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Typhoon Haiyan Case Study

What were the primary and secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan? What were the immediate and long-term responses?

What were the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

Typhoon Haiyan, a category five typhoon, struck the Philippines, close to Tacloban on 8th November, 2013 at 4.40 am. The tropical storm originated in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most powerful typhoons to affect the Philippines. Wind speeds of 314 kilometres per hour (195 miles per hour) were recorded.

Typhoon Haiyan

The primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan were:

strong winds battered homes
people were made homeless, particularly around Western and Eastern Visayas
electric was interrupted
airport badly damaged
roads were blocked by fallen trees and other debris
Leyte and Tacloban experienced a 5-metre storm surge, and 400mm of rainfall flooded an area of up to 1km inland
90% of Tacloban was destroyed
6190 people died
29,000 people were injured
4.1 million people were made homeless
14.1 million people affected
The overall cost of damage was around $12 billion
1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed
1.1 million houses damaged
1 million farmers and 600,000 hectares of farmland affected

The strong winds battered homes and even the evacuation centre buildings. Those made homeless were mainly in the Western and Eastern Visayas. Power was interrupted, the airport was severely damaged, and trees and debris blocked roads. Leyte and Tacloban had a five-metre storm surge, and 400 millimetres of heavy rainfall flooded one kilometre inland. Ninety per cent of the city of Tacloban was destroyed.

Debris lines the streets of Tacloban, Leyte island. This region was the worst affected by the typhoon, causing widespread damage and loss of life. Caritas responds by distributing food, shelter, hygiene kits and cooking utensils. (Photo: Eoghan Rice – Trócaire / Caritas)

Although the harvest season was over, rice and seed stocks were squandered in the storm surges, leading to a $53 million US dollars loss.

Over one-third of farmers and fishers lost their income, leading to a total loss of $724 million.

What were the secondary effects?

Social effects

Infection and diseases spread, mainly due to contaminated surface and ground water.
Survivors fought for food and supplies. Eight people died in a stampede for food supplies.
Power supplies were cut off for months in some areas.
Education was disrupted as many schools were destroyed.
Seawater, chemicals and sewerage contaminated surface and groundwater.

Economic effects

An oil tanker ran aground, causing an 800,000-litre oil leak that contaminated fishing waters.
The airport was badly damaged and roads were blocked by debris and trees.
Looting was rife, due to the lack of food and supplies.
Rice prices had risen by nearly 12% by 2014.

Environmental effects

The leak from the oil barge led to ten hectares of mangroves being contaminated.
Flooding caused landslides.

What were the immediate responses?

The government issued a televised warning to people to prepare and evacuate.

Eight hundred thousand people were evacuated following a televised warning by the president. Many people found refuge in a stadium in Tacloban. However, many people died when it was flooded. The government provided essential equipment and medical supplies. A curfew was introduced two days after the typhoon to reduce looting.

Over 1,200 evacuation centres were set up to help the homeless.

Three days after the storm, the main airport was reopened, and emergency aid arrived. Power was restored in some regions after a week. One million food packs and 250,000 litres of water were distributed within two weeks.

Over $1.5 billion of foreign aid was pledged. Thirty-three countries and international organisations promised help, with rescue operations and an estimated US $ 88.871 million.

What were the long-term responses?

A cash for work programme paid people to clear debris and rebuild Tacloban.

The international charity organisation Oxfam replaced fishing boats.

Build Back Better is the government’s response to the typhoon. Launched in 2014, it intended to upgrade damaged buildings to protect them from future disasters. They have also set up a no-build zone along the coast in Eastern Visayas, a new storm surge warning system has been developed, and mangroves replanted to absorb future storm surges.

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