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Top 20 Figures of Speech with Definitions and Examples

As an English learner, you probably would have heard of metaphor, personification, or simile. These are the most common types of figures of speech in English. Figures of speech play a significant role in English speaking and writing . You don’t necessarily use all types of figures of speech on a daily basis, but they act as a powerful tool in writing. In this article, we’ll go over the top 20 figures of speech that you need to know to improve your overall English language skills.

What is a Figure of Speech?

A figure of speech is a way of using language that goes beyond its literal meaning to convey a more vivid or imaginative expression. It involves the use of words or phrases in a non-literal sense to create a specific effect or emphasize a point. Figures of speech add color, creativity, and depth to language, making communication more interesting and engaging.

Importance of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech make language more interesting and expressive. They help convey emotions, create mental images, and emphasize ideas. By using metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech, speakers and writers can make their communication more vivid and memorable. These tools also add creativity to literature, contribute to cultural expressions, and play a role in humor. Overall, figures of speech enhance communication by making it more engaging, impactful, and versatile.

List of 20 Figures of Speech with Definitions and Examples

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as” to highlight a shared characteristic. It helps create vivid and imaginative descriptions.

Example: As brave as a lion.

Explanation: Emphasizes the person’s courage by likening it to the well-known bravery of a lion.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that implies a comparison between two unrelated things, suggesting that they share common characteristics without using “like” or “as.” It is a way of describing one thing as if it were another to create a deeper understanding or evoke a specific image.

Example: Time is a thief.

Explanation: Time is compared to a thief to convey the idea that it steals moments or experiences.

3. Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which human attributes or qualities are given to non-human entities or objects. It involves treating something non-human as if it has human-like characteristics.

Example: The wind whispered through the trees.

Explanation: Personifies the wind by attributing the human quality of whispering to it.

4. Hyperbole

A hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. It is used to emphasize a point, create emphasis, or add dramatic effect.

Example: I’ve told you a million times to clean your room

Explanation: The exaggeration of a million times emphasizes the speaker’s frustration or annoyance. The person didn’t actually say it a million times.

5. Alliteration

Alliteration is a series of words in a sentence or phrase that share the same initial consonant sound. It is often used to create rhythm, emphasize a particular sound, or make language more memorable.

Example: Sally sells seashells by the seashore

Explanation: The repetition of the “s” sound adds a musical quality to the sentence.

6. Assonance

Assonance is where the repetition of vowel sounds occurs within nearby words in a sentence or phrase. It is used for musicality, emphasis, or to create a specific mood.

Example: Hear the mellow wedding bells

Explanation: The repetition of the long “e” sound enhances the melodic quality of the expression.

Irony is a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, or between appearances and reality. It often involves a twist or contradiction that may be humorous, thought-provoking, or even tragic. An example of irony is situational irony, where a fire station burns down; this situation is ironic because a place dedicated to preventing fires becomes the victim of one.

8. Oxymoron

An oxymoron combines contradictory or opposing words to create a paradoxical effect. It is used to convey complexity, irony, or a unique perspective.

Example: jumbo shrimp

Explanation: The juxtaposition of “jumbo” and “shrimp” creates a contrasting and somewhat humorous image.

9. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech where words imitate the natural sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. These words are often used to evoke a sensory experience and bring a vivid quality to language.

Example: buzz

Explanation: The word itself imitates the sound of a buzzing bee.

10. Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild or indirect expression used to replace a harsh or blunt phrase that might be considered impolite, offensive, or too direct. It is often employed to soften the impact of sensitive or uncomfortable topics.

Example: Using “passed away” instead of “died” to refer to someone’s death

Explanation: “Passed away” is considered more gentle and considerate than “died.”

As a figure of speech, a cliché refers to an expression, idea, or phrase that has been so overused that it has lost its originality and impact. It involves using a predictable or stereotyped phrase that may lack creativity.

Example: Saying “quiet as a mouse” to describe silence is a cliché

Explanation: The phrase is often used and has become a common expression.

12. Allusion

An allusion involves referencing a well-known person, place, event, or work of art within a conversation, text, or speech. It allows the speaker or writer to convey complex ideas or emotions by drawing on the associations and meanings attached to the referenced element.

Example: Saying someone has “the Midas touch.”

Explanation: It is an allusion to the mythical King Midas, known for turning everything he touched into gold, suggesting a person’s ability to turn things successful or prosperous.

13. Anaphora

Anaphora is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. It is used for emphasis, rhythm, and to create a powerful impact.

Example: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech

Explanation: He repeatedly begins sentences with “I have a dream” to highlight and reinforce his vision for a better future.

14. Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a figure of speech where the order of words or phrases in one clause is reversed in the following clause. This creates a balanced and often symmetrical structure, adding emphasis and style to the expression.

Example: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.

Explanation: The order of the terms is reversed in the second part, creating a memorable and impactful rhetorical structure.

15. Litotes

Litotes is a figure of speech that uses double negatives or understatement to emphasize an idea by negating its opposite.

Example: Not bad

Explanation: Conveys that something is good but in a subtle or understated manner.

16. Paradox

A paradox is a statement or situation that appears self-contradictory or absurd, but in reality, it illustrates a deeper truth or logic, often highlighting the complexities and nuances of a concept.

Example: Less is more

Explanation: The apparent contradiction suggests that simplicity or having less can sometimes be more effective or valuable.

17. Epistrophe

Epistrophe is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses or sentences. It is used to create emphasis, rhythmic effect, and a memorable expression.

Example: Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address”

Explanation: “…and that government of the people, by the people, for the people…” The repetition of “people” occurs at the end of each phrase for emphasis.

18. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. It involves substituting a specific attribute or component for the entire entity.

Example: All hands on deck

Explanation: This means that everyone (the hands) is needed to help, representing the entire person.

19. Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that involves the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas or words within parallel grammatical structures. It is used to emphasize the stark contrast between two opposing elements.

Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times” from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities

Explanation: The contrasting ideas of “best” and “worst” highlight the dual nature of the time period described.

20. Apostrophe

Apostrophe, as a figure of speech, is when a speaker addresses an absent or imaginary person, a non-living object, or an abstract concept as if it were present and capable of responding. It often involves a strong emotional expression.

Example: Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” when Mark Antony says, “O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,”

Explanation: Addresses the lifeless body of Caesar as if it could hear and respond.

FAQs About Figures of Speech

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about figures of speech in English.

What are the 12 main figures of speech?

The 12 main figures of speech include simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, euphemism, oxymoron, allusion, chiasmus, and litotes.

What are the 10 types of figure of speech and their meaning?

The 10 types of figures of speech and their meanings are:

• Simile: Comparing two unlike things using “like” or “as.”
• Metaphor: Implies a resemblance between unrelated things without using “like” or “as.”
• Personification: Giving human characteristics to non-human entities.
• Hyperbole: Exaggerating statements for emphasis or effect.
• Onomatopoeia: Words imitating natural sounds.
• Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.
• Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.
• Euphemism: Substituting a milder or indirect expression for a harsh or blunt one.
• Oxymoron: Combining contradictory terms to create a paradoxical effect.
• Allusion: Referencing a well-known person, place, event, or work of art.

What are 5 examples of personification?

Here are 5 examples of personification:

• The sun smiled down on the beach.
• The wind whispered through the trees.
• Time flies when you’re having fun.
• The flowers danced in the breeze.
• The alarm clock screamed at me to wake up.

How many figures of speech are there in total?

According to Professor Rober Diyanni, “rhetoricians have catalogues more than 250 different figures of speech.” However, there are mainly 10-20 figures of speech there are commonly used.

Is my shoes are killing me a hyperbole?

“My shoes are killing me” is hyperbole because it is an exaggerated statement meant to convey extreme discomfort, not to be taken literally.

What are some examples of hyperbole?

Here are 5 examples of hyperbole:

• I have a million things to do.
• It’s raining cats and dogs.
• This suitcase weighs a ton.
• I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
• The queue at the amusement park is a mile long.

Is idiom a figure of speech?

Yes, an idiom is a type of figure of speech. Idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be inferred from the literal interpretation of their individual words.

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Figure of Speech

Definition of figure of speech.

you fit into me like a hook into an eye a fish hook an open eye

Types of Figures of Speech

The term  figure of speech covers a wide range of literary devices, techniques, and other forms of figurative language, a few of which include:

Common Examples of Figures of Speech Used in Conversation

Understatement.

Understatement is a figure of speech that invokes less emotion than would be expected in reaction to something. This downplaying of reaction is a surprise for the reader and generally has the effect of showing irony .

A pun is a figure of speech that contains a “ play ” on words, such as using words that mean one thing to mean something else or words that sound alike in as a means of changing meaning.

Common Examples of Figure of Speech in Writing

Euphemism is a figure of speech that refers to figurative language designed to replace words or phrases that would otherwise be considered harsh, impolite, or unpleasant.

Personification

Writing figure of speech.

Here are some ways that writers benefit from incorporating figures of speech into their work:

Figure of Speech as Artistic Use of Language

Figure of speech as entertainment for reader, figure of speech as memorable experience for reader, examples of figure of speech in literature, example 1:  the great gatsby  (f. scott fitzgerald).

In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars.

Example 2:  One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gabriel Garcia Marquez)

Both described at the same time how it was always March there and always Monday, and then they understood that José Arcadio Buendía was not as crazy as the family said, but that he was the only one who had enough lucidity to sense the truth of the fact that time also stumbled and had accidents and could therefore splinter and leave an eternalized fragment in a room.

In this passage, Garcia Marquez utilizes personification as a figure of speech. Time is personified as an entity that “stumbled” and “had accidents.” This is an effective use of figurative language in that this personification of time indicates a level of human frailty that is rarely associated with something so measured. In addition, this is effective in the novel as a figure of speech because time has a great deal of influence on the plot and characters of the story. Personified in this way, the meaning of time in the novel is enhanced to the point that it is a character in and of itself.

Example 3:  Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury)

A book is a loaded gun in the house next door…Who knows who might be the target of the well-read man?

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• Introduction

Common figures of speech and their use

• The five major categories
• Figures of speech in non-Western languages

figure of speech

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• Academia - Figures of Speech
• Literary Devices - Figure of Speech
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• figure of speech - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

figure of speech , any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language . Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in oral literatures as well as in polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech. Greeting-card rhymes, advertising slogans, newspaper headlines, the captions of cartoons, and the mottoes of families and institutions often use figures of speech, generally for humorous, mnemonic , or eye-catching purposes. The argots of sports , jazz , journalism, business, politics, or any specialized groups abound in figurative language.

Most figures in everyday speech are formed by extending the vocabulary of what is already familiar and better known to what is less well known. Thus metaphors (implied resemblances) derived from human physiology are commonly extended to nature or inanimate objects as in the expressions “the mouth of a river,” “the snout of a glacier,” “the bowels of the earth,” or “the eye of a needle.” Conversely, resemblances to natural phenomena are frequently applied to other areas, as in the expressions “a wave of enthusiasm,” “a ripple of excitement,” or “a storm of abuse.” Use of simile (a comparison, usually indicated by “like” or “as”) is exemplified in “We were packed in the room like sardines” or “He is as slow as molasses.” Personification (speaking of an abstract quality or inanimate object as if it were a person) is exemplified in “Money talks”; metonymy (using the name of one thing for another closely related to it), in “The power of the crown was mortally weakened,” where “crown” means “king” or “queen”); synecdoche (use of a part to imply the whole), in expressions such as “brass” for high-ranking military officers or “hard hats” for construction workers.

Other common forms of figurative speech are hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration for the sake of effect), as in “I’m so mad I could chew nails”; the rhetorical question (asked for effect, with no answer expected), as in “How can I express my thanks to you?”; litotes (conscious understatement in which emphasis is achieved by negation), as in “It’s no fun to be sick”; and onomatopoeia (imitation of natural sounds by words), in such words as “crunch,” “gurgle,” “plunk,” and “splash.”

Almost all the figures of speech that appear in everyday speech may also be found in literature . In serious poetry and prose, however, their use is more fully conscious, more artistic, and much more subtle; it thus has a stronger intellectual and emotional impact, is more memorable, and sometimes contributes a range and depth of association and suggestion far beyond the scope of the casual colloquial use of imagery. The Old and New Testaments of the Bible—an example of a work rich in simile , metaphor , personification, and parallelism (which is often used in Hebrew poetry)—is an important literary influence.

• English Grammar
• Figures Of Speech

Figures of Speech - Definition, Types and Usage with Examples

Are you as busy as a bee? Why not take some time off your busy schedule to learn how you can make your speech and writing sound and look extraordinary and engaging? There are many ways to make your language creative and interesting. One of the most effective ways to do it is to use figurative language. In this article, you will be introduced to what figures of speech are, their meaning and definition, the different types of figures of speech and how to use them effectively in sentences with examples.

Table of Contents

Definition of a Figure of Speech

Classification of figures of speech.

• How to Use a Figure of Speech in a Sentence? – Points to Remember

Examples of Figures of Speech

Frequently asked questions on figures of speech in english, what irs a figure of speech.

A figure of speech is an expression used to make a greater effect on your reader or listener. It includes making comparisons, contrasts, associations, exaggerations and constructions. It also gives a much clearer picture of what you are trying to convey.

Let us take a look at how different dictionaries define a figure of speech to have a much better idea of what it is.

A figure of speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “an expression that uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning.” According to the Collins Dictionary, a figure of speech is “an expression or word that is used with a metaphorical rather than a literal meaning.”

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “ a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.” According to the Macmillan Dictionary, a figure of speech is defined as “an expression in which the words are used figuratively, not in their normal literal meaning.”

Figures of Speech in English Grammar

In English grammar , there are around fifteen to twenty figures of speech. However, there are a few of them which are used more often than the others. Let us look at the most commonly used figures of speech.

• Personification
• Alliteration
• Transferred Epithet

How to Use a Figure of Speech in English? – Points to Remember

You now know that a figure of speech can make your language look and sound a lot more poetical, interesting and flamboyant. However, the challenge is not about learning the different figures of speech but knowing when, where and how to use them. You cannot use it anywhere you like. Only if it is used right and where they are appropriate and necessary, will it make your language better.

Figures of speech are not meant to provide information literally, so it is not suggested that you use figurative language in professional presentations and writings like essays. Since they do not convey literal meanings, it is very important that you learn how each figure of speech can be used. What is more important is knowing what it would mean when used in a particular part of a sentence. So, the most significant point that you have to keep in mind when using figures of speech is to employ them only if they give you the desired effect and meaning.

The figures of speech can be categorized into types based on their functions when used in sentences. Accordingly, the main categories are composed of ones that:

• Show a Relationship or Resemblance
• Show Phonetic Resemblances and Representing Sounds
• Show Emphasis or Unimportance

Showing a Relationship or Resemblance

This category includes figures of speech which are designed to make comparisons to show a relationship or some resemblances. Similes, metaphors, personification, euphemism, metonymy and synecdoche are the figures of speech used for this purpose.

Showing Phonetic Resemblances and Representing Sounds

This category of figures of speech include alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia. The first two figures of speech are used to create an effect by using similar sounding words or words starting with the same consonant and vowel sounds, whereas onomatopoeia includes words that are used to represent sounds.

Showing Emphasis or Unimportance

The figures of speech belonging to this category are used to provide emphasis or show how important or unimportant something is. Hyperbole, antithesis, oxymoron, irony and litotes are figures of speech that can be used for this purpose.

Here are a few examples of the different figures of speech in English grammar.

• Simile – Rachel is as bright as the sun.
• Metaphor – The whole world is a stage.
• Personification – The wind whispered in my ears.
• Apostrophe – O William, you should be living now to see all this.
• Alliteration – Sally sold some seashells.
• Assonance – I seem to like your little green trees.
• Hyperbole – I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
• Oxymoron – Euthanizing their sick pet dog was considered as an act of kind cruelty.
• Epigram – The child is the father of man.
• Irony – A fire station burned down yesterday.
• Pun – Life depends upon the liver.
• Metonymy – The Bench decided that the man is guilty.
• Synecdoche – We need more hands to help us move this cupboard.
• Transferred Epithet – She had a sleepless night.

What is a figure of speech?

What is the definition of a figure of speech.

A figure of speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “an expression that uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning.” According to the Collins Dictionary, a figure of speech is “an expression or word that is used with a metaphorical rather than a literal meaning.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “ a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.” According to the Macmillan Dictionary, a figure of speech is defined as “an expression in which the words are used figuratively, not in their normal literal meaning.”

What are the different figures of speech in English?

Here is a list of the different figures of speech in English.

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Figure of Speech

Figure of Speech Definition

What is a figure of speech? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

A figure of speech is a literary device in which language is used in an unusual—or "figured"—way in order to produce a stylistic effect. Figures of speech can be broken into two main groups: figures of speech that play with the ordinary meaning of words (such as metaphor , simile , and hyperbole ), and figures of speech that play with the ordinary arrangement or pattern in which words are written (such as alliteration , ellipsis , and antithesis ).

Some additional key details about figures of speech:

• The ancient Greeks and Romans exhaustively listed, defined, and categorized figures of speech in order to better understand how to effectively use language. The names of most figures of speech derive from the original Greek or Latin.
• Figures of speech that play with the literal meaning of words are called tropes , while figures of speech that play with the order or pattern of words are called schemes .
• Figures of speech can take many forms. A figure of speech can involve a single word, a phrase, an omission of a word or phrase, a repetition of words or sounds, or specific sentence structures.

Figure of Speech Pronunciation

Here's how to pronounce figure of speech: fig -yer of speech

Figures of Speech vs. Figurative Language

There's a lot of confusion about the difference between the terms "figures of speech" and " figurative language ." Most of the confusion stems from the fact that different people often use "figurative language" to mean slightly different things. The two most common (and most acceptable) definitions of figurative language are:

• Figurative language refers to any language that contains figures of speech. According to this definition, figurative language and figures of speech are not quite the same thing, but it's pretty darn close. The only difference is that figures of speech refer to each specific type of a figure of speech, while figurative language refers more generally to any language that contains any kind of figures of speech.
• Figurative language refers to words or expressions that have non-literal meanings : This definition associates figurative language only with the category of figures of speech called tropes (which are figures of speech that play with the literal meaning of words). So according to this definition, figurative language would be any language that contains tropes, but not language that contains the figures of speech called schemes.

You might encounter people using figurative speech to mean either of the above, and it's not really possible to say which is correct. But if you know about these two different ways of relating figurative language and figures of speech, you'll be in pretty good shape.

Figures of Speech, Tropes, and Schemes

The oldest and still most common way to organize figures of speech is to split them into two main groups: tropes and schemes.

• Tropes are figures of speech that involve a deviation from the expected and literal meaning of words.
• Schemes are figures of speech that involve a deviation from the typical mechanics of a sentence, such as the order, pattern, or arrangement of words.

The scheme/trope classification system is by no means the only way to organize figures of speech (if you're interested, you can find all sorts of different categorization methods for figures of speech here ). But it is the most common method, and is both simple and structured enough to help you understand figures of speech.

Generally, a trope uses comparison, association, or wordplay to play with the literal meaning of words or to layer another meaning on top of a word's literal meaning. Some of the most commonly used tropes are explained briefly below, though you can get even more detail on each from its specific LitCharts entry.

• Metaphor : A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things by stating that one thing is another thing, even though this isn't literally true. For example, if someone says "it's raining cats and dogs," this obviously doesn't literally mean what it says—it's a metaphor that makes a comparison between the weight of "cats and dogs" and heavy rain. Metaphors are tropes because their effect relies not on the mechanics of the sentence, but rather on the association created by the use of the phrase "cats and dogs" in a non-literal manner.
• Simile : A simile, like a metaphor, makes a comparison between two unrelated things. However, instead of stating that one thing is another thing (as in metaphor), a simile states that one thing is like another thing. To stick with cats and dogs, an example of a simile would be to say "they fought like cats and dogs."
• Oxymoron : An oxymoron pairs contradictory words in order to express new or complex meanings. In the phrase "parting is such sweet sorrow" from Romeo and Juliet , "sweet sorrow" is an oxymoron that captures the complex and simultaneous feelings of pain and pleasure associated with passionate love. Oxymorons are tropes because their effect comes from a combination of the two words that goes beyond the literal meanings of those words.
• Hyperbole : A hyperbole is an intentional exaggeration of the truth, used to emphasize the importance of something or to create a comic effect. An example of a hyperbole is to say that a backpack "weighs a ton." No backpack literally weighs a ton, but to say "my backpack weighs ten pounds" doesn't effectively communicate how burdensome a heavy backpack feels. Once again, this is a trope because its effect comes from understanding that the words mean something different from what they literally say.

Other Common Tropes

• Antanaclasis
• Onomatopoeia
• Personification
• Periphrasis
• Rhetorical Question

Schemes are mechanical—they're figures of speech that tinker with words, sounds, and structures (as opposed to meanings) in order to achieve an effect. Schemes can themselves be broken down in helpful ways that define the sort of tinkering they employ.

• Repetition: Repeating words, phrases, or even sounds in a particular way.
• Omission: Leaving out certain words or punctuation that would normally be expected.
• Changes of word order: Shifting around words or phrases in atypical ways.
• Balance: Creating sentences or phrases with equal parts, often through the use of identical grammatical structures.

Some of the most commonly used schemes are explained briefly below, though you can get even more detail on each from its specific LitCharts entry.

• Alliteration : In alliteration, the same sound repeats in a group of words, such as the “b” sound in: “ B ob b rought the b ox of b ricks to the b asement.” Alliteration uses repetition to create a musical effect that helps phrases to stand out from the language around them.
• Assonance : A scheme in which vowel sounds repeat in nearby words, such as the "ee" sound in the proverb: "the squ ea ky wh ee l gets the gr ea se." Like alliteration, assonance uses repeated sounds to create a musical effect in which words echo one another—it's a scheme because this effect is achieved through repetition of words with certain sounds, not by playing with the meaning of words.
• Ellipsis : The deliberate omission of one or more words from a sentence because their meaning is already implied. In the example, "Should I call you, or you me?" the second clause uses ellipsis. While its implication is "or should you call me," the context of the sentence allows for the omission of "should" and "call." Ellipsis is a scheme because it involves an uncommon usage of language.
• Parallelism : The repetition of sentence structure for emphasis and balance. This can occur in a single sentence, such as "a penny saved is a penny earned," and it can also occur over the course of a speech, poem, or other text. Parallelism is a scheme because it creates emphasis through the mechanics of sentence structure, rather than by playing with the actual meanings of words.

Other Common Schemes

• Anadiplosis
• Antimetabole
• Brachylogia
• Epanalepsis
• Parenthesis
• Polysyndeton

Figure of Speech Examples

Figures of speech can make language more inventive, more beautiful, more rhythmic, more memorable, and more meaningful. It shouldn't be a surprise, then, that figures of speech are plentiful in all sorts of written language. The examples below show a variety of different types of figures of speech. You can see many more examples of each type at their own specific LitChart entries.

Figures of Speech Examples in Literature

Literature is riddled with figures of speech because figures of speech make language colorful and complex.

Metaphor in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca

On and on, now east now west, wound the poor thread that once had been our drive. Sometimes I thought it lost, but it appeared again, beneath a fallen tree perhaps, or struggling on the other side of a muddied ditch created by the winter rains.

In this quote from Rebecca , Daphne du Maurier refers to a washed-out road as "the poor thread." This is a metaphor —and a trope—because the writer indirectly compares the thread to the road and expects that readers will understand that "thread" is not used literally.

Parallelism in Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

In the famous opening line of A Tale of Two Cities , Dickens uses parallelism —a scheme in which parts of a sentence repeat—in order to emphasize the contradictions of the time in which the book is set. Dickens has manipulated his sentence structure so that the parallel clauses emphasize the oppositional nature of his words ("it was the best of times, it was the worst of times"). The figure of speech doesn't play with the meaning of words, it emphasizes them through structure and repetition, which is why it is a scheme.

Alliteration in Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Birthmark"

In this manner, s electing it as the s ymbol of his wife's liability to s in, s orrow, d ecay, and d eath, Aylmer's s ombre imagination was not long in rendering the birthmark a frightful object, causing him more trouble and horror than ever Georgiana's beauty, whether of s oul or s ense, had given him delight.

This passage from " The Birthmark " uses alliteration to tie together all of the things that Georgiana's birthmark is supposed to symbolize. By using words that alliterate—"sin and sorrow" and "decay and death," for example—Hawthorne is making the reader feel that these ideas are connected, rather than simply stating that they are connected. Alliteration is a figure of speech—a scheme—because it uses the mechanics of language to emphasize meaning.

Verbal Irony in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar

For Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all, all honorable men,

This quote from Julius Caesar comes from Marc Antony's speech at Caesar's funeral. Antony needs to hold Brutus and his conspirators accountable for Caesar's death without contradicting the crowd's positive impression of Brutus, so Antony uses verbal irony to simultaneously please and trouble the crowd. On the surface, Antony says what the audience wants to hear (that Brutus is honorable), but it becomes clear over the course of his speech that he means the opposite of what he says (and over time he convinces the audience to believe this opposite meaning as well). This is a figure of speech (a trope) because it's based on a play on the meaning of Antony's words.

Figures of Speech Examples in Music

Figures of speech are also common in music. Schemes fit naturally with songs because both schemes and songs manipulate sound and rhythm to enhance the meanings of words. Music also uses many tropes, because using words that have meanings beyond their literal ones makes language more interesting, and it allows songwriters to create music that uses just a few words to imply a complex meaning.

Assonance and Metaphor in Rihanna's "Diamonds"

So sh ine br igh t ton igh t, you and I We're beautiful l i ke d i amonds in the sk y Eye to eye , so al i ve We're beautiful l i ke d i amonds in the sk y

Rihanna uses assonance when she repeats the " eye " sound throughout the chorus of "Diamonds." This make the words echo one another, which emphasizes the similarity between the singer, the person she's talking about, and the "diamonds in the sky" to which she's comparing them both. Assonance is a scheme because it's using the sound of words—not their meaning—to draw a parallel between different things.

Rihanna also uses the phrase "Diamonds in the sky" as a metaphor for stars. This is a trope—a phrase that means something other than what it literally says—as Rihanna obviously doesn't think that there are actually diamonds in the sky. This verse is a good example of how figures of speech can often work together and overlap. In this case, the metaphor that allows her to use "diamonds" instead of "stars" also fits into her use of assonance (because "stars" lacks the "eye" sound).

Personification in Green Day's "Good Riddance"

Another turning point, a fork stuck in the road Time grabs you by the wrist, directs you where to go

While the first line of this song uses "a fork stuck in the road" as a metaphor for a choice, the more arresting figure of speech at work here is the personification of time in the second line. By giving "time" human characteristics—the ability to grab a person and tell them where to go—Green Day is helping listeners to make sense of the power that time has over people. This is a trope because the line doesn't mean what it literally says; instead, it's asking listeners to make a comparison between the characteristics of time and the characteristics of a person.

Anastrophe in Public Enemy's "Fight the Power"

Straight up racist that sucker was Simple and plain

In the line "Straight up racist that sucker was," Public Enemy uses anastrophe (which is the inversion of typical word order) to preserve the rhythm of the verse. Instead of saying "That sucker was straight up racist," Public Enemy chooses an odd phrasing that has one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables— " ra cist that su cker was/ Sim ple and plain ." This way, the beat falls more regularly across those two lines, which allows the rapper to make his point (that Elvis was racist) without the flow sounding awkward. Since anastrophe manipulates the order of words in order to achieve a rhythmic effect, it's a scheme.

Why Do Writers Use Figures of Speech?

Figures of speech is a category that encompasses a broad variety of literary terms, so it's difficult to give one answer to this question. Writers use different figures of speech to achieve different effects.

Schemes (figures of speech that manipulate sound, syntax, and word order) can make language more beautiful, persuasive, or memorable. Writers can use schemes to draw attention to an important passage, to create a sound that mirrors (or contrasts with) the meaning of words, or to give language a rhythm that draws the reader in. As schemes tend to work through sound and rhythm, they generally produce a visceral effect, or an effect felt in the body—broadly speaking, schemes are more sensory than intellectual.

In contrast, writers use tropes to grab the reader intellectually by adding complexity or ambiguity to an otherwise simple word or phrase. Tropes can ask the reader to make a comparison between two unlike things, they can impose human qualities on nonhumans, and they can mean the opposite of what they say. Tropes engage the intellect because the reader has to be alert to the fact that tropes do not use language at face value—a trope never means what it literally says.

All figures of speech help a writer to communicate ideas that are difficult to say in words or that are more effectively communicated non-verbally. This could be by repeating harsh consonants to create a scary atmosphere, or by using a metaphor to impose the qualities of something concrete (say, a rose) onto something more difficult to define (say, love). In general, figures of speech attempt to bring out a reader's emotion and to capture their attention by making language more colorful, surprising, and complex.

Other Helpful Figure of Speech Resources

• Silva Rhetoricae on Figures of Speech : An excellent reference from BYU that explains the various ways that figures of speech have been categorized over history, including into schemes and tropes.
• Silva Rhetoricae on schemes and tropes :
• The Oxford Reference Page for Figure of Speech : A helpful definition of figures of speech in the context of the ancient study of rhetoric (did you know that the Roman rhetorician Quintillian defined "figure of speech" in 95 AD?)
• What Are Tropes in Language? Skip to the "Distinction Between Figures and Tropes" section and read to the end—full of informative and thought-provoking discussion about tropes.
• A YouTube video about tropes and schemes with pop culture examples.

• PDFs for all 136 Lit Terms we cover
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• Alliteration
• Climax (Figure of Speech)
• Figurative Language
• Parallelism
• Verbal Irony
• Protagonist
• Juxtaposition
• Rhyme Scheme
• Blank Verse
• Stream of Consciousness
• Deus Ex Machina
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• Literary Terms
• Figures of Speech
• Definition & Examples
• When & How to Use Figures of Speech

I. What are Figures of Speech?

A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition. In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.  We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes , to more general forms like sarcasm and slang.

Figures of speech make up a huge portion of the English language, making it more creative, more expressive, and just more interesting! Many have been around for hundreds of years—some even thousands—and more are added to our language essentially every day. This article will focus on a few key forms of figures of speech, but remember, the types are nearly endless!

III. Types of Figure of Speech

There are countless figures of speech in every language, and they fall into hundreds of categories. Here, though, is a short list of some of the most common types of figure of speech:

A. Metaphor

Many common figures of speech are metaphors. That is, they use words in a manner other than their literal meaning. However, metaphors use figurative language to make comparisons between unrelated things or ideas. The “peak of her career,” for example, is a metaphor, since a career is not a literal mountain with a peak , but the metaphor represents the idea of arriving at the highest point of one’s career.

An idiom is a common phrase with a figurative meaning. Idioms are different from other figures of speech in that their figurative meanings are mostly known within a particular language, culture, or group of people. In fact, the English language alone has about 25,000 idioms. Some examples include “it’s raining cats and dogs” when it is raining hard, or “break a leg” when wishing someone good luck.

This sentence uses an idiom to make it more interesting:

There’s a supermarket and a pharmacy in the mall, so if we go there, we can kill two birds with one stone.

The idiom is a common way of saying that two tasks can be completed in the same amount of time or same place.

A proverb is a short, commonplace saying that is universally understood in today’s language and used to express general truths. “Don’t cry over spilt milk” is a popular example. Most proverbs employ metaphors (e.g. the proverb about milk isn’t  literally  about milk).

This example uses a proverb to emphasize the situation:

I know you think you’re going to sell all of those cookies, but don’t count your chickens before they hatch!

Here, “don’t count your chickens before they hatch” means that you shouldn’t act like something has happened before it actually does.

A simile is a very common figure of speech that uses the words “like” and “as” to compare two things that are not related by definition. For example, “he is as tall as a mountain,” doesn’t mean he was actually 1,000 feet tall, it just means he was really tall.

This example uses a simile for comparison:

The internet is like a window to the world —you can learn about everything online!

The common phrase “window to the world” refers to a hypothetical window that lets you see the whole world from it. So, saying the internet is like a window to the world implies that it lets you see anything and everything.

E. Oxymoron

An oxymoron is when you use two words together that have contradictory meanings. Some common examples include s mall crowd, definitely possible, old news, little giant , and so on.

A metonym is a word or phrase that is used to represent something related to bigger meaning. For example, fleets are sometimes described as being “thirty sails strong,” meaning thirty (curiously, this metonym survives in some places, even when the ships in question are not sail-powered!) Similarly, the crew on board those ships may be described as “hands” rather than people.

Irony is when a word or phrase’s literal meaning is the opposite of its figurative meaning. Many times (but not always), irony is expressed with sarcasm (see Related Terms). For example, maybe you eat a really bad cookie, and then say “Wow, that was the best cookie I ever had”—of course, what you really mean is that it’s the worst cookie you ever had, but being ironic actually emphasizes just how bad it was!

IV. The Importance of Figures of Speech

In general, the purpose of a figure of speech is to lend texture and color to your writing. (This is itself a figure of speech, since figures of speech don’t actually change the colors or textures on the page!) For instance, metaphors allow you to add key details that make the writing more lively and relatable. Slang and verbal irony, on the other hand, make the writing seem much more informal and youthful (although they can have the opposite effect when misused!) Finally, other figures of speech, like idioms and proverbs, allows a writer to draw on a rich cultural tradition and express complex ideas in a short space.

V. Examples of Figures of Speech in Literature

“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances, and one man in his time plays many parts.” (William Shakespeare, As You Like It)

This is one of the most famous metaphors ever crafted in the English language. Shakespeare uses his extended metaphor to persuade the audience of the similarities between the stage and real life. But rather than making his play seem more like life, he suggests that life is more like a play. His metaphor calls attention to the performative, creative, and fictional aspects of human life.

“Our words are b ut crumbs that fall down from the feast o f the mind.” (Khalil Gibran, Sand & Foam )

Gibran’s timeless metaphor succeeds for a number of reasons. For one thing, it is not a cliché – had Gibran said “words are just the tip of the iceberg ,” he would have been making roughly the same point, but in a much more clichéd way. But the feast of the mind is a highly original metaphor. In addition, it’s a successful double metaphor. The crumbs and the feast are two parts of the same image, but they work together rather than being “mixed” (see How to Use Figures of Speech ).

“If you chase two rabbits, you will lose them both.” (Russian Proverb)

Like many proverbs, this one draws on a simple metaphor of chasing rabbits. The rabbits can stand in for all sorts of objectives, from jobs to relationships, but the coded message is quite clear – focus your energy on a single objective, or you will likely fail. This literal statement, though, is quite dry and not terribly memorable, which shows the power of figures of speech.

VI. Examples of Figures of Speech in Pop Culture

The chorus to Sean Kingston’s Fire Burning contains a couple of figures of speech. First of all, there’s the word “shorty” used as a slang term (see Related Terms ) for a young woman. She may or may not be literally short, but the figure of speech applies either way (though it could easily be taken as belittling and derogatory). Second, Kingston sings the metaphor: “she’s fire, burning on the dance floor.” Hopefully this is a figure of speech and not a literal statement; otherwise, Kingston and everyone else in the club are in mortal danger!

“Oh, thanks! This is much better!” (Townspeople, South Park )

This is an example of irony. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, South Park satirized the government’s response to the disaster by writing about a similar disaster in South Park. In a bumbling effort to rescue people from the floods, the authorities accidentally spill oil on the flood waters and set it on fire, making the situation far more dangerous. In response, they ironically “thank” the people responsible—their meaning is obviously the opposite of their words!

Years of talks between Washington and Havana resulted in Obama’s historic visit to Cuba on March 21st. (Patreon 2016)

This is a common form of metonym in foreign policy and news media. The capital city of a country is used as a metonym for the national government. The talks, of course, are not literally between these two cities, but between the leaders and government officials of the two countries (US and Cuba).

VII. Related Terms

Literal and figurative language.

Language is generally divided into two categories: literal, and figurative. Literal language relies on the real definition of words and phrases, or their literal meanings. Figurative language, on the other hand, relies on implied meanings, which can be understood differently depending on the location or who is using it. For example, “the sky is blue” relies on the literal definition of the word “blue,” while “I am feeling blue” relies on the figurative definition. All figures of speech rely on the use of figurative language for their meaning.

Sarcasm is mocking or bitter language that we use to express different meaning than what we say; often the exact opposite. When your intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning, that’s irony (another type of figure of speech), which includes common phrases like “Oh, great…” when you really mean something is bad.

Slang is language that uses atypical words and phrases to express specific meanings. It varies greatly by region, demographic, and language—for example, you would find different slang in the U.S. and in the U.K. even though they are both English speaking countries. Likewise, teenagers and the elderly will use different slang terms, as would Spanish and English. Many slang terms are figures of speech. For example, “bro” could be used to describe a friend rather than an actual brother; this would be using the word as a figure of speech.

List of Terms

• Alliteration
• Amplification
• Anachronism
• Anthropomorphism
• Antonomasia
• APA Citation
• Aposiopesis
• Autobiography
• Bildungsroman
• Characterization
• Circumlocution
• Cliffhanger
• Comic Relief
• Connotation
• Deus ex machina
• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Dramatic irony
• Equivocation
• Extended Metaphor
• Flash-forward
• Foreshadowing
• Intertextuality
• Juxtaposition
• Literary Device
• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Synesthesia
• Turning Point
• Understatement
• Urban Legend
• Verisimilitude
• Essay Guide
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figure of speech

noun phrase

Definition of figure of speech, examples of figure of speech in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'figure of speech.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1751, in the meaning defined above

Articles Related to figure of speech

What is figurative language?

Paint a picture with words

31 Useful Rhetorical Devices

'Simile' and 'metaphor' are just the beginning

Dictionary Entries Near figure of speech

figure of merit

figure of the earth

Cite this Entry

“Figure of speech.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/figure%20of%20speech. Accessed 29 Jun. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of figure of speech, more from merriam-webster on figure of speech.

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Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about figure of speech

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Figure of Speech

What is a figure of speech.

• Jack has a few skeletons in the cupboard .
• You are driving me up the wall .

The Seven Most Common Figures of Speech

Table of Contents

Examples of Figures of Speech

Metaphors used as figures of speech, similes used as figures of speech, personification used as figures of speech, hyperbole used as figures of speech, idioms used as figures of speech, euphemisms used as figures of speech, metonyms used as figures of speech, a broader definition of figure of speech, why figures of speech are important.

• This bedroom is a prison.
• He's a real gannet.
• He listened with a stone face.
• We don't need dinosaurs in this company.
• He eats like a gannet.
• This sandwich tastes like sawdust between two doormats.
• She sings like an angel.
• It's like water off a duck's back.
• The tide waits for no man.
• My car tends to give up on long hills.
• Summer's healing rays
• I have a million problems.
• We won a tonne of cash.
• I'll die if I don't finish this crossword.
• Be careful not to miss the boat.
• This is the last straw.
• You can't pull the wool over my eyes.
• Don't sit on the fence. Say what you mean.
• kicked the bucket = has died
• knocked up = is pregnant
• letting you go = you're fired
• lost his marbles = is mad
• Tongue = language
• Sweat = hard work.
• Capitol Hill = American seat of government
• took to the bottle = took to alcohol
• my word = my promise
• a suit = business executive, a lawyer (typically)
• Figure of speech: the use of words in an unusual or imaginative manner.

Alliteration

• The plate was filled with b eautiful b uns b ursting with b erries.
• The squ ea ky wh ee l gets the gr ea se.
• I will pi ck or cra ck the lo ck .

Logosglyphs

• She had eyes like pools .

Onomatopoeia

• The NASA humans-to-Mars program is all sizzle and no steak.
• During interphase, the protein binds to DNA with its elbow and then digs in with its fingers during mitosis. (Professor Leonie Ringrose)
• Team, we must throw a party in our guests' mouths. Got it? Yes, chef. Yes, chef. Yes, chef. Yes, Geoff. Did someone just call me Geoff? (Comedian Chris Wells)
• Use a figure of speech to express an idea more clearly or more interestingly.

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Figure of Speech: Definition and Examples

Illustration by Hugo Lin. ThoughtCo.

• An Introduction to Punctuation

Common Types of Figures of Speech

• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In common usage, a figure of speech is a word or phrase that means something more or something other than it seems to say—the opposite of a literal expression. In rhetoric, a figure of speech is a type of figurative language (such as metaphor, irony, understatement, or anaphora) that departs from conventional word order or meaning. Nevertheless, figures of speech retain an element of truth, even if they may be misinterpreted. 

There are hundreds of figures of speech, and we often utilize them in everyday life. Here are common figures of speech with example phrases and passages.

Examples of common figures of speech include alliteration , which repeats the initial consonant sounds in neighboring words, and simile , which compares two unlike things using "like" or "as."

Anaphora is another figure of speech involving the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis. Hyperbole , on the other hand, exaggerates or overstates a situation for emphasis or effect.

Other common figures of speech are  antimetabole , antithesis , apostrophe , assonance , irony , metonymy , onomatopoeia , paradox , personification , pun , synecdoche , and understatement .

Watch Now: Common Figures of Speech Explained

Figure of speech examples.

Following are a few figures of speech that are a bit tongue-in-cheek.

Mr. Burns, "American History X-cellent," "The Simpsons," 2010

"Break a leg, everyone" (to a passing employee). "I said break a leg." (The employee then breaks his own leg with a hammer.) "My God, man! That was a figure of speech. You're fired!"

Peter Falk and Robert Walker, Jr., "Mind Over Mayhem," "Columbo," 1974

Lieutenant Columbo: "So you had an hour to kill before you had to get back to the airport." Dr. Neil Cahill: "I take it you mean to use that phrase, to kill.' You mean that literally ." Lieutenant Columbo: "No, I was just using a figure of speech. I'm not making an accusation."

Jonathan Baumbach, "My Father More or Less," "Fiction Collective," 1982

"What if there were a gun to your head, what would you say?" "Whose gun are you thinking of putting to my head?" "It was just a figure of speech, for God's sake. You don't have to be so literal about it." "It's only a figure of speech when you don't have a gun in your possession."

Carmen Carter et al., "Doomsday World (Star Trek: The Next Generation, No. 12)," 1990

"'Yes,' said Coleridge. 'The new Commercial Trading Hall... The emptiest building in town, gentlemen. If there are twenty people in it at any given time, I'll eat my tricorder on the spot.' "Data looked at the archaeologist, and Geordi caught the look. 'That's only a figure of speech, Data. She doesn't really intend to eat it.' "The android nodded. 'I am familiar with the expression, Geordi.'"

Metaphor as a Figure of Thought

A  metaphor  is a  trope  or figure of speech, in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common, as these quotes show.

Ning Yu, "Imagery," "Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition," 1996

"In its broad sense, a metaphor is not only a figure of speech but also a figure of thought . It is a mode of apprehension and a means of perceiving and expressing something in a radically different way. In such a sense, figurative images are not simply decorative but serve to reveal aspects of experience in a new light."

"Teddy Roosevelt and the Treasure of Ursa Major," adapted by Ronald Kidd from the play by Tom Isbell, 2008

"Reaching into her pocket, [Ethel] pulled out the paper, held it in the moonlight, and read, 'Beneath this brilliant metaphor will there treasure be.' "What's a metaphor?' I asked. "Ethel said, 'It's a word that compares one thing to another, to show how they might be alike.' "'Well,' I said, 'if the metaphor is brilliant, maybe it's the chandelier.' "They stared at me. I don't know why. If you ask me, the clue had seemed pretty obvious. "'You know,' said Kermit, 'I think Archie is right.' He turned to Ethel. 'I can't believe I just said that.'"

Simile as Another Kind of Comparison

A simile is a figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as, as these quotes demonstrate.

Donita K. Paul, "Two Tickets to the Christmas Ball," 2010

"'What's a simile?' asked Sandy. She looked to Cora for an answer. "'When you compare something to something else to get a better picture of it in your head. The clouds look like cotton balls. The edge of the snow shovel is sharp like a knife.'"

Jay Heinrichs, "Word Hero: A Fiendishly Clever Guide to Crafting the Lines That Get Laughs," 2011

"The simile is a metaphor that gives itself away. 'The moon is a balloon': that's a metaphor. 'The moon is like a balloon': that's a simile."

Oxymoron as an Apparent Contradiction

An  oxymoron  is a figure of speech usually one or two words in which seemingly contradictory terms appear side by side.

Bradley Harris Dowden, "Logical Reasoning ,"  1993

"A contradiction in terms is also called an oxymoron. Debates are often started by asking whether a term is an oxymoron. For example, is artificial intelligence an oxymoron? Jokes are often based in oxymorons; is military intelligence an oxymoron?"

Dianne Blacklock, "False Advertising," 2007

"Her husband got hit by a bus. What was Gemma supposed to say? More to the point, what did Helen want to hear? "'Well,' said Gemma, going to sit on the bed beside Helen, who looked a little taken aback as she shifted to make room. 'You can't have an accident on purpose,' Gemma went on. 'That's an oxymoron. If there was intent, it wasn't an accident.' "'I guess I'm wondering if there isn't hidden intent in everything we do,' said Helen."

Hyperbole as Exaggeration

Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect.

Steve Atinsky, "Tyler on Prime Time," 2002

"Samantha and I sat in chairs that had been set up near the table. "'What's hyperbole?' I asked her. "'It's a fancy way of saying bull.'"

Thomas S. Kane, "The New Oxford Guide to Writing," 1988

"Mark Twain was a master of hyperbole, as he reveals in this description of a tree after an ice storm: '[I]t stands there the acme, the climax, the supremest possibility in art or nature, of bewildering, intoxicating, intolerable magnificence. One cannot make the words strong enough.'"

Understatement as Beauty or Sarcasm

Understatement, the opposite of hyperbole, is a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.

Fiona Harper, "English Lord, Ordinary Lady," 2008

"She read what [Will] was going to say in his eyes before the words left his lips. "'I love you.' "So simple. No frills, no grandiose gestures. It was so Will. Suddenly, she understood the beauty of understatement."

Steph Swainston, "No Present Like Time," 2006

"[Serein] sat in the doorway, legs out onto the half deck, huddling in his greatcoat. 'Comet,' he said. 'You weren't well.' "'Is that understatement a new type of sarcasm you're experimenting with?'"

A  cliché   is a trite expression whose effectiveness has been worn out through overuse and excessive familiarity.

David Punter, "Metaphor," 2007

"[I]t is interesting that the phrase 'just a figure of speech' has become a cliché as if for something to be a figure of speech in some way downgrades it. It may not be going too far to say that there is a certain denial going on in this view; that it is more convenient and comfortable to pretend that there are some speech forms [that] do not use figures of speech and thus give us access to a solid, incontrovertible perception of the real, in contrast to which the figure of speech is in some way abstracted, lacking in purchase."

Laura Toffler-Corrie, "The Life and Opinions of Amy Finawitz," 2010

"I'm quite sure he doesn't really think you have been abducted by aliens. It was just a figure of speech, like 'Oh, she's just little Miss Sunshine' or 'What a clown.' When you use expressions like that (which I totally never do), it doesn't mean a person is really an inhumanly hot solar ball or that they're a member of the circus. It's not literal."

More on Figures of Speech

For more information on figures of speech, you can explore the following:

• Brief Introductions to 30 Figures of Speech
• Figure of Sound  and  Figure of Thought
• Literally and Figuratively: Commonly Confused Words
• 100 Awfully Good Examples of Oxymorons
• 100 Sweet Similes
• The 10 Greatest Hyperboles of All Time
• Top 20 Figures of Speech
• The Top 20 Figures of Speech
• What Is a Rhetorical Device? Definition, List, Examples
• Brief Introductions to Common Figures of Speech
• AP English Exam: 101 Key Terms
• Simile Definition and Examples
• Hyperbole: Definition and Examples
• How Figurative Language Is Used Every Day
• Valentine's Day Language: Learning Idioms, Metaphors, and Similes
• 20 Figures of Speech That We Never Heard About in School
• Figure of Thought in Rhetoric
• Figurative vs. Literal Language
• Metaphor Definition and Examples
• Definition and Examples of Litotes in English Grammar
• What Is the Figure of Speech Antiphrasis?
• Use Song Lyrics (with Caution) to Teach Figures of Speech

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Figures of Speech: Definition and Types with Examples

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that is used in a non-literal sense to add emphasis or artistic effect. For example, if someone says “The room was so quiet you could hear a pin drop,” they are using a figure of speech to exaggerate the silence in the room for emphasis.

Figures of speech are literary devices that are used to create a more imaginative and engaging way of speaking or writing. These literary devices are often used to create vivid images or to express complex ideas in a more concise and impactful way.

Some common examples of figures of speech include metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, and irony. These devices are often used in poetry and literature to add depth and meaning to the text.

Did you know

Figures of speech are also known as  figures of rhetoric, rhetorical figures,   figurative language, figures of style, and  schemes .

Most Common Figures of Speech in English Grammar

There is no fixed number of figures of speech in English grammar. New figures of speech can be created and old ones can fall out of use, so the number is constantly changing. Additionally, different sources may classify figures of speech differently, so the number can vary depending on the criteria used. Some common figures of speech in English include:

In simple terms, a simile is a figure of speech that compares two things using the words “like” or “as.” It’s a way of describing something by saying it’s similar to something else.

Imagine you’re trying to describe how fast a cheetah runs. You could say, “The cheetah runs like lightning.” By using the word “like,” you’re comparing the cheetah’s speed to the speed of lightning. This is a simile because you’re saying the cheetah is similar to lightning in terms of speed.

Similes help make our language more interesting and descriptive. They can create vivid images in our minds and help us understand something better by relating it to something more familiar. For example, if you say, “Her smile is as bright as the sun,” you’re comparing the brightness of her smile to the brightness of the sun.

So, similes are like little tools that writers and speakers use to make their descriptions more engaging and imaginative. They allow us to compare things in a fun and creative way, using “like” or “as” to highlight the similarities between them.

Here are a few more examples of similes:

• “He is as brave as a lion.” This simile compares someone’s bravery to the courage of a lion, emphasizing their fearlessness.
• “Her voice was like music to my ears.” In this simile, the person’s voice is being compared to the pleasant and melodious nature of music.
• “The water shimmered like diamonds under the sunlight.” This simile compares the sparkling quality of water to the brilliance and shine of diamonds.
• “She ran as fast as a cheetah chasing its prey.” Here, the speed of the person running is likened to the incredible speed of a cheetah in pursuit of its prey.
• “His anger erupted like a volcano, spewing fiery words.” This simile compares the sudden and intense anger to the eruption of a volcano, highlighting the force and intensity of the emotions.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things by saying that one thing is another thing, even though they are not literally the same. It’s a way of describing something by using a word or phrase that is unrelated to the thing being described. Metaphors make our language more imaginative and creative.

Let’s look at an example to help explain it better. Imagine you want to describe a person who is very brave. You could say, “He is a lion.” Now, obviously, the person is not actually a lion. What you’re doing is using the word “lion” to describe his bravery. Lions are known for their courage and strength, so by calling him a lion, you’re saying that he has similar qualities.

Here are a few more examples to help you understand:

• “Her eyes are sparkling diamonds.” Here, the person’s eyes are being compared to diamonds to emphasize their brightness and beauty.
• “Time is money.” In this metaphor, time is compared to money to convey the idea that time, like money, is valuable and should be used wisely.
• “Life is a journey.” This metaphor suggests that life can be thought of as a journey, with ups and downs, detours, and destinations.
• “He has a heart of gold.” Here, someone’s kind and generous nature is being compared to a heart made of gold, emphasizing their good-heartedness.
• “The world is a stage.” This metaphor compares the world to a stage, suggesting that life is like a play with different roles and performances.

Metaphors help us see things in new and interesting ways. They add depth and layers of meaning to our language by comparing one thing to another. By using metaphors, we can express ourselves creatively and make our descriptions more engaging and imaginative.

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech that gives human qualities or attributes to non-human things or abstract concepts. It’s a way of making something (that is not alive or human) seem like it has human characteristics or abilities.

Let’s suppose you’re describing a storm. Instead of just saying, “The storm was loud and powerful,” you could use personification and say, “The storm roared and unleashed its fury.” By using the word “roared” and attributing the ability to unleash fury to the storm, you’re giving it human-like qualities of sound and emotions.

Personification helps us create a more vivid and relatable image in our minds. It helps us understand and connect with things that are not human by making them seem more familiar.

• “The flowers danced in the breeze.” Here, the flowers are given the human quality of dancing, even though flowers cannot literally dance.
• “The sun smiled down on us.” This personification gives the sun the human ability to smile, adding a sense of warmth and happiness to the description.
• “The leaves whispered secrets to each other.” By attributing the action of whispering secrets to leaves, this personification creates a sense of intimacy and secrecy among the leaves.
• “The car coughed and sputtered before finally starting.” The act of coughing and sputtering is typically associated with humans, but here it is attributed to a car, giving it human-like qualities.
• “Time flies .” This personification suggests that time moves quickly, just like a bird or an insect in flight.

Personification helps make our language more colorful and imaginative. By giving non-human things human qualities, we can relate to them better and create more engaging and memorable descriptions.

Alliteration

Alliteration is a literary technique that involves the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of closely connected words or stressed syllables. It’s a way of creating a rhythmic and musical effect in writing or speech.

To understand alliteration, let’s look at an example. Suppose you want to describe a rainy day and you say, “The raindrops danced delicately on the roof.” The repetition of the “d” sound in “raindrops,” “danced,” and “delicately” is an example of alliteration. It adds a pleasing and melodic quality to the sentence.

• “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” This famous tongue twister is a playful example of alliteration, with the repeated “p” sound.
• “She sells seashells by the seashore.” In this phrase, the repeated “s” sound creates a smooth and flowing rhythm.
• “A big brown bear bounced on the bed.” The repeated “b” sound in this sentence adds emphasis and creates a strong beat.
• “Misty mountains majestically rise.” Here, the repeated “m” sound captures the sense of grandeur and adds a musical quality.
• “Silent as a shadow, he slipped through the night.” The repeated “s” sound in this sentence creates a sense of stealth and smoothness.

Alliteration is like a musical instrument in writing. It helps create a pleasing and rhythmic effect, making the language more memorable and engaging. It adds a touch of playfulness, emphasis, and sometimes even a sense of sound effects to the words.

Present Indefinite Tense: Rules and Example

Active and Passive Voice with Rules & Examples

Assonance is a literary device that involves the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. It’s a technique used to create a musical or melodic effect in writing or speech.

To understand assonance, let’s look at an example. Imagine you want to describe a serene lake, and you say, “The serene scene of the lake.” The repetition of the long “ee” sound in “serene,” “scene,” and “lake” is an example of assonance. It creates a soothing and harmonious quality in the sentence.

• “I feel the heat as I read.” In this sentence, the repeated “ee” sound in “feel,” “heat,” and “read” creates a flowing and musical effect.
• “The cat sat on the mat.” Here, the repeated short “a” sound in “cat,” “sat,” and “mat” adds a rhythmic quality to the sentence.
• “Hear the mellow wedding bells.” The repeated long “e” sound in “hear,” “mellow,” and “bells” creates a soft and melodic tone.
• “The owl howled at the moon.” In this example, the repeated long “o” sound in “owl” and “howled” adds emphasis and creates a haunting effect.
• “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.” This famous phrase from the musical “My Fair Lady” demonstrates assonance with the repeated long “a” sound.

Assonance helps create a musical and lyrical quality in writing. It adds a pleasing and melodic effect, making the language more memorable and engaging. Assonance, along with other sound devices like alliteration and rhyme, can enhance the overall beauty and rhythm of a piece of writing or speech.

Consonance is a literary device that involves the repetition of consonant sounds in nearby words, specifically in the middle or at the end of words. It is a technique used to create a harmonious and musical effect in writing or speech.

To understand consonance, let’s look at an example. Imagine you want to describe the sound of the waves, and you say, “The waves crashed and splashed.” The repeated “sh” sound in “crashed” and “splashed” is an example of consonance. It creates a soothing and rhythmic quality in the sentence.

• “Mike likes his bike.” In this sentence, the repeated “k” sound in “Mike,” “likes,” and “bike” adds a crisp and sharp quality to the sentence.
• “Pitter-patter, raindrops scatter.” The repeated “t” and “r” sounds in this phrase create a sense of lightness and quick movement.
• “She sells seashells by the seashore.” Here, the repeated “s” and “sh” sounds add a soft and smooth rhythm to the sentence.
• “The whisper of the wind.” In this example, the repeated “w” sound in “whisper” and “wind” creates a gentle and airy effect.
• “A sweet tweet from a little bird.” The repeated “t” sound in “sweet,” “tweet,” and “little” adds emphasis and creates a playful tone.

Consonance helps create a musical and harmonious quality in writing. It adds a pleasing and rhythmic effect, making the language more memorable and engaging. Consonance, along with other sound devices like alliteration and rhyme, can enhance the overall beauty and rhythm of a piece of writing or speech.

Anaphora is a literary device that involves the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. It’s a technique used to add emphasis and create a powerful effect in writing or speech.

To understand anaphora, let’s look at an example. Imagine you want to inspire a group of people, and you say, “We will fight for justice. We will fight for equality. We will fight for a better future.” In this example, the repetition of the phrase “We will fight” at the beginning of each sentence is anaphora. It creates a sense of determination and reinforces the message.

• “I have a dream that one day… I have a dream that one day…” In Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous speech, the repetition of the phrase “I have a dream” at the beginning of multiple sentences emphasizes the vision and hope.
• “Love is patient. Love is kind. Love is selfless.” The repetition of the word “love” at the beginning of each sentence highlights different aspects of love.
• “Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.” In this phrase, the repetition of “let it snow” creates a sense of longing or excitement for snowfall.
• “I came, I saw, I conquered.” This famous quote from Julius Caesar demonstrates anaphora with the repetition of “I” at the beginning of each phrase, emphasizing the speaker’s actions.

Anaphora helps create a strong and memorable effect in writing or speech. By repeating words or phrases, it adds emphasis, rhythm, and power to the message being conveyed. Anaphora can be used to inspire, persuade, or create a sense of unity by reinforcing key ideas or themes.

An apostrophe is a figure of speech that involves addressing or speaking to someone or something that is not present or cannot respond as if they were present and able to listen. It’s a way of giving human-like qualities or directly addressing an absent person, an inanimate object, or even an abstract concept.

To understand apostrophe, let’s look at an example. Imagine you’re looking at a beautiful sunset, and you say, “Oh, Sun, your golden rays embrace the world.” In this sentence, you are directly addressing the Sun as if it can hear you and feel its rays. This is an example of apostrophe.

• “O, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is speaking to Romeo, who is not physically present. She is expressing her longing for him.
• “O, Death, be not proud.” In John Donne’s poem “Death, be not proud,” the poet directly addresses death and challenges its power.
• “Ocean, you mighty force, swallow my sorrows.” Here, the speaker is speaking to the ocean, personifying it as a powerful entity capable of engulfing their sorrows.
• “Hello, old friend, how I’ve missed you.” This is an example of addressing an absent friend, expressing the speaker’s sentiment of longing or nostalgia.

Apostrophe allows writers and speakers to give life and voice to non-living things or absent individuals. It adds emotional depth, expresses intense feelings, and helps create a sense of connection with the subject being addressed. Apostrophe is a powerful tool to convey emotions, explore ideas, and create a dramatic effect in literature and poetry.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis or dramatic effect. It’s a way of making something sound much bigger, greater, or more extreme than it actually is.

To understand hyperbole, let’s look at an example. Imagine you’re really hungry, and you say, “I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse!” Now, of course, you don’t actually mean that you could eat an entire horse. By using hyperbole, you’re exaggerating your hunger to emphasize just how strong it is.

• “I’ve told you a million times!” Here, the speaker is exaggerating the number of times they have told someone something to emphasize their frustration.
• “This suitcase weighs a ton!” The speaker is exaggerating the weight of the suitcase to emphasize how heavy it feels.
• “I’m as old as the hills.” This hyperbole suggests that the speaker is very old, even though they may not be that old in reality.
• “She cried an ocean of tears.” This exaggeration emphasizes the intensity and amount of tears shed by the person.
• “I have a million things to do today.” The speaker is exaggerating the number of tasks they need to accomplish to emphasize a busy schedule.

Hyperbole helps create emphasis, adds humor, and makes a point more memorable. By using extreme exaggeration, writers and speakers can draw attention to a particular aspect or evoke strong emotions in their audience. It adds a touch of excitement and playfulness to the language.

Litotes is a figure of speech that involves expressing an idea by using understatement or negation to convey the opposite meaning. It’s a way of making a point by stating something in a negative or ironic way, rather than directly affirming it.

To understand litotes, let’s look at an example. Suppose someone asks you if you enjoyed a movie that you absolutely loved, and you respond, “Oh, it wasn’t bad.” By using litotes, you’re downplaying your true enthusiasm and expressing it indirectly. The negative statement of “wasn’t bad” actually means that you really enjoyed the movie.

• “She’s not unfamiliar with the topic.” This litotes suggests that the person is actually quite knowledgeable about the topic.
• “He’s not the friendliest person.” This understatement implies that the person is not very friendly at all.
• “It’s not a bad view from here.” This litotes implies that the view is actually quite good or impressive.
• “She’s no ordinary singer.” This statement suggests that the person is an exceptional or extraordinary singer.
• “He’s not unfamiliar with trouble.” This litotes implies that the person is frequently involved in troublesome situations.

Litotes allows writers and speakers to make a point indirectly by using a form of understatement or negation. It adds a layer of subtlety, irony, or modesty to the language, and can be used to downplay or highlight certain qualities or situations. Litotes adds depth and nuance to expressions and can be an effective way to make a statement more memorable.

Euphemism is a figure of speech that involves using mild or indirect words or phrases to replace harsh, blunt, or sensitive terms. It’s a way of softening or sugar-coating the language to convey a potentially uncomfortable or offensive idea in a more polite or socially acceptable manner.

To understand euphemism, let’s look at an example. Suppose someone is talking about a person who passed away, and instead of saying “he died,” they say “he passed away.” By using euphemism, they’re choosing a gentler phrase to talk about the sensitive topic of death.

• “She’s in a better place now.” This euphemism is often used to refer to someone who has died, suggesting that they are in a peaceful or happier state.
• “He’s let go from his job.” This euphemism is used to soften the idea of being fired or terminated from employment.
• “I’m under the weather.” This phrase is a euphemism for saying that you’re feeling sick or unwell.
• “She’s expecting.” This euphemism is used to indicate that someone is pregnant.
• “He’s a little challenged in that area.” This euphemism is used to avoid directly saying that someone is lacking in a particular skill or ability.

Euphemisms help us navigate sensitive or potentially offensive topics by using more polite or less harsh language. They allow us to convey ideas with a touch of diplomacy, respect, or cultural sensitivity. Euphemisms are widely used in social settings, formal contexts, or when discussing delicate matters. They provide a way to discuss difficult subjects while maintaining politeness and decorum.

Antithesis is a figure of speech that involves contrasting or juxtaposing two opposing ideas, words, or phrases within a sentence or paragraph. It’s a way of highlighting the stark contrast between two things to create a powerful effect or emphasize a point.

To understand antithesis, let’s look at an example. Suppose you want to describe a character who is both kind and cruel, and you say, “She was both the epitome of kindness and the embodiment of cruelty.” In this sentence, the contrasting ideas of kindness and cruelty are placed side by side, creating an antithesis. It emphasizes the stark opposition between the two qualities.

• “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” In this famous line from Charles Dickens’ novel “A Tale of Two Cities,” the contrast between the best and worst of times emphasizes the extreme nature of the era being described.
• “Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.” This antithesis juxtaposes the idealized notion of love with the practical reality of marriage.
• “Give me liberty or give me death.” This well-known phrase by Patrick Henry highlights the choice between freedom and death, creating a powerful antithesis.
• “To err is human; to forgive, divine.” This antithesis contrasts the fallibility of human nature with the divine quality of forgiveness.

Antithesis allows writers and speakers to highlight the stark opposition between two contrasting ideas, emphasizing their differences and creating a strong impact. By placing contrasting words or phrases side by side, antithesis adds emphasis, drama, and clarity to the language. It can be used to convey deeper meaning, create memorable statements, or draw attention to the stark contrast between concepts.

A paradox is a figure of speech that involves a statement or situation that appears to be contradictory or absurd, but upon closer examination, reveals a deeper truth or logic. It’s a way of presenting a seemingly illogical or contradictory idea to provoke deeper thinking and contemplation.

To understand paradox, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “I can resist anything except temptation.” At first, it may seem contradictory because resisting implies not giving in to something, while temptation suggests a strong desire to indulge. However, the paradox reveals the human struggle and the irony that resisting temptation can be particularly challenging.

• “The more you know, the more you realize you don’t know.” This paradox highlights the idea that as knowledge increases, awareness of one’s own ignorance also grows.
• “I’m nobody.” This paradoxical statement suggests that by claiming to be nobody, one may actually be asserting their individuality or unique perspective.
• “This is the beginning of the end.” This paradox captures the contradictory notion that an ending can also mark the start of something new.
• “You have to be cruel to be kind.” This paradox suggests that sometimes, an act of apparent cruelty can actually be a kind or compassionate action in the long run.

Paradoxes challenge our thinking by presenting ideas that seem contradictory on the surface but contain a deeper truth or insight. They engage our minds, provoke reflection, and encourage us to question assumptions and explore complexities. Paradoxes can be found in literature, philosophy, and everyday language, and they help us grapple with the complexities of life and the inherent contradictions within our world.

An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two contradictory or opposite terms to create a new meaning or concept. It’s a way of expressing a paradoxical idea by placing contrasting words side by side.

To understand an oxymoron, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “bittersweet.” The term “bitter” and “sweet” are opposites, as bitterness and sweetness are contradictory tastes. However, when used together as an oxymoron, “bittersweet” creates a unique meaning that expresses a complex blend of both positive and negative emotions.

• “Jumbo shrimp.” The word “jumbo” suggests something large, while “shrimp” refers to something small. Together, they create an oxymoron that plays on the contrasting sizes.
• “Living dead.” This oxymoron combines the idea of being alive (“living”) with the notion of being deceased (“dead”).
• “Deafening silence.” The word “deafening” suggests a loud and overwhelming sound, while “silence” refers to the absence of sound. This oxymoron creates a powerful image of a silence that is so profound it becomes almost overwhelming.
• “Cruel kindness.” This oxymoron combines the contrasting ideas of cruelty and kindness, suggesting a kind act that may have an unintended negative impact.

Oxymorons add depth, complexity, and intrigue to language. By combining contradictory terms, they create a vivid and memorable effect. Oxymorons often capture the nuances and complexities of human experiences by highlighting the coexistence of opposing elements. They challenge our expectations, provoke thought, and provide a fresh perspective on familiar concepts.

An epigram is a short and witty statement or verse that expresses a clever or insightful idea. It’s a concise and memorable way of conveying a thought, often with a touch of humor or irony.

To understand an epigram, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone saying, “I can resist everything except temptation.” This short statement by Oscar Wilde captures a clever twist on the idea of resisting temptation, highlighting the humorous struggle many people face.

• “In youth, we learn; in age, we understand.” This epigram by Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach captures the idea that as we grow older, we gain wisdom and a deeper understanding of life.
• “A little learning is a dangerous thing.” This epigram by Alexander Pope highlights the idea that having limited knowledge on a subject can be more harmful than having no knowledge at all.
• “I can resist everything but temptation.” This playful epigram by Oscar Wilde adds a humorous twist by emphasizing the difficulty of resisting temptation.
• “Honesty is the best policy, but insanity is a better defense.” This epigram plays on the idea that sometimes, unconventional or unexpected approaches can yield surprising results.

Epigrams are often used to encapsulate a complex idea concisely and cleverly. They provide a memorable way to express a thought, provoke thought, or offer a fresh perspective on a subject. Epigrams are commonly found in literature, speeches, and everyday conversations. They add a touch of wit, humor, and insight to the language, making them a powerful and engaging form of expression.

Irony is a figure of speech that involves the use of words or expressions to convey a meaning that is the opposite of their literal meaning. It is a way of using language to express a contrast between what is said and what is meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.

To understand irony, let’s look at an example. Imagine it’s raining heavily outside, and someone looks out the window and says, “What a beautiful day!” Here, the statement is ironic because the speaker’s words directly contradict the reality of the rainy weather.

There are three main types of irony:

• Verbal irony: This involves saying one thing but meaning the opposite. For example: “Oh, that’s just great. Now we’re really in trouble.” (said sarcastically when something goes wrong)
• Dramatic irony: This occurs when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in a story or play do not. For example: In the play “Romeo and Juliet,” the audience knows that Juliet is not really dead, but Romeo does not, and he kills himself in despair.
• Situational irony: This involves a situation in which the outcome is the opposite of what was expected or intended.
• A fire station burns down. This is an example of situational irony because it’s unexpected and contrary to what one would normally expect to happen.
• A dentist with bad teeth. This is an example of verbal irony because it’s a contradiction between what is said (a dentist is someone who takes care of teeth) and the situation (the dentist has bad teeth).
• A person saying “I love waking up early” when they’re known for always sleeping in. This is an example of irony because their words contradict their actions or reputation.
• A person saying “Great job!” sarcastically when someone makes a mistake. This is an example of dramatic irony because the person’s words convey the opposite of what they truly mean.

Irony adds depth and complexity to language by highlighting contradictions or unexpected outcomes. It can be used to convey humor, make a point, or create a sense of surprise. Irony often relies on context or an understanding of the situation to appreciate the contrast between what is expected and what actually occurs. It’s a powerful tool in literature, comedy, and everyday communication.

A pun is a figure of speech that involves the use of words that have multiple meanings or that sound similar to create a humorous or clever effect. It is a play on words that relies on the use of words that have more than one meaning or that sound similar to create a humorous or clever effect.

To understand a pun, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.” In this pun, the word “dough” has a double meaning. It can refer to the bread-making ingredient, but it is also used colloquially to mean money. The pun cleverly plays on this dual meaning to create a humorous effect.

• “I’m reading a book about anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down!” This pun relies on the double meaning of “put down” as both physically placing something down and losing interest in a book.
• “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough bread. It wasn’t my knead.” This pun plays on the words “bread” and “knead,” using a word that sounds similar to “need” to create a humorous effect.
• “I’m glad I know sign language; it’s pretty handy.” This pun relies on the double meaning of “handy” as both having practical skills and being physically helpful.
• “Why did the scarecrow win an award? Because he was outstanding in his field!” This pun uses the word “outstanding” to play on the idea of the scarecrow being exceptional in his field (the field where crops grow).

Puns are a form of wordplay that adds humor, cleverness, and wit to language. They rely on the multiple meanings, homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings), or wordplay to create a humorous or clever effect. Puns can be found in jokes, advertising slogans, literature, and everyday conversations. They’re a playful and entertaining way to engage with language and tickle our funny bones.

Metonymy is a figure of speech that involves using a word or phrase to represent something closely associated with it, but not actually part of it. It’s a way of referring to something by mentioning another word or phrase that is related to it.

To understand metonymy, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “The pen is mightier than the sword.” Here, the word “pen” is used to represent writing or communication, while the word “sword” symbolizes warfare or violence. The phrase suggests that the power of words and ideas (represented by the pen) can be more influential than physical force (represented by the sword).

• “The crown” refers to a king or queen. In this case, the word “crown” is used to represent the power and authority associated with royalty.
• “The White House issued a statement.” Here, “White House” is used to represent the government or the President of the United States, as the White House is closely associated with political decision-making.
• “Let me give you a hand.” In this expression, “hand” is used to represent assistance or help, indicating a willingness to support or lend a hand.
• “The press” refers to journalists or the media. Here, the word “press” is used to represent the industry or people involved in news reporting.

Metonymy allows us to use a word or phrase closely related to something to represent or refer to it. It adds depth, symbolism, and economy to language by using associations to convey meaning. Metonymy is commonly used in literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversations. It provides a way to express ideas concisely and indirectly, while still being understood within the context.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves using a part of something to represent the whole or using the whole to represent a part. It’s a way of referring to something by mentioning a related, but distinct, part or whole.

To understand synecdoche, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “All hands on deck!” Here, the word “hands” is used to represent the whole person or the entire crew on a ship. By referring to a part (hands), the speaker is actually referring to the larger group (the crew).

• “Nice wheels!” Here, the word “wheels” is used to refer to a car. The wheels are just a part of the car, but they represent the whole vehicle.
• “The law” refers to the police or legal system. In this case, the word “law” is used to represent the entire system of rules and law enforcement.
• “He’s a hired gun.” Here, the phrase “hired gun” is used to represent a person who is hired to carry out a specific task or job. The term “gun” refers to the person as a whole.

Synecdoche allows us to use a specific part or whole to represent something larger or smaller, creating a figurative meaning. It adds richness and depth to language by using associations and connections. Synecdoche can be found in literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversations. It provides a way to convey meaning in a concise and evocative manner by using familiar relationships between parts and wholes.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that involves using words that imitate or mimic the sound associated with the object or action they describe. It’s a way of creating a connection between the word and the sound it represents, making the text more vivid and engaging for the reader or listener.

To understand onomatopoeia, let’s look at some examples. Imagine the sound of a clock ticking, and someone says, “tick-tock.” Here, the word “tick-tock” imitates the actual sound made by the clock, creating an onomatopoeic effect.

• “Buzz” represents the sound of a bee flying around.
• “Boom” imitates the sound of an explosion.
• “Hiss” imitates the sound a snake makes.
• “Splash” imitates the sound of something falling into water.

Onomatopoeic words add a sense of realism, sensory experience, and sound imagery to writing. They allow readers to imagine or hear the sounds being described more vividly. Onomatopoeia is commonly used in literature, poetry, comic books, and children’s stories. By using words that imitate sounds, writers and speakers can bring their descriptions to life and engage the senses of their audience.

Classification of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech can be classified into various categories based on the different ways they manipulate language. Here are some common classifications of figures of speech:

• Simile: Comparing two things using “like” or “as” (e.g., “She sings like an angel”).
• Metaphor: Describing something by equating it with another unrelated thing (e.g., “He’s a shining star”).
• Metonymy: Using a word or phrase to represent something closely associated with it (e.g., “The pen is mightier than the sword”).
• Synecdoche: Using a part to represent the whole or vice versa (e.g., “All hands on deck”).
• Hyperbole: Exaggerating or overstating for emphasis or effect (e.g., “I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse”).
• Litotes: Understating or expressing something by negating its opposite (e.g., “She’s not unkind”).
• Alliteration: Repeating the same sound or letter at the beginning of closely connected words (e.g., “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers”).
• Assonance: Repetition of similar vowel sounds within words (e.g., “fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese”).
• Apostrophe: Directly addressing an absent person or an abstract idea as if it were present (e.g., “O, Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?”).
• Irony: Expressing something contrary to the intended meaning for humorous or dramatic effect (e.g., “The teacher said the test was easy, but it was actually very difficult”).
• Oxymoron: Combining two contradictory terms to create a new meaning (e.g., “bittersweet” or “jumbo shrimp”).
• Anaphora: Repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences (e.g., “I have a dream… I have a dream…”).
• Epiphora or Epistrophe: Repeating the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences (e.g., “When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child”).

These are just a few examples of how figures of speech can be classified. Note that some figures of speech may fall into multiple categories, and there can be variations and subcategories within each classification.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the purpose of using figures of speech.

Figures of speech serve various purposes in communication. They add depth, creativity, and vividness to language, making it more engaging, memorable, and expressive. They help convey complex ideas, evoke emotions, create imagery, and enhance the overall impact of the message being communicated.

How do figures of speech enhance writing and speaking?

Figures of speech enhance writing and speaking by adding rhetorical devices and literary techniques that make the language more interesting and impactful. They capture the attention of the audience, evoke emotions, paint vivid pictures, and create a lasting impression. They make communication more persuasive, memorable, and engaging.

Can figures of speech be used in everyday conversations?

Absolutely! Figures of speech are not limited to formal writing or literature. They can be used in everyday conversations to make your speech more colorful, expressive, and engaging. Whether it’s using a simile to describe something, employing a metaphor to convey meaning, or utilizing a witty pun, figures of speech can add flair to your everyday communication.

How can one improve their use of figures of speech?

Improving the use of figures of speech involves developing a strong grasp of different types of figures of speech and their appropriate usage. Reading widely, exploring various literary works, and studying examples of figures of speech can enhance your understanding and help you recognize their applications in different contexts. Regular practice and experimentation in writing and speaking can also improve your ability to incorporate figures of speech effectively.

Parts of Speech: Definition and Types with Examples

Sentence Structure: Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences

Sentence: Definition & Types with Examples

Clauses: Definition, Types and Examples

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Figure of Speech: Definition

Significance of figures of speech in english, types of figures of speech, illustrations of figurative language, key takeaways:, understanding 13 figures of speech: comprehensive guide and examples.

English language is rich in figures of speech, which enhance our communication by adding depth and nuanced meanings to our words. To grasp this linguistic phenomenon fully, it is essential to familiarize ourselves with different types of figures of speech and examine them through examples.

Even if you are familiar with the phrase, it's important to understand the meaning of a "figure of speech":

A figure of speech is a rhetorical device in which the intended meaning of a word or phrase cannot be interpreted literally from its literal words. In other words, figures of speech employ words or phrases to convey meanings beyond their literal interpretation.

Rhetorical devices are techniques used by writers or speakers to convey meaning, elicit emotional responses, and often persuade or convince the audience.

Figures of speech can be employed both in spoken language and writing. They help us create vivid mental imagery for our listeners and readers, depending on the mode of communication.

Figures of speech find use in both fiction and non-fiction writing, serving various purposes and achieving diverse effects, which we will explore in this article.

Why do we bother using figures of speech and what is their significance in English?

Figures of speech serve various purposes and can be employed to:

Make descriptions of people, places, and things more engaging and interesting (e.g., The ocean stretched out like an endless blue-green carpet .)

Highlight and emphasize emotions (e.g., Her sadness was a supervolcano, ready to erupt at any moment .)

Create a sense of urgency or excitement (e.g., Bang! Pop! The barn crumpled to the ground as the flames engulfed the last wooden posts supporting it .)

Draw comparisons between different subjects (e.g., The puppy dashed into the waves, while the old dog observed, stiller than a petrified tree in the forest .)

The effect generated by a figure of speech largely depends on the specific type employed. Let's now explore various types of figures of speech in more depth:

There is an extensive array of figures of speech. Here is a list covering some of the most prominent ones:

Metaphor: A figure of speech that describes something by likening it to another thing.

Simile: A figure of speech that compares something to another using "like" or "as".

Irony: The use of words to express the opposite of their literal meaning.

Idiom: Phrases or expressions whose meaning is figurative and differs from the literal interpretation of their words.

Euphemism: The use of mild or indirect words or expressions in place of harsh or blunt ones.

Hyperbole: A figure of speech that involves deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect.

Pun: A play on words that exploits different meanings or similar sounds of words, often for humorous or rhetorical effect.

Epigram: A concise and witty statement that conveys an idea, often with a satirical undertone.

Circumlocution: The use of many words to express an idea instead of being concise, often resulting in vagueness or ambiguity.

Onomatopoeia: Words that phonetically imitate or evoke the sound they represent.

Personification: A figure of speech attributing human characteristics or qualities to non-human entities.

Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of figures of speech. However, it offers a good starting point to understand the different effects and impacts they can create in language usage.

Fig 2. - Figures of speech can bring writing to life!

Now, let's delve into a few common figures of speech and explore them in more detail:

Metaphor in Figure of Speech

A metaphor directly likens one thing to another by stating that the former is the latter. Metaphors have been widely employed across various literary genres. For example, in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1597):

But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun!"

-Romeo and Juliet, W. Shakespeare, 1597 1

In this instance, Juliet is metaphorically compared to the sun in the line "and Juliet is the sun." This metaphor conveys Romeo's intense love for Juliet by emphasizing her importance and radiant nature, much like the sun.

Oxymoron in Figure of Speech

An oxymoron involves combining contradictory terms to emphasize the meaning of the second word . Here's an example from Alfred Tennyson's Lancelot and Elaine (1870) that contains two oxymorons:

His honour rooted in dishonour stood, and faith unfaithful kept him falsely true."

-A. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine, 1870 2

In this example, two oxymorons are present: "faith unfaithful" and "falsely true." Both of these oxymorons serve to depict Lancelot as a paradoxical character, embodying both honor and dishonor, truth and falsehood. The positioning of "unfaithful" and "true" as the concluding words of each oxymoron presents Lancelot as indeed being both of these attributes , forming yet another oxymoron.

Fun fact! The term "oxymoron" itself is an oxymoron. It consists of two words with opposite meanings of Greek origin: oxus (meaning "sharp") and moros (meaning "dull"). Translated directly, "oxymoron" means "sharpdull."

Idiom in Figure of Speech

Idioms are phrases where the literal meaning of the words is entirely different from their figurative or intended meaning. They have been extensively used in literature as well.

The world is an oyster, but you don't crack it open on a mattress!"

-A. Miller, Death of a Salesman, 1949 3

You might be familiar with the phrase "the world is your oyster," which has nothing to do with actual oysters but symbolizes possibilities and opportunities. In Death of a Salesman , Willy Loman employs this idiom and adds a twist by saying, "you don't crack it open on a mattress." Willy addresses his son, Happy, explaining that although life offers numerous opportunities, success requires hard work and effort.

Simile in Figure of Speech

Similes resemble metaphors, but instead of asserting one thing is another, similes establish that one thing is like another. Similes utilize words such as "like" or "as." Consider this example from Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1868):

...she tried to get rid of the kitten which had scrambled up her back and stuck like a burr just out of reach."

-L.M. Alcott, Little Women, 1868 4

In this excerpt, a character attempts to remove a kitten that has climbed onto her back. The simile "stuck like a burr" describes the difficulty of removing the kitten and the character's discomfort. Burrs are often prickly, hence conveying the idea of the kitten's claws.

Fig 3. - An example of a spiky burr. A burr is a seed or dried fruit covered in hairs, thorns, or hooked spines.

Hyperbole in Figure of Speech

Hyperbole involves deliberate exaggeration, not meant to be taken literally, to emphasize or intensify certain characteristics or emotions. Writers employ hyperbole to underscore the extremity of situations or feelings, be it extreme hunger, size, speed, intelligence, etc. Illustratively, consider this extract from William Goldman's The Princess Bride (1973):

I died that day!"

-W. Goldman, The Princess Bride, 1973 5

Princess Buttercup conveys the immense devastation she experienced following Westley's death at the hands of Dread Pirate Roberts. While she did not physically die, her emotional anguish was so profound that it felt as though a part of her had perished with him. The absence of Westley has left her feeling hollow and devoid of life.

Here are some examples of different figures of speech in literature:

• Metaphor: "Love is a cruel mistress."
• Simile: "She is as lovely as a rose."
• Idiom: "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
• Hyperbole: "I'm so hungry I could eat a chest of drawers!"
• Oxymoron: "pretty ugly", "seriously funny", "clearly confused"
• Irony: (on a rainy day) "What a beautiful day!"
• Euphemism: "He kicked the bucket."
• Metonymy: "Long live the crown!" (referring to a king or queen)
• Pun: "English students have a lot of comma sense."
• Epigram: "With great power comes great responsibility."
• Circumlocution: "There is a possibility that I might potentially have been slightly dishonest." (instead of saying, "I lied")
• Onomatopoeia: "Bang!" "sizzle," "Cuckoo!"
• Personification: "The clouds were angry."
• A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that adds emphasis and meaning to spoken and written language.
• There are various types of figures of speech, such as metaphors, similes, puns, hyperbole, idioms, and more.
• Each type of figure of speech creates a distinct effect and impact.
• Figures of speech find utility in both verbal communication and written forms across literary genres.
• Figures of speech have been extensively employed in literature, including works by Shakespeare, plays like Death of a Salesman , and modern novels.

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Figures of Speech

A picture is worth a thousand words.

We use figures of speech in "figurative language" to add colour and interest, and to awaken the imagination. Figurative language is everywhere, from classical works like Shakespeare or the Bible, to everyday speech, pop music and television commercials. It makes the reader or listener use their imagination and understand much more than the plain words.

Figurative language is the opposite of literal language. Literal language means exactly what it says. Figurative language means something different to (and usually more than) what it says on the surface:

• He ran fast . (literal)
• He ran like the wind . (figurative)

In the above example "like the wind" is a figure of speech (in this case, a simile). It is important to recognize the difference between literal and figurative language. There are many figures of speech that are commonly used and which you can learn by heart. At other times, writers and speakers may invent their own figures of speech. If you do not recognize them as figures of speech and think that they are literal, you will find it difficult to understand the language.

In this lesson we look at four common types of figure of speech:

Simile A figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing

Metaphor A figure of speech that says that one thing is another different thing

Hyperbole A figure of speech that uses an exaggerated or extravagant statement to create a strong emotional response

Oxymoron A figure of speech that deliberately uses two contradictory ideas

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Figures of Speech in English - The English Digest

Figures of speech in english.

Here in this article, we are going to learn about the 37 most popular Figures of Speech in English with Examples. Figures of speech in English are an essential part of the language that can add depth, meaning, and emphasis to our communication. They are linguistic devices or techniques that use language in a non-literal way, creating images or associations that can help us better convey our thoughts and emotions. Figures of speech in English can be used in a variety of contexts, from literature and poetry to everyday conversation.

The importance of figures of speech in English lies in their ability to convey meaning and create memorable impressions. They allow us to express ourselves in creative and unique ways, adding color and texture to our language. Whether we are trying to persuade, inform, or entertain, figures of speech can help us to communicate more effectively, making our message more engaging and memorable for our audience.

Furthermore, figures of speech in English are an important tool for writers and speakers to add flair and artistry to their work. Through the use of figurative language, they can create vivid images and evoke powerful emotions, making their work more engaging and memorable. As such, figures of speech are a vital component of effective communication, and their usage is important in all areas of language.

Here I am sharing A Comprehensive Guide to 37 Figures of Speech in English with Examples

Alliteration

Definition:

Alliteration is one of the figures of speech in English in which the same sound or letter is repeated at the beginning of two or more words in a sentence.

Explanation:

Alliteration is used to create a musical or rhythmic effect, to emphasize certain words or ideas, or to make a sentence more memorable. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Alliteration can be used to create a certain mood or tone, to emphasize certain words or ideas, or create a memorable phrase.

• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
• She sells seashells by the seashore.
• The big, bad wolf blew down the house.
• Betty Botter bought some butter.
• Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
• Dunkin’ Donuts

An allusion is one of the figures of speech in English that makes a reference to a person, place, event, or idea from history, literature, mythology, or culture. It is a literary device used by writers and speakers to add depth, meaning, and complexity to their work.

Allusions are used to draw a connection between a familiar cultural reference and a new idea or concept. They can be used to make a comparison, create a mood or atmosphere, or to provide context to a narrative. The use of allusions is based on the assumption that the reader or listener has knowledge of the reference being made.

Allusions can be found in various forms of literature, including poetry, novels, and plays, as well as in speeches, advertisements, and everyday conversations. They can be used to evoke emotions, create imagery, or add humor to a text.

• “I was surprised his nose wasn’t growing like Pinocchio’s.” This is an allusion to the character Pinocchio, who was known for his lying.
• “This place is like a Garden of Eden.” This is an allusion to the biblical Garden of Eden, known for its perfection and beauty.
• “He had the strength of ten men.” This is an allusion to the legend of Hercules, who was known for his superhuman strength.
• “She was a real Mona Lisa.” This is an allusion to the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci, known for its enigmatic smile.
• “I’m no Einstein.” This is an allusion to the famous scientist Albert Einstein, known for his intelligence and contributions to the field of physics.

Anaphora is one of the figures of speech in English in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.

Anaphora is used to create a rhythmic and powerful effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a more memorable and persuasive statement. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Anaphora can be used to create a rhythmic and powerful effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a more memorable and persuasive statement.

• “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.” (Winston Churchill)
• “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness…” (Charles Dickens)
• “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'” (Martin Luther King Jr.)
• “My fellow citizens, let no one doubt that this is a difficult and dangerous undertaking.” (John F. Kennedy)
• “Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better.” (Émile Coué)

Anthropomorphism

Anthropomorphism is one of the figures of speech in English that attributes human characteristics, qualities, or behaviors to animals, objects, or abstract concepts.

Anthropomorphism is used to create a certain mood or tone, to make abstract concepts more relatable, or to emphasize a point. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Anthropomorphism can be used to create a certain mood or tone, to make abstract concepts more relatable, or to emphasize a point.

• “The wind whispered through the trees.” (attributing the human quality of whispering to the wind)
• “The sun smiled down on us.” (attributing the human quality of smiling to the sun)
• “The clock ticked away the hours.” (attributing the human quality of ticking to a clock)
• “The city never sleeps.” (attributing the human quality of sleeping to a city)
• “The moon danced on the waves.” (attributing the human quality of dancing to the moon)

Antaclasis is a figure of speech that involves the repetition of a word or phrase, but with a different meaning each time it is repeated. It is a rhetorical device used by speakers and writers to create emphasis, humor, or irony.

Antaclasis works by repeating a word or phrase that has multiple meanings so that each repetition produces a different effect. Repeated word or phrase can be used in different contexts to create a variety of meanings and connotations. It is often used for its comic effect, but can also be used for its dramatic or persuasive effect.

Antaclasis can be found in various forms of literature, including poetry, novels, and plays, as well as in speeches, advertisements, and everyday conversations. It can be used to create a sense of wit or humor, to emphasize a point, or to create a memorable catchphrase.

• “Your argument is sound, nothing but sound.” In this example, the word “sound” is repeated twice, but with different meanings. The first “sound” refers to a logical argument, while the second “sound” refers to meaningless noise.
• “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.” In this example, the word “flies” is repeated twice, but with different meanings. The first “flies” is a verb referring to the passage of time, while the second “flies” is a noun referring to a type of insect.
• “If you don’t stand for something, you will fall for anything.” In this example, the word “stand” is repeated twice, but with different meanings. The first “stand” refers to having a belief or principle, while the second “stand” refers to physically standing up.
• “I can resist everything except temptation.” In this example, the word “resist” is repeated twice, but with different meanings. The first “resist” refers to the act of refusing, while the second “resist” refers to the act of withstanding.
• “He’s a man of the world, and that world is made of clay.” In this example, the word “world” is repeated twice, but with different meanings. The first “world” refers to the man’s worldly experience, while the second “world” refers to the material from which the world is made.

Anticlimax is a figure of speech in which a series of ideas, phrases or clauses that build up to a climax or high point suddenly shift to a lower or less important idea, phrase or clause. This sudden shift in importance can be used to create a humorous effect, to convey disappointment or to deflate the expectations of the audience.

Anticlimax works by building up a sense of anticipation or excitement through the use of language, only to suddenly drop to a less important idea. This shift in focus can be used to surprise the audience, to create irony or to undermine expectations.

Anticlimax can be found in various forms of literature, including poetry, novels, and plays, as well as in speeches, advertisements, and everyday conversations. It can be used to create a sense of humor, to create an ironic effect, or to make a statement.

• “He spent years studying the classics, learning foreign languages, and traveling the world, only to end up as a cashier at a convenience store.” In this example, the list of accomplishments builds up to an expectation of success, only to end in a mundane occupation.
• “After scaling the treacherous mountain and braving the storm, they finally reached the summit, only to find a McDonald’s restaurant.” In this example, the journey builds up to the expectation of a magnificent view, only to end in a fast food restaurant.
• “The play was an epic masterpiece, with stunning acting, intricate sets, and a gripping storyline, but unfortunately the audience was half asleep by the end.” In this example, the description of the play builds up to the expectation of a rousing success, only to be deflated by the audience’s lack of interest.
• “After years of hard work and dedication, he finally became the CEO of the company, only to discover that the company was bankrupt.” In this example, the achievement of becoming a CEO builds up to an expectation of success, only to be undermined by the company’s financial situation.
• “The party was a grand affair, with lavish decorations, fine cuisine, and top-notch entertainment, but unfortunately it was ruined by a fistfight in the corner.” In this example, the description of the party builds up to an expectation of elegance and sophistication, only to be disrupted by a violent altercation.

Antiphrasis

Antiphrasis is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to express the opposite of its usual meaning. It is a form of irony that is used to create a humorous or sarcastic effect. The meaning of the word or phrase is usually understood through the context of the sentence.

Antiphrasis works by using a word or phrase in a way that is opposite to its usual meaning, in order to create a contrast between what is said and what is meant. It is often used for its humorous or sarcastic effect and can be used to express a variety of emotions, including anger, frustration, or disbelief.

Antiphrasis can be found in various forms of literature, including poetry, novels, and plays, as well as in speeches, advertisements, and everyday conversations. It can be used to create a sense of humor, to express sarcasm, or convey a particular emotion.

• “Great job breaking that vase, clumsy!” In this example, the word “great” is used sarcastically to express disapproval of the person’s actions.
• “I love it when it rains on my birthday!” In this example, the word “love” is used ironically to express the opposite of the speaker’s true feelings.
• “Oh, sure, let’s all just sit around and do nothing. That’s a great plan!” In this example, the word “great” is used sarcastically to express frustration with the proposed plan.
• “Wow, you’re a real genius for locking your keys in the car!” In this example, the word “genius” is used sarcastically to express disapproval of the person’s actions.
• “Thanks for the huge mess you made in the kitchen. I really appreciate it!” In this example, the word “thanks” is used sarcastically to express disapproval of the person’s actions.

Antithesis is a figure of speech in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed to create a contrasting effect. This figure of speech involves the use of contrasting words, phrases, or ideas within a sentence or a pair of consecutive sentences. The purpose of antithesis is to emphasize the differences between the two ideas and to create a powerful rhetorical effect.

Antithesis works by presenting two contrasting ideas side by side to highlight their differences. This figure of speech is often used to create emphasis, to add emphasis to an argument, or to make a point more memorable. Antithesis is also used to create a sense of balance and symmetry within a sentence or paragraph.

Antithesis can be found in a variety of forms of literature, including poetry, prose, and speeches. It can be used to create a sense of contrast, to add emphasis to a point, or to create a memorable phrase. Antithesis is often used in persuasive writing to make an argument more compelling by presenting opposing viewpoints.

• “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” This famous opening line from Charles Dickens’s “A Tale of Two Cities” is an example of antithesis. The contrasting ideas of “best” and “worst” emphasize the differences between the two times.
• “Love is an ideal thing, marriage is a real thing.” This example from the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche contrasts the ideal of love with the reality of marriage.
• “To err is human, to forgive divine.” This famous quote from Alexander Pope contrasts the human tendency to make mistakes with the divine quality of forgiveness.
• “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” This famous line from John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address contrasts the self-centered desire for personal gain with the selfless desire to serve one’s country.
• “We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.” This example from Martin Luther King Jr. contrasts the need for unity with the disastrous consequences of division.

The apostrophe is a figure of speech in which an absent or imaginary person or thing is addressed as if it were present and able to respond.

An apostrophe is used to create a more vivid and memorable description of an object or idea, to emphasize certain aspects of it, or to create a certain mood or tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Apostrophes can be used to create a more vivid and memorable description of an object or idea, to emphasize certain aspects of it, or to create a certain mood or tone.

• “Oh, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” (addressing Romeo, who is not present)
• “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
• Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so.” (addressing death)
• “Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
• How I wonder what you are.” (addressing a star)
• “O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done.” (addressing a deceased captain)
• “Hello darkness, my old friend

Assonance is a figure of speech in which the same vowel sound is repeated in two or more words in a sentence.

Assonance is used to create a musical or rhythmic effect, to emphasize certain words or ideas, or to make a sentence more memorable. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Assonance can be used to create a certain mood or tone, to emphasize certain words or ideas, or to create a memorable phrase.

• The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.
• The cat sat on the mat.
• The light of the fire is a sight.
• The spider climbed higher and higher.
• The night was dark and full of terrors.
• Ocean Motion

Cataphora is a figure of speech in which a pronoun or other word refers to something that comes later in the sentence or discourse. In other words, cataphora refers to the use of a word or phrase that refers to a subsequent word or phrase that has not yet been mentioned. It is the opposite of anaphora, which refers to the use of a word or phrase that refers to something that has already been mentioned.

Cataphora is used to create a sense of anticipation and to emphasize certain words or ideas. By referring to something before it is mentioned, the speaker or writer can create a sense of continuity and connection between different parts of a sentence or discourse. Cataphora can also be used to create a sense of surprise or to build suspense.

Cataphora is commonly used in both written and spoken language and can be found in a variety of different contexts, including literature, journalism, and everyday conversation. It is often used to create a sense of flow and coherence in a sentence or discourse.

• “When he arrived at the party, John was surprised. He had never seen so many people in one place.” In this example, the pronoun “he” refers to John, who is introduced later in the sentence.
• “Before they could cross the river, the soldiers had to build a bridge. It was a difficult task, but they were determined to succeed.” In this example, the pronoun “it” refers to the task of building a bridge, which is introduced later in the sentence.
• “In the middle of the night, she heard a noise. It was only the wind, but it still made her heart race.” In this example, the pronoun “it” refers to the noise that the speaker hears, which is introduced later in the sentence.
• “With her suitcase in hand, she boarded the plane. It was the beginning of a new adventure.” In this example, the pronoun “it” refers to the new adventure that the speaker is about to embark on, which is introduced later in the sentence.
• “Feeling tired and hungry, he decided to stop at a restaurant. It was a decision he would later regret.” In this example, the pronoun “it” refers to the decision to stop at a restaurant, which is introduced later in the sentence.

Chiasmus is one of the figures of speech in English in which words or phrases are repeated in reverse order to create a parallel structure.

Chiasmus is used to create a more memorable and impactful statement, to emphasize a point, or to create a certain mood or tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Chiasmus can be used to create a more memorable and impactful statement, to emphasize a point, or to create a certain mood or tone.

• “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy)
• “You can take the boy out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the boy.”
• “It’s not the size of the dog in the fight, it’s the size of the fight in the dog.” (Mark Twain)
• “She goes to school to learn, not for a fashion show.”
• “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.” (John F. Kennedy)

Climax is one of the figures of speech in English that involves the arrangement of words, phrases or clauses in order of increasing importance or significance. The purpose of this figure of speech is to create a sense of anticipation, excitement or emphasis by building up to a high point in the sentence or discourse.

The climax involves the use of a series of words, phrases or clauses that are arranged in order of increasing importance or significance. This arrangement creates a sense of tension and anticipation as the listener or reader waits for the high point or climax of the sentence or discourse. The climax may be a single word, phrase or idea, or it may be a culmination of several ideas that have been built up over the course of the sentence or discourse.

Climax is a common figure of speech that can be used in a variety of different contexts, including literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversation. It is often used to create a sense of drama or excitement or to emphasize a particular point or idea.

• “She walked into the room, and everyone turned to look at her. She was stunning, with her long blonde hair, bright blue eyes, and radiant smile.” In this example, the climax is the description of the woman’s appearance, which is built up over the course of the sentence.
• “I studied hard, day and night, for months on end. I took every practice test I could find, and I never gave up. And finally, after all my hard work, I passed the exam with flying colors.” In this example, the climax is the moment when the speaker passes the exam, which is built up over the course of the sentence.
• “The storm grew stronger and stronger, the winds howling and the rain pounding down. Trees were uprooted and houses destroyed, and still the storm raged on.” In this example, the climax is the description of the destruction caused by the storm, which is built up over the course of the sentence.
• “He stood at the edge of the cliff, looking out over the vast expanse of the ocean. The sun was setting, casting a warm golden glow over the water, and for a moment, he felt at peace.” In this example, the climax is the moment when the speaker feels at peace, which is built up over the course of the sentence.
• “The music swelled and the lights dimmed, as the curtains slowly opened to reveal the stage. The audience held its breath, waiting for the show to begin, and then suddenly, the spotlight fell on the lead actor, who began to sing.” In this example, the climax is the moment when the lead actor begins to sing, which is built up over the course of the sentence.

Circumlocution

Circumlocution is one of the figures of speech in English involves the use of many words to express an idea that could be expressed with fewer, more direct words. It is often used to avoid using a specific word or to make a point in a more indirect way.

Circumlocution involves using more words than necessary to express an idea, often in a roundabout or indirect way. This figure of speech is used to avoid using a specific word or to make a point in a more subtle or nuanced way. Circumlocution can be effective in certain contexts, such as diplomacy or creative writing, but it can also be seen as a form of obfuscation or deliberate vagueness.

Circumlocution is used in many different contexts, including politics, literature, and everyday conversation. It can be used to soften the impact of a statement, to avoid offending someone, or to create a more complex or nuanced description.

• “He passed away peacefully in his sleep.” Instead of using the more direct word “died,” this circumlocution is often used to soften the impact of the statement.
• “I am not at liberty to disclose that information.” Instead of saying “I can’t tell you,” this circumlocution is often used to avoid giving a direct answer.
• “The sun was setting behind the mountains, casting a warm glow across the sky.” Instead of saying “The sky was orange,” this circumlocution is used to create a more descriptive and poetic image.
• “I’m afraid I’m not feeling quite myself today.” Instead of saying “I’m sick,” this circumlocution is often used to avoid alarming others or to downplay the severity of the situation.
• “The company is experiencing some challenges in meeting its financial obligations.” Instead of saying “The company is going bankrupt,” this circumlocution is often used to avoid alarming stakeholders or to create a more positive spin on a negative situation.

Dysphemism is one of the figures of speech in English that involves the use of an intentionally derogatory or negative word or expression in place of a neutral or positive one. The purpose of this figure of speech is to create a negative or offensive tone or to express disapproval or contempt for the thing being described.

Dysphemism involves the use of language that is intentionally negative or derogatory, often to create a more emotional or charged effect than would be achieved with neutral or positive language. Dysphemism can be used to insult or offend someone, to express disapproval or contempt for a person or thing, or to make a statement more powerful or provocative.

Dysphemism is often used in political and social commentary, advertising, and everyday conversation. It can be used to create a strong emotional response, to ridicule or attack an opponent, or to express strong negative feelings.

• “He’s not bald, he’s follically challenged.” In this example, “follically challenged” is a dysphemism for “bald,” intended to soften the negative connotation of the word “bald.”
• “She didn’t die, she just kicked the bucket.” In this example, “kicked the bucket” is a dysphemism for “died,” intended to make light of a serious situation.
• “The restaurant was a real dump.” In this example, “dump” is a dysphemism for “restaurant,” intended to express disdain or disapproval for the establishment.
• “I don’t want to work with him, he’s a total slimeball.” In this example, “slimeball” is a dysphemism for a negative description of the person being referred to.
• “That car is a piece of junk.” In this example, “piece of junk” is a dysphemism for “car,” intended to express strong disapproval or disdain for the vehicle.

Ellipsis is one of the figures of speech in English that involves the omission of one or more words that are implied but not actually stated. This can create a more concise and impactful sentence or add an air of mystery or suspense to a phrase.

Ellipsis involves leaving out a word or words that are implied but not explicitly stated, often for the purpose of creating a more concise and impactful sentence. This figure of speech is commonly used in literature and everyday conversation to create an air of mystery or suspense or to add a sense of urgency or excitement to a phrase.

Ellipsis is used in many different contexts, including literature, poetry, and everyday conversation. It can be used to create a sense of tension, convey emotion or drama, or create a more concise and impactful sentence.

• “After all this time?” “Always.” In this exchange from the Harry Potter series, the ellipsis creates a sense of suspense and drama.
• “The night was dark and stormy…” This ellipsis creates a sense of mystery and foreboding, inviting the reader to imagine what might come next.
• “She looked into his eyes and saw… nothing.” This ellipsis creates a sense of disappointment and finality.
• “I came, I saw, I conquered.” In this famous phrase from Julius Caesar, the ellipsis creates a sense of speed and efficiency, emphasizing the speaker’s power and authority.
• “He was a man of few words, but…” This ellipsis creates a sense of anticipation, inviting the listener to imagine what might come next

Euphemism is one of the figures of speech in English in which a mild or indirect word or phrase is substituted for one that is considered too harsh, blunt, or unpleasant.

Euphemism is used to soften the impact of a harsh or unpleasant statement, to create a more polite or politically correct statement, or to create a more positive or less offensive tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Euphemism can be used to soften the impact of a harsh or unpleasant statement, to create a more polite or politically correct statement, or to create a more positive or less offensive tone.

• “Let go” instead of “fired”
• “Pass away” instead of “die”
• “Vertically challenged” instead of “short”
• “Restroom” instead of “bathroom”
• “Collateral damage” instead of “civilian casualties”

Epigram is one of the figures of speech in English that consists of a short, witty, and often paradoxical statement that conveys a clever or insightful message in a memorable way.

An epigram is a concise, memorable statement that often combines elements of surprise, humor, and insight. It is typically used to make a point or express a clever observation about a particular subject or situation. Epigrams are often associated with wit, satire, and humor, and can be found in literature, poetry, and everyday conversation.

Epigrams are used in a variety of contexts, including literature, politics, and everyday conversation. They are often used to make a point, express an opinion, or convey a clever or insightful message in a memorable way.

• “I can resist everything except temptation.” – Oscar Wilde
• “A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.” – Oscar Wilde
• “Youth is a wonderful thing. What a crime to waste it on children.” – George Bernard Shaw
• “If at first, you don’t succeed, try, try again. Then quit. There’s no use being a damn fool about it.” – W.C. Fields
• “The only way to get rid of temptation is to yield to it.” – Oscar Wilde

Epistrophe is one of the figures of speech in English in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses or sentences.

Epistrophe is similar to anaphora, but the repeated word or phrase is used at the end of the clause or sentence instead of the beginning. It is used to create a rhythmic and powerful effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a more memorable and persuasive statement.

Epistrophe can be used to create a rhythmic and powerful effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a more memorable and persuasive statement.

• “Where now? Who now? When now?” (Samuel Beckett)
• “And all the night he did nothing but weep Philoclea, sigh Philoclea, and cry out Philoclea.” (Philip Sidney)
• “When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things.” (1 Corinthians 13:11, King James Version)
• “I’ll have my bond! Speak not against my bond! I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond!” (Shakespeare’s “The Merchant of Venice”)

Hyperbole is one of the figures of speech in English in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect.

Hyperbole is used to create a sense of drama or exaggeration, to make a point more forcefully, or to add humor to a statement. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Hyperbole can be used to emphasize the extent of a situation or emotion, to make a point more effectively, or to add humor or irony to a statement.

• I’ve told you a million times.
• I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
• This suitcase weighs a ton.
• The line for the concert stretched for miles.
• My heart skipped a thousand beats.
• He’s as tall as a skyscraper.

The irony is one of the figures of speech in English in which the intended meaning is opposite to the literal meaning.

The irony is used to create a humorous or satirical effect, to criticize something indirectly, or to emphasize a point. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Irony can be used to create a humorous or satirical effect, to criticize something indirectly, or to emphasize a point.

• A fire station burned down.
• A traffic jam on the way to a protest against traffic congestion.
• “What a beautiful day!” said the man as it started to rain.
• “I love it when my computer crashes,” said no one ever.
• The best way to avoid a hangover is to stay sober.

Litotes is one of the figures of speech in English in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite.

Litotes is used to create a more subtle and nuanced description of an object or idea, to express understatement, or to create a certain mood or tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Litotes can be used to create a more subtle and nuanced description of an object or idea, to express understatement, or to create a certain mood or tone.

• “She’s not the smartest person in the world.” (expressing that she is not very smart)
• “He’s not the nicest guy around.” (expressing that he is not very nice)
• “The test wasn’t exactly easy.” (expressing that the test was difficult)
• “I’m not unhappy with the results.” (expressing that the results were satisfactory, but not necessarily happy about them)
• “He’s not a bad singer.” (expressing that he is a good singer)

A merism is one of the figures of speech in English that involves the use of two contrasting or opposite parts to represent the entirety of something. This figure of speech is often used to emphasize the completeness or totality of a concept.

A merism is a figure of speech that uses contrasting or opposite parts to represent the entirety of something. It is often used to emphasize the completeness or totality of a concept. For example, the phrase “from head to toe” is a merism that implies the entire body. Similarly, the phrase “high and low” implies the entire range of possibilities.

A merism is commonly used in literature, poetry, and everyday conversation to emphasize the completeness or totality of a concept. It can be used to describe a wide range of things, from physical objects to abstract ideas.

• “He searched high and low for the missing key.” – This merism is used to emphasize the thoroughness of the search.
• “She knew everything from A to Z.” – This merism is used to indicate the speaker’s comprehensive knowledge of a subject.
• “He was a man of wealth and taste.” – This merism is used to describe the character in a concise and memorable way.
• “He turned the house upside down looking for his wallet.” – This merism is used to emphasize the thoroughness of the search.
• “I will love you from now until forever.” – This merism is used to emphasize the depth and duration of the speaker’s love.

A metaphor is one of the figures of speech in English that compares two different things without using the words “like” or “as”.

A metaphor is used to create a direct comparison between two dissimilar things, to illustrate a point or create vivid imagery. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

A metaphor can be used to convey complex ideas and emotions, describe people, places, and things, or create vivid and memorable images in the reader’s mind.

• Life is a journey.
• The world is a stage.
• The snow is a white blanket.
• Her eyes were shining jewels.
• He has a heart of stone.
• Time is a thief.

Metonymy is one of the figures of speech in English in which a word is replaced with another word that is closely associated with it.

Metonymy is used to create a more vivid and memorable description of an object or idea, to emphasize certain aspects of it, or to create a certain mood or tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Metonymy can be used to create a more vivid and memorable description of an object or idea, to emphasize certain aspects of it, or to create a certain mood or tone.

• The Crown (referring to the monarch)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (referring to written words)
• Hollywood (referring to the American film industry)
• The dish is too salty. (referring to the food)
• The suits (referring to the businessmen)
• The track (referring to the racecourse)

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is one of the figures of speech in English in in which words are used to imitate the sounds of objects or actions they describe.

Onomatopoeia is used to create a more vivid and sensory description of objects or actions, to create a certain mood or tone, or to add humor to a statement. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Onomatopoeia can be used to create a more vivid and sensory description of objects or actions, to create a certain mood or tone, or to add humor to a statement.

• The clock ticked loudly in the silent room.
• The bee buzzed around the flower. “Buzz” (the sound of a bee)
• The thunder roared in the distance.
• The car honked its horn in frustration.
• The popcorn popped loudly in the microwave.
• “Hiss” (the sound of a snake)
• “Splash” (the sound of water)
• “Crunch” (the sound of something being crushed)
• “Sizzle” (the sound of something cooking)

Oxymoron is one of the figures of speech in English in which two contradictory terms are combined to create a new meaning.

Oxymoron is used to create a humorous or paradoxical effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a memorable and striking description. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Oxymoron can be used to create a humorous or paradoxical effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a memorable and striking description.

• “Jumbo shrimp” (combining the large and small)
• “Sweet sorrow” (combining the pleasant and unpleasant)
• “Living dead” (combining life and death)
• “Deafening silence” (combining sound and silence)
• “Cruel kindness” (combining cruelty and kindness)
• Bittersweet
• Pretty ugly
• Open secret

A paradox is a statement or situation that appears to be contradictory or absurd, but is actually true or has a deeper meaning.

Paradox is used to create a thought-provoking effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a certain mood or tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Paradoxes can be used to create a thought-provoking effect, to emphasize a point, or to create a certain mood or tone.

• “Less is more.” (meaning that simplicity can be more effective than complexity)
• “I am nobody.” (meaning that the speaker doesn’t want to be defined by societal labels)
• “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” (meaning that two opposing parties can temporarily ally against a common enemy)
• “This statement is false.” (a self-contradictory statement that challenges the notion of absolute truth)
• “The beginning of the end.” (referring to a point at which something begins to decline)

Pathetic Fallacy

Pathetic Fallacy is one of the figures of speech in English in which human emotions or traits are attributed to inanimate objects or nature.

Pathetic Fallacy is used to create a certain mood or tone, to emphasize a certain aspect of a subject, or to evoke certain emotions in the reader or listener. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Pathetic Fallacy can be used to create a certain mood or tone, to emphasize a certain aspect of a subject, or to evoke certain emotions in the reader or listener.

• “The storm clouds seemed to mirror her mood.” (attributing the human emotion of sadness to the storm clouds)
• “The trees whispered secrets to one another.” (attributing the human trait of gossiping to trees)
• “The river roared with anger.” (attributing the human emotion of anger to a river)
• “The flowers danced in the breeze.” (attributing the human quality of dancing to flowers)

Personification

Personification is one of the figures of speech in English in which non-human objects or abstract ideas are given human qualities or characteristics.

Personification is used to create vivid and imaginative descriptions of non-human things, to make them more relatable and understandable to the reader. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Personification can be used to describe nature, animals, objects, and abstract ideas in a more imaginative and creative way.

• The wind howled through the trees.
• The sun smiled down at us.
• The stars danced in the sky.
• The flowers nodded their heads in the breeze.
• Fear gripped me tightly.
• The river whispered secrets to the trees.

Pleonasm is one of the figures of speech in English that involves the use of more words than are necessary to convey the intended meaning. It is often considered to be a form of redundancy, as the extra words do not add any additional information to the sentence.

Pleonasm is often used unintentionally in everyday speech and writing and can make the writing or speech sound repetitive or wordy. However, it can also be used intentionally for emphasis or rhetorical effect. In some cases, pleonasm may be used to clarify or emphasize a point, but it can also lead to confusion if used excessively.

Pleonasm is generally considered to be a poor writing style and should be avoided in formal writing. However, it is sometimes used in informal settings or for creative purposes.

• “I saw it with my own eyes.” – This sentence is an example of pleonasm, as the phrase “with my own eyes” is unnecessary and redundant when referring to something seen.
• “The round circular object.” – This sentence is an example of pleonasm, as the word “round” and “circular” mean the same thing.
• “The red blood cells.” – This sentence is an example of pleonasm, as all blood cells are red.
• “I need to eat some food to satisfy my hunger.” – This sentence is an example of pleonasm, as the word “food” is unnecessary when referring to satisfying hunger.
• “He is a man who is a true friend to me.” – This sentence is an example of pleonasm, as the phrase “true friend” is redundant when referring to a friend.

A pun is one of the figures of speech in English that involves using a word or phrase in a way that exploits its multiple meanings or sounds, often for humorous effect. It is a play on words that relies on wordplay and is often used for comedic effects.

A pun is a type of wordplay that exploits the multiple meanings or sounds of a word or phrase. It is often used for humorous effects and can add a playful or witty tone to a piece of writing or conversation. Puns can take many forms, including homophonic puns, homographic puns, and puns based on idioms or phrases.

Puns are commonly used in literature, advertising, comedy, and everyday conversation. They can be used to create humor, add emphasis, or make a point in a playful way. Puns can also be used to create clever wordplay that is memorable and attention-grabbing.

• “I’m reading a book on anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down.” – This pun uses the multiple meanings of the phrase “put down” to create a playful sentence.
• “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.” – This pun uses the multiple meanings of the word “dough” to create a clever play on words.
• “Why did the scarecrow win an award? Because he was outstanding in his field.” – This pun uses the homophonic similarity between “outstanding” and “in his field” to create a humorous sentence.
• “I’m a big fan of whiteboards. They’re remarkable.” – This pun uses the homophonic similarity between “remarkable” and “whiteboards” to create a clever play on words.
• “I’m reading a book about teleportation. It’s bound to take me places.” – This pun uses the multiple meanings of the word “bound” to create a playful sentence.

A simile is one of the figures of speech in English that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as”.

A simile is used to create an analogy between two dissimilar things, to illustrate a point or create vivid imagery. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

A simile can be used to convey emotions, describe people, places, and things, or to create vivid images in the reader’s mind.

• She sings like an angel.
• He’s as hungry as a bear.
• The water sparkled like diamonds in the sunlight.
• His heart raced like a runaway train.
• The moon is like a white balloon in the sky.
• She danced like a feather in the wind.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa.

Synecdoche is used to create a more vivid and memorable description of an object or idea, to emphasize certain aspects of it, or to create a certain mood or tone. It is a form of figurative language that can be used in both poetry and prose.

Synecdoche can be used to create a more vivid and memorable description of an object or idea, to emphasize certain aspects of it, or to create a certain mood or tone.

• The sails approached the harbor. (sails represent the ship)
• The White House announced a new policy. (White House represents the President and his administration)
• She has a new set of wheels. (wheels represent the car)
• He’s all hands on deck. (hands represent people)
• The city needs more boots on the ground. (boots represent soldiers)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (pen represents written words)

Tautology is a figure of speech that involves repeating the same idea or phrase in different words or using two words that mean the same thing to express a single idea. In other words, it is an unnecessary repetition of words or ideas that do not add any new meaning to the sentence.

Tautology is a form of redundancy that can make writing or speech sound repetitive or dull. It can also be used intentionally for emphasis or rhetorical effect, but it is generally considered poor writing style. The use of tautology can also lead to confusion, as it can create ambiguity and make it difficult to understand the intended meaning of a sentence.

Tautology is often used unintentionally in everyday conversation or writing. It can be avoided by carefully choosing words that are precise and concise, and by avoiding unnecessary repetition.

• “The future is yet to come.” – This sentence is an example of tautology, as “the future” and “yet to come” express the same idea.
• “I saw it with my own eyes.” – This sentence is also an example of tautology, as “my own” is redundant when referring to something seen.
• “The politician gave a speech about his own personal beliefs.” – This sentence is an example of tautology, as “his own personal” is redundant when referring to someone’s beliefs.
• “I need to get a new ATM machine.” – This sentence is an example of tautology, as “ATM machine” means “automated teller machine machine”.
• “He’s a man who is very strong and powerful.” – This sentence is an example of tautology, as “strong” and “powerful” express the same idea.

Understatement

Understatement is a rhetorical device in which a writer or speaker intentionally makes a situation or event seem less important or significant than it actually is. It is a figure of speech that is used to create emphasis or to downplay the seriousness of a situation.

Understatement is often used for ironic or comedic effects, as it creates a contrast between what is being said and what is actually happening. It is a type of verbal irony, where the speaker says the opposite of what they mean in order to convey a message. Understatement is also used to express modesty, to downplay one’s own achievements or accomplishments.

Understatement can be used in a variety of contexts, including literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversation. It is often used to create humor or convey a sense of understated elegance.

• After winning the lottery, she said, “I guess I’ll have to be more careful with my spending now.”
• When a football team loses 10-0, the coach says, “We had a bit of bad luck.”
• When a student gets an A+ on a difficult exam, they say, “It was no big deal.”
• When it’s raining heavily, someone says, “It’s just a little bit of rain.”
• After narrowly avoiding a car accident, someone says, “That was a bit scary, wasn’t it?”

Zeugma is a rhetorical device where a single word or phrase is used in two or more clauses, each time with a different meaning, but without repeating the word or phrase. It is a form of ellipsis that creates a surprising and often humorous effect.

Zeugma is a figure of speech that uses a word or phrase to connect two or more elements in a sentence in a clever, unexpected way. It involves the omission of a word that is implied but not stated, leaving the reader or listener to fill in the blanks. Zeugma is often used to create a humorous effect, to convey a complex idea in a concise manner, or create a sense of surprise or irony.

Zeugma can be used in a variety of contexts, including literature, poetry, song lyrics, and everyday speech. It is often used to add wit and humor to a sentence or to emphasize a point in a memorable way.

• She broke his car and his heart.
• He lost his keys and his temper.
• She opened the door and her heart to the homeless man.
• He stole both her heart and her wallet.
• She told him to leave and her apartment.

You can also refer to:

• Figures of Speech1
• Figures of Speech2
• Essay Writing
• A Detailed List of 1100 English Verbs
• Talent Tests and Olympiad Exams: A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
• Five Ways to Quickly Improve Your Spoken English
• List of Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs

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• Figure of Speech

A figure of speech is a deviation from the ordinary use of words in order to increase their effectiveness. It is also known as a rhetorical figure too because it produces a rhetorical effect. It deviates a statement from its real meaning or common usage to create a new required effect. It usually emphasises, embellishes, or clarifies language in both written and oral form. We can see its usage in literature too. We can even see it in advertisements, posters, slogans, newspapers, magazines, cartoons, etc. 

Figure of speech can easily catch eyes and highlight the purpose of use. It is designed to make a comparison and create a dramatic factor while writing or speaking. Basically, it is a figurative language that may consist of a single word or phrase. It may be a simile, a metaphor or personification to convey the meaning other than the literal meaning. It is usually classified as different schemes. The ordinary sequence or pattern of words is known as a scheme. We usually perform basic four operations as below to create the required effect:

The addition is also known as repetition, expansion, or superabundance.

An omission is also known as subtraction, abridgement or lack.

Transposition is also known as transferring.

Permutation is also known as switching, interchange, substitution, or transmutation.

We can see many varieties in figures of speech because its prime aim is to use language to create the desired effect. For example, the usage of expressions like the mouth of a river, round and round, the eye of a needle, nasty place, a stream of abuse, money talks, butterflies in the stomach, painful pride, etc. We can see it in literature, poems, movies, speeches, etc. Therefore, in this article, the importance of figure of speech along with its various types with examples will be discussed.

Importance of Figure of Speech

It enhances the beauty of the writing. It makes the sentence deeper and leaves the reader with a sense of wonder. It brings life to the words used by the writer. The figure of Speech not only shows the writer's intent but also his purpose in using such language. 

It adds flavour to the writing and makes it so much more enjoyable for the reader.

There are five major categories of figures of speech as below:

Figures of resemblance : It is also known as the figure of relationship. It is made up of simile, metaphor, or kenning.

Figures of emphasis : It is also known as a figure of an understatement. It is made up of hyperbole. 

Figures of sound : It uses alliteration.

Verbal games : It is also known as gymnastics. It includes puns.

Errors : It is created of malapropism and usually generated because of blunder.

Types of Figure Of Speech

Simile - In a simile, two things which are completely unlocked are compared with each other. A simile is introduced by words such as like, so, as etc.

Examples - 

The flower is as pretty as a picture.

He is as sober as a judge.

The floor was as slippery as an eel.

They looked like peas in a pod.

He eats like a pig.

Metaphor - When you compare two unlike or different things or ideas, it is known as a metaphor. It is an informal or implied simile in which the words ‘like’ ‘as’ are avoided. For example, He is like a Giant - Simile and He is a Giant - Metaphor. 

You are the apple of my eye.

Ocean’s sound is music to my ear.

Heart of gold.

He is a night owl.

Time is money.

Personification - In Personification, non-living things,  abstract ideas or qualities are mentioned as humans or living things.

Angry clouds surrounded the island.

Earth was thirsty for water.

The flowers talked to them in the garden.

The wind howled that night.

The snowflakes danced at night.

Apostrophe - In this figure of speech, the writer mentions the absent or inanimate objects as alive and writes about them.

“O, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”

“Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are”

“Walter, remember when the world was young and all the girls knew Walter's name? Walter, isn't it a shame the way our little world has changed.”

Oxymoron - An Oxymoron is when two words are used together in a sentence but they seem to be in contrast with each other. An oxymoron is a figure of speech that willingly uses two differing ideas. This contradiction creates a paradoxical image in the reader or listener's mind that creates a new concept or meaning for the whole.

Life is bittersweet.

They knew they could feel the joyful sadness on his arrival.

Sweet sorrow.

Peace force.

Free market.

Hyperbole - Hyperbole is when you use words to exaggerate what you mean or emphasize a point. It is used to make something seem bigger or more important than it actually is.

Example - 

It has been ages since I have had a proper meal.

Usain Bolt runs faster than the wind.

I could do this forever.

She’s older than this world.

Everybody knows me.

Pun - A pun is generally used in plays where one word has two different meanings. It is used to create humour. Humorous use of words of different meanings or the words of the same sound but different meanings is known as Pun.

A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.

Where do you find giant snails? On the ends of the giants' fingers.

Alliteration - It is a series of words, which commence with the same letter. Alliteration consists of the repetition of a sound or of a letter at the beginning of two or more words.

For Example -

Dirty dolphins dove across the ocean.

Purple pandas painted portraits. 

She sells seashells.

Nick needed new notebooks.

Fred fried frogs’ legs on Friday.

Onomatopoeia - It is the figure of speech where the word is used to describe a sound. When we explain any action by putting the sounds into language, it is known as onomatopoeia. It is generally used in fiction or in nursery rhymes, for eg- Old Macdonald had a farm E-I-E-I-O. Words like whoosh, splat, buzz, oink, click, etc., are used to create this effect. 

I could hear the leaves rustling and the wind howling. 

Bam! He hit the truck at the speed of 80 kmph.

 Anaphora - When many phrases or verses start with the same word, it is known as anaphora.

I came, I saw, I conquered.

We shall not stop. We shall go on and on. We shall move forward.

Assonance - When we use repetition of vowel sounds, it is known as assonance. 

Euphemism - It is known as a euphemism when we replace blunt, offensive, or harsh terms with soft, mild, vague, or indirect terms.

Using letting you go instead of firing

Using a little thin on top instead of getting bald

Using  passed away instead of killed or died

Using stick to the truth instead of calling someone a liar

Irony - If you use terms that contrast with what you say and what you do, it is known as irony. It’s like a difference between what is said and what is meant.

A traffic cop got a ticket for parking in a no-parking zone.

The Titanic was said to be unsinkable but got sunk on its first trip.

When the viewer knows who the killer is in the movie, but the actor doesn’t know that.

Synecdoche - If a part is represented by a whole or a whole is represented by a part, it is known as synecdoche.

Colgate – any toothpaste

Wheels – a car

Employed people – workers

The traffic – many vehicles 

Understatement - When you try to say or show something of no importance or less importance.

Referring a big wound to just a scratch

Saying it little dry instead of desert

Referring big destruction to just an accident

FAQs on Figure of Speech

1. Does the figure of speech make writing interesting?

Yes. Figure of speech adds expression, emphasises the writing and adds clarity to it. Well-researched and detailed content on the figures of speech can be found on the website of Vedantu. It can be downloaded for free in PDF format from both the website and the mobile application of Vedantu.

2. Name five most used figures of speech.

Some of the most common figure of speech are:

Personification

You can access good articles on this topic from the website of Vedantu and its mobile application.

Figure of Speech

Ai generator.

Figures of speech are linguistic tools that enhance writing and speech by adding emphasis, clarity, or flair. They involve the use of words in non-literal ways to create vivid imagery and express complex ideas more effectively. By employing techniques like metaphor , simile , and hyperbole , figures of speech enrich communication, making it more engaging and memorable for the audience. These devices are essential in both literature and everyday language.

What is a Figure of Speech?

A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that enhances language by deviating from ordinary usage to create emphasis, clarity, or creativity. Common examples include metaphors, similes, personification , and hyperbole. These devices make writing more engaging, vivid, and memorable, allowing for imaginative and impactful expression of ideas.

Types of Figures of Speech

A simile compares two different things using “like” or “as” to highlight a similarity.

• Her smile is as bright as the sun.
• He is as brave as a lion.
• The water is as clear as crystal.
• She sings like an angel.
• His explanation was as clear as mud.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor directly compares two unlike things without using “like” or “as”.

• Time is a thief.
• He has a heart of stone.
• The classroom was a zoo.
• Her voice is music to my ears.
• The world is a stage.

3. Personification

Personification gives human qualities to animals, objects, or ideas.

• The wind whispered through the trees.
• The flowers danced in the breeze.
• The car groaned as it climbed the hill.
• Time flies when you’re having fun.
• The moon smiled down on us.

4. Hyperbole

Hyperbole involves exaggerated statements for emphasis or effect.

• I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
• She has a million pairs of shoes.
• This bag weighs a ton.
• I’ve told you a thousand times.
• He runs faster than the wind.

5. Understatement

An understatement makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.

• “It’s just a scratch,” he said about the deep wound.
• Winning the lottery wasn’t a big deal to him.
• “I did okay,” she said after scoring the highest.
• The storm brought a little rain, he said about the hurricane.
• The test was somewhat challenging, said about a very difficult exam.

Irony involves saying one thing but meaning the opposite, often for humorous or emphatic effect.

• A fire station burns down.
• A plumber’s house has leaking pipes.
• A pilot has a fear of heights.
• Saying “Great!” after failing a test.
• The police station gets robbed.

7. Oxymoron

An oxymoron combines two contradictory terms.

• Deafening silence
• Jumbo shrimp
• Bitter sweet
• Living dead
• Act naturally

8. Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in closely connected words.

• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
• She sells seashells by the seashore.
• Timmy’s tiny turtle.
• Big brown bear.
• Friendly firefly.

9. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia uses words that imitate the sound they describe.

• The bees buzzed.
• The cat meowed.
• The clock ticked.
• The car honked.
• The rain pitter-pattered on the roof.

A pun is a play on words, often for a humorous effect.

• I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.
• Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
• A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.
• I’ve been to the dentist many times, so I know the drill.
• Reading while sunbathing makes you well-red.

11. Anaphora

Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.

• “I have a dream” in Martin Luther King’s speech.
• Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better.
• We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds.
• It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.
• With malice toward none; with charity for all.

12. Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered too harsh or blunt.

• Passed away instead of died.
• Let go instead of fired.
• Correctional facility instead of jail.
• Economical with the truth instead of lying.
• Between jobs instead of unemployed.

13. Metonymy

Metonymy replaces the name of something with something else closely related to it.

• The pen is mightier than the sword (pen refers to writing, sword to fighting).
• The White House issued a statement (White House refers to the President or staff).
• The crown will find an heir (crown refers to monarchy).
• Hollywood is obsessed with sequels (Hollywood refers to the film industry).
• The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings (suits refers to business people).

14. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa.

• All hands on deck (hands refer to sailors).
• Nice wheels (wheels refer to the car).
• The hired hands (hands refer to workers).
• The White House (referring to the President or staff).
• New faces (referring to new people).

15. Antithesis

Antithesis juxtaposes two contrasting ideas in a balanced way.

• Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
• Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.
• That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
• To err is human; to forgive, divine.

16. Litotes

Litotes is an understatement in which a positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite.

• Not bad (meaning good).
• She’s not unkind (meaning kind).
• He’s no fool (meaning smart).
• It’s not impossible (meaning possible).
• I’m not unhappy (meaning happy).

17. Apostrophe

Apostrophe addresses someone absent, dead, or something non-human as if it were alive and present.

• O Death, where is thy sting?
• Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.
• Hello darkness, my old friend.
• Is this a dagger which I see before me?
• O, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?

18. Allusion

Allusion is an indirect reference to a person, event, or piece of literature.

• He was a real Romeo with the ladies.
• She had a Cinderella story.
• He’s a Scrooge when it comes to money.
• This place is like a Garden of Eden.
• Don’t act like a Judas.

19. Paradox

A paradox is a statement that appears contradictory but reveals a truth.

• Less is more.
• I know one thing: that I know nothing.
• The beginning of the end.
• I am nobody.
• This is the beginning of the end.

20. Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures.

• Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.
• Do I love you because you’re beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?
• You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.
• Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
• It’s not the men in my life, it’s the life in my men.

Importance of Figure of Speech

Figures of speech play a crucial role in enhancing the beauty and effectiveness of language. Here are some key reasons why they are important:

1. Enhances Expressiveness

Figures of speech add depth and emotion to writing and speech, making communication more engaging and memorable. They help convey feelings and ideas in a more impactful way.

2. Creates Vivid Imagery

By using metaphors, similes, and other devices, figures of speech create vivid mental images for the reader or listener. This helps in visualizing the concepts and scenarios being described, making the content more relatable and interesting.

3. Adds Emphasis

Figures of speech, such as hyperbole and alliteration, emphasize certain points or ideas, drawing attention to important aspects of the message. This helps in reinforcing the intended message effectively.

4. Enhances Creativity

Using figures of speech allows writers and speakers to be more creative with their language. It encourages thinking outside the box and using language in unique ways to express ideas.

5. Improves Clarity

Paradoxically, figures of speech can make complex ideas easier to understand by comparing them to more familiar concepts. Analogies and metaphors, for example, simplify abstract ideas and make them more comprehensible.

6. Engages the Audience

Figures of speech make language more engaging and enjoyable. They capture the audience’s attention and hold their interest, making the communication more effective.

7. Adds Humor

Devices like puns and irony introduce humor into language, making the content more enjoyable and entertaining. This can make the message more memorable and easier to digest.

8. Reflects Cultural Context

Figures of speech often reflect cultural and societal norms, values, and beliefs. They can provide insights into the culture and context of the language being used, enriching the communication experience.

9. Encourages Critical Thinking

Interpreting figures of speech often requires critical thinking and interpretation. This encourages the audience to think more deeply about the language and the ideas being presented.

10. Enhances Persuasiveness

In rhetoric, figures of speech are powerful tools for persuasion. They help in building arguments, appealing to emotions, and convincing the audience of a particular viewpoint.

Figure of Speech Examples:

Figure of speech examples in literature.

Figures of speech are rhetorical devices used to convey meaning or create effects in writing. Here are examples of various figures of speech in literature:

• Example : “Her smile was as bright as the sun.” (John Steinbeck, East of Eden )
• Example : “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.” (William Shakespeare, As You Like It )
• Example : “The wind whispered through the trees.” (Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter )
• Example : “I had to wait an eternity for the bus.” (Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude )
• Example : “It’s just a scratch,” he said, as blood gushed from the wound. (J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye )
• Example : “Parting is such sweet sorrow.” (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet )
• Example : “I must be cruel to be kind.” (William Shakespeare, Hamlet )
• Example : “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” (Traditional Tongue Twister)
• Example : “The bees buzzed, and the brook gurgled.” (Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Brook )
• Synecdoche : A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole.
• Example : “All hands on deck.” (Herman Melville, Moby Dick )
• Metonymy : Substituting the name of one thing with something closely related to it.
• Example : “The pen is mightier than the sword.” (Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy )
• Irony : A contrast between expectation and reality.
• Example : “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice )
• Apostrophe : Addressing an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction.
• Example : “O Death, where is thy sting?” (1 Corinthians 15:55, The Bible)
• Anaphora : The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
• Example : “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness.” (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities )
• Pun : A play on words with humorous effect.
• Example : “A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.” (Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe )

Figure of Speech Examples Sentences

ere are sentences exemplifying various figures of speech:

• Simile : “Her laughter was like music to his ears.”
• Metaphor : “Time is a thief that steals our moments.”
• Personification : “The old house groaned in the wind.”
• Hyperbole : “I’ve told you a million times to clean your room!”
• Understatement : “It’s just a small scratch,” he said, looking at the dented car.
• Oxymoron : “The silence was deafening.”
• Paradox : “Less is more.”
• Alliteration : “Sally sells seashells by the seashore.”
• Onomatopoeia : “The bees buzzed angrily around the hive.”
• Synecdoche : “Check out my new wheels,” he said, referring to his car.
• Metonymy : “The White House issued a statement today.”
• Irony : “A fire station burned down.”
• Apostrophe : “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.”
• Anaphora : “Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better.”
• Pun : “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.”

Figure of Speech Examples for Kids

Here are examples of figures of speech that are easy for kids to understand, with sentences:

• Example : “Her smile was as bright as the sun.”
• Example : “He was a lion in the fight.”
• Example : “The wind whispered through the trees.”
• Example : “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”
• Example : “It’s just a little rain,” she said during the storm.
• Example : “The jumbo shrimp was delicious.”
• Example : “You have to be cruel to be kind.”
• Example : “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
• Example : “The bees buzzed around the flowers.”
• Example : “All hands on deck.”
• Example : “The crown announced a new law.”
• Example : “A plumber’s house always has leaky pipes.”
• Example : “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.”
• Example : “Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better.”
• Example : “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.”

Metaphor Figure of Speech Examples

Here are examples of metaphors, a figure of speech where a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable:

• Meaning: Life is like a play; people are actors with roles to play.
• Meaning: Time takes away moments of our lives, just as a thief takes possessions.
• Meaning: He is very unemotional or unfeeling.
• Meaning: The classroom was noisy and chaotic.
• Meaning: She is very cheerful and lively.
• Meaning: Life is full of experiences and changes, similar to traveling.
• Meaning: The assignment was very easy to complete.
• Meaning: Her voice is very pleasing to hear.
• Meaning: He stays up late and is active at night.
• Meaning: The snow covers everything like a blanket covers a bed.
• Meaning: His words were very hurtful.
• Meaning: Life has many challenges and difficult times.
• Meaning: She brings joy and happiness into my life.
• Meaning: The stars were bright and sparkly like diamonds.
• Meaning: The test was very easy.

Hyperbole Figure of Speech Examples

Here are examples of hyperbole, a figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally:

• Meaning: I am extremely hungry.
• Meaning: I’ve told you many times to clean your room.
• Meaning: This bag is very heavy.
• Meaning: I have a lot of homework.
• Meaning: It will take a very long time to get there.
• Meaning: He’s running very fast.
• Meaning: I am laughing very hard.
• Meaning: She cried a lot.
• Meaning: This day is very bad.
• Meaning: My backpack is very heavy.
• Meaning: I have a lot of things to do today.
• Meaning: He is not very intelligent.
• Meaning: I waited in line for a very long time.
• Meaning: He is very tall.
• Meaning: I am very tired and need a lot of sleep.

Apostrophe Figure of Speech Examples

Here are examples of apostrophe, a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or a personified abstraction:

• Juliet is addressing Romeo, who is not present.
• The speaker is addressing a star.
• The speaker is addressing death and the grave.
• The speaker is addressing the deceased captain.
• Lady Macbeth is addressing spirits.
• Macbeth is addressing an imagined dagger.
• Mark Antony is addressing Caesar’s dead body.
• The speaker is addressing the ocean.
• Satan is addressing the sun.
• King Lear is addressing the winds.

Repetition Figure of Speech Examples

Repetition is a figure of speech where words or phrases are repeated to emphasize a point or create a rhythm. Here are examples of different types of repetition:

• Example : “Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better.” (Emile Coué)
• Example : “See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil.”
• Example : “The truth is not this, the truth is not that, the truth is unchangeable.”
• Example : “The horror, the horror!” (Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness )
• Example : “Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.” (Yoda, Star Wars )
• Example : “Do I love you because you are beautiful, or are you beautiful because I love you?” (Oscar Hammerstein II, Cinderella )
• Example : “To be, or not to be!” (William Shakespeare, Hamlet )
• Example : “We have ships and men and money and stores.”
• Example : “I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Julius Caesar)
• Example : “The king is dead; long live the king!”

How to Use a Figure of Speech in English?

Figures of speech are powerful tools that can enhance your writing and speech. Here’s a guide on how to effectively use various figures of speech:

1. Metaphor

Usage: Use metaphors to draw direct comparisons between two unrelated things, highlighting their similarities. Example: “The classroom was a zoo.” Explanation: This metaphor compares the classroom to a zoo, emphasizing chaos and activity.

Usage: Use similes to compare two different things using “like” or “as” to make descriptions more vivid. Example: “Her smile was as bright as the sun.” Explanation: This simile compares the brightness of her smile to the sun, emphasizing its radiance.

Usage: Use personification to give human qualities to non-human objects or abstract ideas, making them more relatable. Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.” Explanation: This personification gives the wind the human ability to whisper, creating a more engaging image.

Usage: Use hyperbole for exaggeration to emphasize a point or evoke strong feelings. Example: “I’ve told you a million times.” Explanation: This hyperbole exaggerates the number of times something has been said, emphasizing frustration.

5. Alliteration

Usage: Use alliteration to repeat the same initial consonant sound in a series of words, adding rhythm and musicality. Example: “She sells seashells by the seashore.” Explanation: The repetition of the ‘s’ sound creates a pleasing rhythm and enhances memorability.

6. Onomatopoeia

Usage: Use onomatopoeia to mimic natural sounds, enhancing the sensory experience of the reader or listener. Example: “The bees buzzed in the garden.” Explanation: The word “buzzed” imitates the sound of bees, making the description more vivid.

Usage: Use oxymorons to combine contradictory terms, revealing deeper meanings or creating dramatic effects. Example: “Bittersweet memories.” Explanation: The combination of “bitter” and “sweet” suggests complex emotions associated with the memories.

Usage: Use irony to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning, often highlighting discrepancies or unexpected outcomes. Example: “A pilot afraid of heights.” Explanation: The irony lies in the unexpected and contradictory fear of a pilot.

9. Euphemism

Usage: Use euphemisms to replace harsh or blunt terms with milder or more indirect expressions. Example: “He passed away.” Explanation: This euphemism is used instead of saying “he died,” making the statement softer.

Usage: Use puns to play on words with multiple meanings or similar sounds for humorous or rhetorical effect. Example: “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.” Explanation: This pun plays on the dual meanings of “flies” and “like,” creating a humorous effect.

11. Synecdoche

Usage: Use synecdoche to refer to a part of something to represent the whole, or vice versa. Example: “All hands on deck.” Explanation: “Hands” represents the sailors, using a part to refer to the whole group.

12. Metonymy

Usage: Use metonymy to replace the name of something with the name of something else closely associated with it. Example: “The pen is mightier than the sword.” Explanation: “Pen” represents writing or diplomacy, while “sword” represents military force.

13. Apostrophe

Usage: Use apostrophe to address a person or entity not present, often to express deep emotion. Example: “O Death, where is thy sting?” Explanation: The speaker directly addresses Death, personifying and dramatizing the concept.

14. Anaphora

Usage: Use anaphora to repeat words or phrases at the beginning of successive clauses for emphasis and rhythm. Example: “Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better.” Explanation: The repetition of “every” emphasizes the ongoing process of improvement.

Usage: Use antithesis to juxtapose contrasting ideas, highlighting differences and creating tension. Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” Explanation: The contrast between “best” and “worst” emphasizes the extremes of the situation.

What is a figure of speech?

A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that uses language in a non-literal or unusual way to create a particular effect or meaning.

Why are figures of speech important?

Figures of speech enhance expressiveness, add vivid imagery, emphasize points, and engage the audience, making communication more effective and memorable.

What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor?

A simile uses “like” or “as” to compare two things, while a metaphor directly states that one thing is another.

Can you give an example of personification?

Sure! “The wind whispered through the trees” gives human traits (whispering) to the wind, making it more relatable and vivid.

What is hyperbole?

Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or effect, such as “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”

How does alliteration enhance writing?

Alliteration, the repetition of initial consonant sounds, adds rhythm, musicality, and emphasis to writing, making it more engaging and memorable.

What is the purpose of using irony?

Irony highlights discrepancies between expectations and reality, often to create humor or emphasize a point, adding depth to the message.

How do puns work in language?

Puns play on words with multiple meanings or similar sounds to create humor or a rhetorical effect, making language playful and engaging.

What is the effect of using an oxymoron?

An oxymoron combines contradictory terms to reveal deeper truths, create dramatic effects, or highlight complex emotions, such as “bittersweet.”

How can figures of speech improve my writing?

Figures of speech add expressiveness, clarity, and creativity to your writing, making it more engaging, memorable, and impactful for the audience.

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The Figure of Speech in English

Table of Contents

What are the figures of speech?

A figure of speech is a word, or a phrase that differs from ordinary words used in sentences helps in improving the effectiveness of the meanings of any sentences or specific words that shows more concern than the normal words.

The figure of speech itself tells us that it is a speech of figures, which means to express the way of speaking in a figurative language consisting of a single word or a phrase. It may be a metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, or else. It is mostly used to enhance the meanings of the sentence to express something poetry or a way of language that suggests the imagery view or visual pictures.

The figure of speech is used to function as a literary device that is used to express the language in an effective manner.

The Importance of Figure of Speech in sentences-

• The figure of speech improves the beauty and the meaning of the writing statements.
• It makes the sentence deep and fills the reader with surprise.
• It brings life to the author’s ideas.
• The figure of speech expresses the author’s intent and also his way of perseverance and thought.
• It also adds quality to the writings of the writer and makes it enjoyable whoever reads it.

Types of Figure Of Speech

The figure of speech includes many literary devices and other forms of figurative languages, and some are covered here in the list given below,

• Alliteration:

The alliteration is a figure of speech which is a series of the same letters or a syllable, with a repetition of a sound at the beginning of a few words.

• Take the next turn to go to the town.
• Never trouble the trouble till trouble troubles you.

Antithesis is the contrast or striking opposition of words used in a sentence to maintain the emphasis.

• Man proposes, and God disposes.
• No pain, No gain.

The anticlimax figure of speech is the opposite of the climax, and it implies the humorous inclination from higher to the lower point.

• I will do my best for God, for Country, and You.
• A man is so various that he seemed to be.

An apostrophe is used to highlight the idea or any important thing or conversation said by some person.

• He always used to say, “Never mess with me.”
• “Mother’s love is always greater than other’s love.”
• Circumlocution

It is used to express some ideas or facts in a twisty manner, rather than saying directly.

• A tool used for cutting things like hair, cloth, and papers- Scissors.
• An electronic cupboard with a series of drawers to put your food in to make it cool- Refrigerator

It is a figure of speech used to express a series of ideas that are arranged to increase importance.

• What a person with a lot of energy he is!
• How noble it was!

An epigram is a figure of speech that is used to express the point in brief. It is a combination of more than a single word. 

• The fools start running where the good people wait there.
• Sometimes, silence is more expensive than words.

With the help of euphemism, we can easily speak about the acceptable terms for anything, whether a man, event, or thing that is considered unpleasant.

• He is telling us a fictional story. (an imagination)
• I decided to let you here in the house. (not taking with us)
• Exclamation

It is used for expressing strong feelings or sudden emotions.

• How wonderful the view is!
• Hush! We can play again!

Hyperbole is a statement where we try to exaggerate our point while explaining like an overstatement.

Examples, 

• M.S. Dhoni’s stumpings are faster than eye blinkings.
• The speed of this bike is faster than the wind.

In a Figure of speech named Irony, the meaning of any word differs from the real meaning of itself.

• The kid of a rich person has a lack of money.
• The dairy owner doesn’t like to drink milk.

The Litotes is a kind of figure of speech that is opposite from Hyperbole.

• She does not cook badly.
• We are not losers.

A metaphor is a kind of figure of speech used to compare two different things without using comparing words’ like’ and ‘as.’ It implies with the simile.

• He is a shining star.
• She looks princess in this dress.

The metonymy is used for changing the name for things or else while saying something.

• The pen is mightier than the sword.
• From the cradle to the grave means from childhood to death.
• Onomatopoeia

A word-formation that describes or represents the sound of animals or any echoes in a sentence is onomatopoeia, a figure of speech.

• The birds are chirping and the wind howling early in the morning.
• Boom! The cracker exploded in front of me.

An oxymoron is a kind of figure of speech in which two words in a phrase that differs from each other are used to connect two ideas. It is used for creating a contradictory effect.

• Alone together.

A figure of speech named paradox is used when something has to be self-contradictory, but actually, it tells the truth.

• I don’t have to spend money to save it.
• Things get worst in my life before they get better.
• Personification

This figure of speech reveals human characteristics to something which is actually not a human. 

• He heard the wind whistling.
• The stone starts jumping on the water surface.

This figure of speech contains ‘play’ of words with various meanings. It is used to create humor in a sentence by this word.

• A bicycle can’t stand without a stand because of it’s two-tired.
• Polar bears vote at the North Poll.

A simile is a figure of speech used to compare two different or unlike things. It is compared with such words “as, like, so.”

• The tiger looks like a cat.
• The water is as cool as ice.

This figure of speech is used for understanding one part from the whole part or vice versa.

• All hands at work.
• India beat Scotland at cricket.

A tautology is a figure of speech that means repeating the same fact or idea in two different words.

• The teacher is explaining and telling the details to form the book.
• With malice towards none, with charity for all.
• Transferred Epithets

Epithets mean a word with certain qualifying objectives, and transferred epithets mean transferring the objectives from any person to something.

• Sleepless night.
• Merciless fighter.
• Understatement

An understatement is a figure of speech used to express fewer emotions for any words than expected reactions. It shows the effects of the figure of speech called Irony.

• I heard she failed this year again, but it is alright.
• The hurricane brought a couple of rain showers with it.

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English Grammar Here

8 Types of Figure of Speech, Definition and Examples

Language can be used in two ways. These are the literal and figurative use of the word. Literal language is direct, uses the true definition and meaning of  idioms  along with words. However, when figuratively spoken, the meaning of any word or phrase will depend on the context in which it is used. A way of speaking is based on the rhetorical department or this figurative language. When using speech figures, sentences will differ from their actual meaning in order to give these words a more specific and specific meaning.

Note : We should distinguish well between simile and simile. We can think like this, they compare us to our mother or father. In other words, we are compared to the mother. It is then a powerful, resembling weak that is likened based on this knowledge. (Mother and father are stronger than we can keep in mind here.)

• When dissolving like soap in water.

Metaphor is a concept based on an analogy based on metaphorical meaning. We can also define it as a figure of speech extending etymologically from Ancient Greece. It comes from the word ‘metafora’, a Latin and Greek word by origin. Unrelated words are not used in metaphors. On the contrary, it is done by creating depth in different expressions. The “Less is more” philosophy is important in most parts of our lives. The simpler and clearer the narration is, the more clear and understandable the message that is intended to be conveyed, we agree on this issue. However, there are some expressions that even if it is not decorated with wax, it can be expressed in different metaphors and can easily be found in its mind on the  opposite  side, which we call metaphor.

Personification

We call personification to give a human property to non-human beings. It comes from the word person. We can remember the personification from the word person by bringing the person to our mind.

• A rain starts or thinner, then look at the joy in the soil, the birds told me that you are going to distant lands. That beautiful sound of mountain mountain has traveled all around.

It is the art of telling the idea that is meant to be explained by making it larger or smaller.

• The wave of the sea did not go as far as my heart.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is one of the issues that we often encounter in daily life. If we describe it briefly, we can say the words that are inspired by the sounds of living or inanimate beings in nature and emit those sounds. People sometimes need to use reflection words to strengthen their expression. The sounds of some beings in nature can sometimes be used to express other situations related to those beings and sometimes similar.

• Can you hear the clicks coming from the roof?

Idiom is a word formed by using more than one word together and rarely in the connotation of a single word to express a certain concept, a certain emotion or situation. If we give an example from Turkish, we can show thousands of them such as “mouth-beating, spreading flour, sitting sitting, removing the pods from the mouth, fell to the uncle…”. Examples such as evening meal, cheddar, water, eye, gedik can be given for single item idioms.

• Collar shrug. (Bored of a person or situation)
• Blasting fire. (Excessively angry, angry)

These are the utterances of the public, which have stereotyped forms that express the judgments, experiences, wise thoughts or advice based on long trials of people in the past. Proverbs shows different features in terms of format than other types of writing. Writing types such as stories, novels, poems, essays are formed by combining many sentences and integrating them in terms of meaning. However, proverbs usually consist of one, at most two sentences. All emotions and thoughts fit in this one sentence. These sentences do not vary from person to person. It is the common property of the people and is said by the people in the same way.

• A mischievous worker crime always finds materials. (When a poor worker fails to fulfill the task successfully, he bears the materials or external factors he uses.)

Here are 8 Types of Figure of Speech;

• When dissolving like soap in water. (Smile)
• John is a goat. (Metaphor)
• A rain starts or thinner, then look at the joy in the soil, the birds told me that you are going to distant lands. That beautiful sound of mountain mountain has traveled all around. (Personification)
• The wave of the sea did not go as far as my heart. (Hyperbole)
• Can you hear the clicks coming from the roof? (Onomatopoeia)
• I lubricated the creaking door hinges beautifully. (Onomatopoeia)
• Movements speak louder than words. (Actions reflect the human character better because it is easy to say something but it is difficult to act as said)

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• Special educational needs in England

Introduction

This publication combines information from the school census (state-funded schools), school level annual school census (independent schools) and general hospital school census on pupils with special educational needs (SEN). 

The publication includes breakdowns by type of SEN provision, type of need, age, national curriculum year group, sex, ethnicity, English as a first language and free school meal eligibility.

Local authority data on EHC plans is published in the Education, health and care plans publication , which includes all children and young people up to age 25 with EHC plans, and includes those not captured in this publication in non-maintained early years provision, further education, home education or not in education, employment or training.

Headline facts and figures - 2023/24

percent of pupils with an EHC plan. Up from 4.3% in 2023

Percentage of all pupils in England with an education, health and care (EHC) plan. This includes all state-funded nursery, primary, secondary and special schools, non-maintained special schools, pupil referral units and independent schools.

SEN support/SEN without EHC plan

percent of pupils with SEN support. Up from 13.0% in 2023

The percentage of pupils in England with SEN support. This includes all state-funded nursery, primary, secondary and special schools, non-maintained special schools, pupil referral units and independent schools.

Over 1.6 million pupils in England have special educational needs (SEN)

An increase of 101,000 from 2023. This includes the number of pupils with an education, health and care (EHC) plan and the number of pupils with SEN support, both of which continue a trend of increases since 2016.

• The percentage of pupils with an EHC plan has increased to 4.8%, from 4.3% in 2023.
• The percentage of pupils with SEN (SEN support) but no EHC plan has increased to 13.6%, from 13.0% in 2023.

The most common type of need for those with an EHC plan is autistic spectrum disorder and for those with SEN support is speech, language and communication needs.

Explore data and files used in this release, view or create your own tables.

View tables that we have built for you, or create your own tables from open data using our table tool

Data catalogue

Browse and download open data files from this release in our data catalogue

Data guidance

Learn more about the data files used in this release using our online guidance

Download all data (ZIP)

Download all data available in this release as a compressed ZIP file

Additional supporting files

All supporting files from this release are listed for individual download below:

School level underlying data 2024 (csv, 10 Mb)

Data at school level including number of pupils by SEN provision and type of need

Pupils with special educational needs in schools

Education, health and care (EHC) plans A local authority may issue an EHC plan for a pupil who needs more support than is available through SEN support. This will follow a statutory assessment process whereby the local authority considers the pupil’s special educational needs and any relevant health and social care needs; sets out long term outcomes; and specifies provision which will deliver additional support to meet those needs. Special Educational Needs (SEN) support SEN support means support that is additional to, or different from, the support generally made for other children of the same age in a school. It is provided for pupils who are identified as having a learning difficulty or a disability that requires extra or different help to that normally provided as part of the school’s usual curriculum offer. A pupil on SEN support will not have an education, health and care plan.

Independent schools Guidance on how independent schools are advised to record pupils with special educational needs is available in section 2.5 of the School level annual school census (opens in a new tab) .

Number of pupils with an EHC plan has increased by over 80% since 2016

The number of pupils with an EHC plan has increased by 11.6% between 2023 and 2024 to 434,000, and by a total of 83.4% since 2016. The number of pupils with SEN support has increased by 4.7% from 2023 to 2024, and by a total of 24.9% since 2016. Since 2016, the total pupil population increased by 6.2% .

Pupils with an EHC plan made up one quarter (26.0%) of all pupils with SEN in January 2024. This is an increase from 19.3% in 2016.

The number and percentage of pupils with SEN has continued to rise

The percentage of pupils with an EHC plan has increased to 4.8% in 2024, continuing a trend of increases since 2016. Prior to this, the rate had remained steady at 2.8% (opens in a new tab) .This is in line with local authority data on the number of EHC plans. 

The percentage of pupils with SEN support has increased to 13.6%, continuing an increasing trend from 2016.

Local authority data on EHC plans is published in the Education, health and care plans publication , which includes all children and young persons up to age 25 with EHC plans, and those not captured in this publication in non-maintained early years provision, further education, home education or not in education, employment or training.

The number of pupils with an EHC plan has increased across all school types 

• In primary, 3.0% of pupils have an EHC plan and 14.1% have SEN support
• In secondary, 2.7% of pupils have an EHC plan and 12.9% have SEN support
• In state-funded Alternative Provision (AP) schools, 24.2% have an EHC plan and 58.1% have SEN support
• In independent schools, including independent special schools, 5.7% of pupils have an EHC plan and 16.7% have SEN support.

The largest increase in EHC plans was in primary, with an additional 18,900 pupils with plans since 2023.

The number of pupils with an EHC plan in state-funded AP schools has increased, however the percentage of pupils with an EHC plan has decreased from 25.5% to 24.2%. This is driven by larger increases in the number of pupils in state-funded AP schools with SEN support or no SEN.

The percentage of all pupils with an EHC plan who are in mainstream schools (state-funded primary and secondary) has increased from 52.7%  to 54.4% in 2024, these trends continue patterns seen since 2018.

Primary type of need

Primary and secondary type of need are recorded in the school census and are available for state-funded nursery, primary, secondary and special schools, non-maintained special schools and state-funded AP schools. Data on type of need is not available for independent schools or general hospital schools and these are not included in totals in this section.

The most common type of need among pupils with an EHC plan is autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

One in three pupils with an EHC plan are identified with a primary need of ASD (33.0%).

The most common type of need among pupils with SEN support are speech, language and communication needs

The primary need identified for one in four pupils is speech, language and communication needs (25.6%). This is followed by social, emotional and mental health needs (22.3%) and moderate learning difficulty (15.8%) 

These trends are similar to previous years.

Pupil characteristics

Information on the characteristics of pupils with SEN are recorded in the school census and are available for state-funded nursery, primary, secondary and special schools, non-maintained special schools and state-funded AP schools. Data is not available for independent schools or general hospital schools and these are not included in totals in this section.

SEN is most prevalent at age 9

The percentage of pupils who have SEN support increases during primary school age, reaching a peak of 16.3% of pupils at age 9. This then steadily declines through secondary ages, to 12.9% at age 15. The proportion continues to decrease after compulsory school age. 

The percentage of pupils with an EHC plan also increases with age, from 3.9% at age 5, up to a later peak of 5.7% at age 11 before slowly declining to 5.1% at age 15. The proportion continues to decrease after compulsory school age. 

SEN continues to be more prevalent in boys than girls

72.0% of pupils with an EHC plan are male, and 62.0% of pupils with SEN support are male. The proportion of pupils with SEN that are male has been decreasing in recent years. 

The percentage of all pupils eligible for free school meals has increased since the introduction of transitional protections which will continue to be in place during the roll out of Universal Credit. This has meant that pupils eligible for free school meals on or after 1 April 2018 retain their free school meals eligibility even if their circumstances change. In January 2024, 24.6% of pupils were eligible for free school meals, compared to 13.6% in 2018 .

Pupils with SEN are more likely to be eligible for free school meals

42.2% of pupils with an EHC plan and 38.3% of pupils with SEN support are eligible for free school meals in 2024. This compares to 21.4% of all pupils in schools without SEN.

Pupils with SEN have higher rates of first language being English than the general school population

84.2% of pupils who have SEN support and 84.2% of pupils with an EHC plan have a first language known to be or believed to be English. This is a slight decrease from the previous year, and compares to 78.7% of all pupils in schools. 

SEN is most prevalent in the Traveller of Irish heritage ethnic group

25.9% of pupils recorded as Traveller of Irish heritage ethnic group had SEN support in 2024, and a further 7.3% had an EHC plan. The lowest rate for SEN is in the Chinese ethnic group, 5.2% of pupils in this ethnic group had SEN support and 2.2% had an EHC plan.

SEN units and resourced provisions

SEN units are special provisions within a mainstream school where the pupils with SEN are taught within separate classes for at least half of their time. Units:

• are designated by the local authority specifically for making SEN provision, and sometimes accommodate pupils registered at other schools on a part-time basis
• receive funding of £6,000 or £10,000 per place, and usually top-up funding for any additional costs of support required by individual pupils
• cater for a specific type or types of SEN (for example autistic spectrum disorder)
• are usually for pupils with an EHC plan (but may also provide support for pupils with SEN support).

Schools should only use this indicator where the SEN unit has been formally recognised as such by the local authority where the school is located.

Resourced provision

Resourced provisions are places that are reserved at a mainstream school for pupils with a specific type of SEN, taught for at least half of their time within mainstream classes, but requiring a base and some specialist facilities around the school.

Resourced provisions:

• are designated by the local authority specifically for making this kind of SEN provision
• cater for a specific area or areas of SEN (for example specific learning difficulties)
• are usually for pupils with an EHC plan, but could include pupils with SEN support.

Schools should only use this indicator where the resourced provision has been formally recognised as such by the local authority where the school is located.

Most pupils placed in units will have an EHC plan. It is unlikely that a child would be placed in a unit and also receive support from resourced provision, but a school could have resourced provision for one type of need and a unit for another.

Following an exercise to investigate and improve the quality of data on SEN units and resourced provisions, additional validation checks on the recording of these provisions were introduced into the data collection from 2020. This has resulted in significant changes to the data series and as a result comparisons to previous years are not recommended. Full information on SEN units and resourced provisions is available in the school level underlying data file that accompanies this release.

Number of SEN units and resourced provisions has slightly increased

The school level data shows that in January 2024, there were 392 schools in England with SEN units, an increase from 373 in 2023, and 1,168 schools with a resourced provision, a slight increase from 1,125 in 2023.

User feedback

If you have any questions regarding statistics in this publication, please email the contact below. 

Please email us at: [email protected] (opens in a new tab)

Help and support

Methodology.

Find out how and why we collect, process and publish these statistics.

Accredited official statistics

These accredited official statistics have been independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics . Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 .

Accreditation signifies their compliance with the authority's Code of Practice for Statistics which broadly means these statistics are:

• managed impartially and objectively in the public interest
• meet identified user needs
• produced according to sound methods
• well explained and readily accessible

Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR).

OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.

You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing [email protected] or via the OSR website .

If you have a specific enquiry about Special educational needs in England statistics and data:

Special educational needs statistics team

Press office.

If you have a media enquiry:

Telephone: 020 7783 8300

Public enquiries

If you have a general enquiry about the Department for Education (DfE) or education:

Telephone: 037 0000 2288

Opening times: Monday to Friday from 9.30am to 5pm (excluding bank holidays)