Depending on the type of speech you’re giving, your speech outline will vary. The key ingredients—introduction, body, and conclusion—are always there, but nuances like tone or message will change with each speaking occasion.

Persuasive Speeches: Convincing With Clarity

When outlining a persuasive speech, arrange your arguments from strong to strongest. The primacy effect works wonders here, so make sure to start off with a strong point. And just when they think they’ve heard it all, hit them with an emotional story that clinches the deal.

You might start by sharing startling statistics about plastic pollution before pivoting to how individuals can make a difference. Back this up with data on successful recycling programs which demonstrate tangible impact, a technique that turns facts into fuel for action.

Informative Speeches: Educating Without Overwhelming

An informative speech shouldn’t feel like drinking from a fire hose of facts and figures. Instead, lay out clear subtopics in your outline and tie them together with succinct explanations—not unlike stepping stones across a stream of knowledge.

If you’re talking about breakthroughs in renewable energy technology, use bullet points to highlight different innovations then expand upon their potential implications one at a time so the audience can follow along without getting lost in technical jargon or complexity.

Ceremonial Speeches: Creating Moments That Matter

In a ceremonial speech you want to capture emotion. Accordingly, your outline should feature personal anecdotes and quotes that resonate on an emotional level. However, make sure to maintain brevity because sometimes less really is more when celebrating milestones or honoring achievements.

Instead of just going through a hero’s whole life story, share the powerful tales of how they stepped up in tough times. This approach hits home for listeners, letting them feel the impact these heroes have had on their communities and sparking an emotional bond.

Incorporating Research in Your Speech Outline

When you’re crafting a speech, the backbone of your credibility lies in solid research and data. But remember, it’s not just about piling on the facts. It’s how you weave them into your narrative that makes listeners sit up and take notice.

Selecting Credible Sources

Finding trustworthy sources is like going on a treasure hunt where not all that glitters is gold. To strike real gold, aim for academic journals or publications known for their rigorous standards. Google Scholar or industry-specific databases are great places to start your search. Be picky. Your audience can tell when you’ve done your homework versus when you’ve settled for less-than-stellar intel.

You want to arm yourself with evidence so compelling that even skeptics start nodding along. A well-chosen statistic from a reputable study does more than decorate your point—it gives it an ironclad suit of armor.

Organizing Information Effectively

Your outline isn’t just a roadmap; think of it as scaffolding that holds up your argument piece by piece. Start strong with an eye-opening factoid to hook your audience right off the bat because first impressions matter—even in speeches.

To keep things digestible, group related ideas together under clear subheadings within your outline. Stick to presenting data that backs up each key idea without wandering down tangential paths. That way, everyone stays on track.

Making Data Relatable

Sure, numbers don’t lie but they can be hard to connect to. If you plan on using stats in your speech, make them meaningful by connecting them to relatable scenarios or outcomes people care about deeply. For instance, if you’re talking health statistics, relate them back to someone’s loved ones or local hospitals. By making the personal connection for your audience, you’ll get their attention.

The trick is using these nuggets strategically throughout your talk, not dumping them all at once but rather placing each one carefully where its impact will be greatest.

Imagine your speech as a road trip. Without smooth roads and clear signs, the journey gets bumpy, and passengers might miss the scenery along the way. That’s where transitions come in. They’re like your speech’s traffic signals guiding listeners from one point to another.

Crafting Seamless Bridges Between Ideas

Transitions are more than just linguistic filler. They’re strategic connectors that carry an audience smoothly through your narrative. Start by using phrases like “on top of this” or “let’s consider,” which help you pivot naturally between points without losing momentum.

To weave these seamlessly into your outline, map out each major turn beforehand to ensure no idea is left stranded on a tangent.

Making Use of Transitional Phrases Wisely

Be cautious: overusing transitional phrases can clutter up your speech faster than rush hour traffic. Striking a balance is key—think about how often you’d want to see signposts on a highway. Enough to keep you confident but not so many that it feels overwhelming.

Pick pivotal moments for transitions when shifting gears from one major topic to another or introducing contrasting information. A little direction at critical junctures keeps everyone onboard and attentive.

Leveraging Pauses as Transition Tools

Sometimes silence speaks louder than words, and pauses are powerful tools for transitioning thoughts. A well-timed pause lets ideas resonate and gives audiences time to digest complex information before moving forward again.

This approach also allows speakers some breathing room themselves—the chance to regroup mentally before diving into their next point with renewed vigor.

Connecting Emotional Threads Throughout Your Speech

Last but not least, don’t forget emotional continuity, that intangible thread pulling heartstrings from start-to-finish. Even if topics shift drastically, maintaining an underlying emotional connection ensures everything flows together cohesively within the larger tapestry of your message.

Techniques for Emphasizing Key Points in Your Speech Outline

When you’re crafting your speech outline, shine a spotlight on what matters most so that your audience doesn’t miss your key points.

Bold and Italicize for Impact

You wouldn’t whisper your punchline in a crowded room. Similarly, why let your main ideas get lost in a sea of text? Use bold or italics to give those lines extra weight. This visual cue signals importance, so when you glance at your notes during delivery, you’ll know to emphasize those main ideas.

Analogies That Stick

A good analogy is like super glue—it makes anything stick. Weave them into your outline and watch as complex concepts become crystal clear. But remember: choose analogies that resonate with your target audience’s experiences or interests. The closer home it hits, the longer it lingers.

The Power of Repetition

If something’s important say it again. And maybe even once more after that—with flair. Repetition can feel redundant on paper, but audiences often need to hear critical messages several times before they take root.

Keep these strategies in mind when you’re ready to dive into your outline. You’ll transform those core ideas into memorable insights before you know it.

Picture this: you’re delivering a speech, and just as you’re about to reach the end, your time’s up. Ouch! Let’s make sure that never happens. Crafting an outline is not only about what to say but also how long to say it.

Finding Balance in Section Lengths

An outline isn’t just bullet points; it’s a roadmap for pacing. When outlining your speech, make sure to decide how much time you’d like to give each of your main points. You might even consider setting specific timers during rehearsals to get a real feel for each part’s duration. Generally speaking, you should allot a fairly equal amount of time for each to keep things balanced.

The Magic of Mini Milestones

To stay on track, a savvy speaker will mark time stamps or “mini milestones” on their outline. These time stamps give the speaker an idea of where should be in their speech by the time, say, 15 minutes has passed. If by checkpoint three you should be 15 minutes deep and instead you’re hitting 20 minutes, it’s time to pick up the pace or trim some fat from earlier sections. This approach helps you stay on track without having to glance at the clock after every sentence.

Utilizing Visual Aids and Multimedia in Your Outline

Pictures speak louder than words, especially when you’re on stage. Think about it: How many times have you sat through a presentation that felt like an eternity of endless bullet points? Now imagine if instead, there was a vibrant image or a short video clip to break up the monotony—it’s game-changing. That’s why integrating visual aids and multimedia into your speech outline isn’t just smart. It’s crucial for keeping your audience locked in.

Choosing Effective Visuals

Selecting the right visuals is not about flooding your slides with random images but finding those that truly amplify your message. Say you’re talking about climate change. In this case, a graph showing rising global temperatures can hit hard and illustrate your chosen statistic clearly. Remember, simplicity reigns supreme; one powerful image will always trump a cluttered collage.

Multimedia Magic

Videos are another ace up your sleeve. They can deliver testimonials more powerfully than quotes or transport viewers to places mere descriptions cannot reach. But be warned—timing is everything. Keep clips short and sweet because no one came to watch a movie—they came to hear you . You might highlight innovations using short video snippets, ensuring these moments serve as compelling punctuations rather than pauses in your narrative.

The Power of Sound

We often forget audio when we think multimedia, yet sound can evoke emotions and set tones subtly yet effectively. Think striking chords for dramatic effect or nature sounds for storytelling depth during environmental talks.

Audiences crave experiences they’ll remember long after they leave their seats. With well-chosen visuals and gripping multimedia elements woven thoughtfully into every section of your speech outline, you’ll give them exactly that.

Rehearsing with Your Speech Outline

When you’re gearing up to take the stage, your speech outline is a great tool to practice with. With a little preparation, you’ll give a performance that feels both natural and engaging.

Familiarizing Yourself with Content

To start off strong, get cozy with your outline’s content. Read through your outline aloud multiple times until the flow of words feels smooth. This will help make sure that when showtime comes around, you can deliver those lines without tripping over tough transitions or complex concepts.

Beyond mere memorization, understanding the heart behind each point allows you to speak from a place of confidence. You know this stuff—you wrote it. Now let’s bring that knowledge front and center in an authentic way.

Mimicking Presentation Conditions

Rehearsing under conditions similar to those expected during the actual presentation pays off big time. Are you going to stand or roam about? Will there be a podium? Think about these details and simulate them during rehearsal because comfort breeds confidence—and we’re all about boosting confidence.

If technology plays its part in your talk, don’t leave them out of rehearsals either. The last thing anyone needs is tech trouble during their talk.

Perfecting Pace Through Practice

Pacing matters big time when speaking. Use timed rehearsals to nail down timing. Adjust speed as needed but remember: clarity trumps velocity every single time.

You want people hanging onto every word, which is hard to do if you’re talking so fast they can barely make out what you’re saying. During rehearsals, find balance between pacing and comprehension; they should go hand-in-hand.

Finalizing Your Speech Outline for Presentation

You’ve poured hours into crafting your speech, shaping each word and idea with precision. Now, it’s time to tighten the nuts and bolts. Finalizing your outline isn’t just about dotting the i’s and crossing the t’s. It’s about making sure your message sticks like a perfectly thrown dart.

Reviewing Your Content for Clarity

Your first task is to strip away any fluff that might cloud your core message. Read through every point in your outline with a critical eye. Think of yourself as an editor on a mission to cut out anything that doesn’t serve a purpose. Ask yourself if you can explain each concept clearly without needing extra words or complex jargon. If not, simplify.

Strengthening Your Argument

The meat of any good presentation lies in its argument, the why behind what you’re saying. Strengthen yours by ensuring every claim has iron-clad backing—a stat here, an expert quote there. Let this be more than just facts tossed at an audience; weave them into stories they’ll remember long after they leave their seats.

Crafting Memorable Takeaways

Audiences may forget details but never how you made them feel—or think. Embed memorable takeaways throughout your outline so when folks step out into fresh air post-talk, they carry bits of wisdom with them.

This could mean distilling complex ideas down to pithy phrases or ending sections with punchy lines that resonate. It’s these golden nuggets people will mine for later reflection.

FAQs on Speech Outlines

How do you write a speech outline.

To craft an outline, jot down your main ideas, arrange them logically, and add supporting points beneath each.

What are the 3 main parts of a speech outline?

An effective speech has three core parts: an engaging introduction, a content-rich body, and a memorable conclusion.

What are the three features of a good speech outline?

A strong outline is clear, concise, and structured in logical sequence to maximize impact on listeners.

What is a working outline for a speech?

A working outline serves as your blueprint while preparing. It’s detailed but flexible enough to adjust as needed.

Crafting a speech outline is like drawing your map before the journey. It starts with structure and flows into customization for different types of talks. Remember, research and evidence are your compass—they guide you to credibility. Transitions act as bridges, connecting one idea to another smoothly. Key points? They’re landmarks so make them shine.

When delivering your speech, keep an eye on the clock and pace yourself so that every word counts.

Multimedia turns a good talk into a great show. Rehearsing polishes that gem of a presentation until it sparkles.

Last up: fine-tuning your speech outline means you step out confident, ready to deliver something memorable because this isn’t just any roadmap—it’s yours.

• Last Updated: March 5, 2024

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The Vocative and Its Functions in Discourse

• July 12, 2015

The traditional name for the form of a noun when a member of this word class is used not just to name but to address someone or something is vocative. Together with the imperative of verbs, the vocative, strictly speaking, serves the so-called conative <span class="oneClick-link oneClick-available">expressing</span> <span class="oneClick-link oneClick-available">endeavor</span> <span class="oneClick-link">or</span> <span class="oneClick-link oneClick-available">effort; engages the addressee (receiver) directly and is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives<br /></span> ">conative function. Thus the Indo-European languages (but not only) have to one or another extent maintained a vocative case and its concomitant separate desinence <span class="ssens">a grammatical ending (morpheme) added to a word base (as in inflection)</span> ">desinence (ending) in the paradigm devoted to this naming or addressing function, although the overarching tendency in the history of these languages is for the vocative to fall together with the nominative in form. In a language like Russian, for instance, where the vocative overwhelmingly gave way to the nominative (except for the recent resurgence of the so-called “new vocative”), the form of the noun used for address is the same as the nominative, although Russian still has fossilized instances of the old vocative in religious terms like Боже (for nom. Бог ‘God’) and Господи (for nom. Господь ‘Lord’), which are now just part of common parlance as exclamations rather than terms of address.

Like any other language, English has a vocative intercalated in discourse that is identical in form with the nominative (subjective); moreover, as in all languages, English vocatives serve the phatic and emotive functions over and above the conative <span class="oneClick-link oneClick-available">expressing</span> <span class="oneClick-link oneClick-available">endeavor</span> <span class="oneClick-link">or</span> <span class="oneClick-link oneClick-available">effort; engages the addressee (receiver) directly and is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives<br /></span> ">conative . A word like sir in military practice, for example, is a token of deference and is de rigueur in speech whenever a person of higher rank is addressed. This sort of practice can be called the “formulaic” use of the vocative, which also occurs in other contexts, such as in advertising and marketing, where agents who are serving customers or clients are encouraged to sprinkle their utterances with the addressees’ names (usually preceded by a term of deference such as “Mr.” or “Miss/Mrs./Ms.”).

A particular instance that is worthy of further study is the variable phatic and/or emotive use of the vocative as a feature of an individual speaker’s predilections when addressing an interlocutor. Speakers typically differ from each other in the frequency with which they resort to naming their interlocutors as part of discourse. Constant interspersion of one’s wife’s or husband’s name in addressing a spouse may start as a sign of endearment but may also ultimately devolve into a verbal tic devoid of emotive meaning and destructive of genuine affection. Similarly, the same speech habit in addressing a customer or client can easily lead to annoyance on the part of the addressee and subvert the very psychological affect that the utterer is aiming to engender in order to further their mercantile goal.

MICHAEL SHAPIRO

• Term: conative
• Term: desinence

• July 12th, 2015
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• Writing Tips

Grammar Tips: The Vocative Case

4-minute read

• 6th April 2023

You may not be familiar with the term “vocative case,” but you, dear reader, have certainly seen it used. In fact, you just read an example of it:

The vocative case can improve clarity, and this post will teach you what you need to know to use it in your writing.

What Is the Vocative Case?

The vocative case is used to address someone or something directly. It’s the verbal equivalent of a pointed finger or nudge – a way to claim the attention of whomever the sentence is directed at.

How Do You Form the Vocative Case?

There are two main elements to forming the vocative case:

Always use a noun or noun phrase to identify who or what is being addressed. This word or phrase is the vocative.

Consider these two sentences:

This first sentence could apply to anyone looking at their phone, but adding the phrase “you in the red jumper” in the second sentence identifies who is being spoken to.

The vocative doesn’t always have to be placed at the start of the sentence. It can be used in the middle:

It can also be used to end a sentence:

2. Punctuation

If we imagine the vocative case as pointing at the “you” to whom the sentence is directly addressed, then we need a verbal equivalent of the nudge, or the pointing or jabbing finger. This is ably supplied by highlighting the “you” of the sentence with a comma or two.

The number of vocative commas required depends on the location of the vocative within the sentence:

●  At the start of a sentence, a single comma is used immediately following the vocative:

●  A single comma precedes the vocative when it’s at the end of a sentence:

●  Use two commas when the vocative is in the middle of the sentence – one before and one after:

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Some Common Errors and How to Avoid Them

●  The vocative doesn’t need to be a single word or include the word “you.” Make sure that you separate the whole section that describes the person or thing being directly addressed with a comma (or two):

●  Beware the weak bridge! A vocative cannot be used to link two independent clauses :

As in the example above, bridging two independent clauses with a vocative creates a comma splice and run-on sentence . There are several ways to resolve this, including adding a period, semicolon, or conjunction:

●  Leaving out the vocative comma can lead to unfortunate misunderstandings:

This is a polite question to Claudia about her skills in the kitchen.

We don’t know to whom this is addressed, but Claudia would do well to run away!

Now that you know what the vocative case is and how to use it, you will see and hear (those commas become slight pauses in speech) it everywhere. Remember:

●  The vocative identifies who is being addressed:

●  The vocative case doesn’t override other rules of grammar, so make sure to separate clauses properly:

●  Correct use of vocative commas can be the difference between a polite invitation to an elderly relative and a line more suitable for a horror movie:

The vocative case may not, of course, be suitable for all forms of writing. Just as you wouldn’t (we hope) point your finger at your tutor while addressing them in class, using the verbal equivalent in academic writing also wouldn’t be appropriate.

If you are unsure about the vocative case or any other aspect of your writing, we have experts on hand 24/7 to proofread your work. Try our services for free by uploading a sample of your work today.

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Speech Writing: Guidelines & Samples On How To Write A Perfect Speech

Speech-writing is, in most cases, in a form of end of a year speech, prize-giving day speech or any other forms of speech making occasions whereby one is required to deliver a speech. Speech writing demands the skill of writing almost as one speaks.

Speech writing comes in various forms. However, they all have the same structure and lay out though there could be slight changes in tones in the speech depending on the audience you are preparing the speech for and on whose behalf the speech is being written.

Some candidates in the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) often mistake the mode of essay writing and summary writing for speech writing. Not to worry because after digesting the content on this post, you will gain all you need to know in order to write a perfect speech to suit any audience. It will educate you on the structure, chronological order and type of tones and terms to use in speech writing notwithstanding the audience.

Useful Tips on How to Write a Good Speech

(1) content.

The content depends on the topic you are given but your points must be relevant to the topic on which you are writing your speech. In addition, make sure that you write on all the aspects of the question to earn a under content

(ii) Organization

(a) In speech writing, you should imagine that you have an audience listening to you. Therefore, you are expected to start your speech with the usual vocatives: “Chairman, The Principal. Members of staff, Ladies and Gentle-men…” Your audience depends on the question you are answering; your question will definitely give you an idea who your audience is.

(b) You must arrange your ideas or points in a logical sequence.

(iii) Expression

(a) Speech writing demands a good command of language. Use simple sentences because it is important that you should make your audience follow your line of thought

(b) Speech making is meant for oral delivery, therefore, you can use various oratorical techniques like rhetorical questions and you can make use of contracted forms of words like don’t, doesn’t didn’t etc. These oratorical techniques will enable you to write as if you were addressing your audience directly. In addressing your audience, you can use words like, you, our, we, you and I.

(c) Don’t use slangs and colloquial expressions.

Guidelines on How To Write A Speech

In speech writing, you must follow the sequence in which it ought to follow, there is a chronological order you must follow when writing a speech . Interchanging them would be one of the big blunders you should avoid when writing a speech.

Know The Purpose

As the speech writer, you must know the reason for which the speech is being written, you must ask yourself; What am i trying to accomplish with my speech? is it to encourage, inspire, educate, convince, or drive home a point? Your purpose must be well defined as this will determine the tune and direction, structure and result of your write up.

Who Are Your Target Audience

Your speech should be tailored to a specific audience. Your target audience would determine the tone of language you will use in writing your speech. If you’re speaking at a sound healer convention, you won’t need to explain the concept of energetic blocks. And if you’re speaking to an octogenarians-only quilting circle, you probably shouldn’t drop as many F-words as you would with your local guys in the hood..

Know The Length

The length of your write up says a lot. Studies have proven that the human attention span for reading is 10 mins and listening is 15 mins so you need to try and include terms that would catch their attentions. You don’t want to underwhelm or overwhelm your audience hence you need to find a balance. You would agree with me that a fifteen (15) minute keynote speech maybe too long for your speech at your friend’s Bachelor’s party. However, this might be too short when giving a speech at an inaugural lecture.

Practice, Revise, Practice and Practice again…:

This is the final stage in the chronological order of speech writing. Here you have to practice, revise and keep practicing. Practice makes perfect hence cultivate the habit of going over and over again.

Step-by-Step Process of Speech Writing

Still confused on how to get started? Here’s how to write your speech from start to finish. Thank me later!!

• First and foremost, define your speech’s structure. you need to carve out the major ideas for every section?
• Secondly, sort out the main ideas in your outline. To do this, you will have to free your mind and allow your creativity flow.
• Thirdly, this stage involves selecting the seeds from the chaffs. All the points jotted down would need to be properly edited and arranged in a chronological manner and drafted down until you have successfully written a good speech.
• It is not enough to just write a speech. Your fluency would be determined by the quality of time spent practicing. Continuous practice makes your speech a perfect one. That is, the more you practice your speech the more you’ll discover areas that require amendments, which word or term fits certain description and the audience. Don’t interchange cramming for reading and understanding your speech write up. The guideline on how to write a speech above, will help you better understand your speech rather than cramming it.

Speech Writing Structures

Introduction.

Firstly, you must give a brief introduction of who are you, why you are giving the speech and of course your main thesis for the speech.

Ideally, the introduction ought to be short but it could also be made slightly longer as this depends on the context. For instance, if you’re speaking at a naming ceremony, you definitely will be expected to explain your relationship to the parents of the baby and the family and how much they mean to you since it is an informal relationship. However, if you’re presenting to your class at school, you may be able to head straight into your thesis.

Body (The Main Message)

The majority of your speech should be spent presenting your thesis and supporting material in a simple, organized way.

Whether you’re giving an inspirational talk or speaking on behalf of a group or society, the tone of your presentation is the sure way of wining audience’s attention. Don’t be Mr or Mrs know it all, remember the length of your message would has a relationship with their attention span. Pick up your points one after the other and ensure you finish one before going to the other. There must be free flow of transition from one point to another, you can use linker words in the most logical manner.

Ensure you give short stories that are related to the speech if you have any as this would further catch the attention of your audience. Studies have proven that the human brains are great at remember stories, so my take is that you take advantage of this and drive home your points.

Wrap everything up and drive home your main idea, whether that’s through providing a few (one to three) key takeaways, or telling one last story that perfectly drive home your points and get it stuck to the memory of your audience.

Samples of Speech Writing

Title: Official Request For Launching of Red Cross Society Branch In Your School

As the President of the Red Cross Society in your School for example, if you are asked to write a speech that will be delivered at the launching of the branch of the society in your school.

Below is a perfect Sample on how to write a speech on this topic should look;

INTRODUCTION: Your introduction should start with recognizing your audience and then slot in the purpose of your speech before going to the body of your speech.

The honorable Commissioner of Health. Lagos State, President of Lagos Chapter of the Nigerian Red Cross Society, our respected Principal, members of the Parent Teacher Association. Fellow Students, Ladies and Gentlemen.

On behalf of my colleagues, I welcome you all to this occasion of the launching of our school’s branch of the Red Cross Society. The presence of distinguished men and women at this occasion is both an indication of the social relevance of an organization such as ours and we hope, a pointer to the amount of public support we should expect to get as we embark on our goal of service to the community.

BODY OF THE SPEECH:  Now you can go ahead and give details in full and drive home your points, here you must give reasons in your speech writing, make sure you have facts and stats that can convince your audience on the purpose of writing the speech. Try and buy them emotionally and make them why you need the Red Cross society branch in your school. Hit the nail on the head and cite your own achievements in making it work, this would show a high level of commitment.

After about one hundred years of its existence, the Red Cross Society can be found in almost every nation of the world, in all the major cities and in many institutions like ours. Despite this already large presence, new branches are being established world-wide. This is a welcome trend in a world that is filled with violence and misery.

We have decided to start a branch of the society in our school, having realized the pressing need in our school for the kind of services it renders. We have watched with concern, several accidents on our busy roads in Lagos State but of more immediate worry to us is the high incidence of accidents in our school environment. Students have been known to sustain injuries both at work and at play during breaks and organized games. Sometimes when indiscipline rears its head among us, students fight and injure one another. We have also learnt from news reports of places where school buildings have collapsed injuring both staff and students in the process.

Such occurrences have always caused us much distress. Even though we saw the need for relieving the pains suffered by victims of these mishaps, we often merely looked on helplessly. On few occasions when we overcame our fear of blood and sought to help the injured, we only complicated their condition because we lacked the necessary first aid skills.

With the establishment of our branch of the Red Cross Society, we hope we will now be able to alleviate the sufferings or not only our colleagues in school here but also of people in the neighboring areas. We know we stand to gain in other ways. For example, our members will gain more insight into the contents of subjects like Biology and Health Science: some of us could even opt for careers in the social welfare and health services.

CONCLUSION: This is where you wrap up your speech. At the stage you should have succeeded in convincing the audience audience to walk out of the room remembering the reason for the speech. The conclusive part of your speech must be concise. You should acknowledge your audience and show appreciation even though it is yet done. Wrap everything up and drive home your main idea, whether that’s through providing a few (one to three) key takeaways, or telling one last story that perfectly drive home your points.

While we acknowledge the roles of our principal (Add Name of Principal) and (other names if applicable), we wish to place our needs before you and solicit your help. The principal has generously allocated a room to us for use as a store and first aid room. We need help to equip it with medicine shelves, drugs, dressings, stretchers and other First Aid equipment. We are hoping that you, our guests, will help us meet these needs. On our part, we pledge to always render prompt and selfless service to needy people in the community.

Once again, we welcome you to our Launching and thank you for whatever help you have already given or intend to render to our society.

(Your Name)

(Your Position)

(Name of the Institution or Society)

We used this model as a sample. As said earlier, speech writing follow the same sequence, that is, the introduction, body and conclusive part of the speech.

Not all speech writing require your position or name of institution, you need to add the above when writing on behalf of a group, organization or corporate body. Some speech writings can come very informal hence there will be no need for name of institution or organization especially when it is of a personal relationship.

Hope this answers all you have been yearning to know about how to write a speech? However, you could still reach out to us via the comment section below and we shall respond accordingly.

Kindly help us share this post via the social media buttons below for others to benefit.

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• First Online: 21 November 2017

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• Imogen Marcus 4  

Part of the book series: New Approaches to English Historical Linguistics ((NAEHL))

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This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the use of vocatives, characteristic features of modern conversational speech, in Bess’s early modern English epistolary writing. As well as being indicators of the relative social status of correspondents, vocatives serve to clarify and maintain personal relationships, and are therefore often used in a dynamic, interpersonal way. The focus is once again on any scribal and social variation that may be present, and as in Chap. 5 , results are contextualized in relation to the Corpus of Early English Correspondence .

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Cf. Oxford English Dictionary online, 2nd ed, s.v, ‘vocative’.

Halliday ( 1994 : 54) classifies them in a similar way but refers to them as ‘adjuncts’.

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Marcus, I. (2018). Vocatives. In: The Linguistics of Spoken Communication in Early Modern English Writing. New Approaches to English Historical Linguistics . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66008-0_6

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Vocatives as a source category for pragmatic markers: From deixis to discourse marking via affectivity

2017, Chiara Fedriani/Andrea Sansò (eds): Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers, and Modal Particles. New perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins

This paper considers familiarizers, a special class of vocatives denoting solidarity and intimacy, as possible sources for pragmatic markers and discourse markers. We argue that affectivity plays a crucial role in the use of vocatives in general and especially in this functional development. More precisely, terms of address have the potential to intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this quality, they may be employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and illo-cutionary force of utterances. These expressive uses may be the source of several more peculiar functions related to turn and information management. While this holds for familiarizers as well as for vocatives in general, not interferring with the deictic force of addressing contained in the vocative form, in several languages there are familiarizers which undergo an inflationary use and end up as mere elements of discourse marking, emphasizing and delimiting sequential units such as turns, utterances, and intonation units. The deictic reference to the collocutor is virtually lost, which is shown by the typical fossilization of the masculine singular form in the newly derived functions. We illustrate this development with vocative-based markers in different languages with special focus on the familiarizers güey in Mexican Spanish and alter in German. Although their sociopragmatic indexicalities are far from identical, this comparative approach reveals some interesting similarities. In our view, a definition as 'pragmatic markers' is justified for vocative-based markers at any point of their evolution, while the term 'discourse marker' should be restricted to functions that are no longer directly inferable from the vocative's deictic and expressive qualities.

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How to Write a Debate Speech

Last Updated: August 25, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Patrick Muñoz . Patrick is an internationally recognized Voice & Speech Coach, focusing on public speaking, vocal power, accent and dialects, accent reduction, voiceover, acting and speech therapy. He has worked with clients such as Penelope Cruz, Eva Longoria, and Roselyn Sanchez. He was voted LA's Favorite Voice and Dialect Coach by BACKSTAGE, is the voice and speech coach for Disney and Turner Classic Movies, and is a member of Voice and Speech Trainers Association. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,530,414 times.

So, you've joined debate, and it's time to write a debate speech. There are some tried and true methods to writing an effective debate speech. If you understand them, and the components that make up a standard debate speech, you will increase your chances of success.

Sample Speeches

Preparing for the Debate Speech

• You may be asked to stand affirmative or negative. In LD (Lincoln-Douglas debate), the first affirmative speech will be at most 7 minutes long, and the first negative speech will be at most 6 minutes. [1] X Research source
• The speakers then present arguments against the earlier affirmative or negative speech that was just read. Speakers must listen carefully and be able to counter arguments. There are two segments involving cross-examination (CX), in which the debaters are allowed to ask questions and openly debate the topic. This is most often called cross-examination, or cx for short, and occurs after the first affirmative speech, and the first negative speech.
• The best thing you can do to better understand LD/PF/Policy debate is practice and research.

• Brainstorm the topic, and research it before you sit down to write. Write out a list of key components for both sides of the issue. If you are on a debate team, do this together. Each member could discuss the key component list, in order to figure out which issues you want to cover in each speech.
• Spend some time at the library or on the Internet using credible sources to research the key reasons that seem strongest. Use books, scholarly journals, credible newspapers, and the like. Be very cautious about unverified information bandied about on the Internet.
• You will also want prepare to deal with the strongest arguments your opponent(s) might make. Ignoring the other side’s best arguments can weaken your rhetorical appeal.

• A basic debate outline should contain six parts: An attention-getter, your stated stance (aff or neg)/ restatement of the resolution, your definitions, your value, criterion, and contentions.
• You can break each of those six parts into subcategories. It’s often a good idea to write the contentions last, focusing on the value and criterion to hold it up first.

Writing the Debate Speech

• You should address the jury or audience with formal salutations. For example, you could say something like, “Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.” Debates are very formal in tone.
• Making a good first impression with the judges is very important. This leads judges to assume the debater is persuasive. One technique to write a strong introduction is to contextualize the topic, especially in relation to real world events. [6] X Trustworthy Source American Bar Association Leading professional organization of lawyers and law students Go to source
• Introductions can also focus on prominent examples, quotations, or on a personal anecdote that can help establish a rapport with the audience and judges. Be careful using humor; it involves risks and can lead to awkward silences if not done right. Find a relevant specific that illustrates the underlying point.

• Don’t muddle your position. It needs to be extremely clear whether you affirm or negate the resolution, so don’t hem and haw and contradict yourself. The audience also should not have to wait until the end to find out. Make your stance very clear, and do it early on
• For example, you could say, “my partner and I firmly negate (or affirm) the resolution which states that unilateral military force by the United States is justified to prevent nuclear proliferation.” [7] X Research source

• A good rule of thumb is to back up your position with 3-4 strong points of supporting argumentation. You definitely need to have more than 1 or 2 key points to back up the stance you have taken.
• The body of the speech – the key points and their development – should be, by far, the longest part of the debate speech (perhaps 3 ½ minutes to 30 seconds for an opening and for a conclusion, depending on the rules of the debate you are doing).

• Focus on the causes of the problem, the effects of the problem, expert opinion, examples, statistics, and present a solution. Try to use visual images, not just generic terms – show don’t tell, and illustrate a point with details.
• Appeal to the motives and emotions of the listener with a light touch. Appeal to their sense of fair play, desire to save, to be helpful, to care about community, etc. Ground examples in how people are affected.
• Try using rhetorical questions, which make your opponents consider the validity of their point; irony, which undermines their point and makes you seem more mature and intelligent; simile, which gives them something to relate to; humor, which gets the audience on your side when done well; and repetition, which reinforces your point.

• Aristotle believed that speakers were more persuasive if they combined elements of logos (persuasion by reasoning) with pathos (having an element of emotional appeal) and ethos (an appeal based on the character of the speaker) - for example, that they seem intelligent or of good will.
• There are two ways to use logic – inductive (which makes the case with measurable evidence like statistics or a specific anecdote or example) and deductive (which makes the case by outlining a general principle that is related to the specific topic to infer a conclusion from it - as in, I oppose all wars except those involving imminent self defense; thus, I must oppose this one because it's a war that was not in imminent self defense, and here's why). Or the reverse.
• You should use pathos sparingly. Emotional appeal on its own can be dangerous. Logos - the appeal to reason - should be at the core. However, logical appeal without any pathos at all can render a speech dry and dull. Consider what you are trying to make your audience feel. Explaining how a topic affects real people is one way to use pathos well.

Concluding the Debate Speech

• One strong way to conclude a debate speech is to bookend the conclusion with the opening, by referring back to the introduction and tying the conclusion into the same theme.
• Quotations can be a good way to end a speech. You can also end with a brief summation of the key arguments of the speech to ensure they remain fresh in judges’ minds.

• Use a clear , loud voice, and be careful to watch pacing. You don’t want to speak too loud or too slowly. Remember that confidence goes a long way toward persuasion.

Expert Q&A

Reader Videos

• Never add new points in your speech because you still have time, as you might not present it in the best way. When you are nervous, you might even say an argument in favor of the other side and you don't want that. Thanks Helpful 33 Not Helpful 2
• Never degrade your topic. Thanks Helpful 34 Not Helpful 3
• Don't use all your points in your debate- in an actual debate, it is sometimes useful to have other information to cite if the argument starts going their way Thanks Helpful 31 Not Helpful 3

Tips from our Readers

• You can make a sample opening and closing speech beforehand so you can focus more time on developing your arguments during the actual debate.
• Make sure to include rebuttals in your speech, as they are just as important as your main arguments.
• Practice as much as possible — it will make you more confident and help you maintain eye contact.
• Imagine you're just practicing with a friend rather than performing in front of an audience.
• Take deep breaths before starting to ease nerves.

• Remember, just because you can write a debate speech, it doesn't mean you can say a debate speech effectively. Practice! Thanks Helpful 23 Not Helpful 5

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.learndebating.com/english/DEBATING.pdf
• ↑ https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/faq/reliable
• ↑ Patrick Muñoz. Voice & Speech Coach. Expert Interview. 12 November 2019.
• ↑ https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/centers/oralcommunication/guides/how-to-outline-a-speech
• ↑ https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/resources/newsletters/trial-evidence/five-tips-engaging-opening-statements/
• ↑ https://www.oxfordsd.org/Page/5582
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/argument/
• ↑ https://www.comm.pitt.edu/persuasive-speaking
• ↑ https://www.comm.pitt.edu/speech-anxiety

About This Article

To write a debate speech, start by researching the topic thoroughly with credible and scholarly sources, and make an outline of your argument including an introduction, thesis argument, key points, and conclusion. Write the thesis argument and develop 3-4 strong points of argumentation. Be sure to clearly state your stance, and utilize expert opinions, statistics, and examples to support your opinion. To finish the speech, write an interesting introduction that incorporates your thesis and a brief conclusion that summarizes your main points. If you want to learn more, such as how to make your debate speech persuasive, keep reading the article! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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20+ Debate Speech Outline Examples

The debate speech outline examples below will help you to know how to write a debate speech. Are you a teacher handling English Composition or Essay Writing? You will find these debate speech outlines very useful.

Each debate speech outline or plan you will see here shows you how to write a complete debate essay with regard to the following.

These are debate speech outlines

They are templates or plans that must guide any candidate who desires to write a debate speech in a class test or external examination like WASSCE and NECO/SSCE. With these examples of a debate speech outline, my hope is that you will learn how to plan your debate speech before you begin the actual writing.

Should you need further explanation on how to write a great debate speech or argumentative essay, simply click the link below.

Please, don’t forget:

You are the main speaker in an inter-school debate on the topic: The Media is to blame for the upsurge in crime in our society . Write your speech for or against the motion.

Example: Mr. Chairman, Panel of Judges, Headmasters, Members of Staff of both Schools, Guests, Fellow Students, Ladies and Gentlemen.

4. Cons with evidence (This is when you’re speaking AGAINST the motion)

As the prinicipal speaker in a debate, write your speech for or against the motion: School days are the happiest days of one’s life

2. Opening remarks, your STANCE AND WHY

OUTLINE/PLAN

3. POINTS AGAINST Cons with evidence (Not waste of Money BECAUSE):

5. Conclusion/closing remarks

You are the first speaker in an inter-school debate on the topic: Initiation ceremonies in schools should be abolished . Write your speech for or against the motion.

4. POINTS AGAINST: Cons with evidence

SPEECH OUTLINE

3. POINTS FOR: PROS with Evidence

2. Opening remarks, your STANCE and why

3. POINTS AGAINST: CONS with Evidence;

SPEECH OUTLINE/PLAN

3. POINTS AGAINST: CONS with Evidence (other factors bear greater responsibility)

SPEECH OUTLINE: Refer to Question 6 above.

Question 10

5. Conclusion/closing remarks.

Question 11

Question 12.

As one of the main speakers in a debate, write your speech for or against the motion. “ Scientific advancement is a curse to mankind ”.

Question 13

Question 14, question 15, question 16, question 17, question 18, question 19, question 20.

As the principal speaker at an inter-school debate. Write your contribution  for  or against the motion: “ Money and possessions do not necessarily bring happiness”

Question 21

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By Patrick Carpen: The Greatest Writer On Earth

How to Write a Debate

This page was first published on the 28th of November, 2016 and last updated on the 3rd of May, 2017 by Patrick Carpen.

The word “debate” comes from “de,” possibly meaning “down” or “completely,” and “battiere,” possibly meaning “fight” or “beat.” Words of similar root may include “battered” and “battle.”

A debate, in modern usage, and for the purpose of this article, is a formal argument between two groups which is performed in front of an audience. These two groups are usually two teams in a school, or two different teams from two different schools, regions, etc.

Debates are included as part of a school’s curricula to stimulate research and excitement, which ultimately contributes to learning. Because winning a debate often leads to a sense of accomplishment, glory, trophies and prizes, both sides push themselves to the limit to take home the gold.

A debate team of a school usual consist of three speakers: a first speaker, a second speaker, and a third speaker. There is also a backup speaker who stands by in case one of the three speakers is not well and falls out of the program.

When the debate is performed, it is usually done in front of an audience of students in the school’s auditorium. There is a panel of judges who listen carefully and give scores for each speaker, and there is a group of timekeepers who make sure the debaters use the specific time allotted to each of them. And this brings us to the “timings of a debate.”

When writing a debate, it must be practiced and confirmed that each debater can complete their speeches within the allotted time frame. And this brings us to:

The Time Allocation of Each Debater

The time allocation of each debater is as follows:

First Speaker – 6 minutes

Second Speaker – 5 minutes

Third Speaker – 3 minutes

The debaters must rehearse to make sure that each one of them completes their speech comfortably within the allotted time. This takes a lot of practice and rehearsals, and must be perfected. A debater loses points for finishing more than 15 seconds before the allotted time, or 15 seconds after the allotted time. During each presentation, the debater must speak fluently, use gestures, accentuate keywords, and maintain a good posture. And this brings us to the parameters for judging a debate.

The Parameters for Judging a Debate

A debate is often such a fierce competition between two rival teams that the judges often admit that they would “not like to be a judge”. However, judges can keep a level head and make unbiased assessments by using the following judging parameters:

Development of points 15

Reasoning and logic 15

Originality 10

Relevance 10

Mechanics 15

Articulation 5

Attitude to opponent 5

Development of argument 10

Interpretation of topic (moot) 5

Rebuttal 20

Below is a debate that was performed by two Caribbean Schools in Region 9 of Guyana , South America. The moot:

The Agricultural Sector is the Gateway to Guyana’s Future

St. Ignatius Secondary proposed the moot. In other words, they were arguing in favor of the moot.  They were called the “proposition.”

Sandcreek Secondary opposed the moot. They were called the opposing team.

Read the debate presentation of each one of them. Who do you think won? Leave your comment in the comment box below this article to let us know what you think!

What other comments or suggestion do you have? How could the debate of each one be better? Leave your comment and let us know your thoughts.

Note the following:

In any debate, a moot must be “defined.” A moot must also be “interpreted.”

St. Ignatius Secondary’s Debate

Moot: The Agricultural Sector is the Gateway to Guyana’s future

First Speaker :

Esteemed judges, adamant opponents, fellow colleagues of the proposition, audience all. Our belief today is, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that, “The Agricultural Sector is the gateway to Guyana’s Future.” And in the next few minutes, we will explain our viewpoint to you in such a clear and straightforward manner that you will have no option but to believe. You will believe because you will realize that everything we are saying is absolutely true.

First of all, I will do the honors of explaining our moot.

The word agriculture is derived from two Latin words, and I quote ager = which means field, and cultura, which means cultivation *end of quote*.

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the word Agriculture is defined as, and I quote* “the practice or science of farming” *end of quote*.

Sector , in this context, refers to *quote* all resources dedicated to agriculture. *unquote*

Gateway signifies the way to economic success and prosperity for Guyana.

Future means any time beyond the present, and, in this case, implies success and prosperity in those times.

For the purpose of this debate, we interpret the moot to mean, and I quote *The Agricultural Sector will lead to a vibrant and powerful economy, technological and social advancement, and a strong financial future for Guyana.* unquote

I, Ave Tony, will give an overview of the merits of Agriculture as it applies to Guyana . My second speaker, Nikala D.’Aguillar, will dive in and explore the various agricultural prospects, and my third speaker, Ayesha King, will summarize the points of our argument.

Honorable judges, you will agree with me that Guyana has a rich agricultural heritage. The initial explosive success of this great nation was grounded in agricultural practices. It is our rich, fertile soil that brought financial power to the land of many waters. It was the explosive success of sugar, rice, tomatoes, pepper, cabbages, and the myriads of other cash crops that marked our country on the world map.

Hundreds of years ago, Europeans travelling to the land of many waters in search of a golden city found something better. They found our soil. And they realized there and then, that our soil is gold. A message was sent back to the then queen of England, who immediately consented to starting an Agricultural operation which lasts to this very day and created untold wealth for centuries to come. This is the story of Guyana’s birth as a civilized nation. This is the story of Guyana’s famed sugar plantations, which harnessed the power of Guyana’s fertile soil, and which still accounts for about 15% of Guyana’s Gross National Product.

But it doesn’t stop there, rice was next. This too was a phenomenal success which created billions of dollars in foreign revenue for decades to come, and helped earn Guyana the respect of its friends and neighbors.

Combine that with the acres and acres of cash crop production which bloomed into existence, and we soon earned the title “the bread basket of the Caribbean.”

On the other side of the map, our indigenous peoples, the Amerindians, have mastered the art of cassava, plantain, peanuts, and bananas cultivation, which have further enriched and nourished our nation.

Sadly, it seems today that we have forgotten our roots, vines, and branches. Progress in the Agricultural Sector has slowed to a virtual standstill. Excessive imports, combined with a blatant lack of investment into Guyana’s very foundation, have weakened our economy almost to a point of no return. The very sector that once brought so much wealth, pride, and prestige to this great nation has now been overrun by groundless practices.

Consequently, our economy has plummeted, our dollar has nosedived to an all-time low, and our people are left groping at straws. Isn’t it time we start spinning those straws into gold?

Honorable judges, by the end of our presentation, my team and I will convince you that our soil gives us the ability to spin straws into gold, and that the Agricultural Sector really is the gateway to Guyana’s future.

We will explain how expanding our agricultural sector and exploiting our agricultural resources will open doors and windows to economic prosperity and a brighter future for all Guyanese .

We will explain how agriculture will help preserve and amplify our mineral resources, and empower our government to do greater things for our nation.

We will show you, through real life examples and proven statistics how agriculture makes nations rich and powerful by highlighting some of the greatest agricultural success stories of all time. And more importantly, we will convince you, that we should not, at any cost, be left behind.

When we extend agricultural operations across Guyana , we will provide jobs for the citizens of this country. Through increased financial security the nuclear family will more frequently hold its bonds. Parents will be better able to send their children to school, and the government will be able to supply more needs. By farming on a much larger scale, we will be able to slash productions costs down to the bone and export to foreign countries. The revenues that will be made from these increased agricultural productions will strengthen Guyana in all areas. By stepping up agriculture in Guyana , we will produce healthier citizens through increased physical activity and more nutritious foods.

Extensive agricultural productions will win the war against malnourishment, not just for Guyana , but for the world. The low carbon emissions of agricultural operations make it the environmentalist’s dream.

Our vast, rich pastures and abundant land spaces make sheep, cattle, and other animal farming an investor’s paradise.

Let us remember that a dramatic increase in agricultural productions will mean greater revenues for the country. It will mean richer and more capable citizens. It will mean lower cost of living. It will also mean higher spending power to us as a nation. And all of this ultimately spells healthier, happier, and more productive citizens.

According to information received from the Ministry of Agriculture, we as a nation have not tapped even 1/10th of our Agricultural capabilities. What are we waiting for? To be overrun by smarter nations? No. It is time to put on our thinking caps. It is time to realize that the agricultural sector will bring in the foreign exchange that will strengthen Guyana’s economy. It is Agriculture that will help us to fund our schools and universities–which in turn will contribute to the rise of our nation.

We must once again recognize the gold that we now trample under our feet. We must revive the agricultural sector and bring golden opportunities to the deserving citizens of this great nation.

 SECOND SPEAKER

I stand as the second speaker in full support of the moot “The Agricultural sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future.”

According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, the world’s most powerful economies: USA, France, China, Australia, Canada, and Germany are all among the top ten Agricultural producers.

By investing in our agricultural sector, we will increase our exports and earn much needed foreign revenues, thereby increasing our nation’s spending power and ability to do business with the world at large.

Increased agricultural activities will help to lower our cost of living. Since we will be producing more locally, the government will be able to pay public servants more, our currency will be strengthened and local traders will be able to offer goods at cheaper prices.

I would like to point out why Agriculture is the way to go for Guyana’s development by examining the most obvious alternative: industrialization. We’ve all read articles and heard speeches by economists who suggest that industrialization is the key to a stronger economy in Guyana . But we’d like to explain that wider agricultural practices need to precede industrialization. Under the present circumstances, the importation of heavy-duty industrial machineries which cost exorbitant sums of money would put such a dent in Guyana’s financial reserves that it would cripple our country’s economy. On top of that, we do not have mechanism in place to combat the growing problem of pollution which would arise from a premature bloom of industrial activities, or the skilled labor required for such an industrialized environment. Instead, let on focus on our strong points: an abundant labor force, rich fertile soil, and a ready international market waiting to scramble our produce.

Agriculture will pave the way for, and strengthen the process of, industrialization in Guyana . The revenue from our agricultural exports will enable us to gear ourselves for advancement in the industrial and manufacturing sectors. It would also empower us to educate and create capable citizens – able to pave the way for much needed industrialization. And more than that, we would have in our possession an abundance of raw materials needed to produce value-added products…when that time comes. It is agriculture that will pave the way for value added products, encourage modern packaging, and breed innovation.

Agriculture will help preserve and amplify our precious non-renewable resources.

With increased agricultural activities and increased revenue, we will no longer have the need to bleed our nation of its precious mineral wealth. Instead, we will wait for the right market prices and take advantage of it. On top of that, with help from the Agricultural sector, we will be able to put our revenues from mineral resources to much better use.

Agriculture will demolish unemployment and discourage criminal activities. It is a sad fact that unemployment in Guyana is at an all-time high. A Caribbean Development Bank Report states that Youth Unemployment in Guyana stands at 40% as of January, 2016. A study conducted by several leading universities, including the Ohio State University, have concluded a direct link between unemployment and crime. Extensive agricultural activities will give youths the ability to use their muscles wisely. It will give them something to dream about, aim for, and work towards. All in all, Agriculture will enrich the lives of our citizens, and create higher social values.

Agriculture will strengthen our citizens physically through increased physical activities. According to the World Health Organization Report, one of the greatest risk factors for chronic diseases such as diabetes and cancer is and I quote “lack of physical activity.”  And what is a risk factor for good health? You guessed it: agriculture.

Agriculture will hold families together by creating more jobs, money, and happiness. Families will be able to achieve their dreams, and rely on each other for financial, physical, and emotional support.

Agriculture will fund education across Guyana . This will lead to healthier and happier students, better learning environments and more equipped human resources for Guyana .

Honorable judges, esteemed opponents, audience, all, to sum all of what I have just said in simple words that even a child can understand: The Agricultural Sector is the Gateway to Guyana’s Future.

Third Speaker:

Honorable judges, members of the opposition, audience, all…. I am delighted to recap what my preceding team members have so energetically propounded. And that is:

Our soil is rich and fertile and highly suitable to agricultural practices.

Guyana possesses a strong, capable and ready labor force, able to supply the needs of extensive agricultural projects.

There is a hungry international market looking to purchase high quality agricultural produce at reasonable prices.

Agricultural projects are not only highly profitable, but also are low-carbon emission and therefore friendly to the environment.

Increased agricultural productions will strengthen our economy by cutting imports and increasing exports.

Increased Agricultural productions will lower the cost of living.

Agriculture is superior to industrialization at Guyana’s present stage of development.

Agriculture will pave the way for, and strengthen the process of, industrialization in Guyana .

Agriculture will pave the way for value added products, encourage modern packaging, and breed innovation.

Extensive agricultural operations will demolish unemployment.

Increased agricultural operations will help us win the fight against malnourishment by providing us with a surplus of fresh, natural foods rich in vitamins.

Greater investments into the Agricultural sector will help to reduce crime and criminal activities

Increasing and accelerating agricultural activities across Guyana will strengthen our citizens physically through increased physical activities.

More agricultural opportunities will hold families together by creating more jobs, money, and happiness.

The income from extensive agricultural productions will fund education across Guyana .

Extending agricultural activities will lead to healthier and happier citizens of Guyana .

The income from Agricultural exports will finance better learning environments and enhance and equip Guyana’s most precious resource: its human resources.

Agriculture will provide occupation for the youths and citizens in general.

The most successful world economies are the highest agricultural producers.

Furthermore, there is a growing food shortage around the globe, and by equipping our nation, we can fulfill this crucial need for the world and become richer than our wildest dreams. We will also gain the respect of the international community for our wisdom, strength, and innovation.

Honorable judges, members of the opposition, colleagues of the proposition, audience all, thank you for giving us the opportunity to express our viewpoints which we so dearly cherish. We are sure that by now you see eye-to-eye with us through our crystal clear lens and that you now totally agree with us that, as we stated from the very start, “The Agricultural Sector is the gateway to Guyana’s Future.”

Sandcreek Secondary’s Debate

First Speaker

Distinguished judges, accurate time keeper, fellow debaters, and audience all, I Sabrina Cyril stand to refute the moot that, “The Agriculture sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future.” I shall begin our argument by explaining how gold, at present, is more crucial to Guyana’s growth than agriculture. Our second speaker …..will continue our argument with her findings on how the oil sector will have the greatest impact on Guyana’s future. Our third speaker, Loree Edwin, shall conclude our argument by explaining how the sugar industry is a burden to Guyana’s future and how education is the true gateway to a  prosperous future for Guyana .

Before I go on, let me first restate the moot and define a few key terms to ensure we all have a definite understanding of the argument.

The moot reads, “The Agricultural sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future.”

“Agriculture” – Can be defined as: the rearing of animals and the cultivation of crops.

“Sector” can be defined as: a single section of industry that contributes to a country’s GDP.

“Gateway,” defined by the Cambridge Complete Dictionary is, “A way of achieving something.”

“The” – a small but operative word in this argument refers to “only and solely.”

This indicates that is is the proposition’s belief that Guyana’s future is solely reliant on the performance of the agriculture sector.

The moot now reads, “The Section of Industry that Comprises the Rearing of Livestock and Cultivation of Crops is THE Only Path to Achieving Something in Guyana in Time to Come.”

It should also be noted that the use of “gateway” with its definition allows us to derive that the moot entails that the “agriculture sector is one and only gateway” to a future that sees success in achieving its goals. This is the point which we will refute.

Gold is the element on which most global monetary systems are based. The price of this infamous metal is, time and time again, used as the true indicator of a country’s growth, banking reserves, and wealth. With such prowess, it is obvious that such a mineral can be of influence in Guyana , especially when you consider how abundant it is throughout the nation and its high demand worldwide.

In recent years, the number of gold mines has been on the rise. Why? It’s because gold is proving to be an extremely profitable industry. Communities across Guyana are becoming reliant on the gold industry to fuel its economy, for example, A BBC report found that “Port Kaituma’s reliance on mining is replicated across Guyana – gold accounts for nearly half of the country’s total exports, which were some $218m (USD) in the first quarter of 2011.” This is compounded by the government’s budget highlights for this year, which show that the mining and quarrying sectors grew by 9 percent with gold exports growing by 16.4 percent this financial year.

So mining is a growing industry that already accounts for more than half of Guyana’s exports! Can you not see how gold is already proving a gateway to Guyana’s future? It provides job and prosperity when so many other sectors are faltering. In 2010, sugar, rice, and timber combined contributed 34.4% to the value of Guyana’s exports, whereas Gold by itself totaled 37.6%. This figure will rise to 50% if we include other minerals such as bauxite and diamond. These figures are all provided courtesy of the Guyana Geology & Mines Commission working in partnership with both the Bank of Guyana and the Bureau of Statistics in Guyana . And I must say, the findings are convincing, are they not?

It is only fair for us to also address the negatives surrounding the mining of this precious metal; that using some current methods, some deforestation has unfortunately taken place. Yes, this is a consequence of gold mining, but the majority is due to reckless, profit driven decisions by corporations. However, with greater state involvement and regulation, this can be rectified, resulting in a sustainable, growing and most importantly, a profitable industry that will continue to pave the gateway to Guyana’s future.

In  summary, gold is already a huge part of Guyana’s present, and with its proven year on year growth, it will be an even bigger part of its future. Gateway, again, means “a way of achieving something,” and the gold sector is unquestionably already achieving something as it shapes Guyana’s future with economic improvements, job creation, and strengthening international trade.

So it an be argued that the Agriculture Sector is not THE gateway; it can be considered A gateway.

Thank you for your attention.

Second Speaker

Honorable judges, trustworthy timekeeper, fellow debaters and my captive audience, a pleasant good morning to you. My name is ___________ and I will continue our argument that “The Agricultural sector is NOT the gateway to Guyana’s future,” due to the economic power of Guyana’s plentiful supply of oil.

You heard from our first speaker about the success the mining industry is experiencing in this mineral-rich nation. Now, let me open your eyes to the true wealth of resource that our rich and vibrant land has at the near reach of its fingertips: OIL.

Current estimations by various professional sources all agree that Guyana has an undeniably huge reserve of oil, up to 1.4 BILLION barrels of petroleum. This figure is just for the wells that we have already identified around Guyana , and there are many more that are anticipated due to geological findings and continued research.

Even off-shore, Guyana contains this treasure waiting to be tapped. In a report by the US Geological Survey it is stated that, and I quote “the Guyana-Suriname Basin has the second largest unexplored oil potential in the world after Greenland.” End of quote. Coupled with the fact that in 2015, a brand new off-shore reserve was discovered, showing that Guyana has both on and off-shore potential. Exxon has been allotted a total area of 26,806 square kilometers of water off-shore for exploration, making the economic future of Guyana very promising indeed.

In August of this year, Ralph Ramkarran, a prominent Guyanese told Stabroek News how the true value of Guyana’s oil could turn around its economy. I quote:

“If Guyana’s production is in the vicinity of 500,000 barrels a day, as it should be, at a value of about 80 US Dollars per barrel, this will bring in 14.6 Billion US Dollars of which Guyana’s take at the usual 40 percent will be 5.5 billion US Dollars a year.” End of Quote.

“With increasing exploration activities, if anything close to the lower figure of 15 billion barrels are discovered, for most Guyanese the future would be beyond contemplation. With reserves of only between 800 million and 1.4 billion barrels, poverty would be diminished in a short period and Guyana per capita income of 3600 US dollars would rise rapidly.” How much you ask? I quote from the end of this report, “Guyana’s per capita will move to about 14000 US dollars in the early 2020s” purely on the back of the oil production profits and its taxation.

With that in mind, how can you possibly argue, my dear proposition, that the Agricultural Sector is THE gateway to Guyana’s future, when oil has unequivocally the greatest potential impact on the economy? Even if the full reserves aren’t tapped, the effects on Guyana’s economy will be tremendous. No other resource of sector can multiply GDP fourfold by the end of this decade, as oil alone can.

Our government is wisely taking its time in deciding on its course of action for the potential wealth it sits upon because its use will shape the next century of Guyana’s history. It is likely that when the oil revenues are re-invested that it shall be oil which will in fact be the gateway for the success of agriculture as this will provide the funds Guyana desperately needs to upgrade the sector.

My dear proposition, to claim that, “The Agricultural Sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future” is ludicrous especially after listening to me and our first speaker. Gold mining is a growing industry that is increasingly profitable. Guyana’s agriculture sector is neither of these. Oil will raise Guyana to be one of the wealthiest nations in South America and the Caribbean, while its reliance on the agriculture sector will not. Now members of the proposition, do you really believe that, “the Agricultural Sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future?” I really don’t think so.

The Agriculture sector may have the potential of being the gateway, but as of now, it is simply not!

I rest my case.

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you.

Third Speaker

You give a man a fish and you feed him for the day; you teach a man to fish and he can feed himself for the rest of his life.

My name is Loreen Edwin. I stand here to conclude our argument that, “the Agricultural Sector is NOT “THE gateway to Guyana’s future.” The first speaker went at great length to show you how the gold and mining industries are having a significant impact on Guyana’s future. The second speaker explained the impact oil will have on Guyana’s future. They have provided you with solid evidence, don’t you agree? So how can you honestly say that the agricultural sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future? Perhaps it could be Guyana’s future demise. Agriculture was indeed once Guyana’s champion of economics and growth back when sugar and rice production were cheap enough to compete with the international markets. But now, due to a lack of reinvestment and neglect of assets, the industry is in disrepair and year on, year out, it has resulted in a decreased output and falling profitability on a very sad level.

It’s not me just saying this. An article by Kaieteur News on the 11th of this month stated that, and I quote, “The Guyana Sugar Corporation (GuySuCo) cannot be sustained.” The estimated operating losses are more than $10B annually. $10 Billion down the pan! My dear proposition, you are trying to convince us that is what the gateway to Guyana’s future looks like? Dr. Clive Thomas, chairman of GuySuCo, who in a Kaieteur News report on the 11th of his very month, stated and I quote, “the assets of the industry are “rundown.” Dr. Clive also notes that it would cost the state over US$60M or $12B Guyana dollars) to repair the infamous 200 million dollar Skeldon factory alone.

This year alone, the industry had to be given 11 billion dollars. It is projected that this will continue with 18b to 20b needed as bailouts JUST to keep the business afloat and ensure its workers are paid. So esteemed proposition, how can you say that “the Agricultural Sector is the gateway to Guyana’s future” when its primary pillar, sugar, is crumbling to the extent of collapse?

Now, do you know what the most important resource of any nation is? Its people; human resource. This brings me back to my opening statement: that successfully educating a person results in the empowerment of that person. You teach that individual and they learn to be self-reliant, to be independent, to be resourceful. Knowledge is power. Education is power. And education builds a nation.

It goes without question that the education sector is significant to Guyana’s future. How can Guyana move forward if its populace is uneducated? The importance of education is reflected in the 2016 national budget where 40 Billion dollars was allocated to the education sector alone; whereas a mere 20 Billion was allocated to the agricultural sector. Improving education improves the capabilities of the future generation. With a richer knowledge base, they create, innovate, and develop new ideas that will drive our industries, bringing in a superior source of income to this country, more than we could ever hope to get from agriculture alone.

It is clear as daylight that the education sector of any country is the main gateway to its development . And for Guyana , it is no different.

So you see, learning proposition, the agricultural sector is NOT the gateway to Guyana’s future; it is an old path that will just lead to degradation and despair. In the past, it has indeed been the gateway to the future, but that future is gone, and we need a new direction; be it in education, mining or in oil. These surely are the gateway to Guyana’s future. Agriculture? No I don’t think so.

Thank you for listening.

Editor’s Note: Sandcreek was lauded for having used more statistics and factual evidences.

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