historical place in sri lanka essay in english

Historical Places in Sri Lanka

Here is the list of 20 historical places in sri lanka, 1. polonnaruwa vatadage, polonnaruwa.

Polonnaruwa Vatadage is a well-preserved Vatadage in the famous Dalada Maluwa quadrangle of the ancient city of ruins, Polonnaruwa. Vatadages are typical Buddhist structures found in Sri Lanka. These are circular, constructed using stone and brick with intricate stone carvings and a wooden roof. They were built to protect stupas. Currently, there are ten Vatadages in Sri Lanka that also stand for Sri Lanka's history, and the most popular one is Polonnaruwa Vatadage.

2. Temple of the Tooth, Kandy

Sri Dalada Maligawa is the Sinhalese name for this holy shrine. Famously called Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, it is touted to be the most sacred Buddhist temple in the whole world. It houses the tooth of Buddha nestled in a golden chamber and is within the premises of the royal palace complex (formerly a princely state). Kandy is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it is said that whichever state holds the tooth relic, maintains an essential place in the governance of the country.

3. Anuradhapura, Sri-Lanka - Rejuvenating getaway!

Known For : Sri Maha Bodhi Lovamahapaya Ruwanweliseya

Anuradhapura is a historical place in Sri Lanka as it houses several heritage monasteries, palaces and monuments. It is known for its vast dagobas or brick stupas, ancient ponds and pools and magnificent temples. The city was established as the first capital of Sri Lanka in 377 BC. It was also at this time that Anuradhapura rose to prominence as a seat of political and economic importance.

Best Time: April and September

20 Anuradhapura Attractions

4. Sigiriya, Sri-Lanka - Ancient Rock Fortress town

Known For : Sigiriya Rock Fortress Sigiriya Museum Pidurangala Rock

Declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, Sigiriya serves as a fine example of ancient urban planning. Sigiriya is a significant site of the Cultural Triangle and perhaps is an iconic historical places in Sri Lanka. The site, also known as Lion Rock, is recognized all over the world for the remains of the ancient Sigiriya Rock Fortress and its numerous enchanting and well-preserved attractions. The complex hydraulics system at the fortress enhances the site’s reputation as a beautiful example of classical city planning.

Best Time: February to April

14 Sigiriya Attractions

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The Dambulla Cave Temple is also called the Golden Temple of Dambulla. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in the Matale District, in the central province of Sri Lanka and is the best-preserved and largest cave temple complex of the country. It comprises of five main caves, each possessing numerous statues of Lord Buddha, and some figures of kings and statues of Lord Vishnu making it one of the historical places in Sri Lanka.

6. Adam's Peak - Most Famous Pilgrimage Site In Sri Lanka!

As one of the most famous pilgrimage sites in the Indian subcontinent, Adam’s Peak is a 7,359 feet tall mountain in Sri Lanka, frequently visited by people of almost all major religions. It is widely known for Sri Pada, a foot-shaped indentation at the summit of the pyramid-like mountain. Also called the sacred footprint, the Buddhists believe that it is the footprint of Lord Buddha, the Hindus as that of Shiva, the Muslims as Adam’s, and the Christians as that of St. Thomas the Apostle making it one of the oldest historical places in Sri Lanka.

Best Time: December to May

7. Wedihiti Kanda

Although very little is known about this mountain, Wedihiti Kanda is known to be steeped in history and folklore and is considered a pilgrimage destination for many. There are remains of an ancient shrine found at the top, and many newer places of worship have come up. Many believe the antiquity of the mountain has faded, but it is still considered a spiritual journey for anyone to climb to the top and experience one of the most historical places in Sri Lanka.

8. Hatthikuchchi

Said to have been built around the 3rd century and located in the North-Western Province of Sri Lanka, Hatthikuchchi is unique in its architecture and is considered to be one of the oldest Buddhist temple complexes found in the island country. The name Hatthikuchchi comes from a rock found inside the temple which resembles an elephant, the word meaning 'Elephant Stomach.' The temple which is still under excavation is thought to have been one of the first Buddhist complexes dating back to the time when Buddhism was brought to Sri Lanka.

9. Jathika Namal Uyana, Dambulla

Around 15 km away from the historical town of Dambulla, Jathika Namal Uyana is undoubtedly unique amongst Sri Lanka’s many attractions. Jathika Namal Uyana has the enviable distinction of being the largest ironwood forest in all of Asia, and perhaps the largest rose quartz mountain, too. The area also houses the remains of a Buddhist monastery, stupa and other structures, and a small but stunning waterfall.

10. Pidurangala Rock , Sigiriya

The Pidurangala Rock, a historical place in Sri Lanka, is a few kilometres away from the famous UNESCO site, the Sigiriya Rock. It is known for the view on top of the rock, the white temple situated at the base of the cliff, and the enormous reclining Buddha statue located under an ancient boulder.

11. Ritigala Forestry Monastery, Anuradhapura

Ritigala situated between Polonnaruwa and the old town of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka is a hilly forest and a place of Buddhist worship. The monastery is named after the 40m tall Ritigala trees in the mid slopes of the hill; this Buddhist monastery has inscriptions that date back to 1st century BC making it one of the oldest historical places in Sri Lanka.

12. Mihintale, Anuradhapura

Ceylon, as it was formerly known, rests on a beautiful landscape down south of India; hills, beaches, valleys and waterfalls adorn this country. One such ancient historical places in Sri Lanka is Mihintale located 12 km from Anuradhapura which are known for religion, monarchy, warfare and the underlying sense of scenic diversity.

13. Buduruvagala

An ancient Buddhist temple that dates back to the 10th century with some of the most detailed statue works of Buddha and disciples. Although most of its history is relatively unknown even the real name, the temple was named 'Buduruvagala' which means the 'Rock of Buddhist Sculptures' owing to the number of sculptures in the temple. Located in the Monaragala district, the temple also has one of the colossal Buddha statues in Sri Lanka which stands at the height of 16 meters.

14. Yapahuwa - Ancient City and Fortress of Sri Lanka!

Yapahuwa is one of the historical places in Sri Lanka and lies between Karunagala and Anuradhapura. A short-lived capital of the country in the 13th century, Yapahuwa was the site of preservation of the Sacred Tooth Relic of Lord Buddha.

Best Time: November to January

15. Ranmasu Uyana, Anuradhapura

Anuradhapura, the heritage capital of Sri Lanka, hosts structures with intricate stone carvings and excellent craftsmanship, making it a base for a numerous places in Sri Lanka. The Ranmasu Uyana was one among them. It was essentially a park in the pre-Christian era of Sri Lanka; precisely, a sculpted rock carved for bathing purposes during the days’ monarchy.

16. Belilena

Belilena is a well-known cave among archaeology enthusiasts in Sri Lanka. Evidence of prehistoric humans known as the Balangoda Man were found at the site and were dated back to as long as 32000 years ago. Located 8 kilometres away from the town of Kitugala, Belilena was declared an Archaeological Reserve by the Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka. The site also yielded evidence of the use of fire as early as 30000 years ago along with some old tools and bones of game animals like deers, boars and more.

17. Adisham Hall, Haputale

Adisham Hall, a unique historical place in Sri Lanka, is a stone bungalow located near Haputale, Sri Lanka. Constructed in the regal English style of architecture, it houses a charming and well-maintained fruit and flower orchard, a Benedictine monastery, and two quaint rooms—the living room and the library, exhibiting objects from the colonial era. Also, Adisham Hall offers a tranquil atmosphere and gorgeous views of the surrounding mountains.

18. Ruwanweliseya, Anuradhapura

The Ruwanweliseya stupa is one of the largest stupas or dagobas, which is in the heart of the beautiful heritage city of Anuradhapura. This magnificent stupa was built by King Dutugamunu, who was hailed to be the hero of the island. The Ruwanweliseya stupa is also known as the Maha stupa and is one of the historical places in Sri Lanka.

19. Sri Maha Bodhi, Anuradhapura

The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi is one of the most ancient trees which are living even today standing tall in the Mahamewna Gardens in Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka. The tree is believed to have sprouted from a cutting brought from Bodh Gaya in India, where Gautama Buddha had attained enlightenment. The tree is an authentic and living link to Gautama Buddha and is often respected as the oldest historical place in Sri Lanka which has a recorded date of the plantation.

20. Polonnaruwa - History along with a homely experience!

Known For : The Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu Gal Vihara  Dalada Maluva Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa, a marvel of a place, is in Northern Sri Lanka. The city once served as the capital of the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa under the Chola Empire in the 10th century. This makes it the second most historical place in Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura. The entire town has two sections - the development and infrastructure part called the Polonnaruwa new town and the Old Site with ancient remains and monarchical structures.

Best Time: November to March

16 Polonnaruwa Attractions

These historical places in Sri Lanka are worth a visit and the time required to go around and explore these places!

This post was published by Muhammed Salih

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13 Historical Places In Sri Lanka

The Island country of Sri Lanka in the South-east Asia looks like it is secluded and separate but it is not. With a number of scenic locations and pristine beaches, Sri Lanka attracts tourists from all around the world. A prominent Buddhist country that has traces of human settlements dating back to more than 125,000 years, it is one of the ancient and historic locations in the world. Besides this, Sri Lanka also has plenty of places that are a part of UNESCO World Heritage sites with deep roots.

So here are 13 major historical places in Sri Lanka you need to explore now.

1. Polonnaruwa - A UNESCO World heritage Site

Once a thriving, commercial capital of Ceylon (Sri Lanka's old name) an estimated 800 years ago, the ancient city of Polonnaruwa is a part of UNESCO World Heritage sites. This glorious city of that time is now one of the major historic sites in Sri Lanka with archaeological remains.

Major Attractions: Buddha statues at Gal Vihara, Royal Palace, Polonnaruwa Vatadage, Lankathilaka temple and Rankot Vihara.

Distance from Colombo: 237 km.

Special Note: The best way to explore the ancient city of Polonnaruwa is through rented bicycles.

2. Sigiriya - Historic Rock Fortress in Sri Lanka

Popularly known as the Lion Rock, Sigiriya is a rock fortress that is dominated by a massive column of rock towering over 200 metres high nearly touching the sky. The view from the plateau is astonishing and has attracted visitors from worldwide. As history has it, King Kasyapa (477 - 495 CE) built his palace on top of this plateau and inscribed the walls with colorful frescoes. This valuable monument is also listed under the UNESCO World Heritage sites and is truly a historic place to visit.

3. Galle - A Dutch famous Historic site

Galle - With the aroma of the scent of the spices and seashore winds, Galle is one of the must visit places in Sri Lanka. Occupied by the Portuguese during the 16th century, Galle has a wonderful collection of Dutch architecture styled buildings and is a place of trade. Galle fort, which occupies a land area of 36 hectares, is one of the prominent historic features of Galle.

4. Anuradhapura - Historic center of Buddhism

The capital city of the North Central province, Anuradhapura is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is the place that was the center of Theravada Buddhism. The Sacred city of Anuradhapura is built around the fig tree (known as the tree of enlightenment) and carries historic ruins that include a rich collection of archaeological monuments, brick towers and ancient sites.

Attractions Nearby: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi, Abhayagiri vihara, Ruwanwelisaya, and Kuttam Pokuna.

Distance from Colombo: 201 km

5. Kandy - Home to the Temple of the Tooth

The second largest city in Sri Lanka only next to Colombo, Kandy was the last capital of the ancient King's era. Lying amidst the hills in the Kandy plateau, the city boasts with sub-tropical scenes that are refreshing for the senses. Kandy also has enough historic attractions that would make an ideal tourist destination including the famous Temple of the tooth, a significantly old sacred place in Sri Lanka.

Attractions Nearby: Temple of the tooth, Kandy Lake, Royal Palace of Kandy and the National Museum of Kandy.

Distance from Colombo: 115 km

Special Note: Rent a Scooter

6. Dambulla - City of Historic caves and the Golden temple

Said to be inhabited as early as 7th - 3rd century BC, Dambulla is a commercial yet holy location that is full of historic caves and temples. Bustling with local wholesale markets, Dambulla is popularly recognized for its Golden Temple. The ancient historical site also has an International Cricket stadium.

Attractions Nearby: Golden Temple, Dambulla Museum, and Cave temples.

Distance from Colombo: 165 km

7. Adam's Peak - Holiest Mountain peak in Sri Lanka

Adam's peak striking a height of 7359 feet is considered as one of the holiest mountain peaks in Sri Lanka. A popular pilgrimage destination for over a 1000 years now, the ever historic Adam's peak has different names along with different origin stories that include Adam's peak (first place where Adam set his foot on Earth after being cast out of Heaven), Sri Pada (a Sacred footprint left by Buddha) and Samanalakande (which translates to Butterfly mountain, the place where the butterflies go to die).

8. Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara -A Sacred place to attain Nirvana

Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara is one of the ancient temples in Sri Lanka which is said to be visited by Buddha during his third visit to the Island country. Built on the water banks of the River Kelani, the temple offers a beautiful panoramic view of the city below. With a history that dates back to 500 BCE, Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara is one of the exquisite historic places in Sri Lanka highlighted by its amazing artwork.

9. Yapahuwa - An Ancient Military base

Yapahuwa was one of the few short-lived capitals of Medival Sri Lanka. Built in the style of Sigiriya fortress, Yapahuwa was a palace and a strong military hold before getting invaded by the Pandyas of South India who took away theBuddhist temple Tooth relic and was later restored by King Parakramabahu I. Yapahuwa soon became inhabited and was occupied by the Buddhists and the monks. Find the ruins of the fortress next to the museum.

Attractions Neabry: Yapahuwa Fortress, Yapahuwa Kingdom, and the National museum.

Distance from Colombo: 146 km

10. Buduruwagala - Carved temple of Buddha

Buduruwagala is an ancient Buddhist temple in Sri Lanka that dates back to the 10th Century. The temple complex has sculpted images of Buddha and the most prominent of the lot stands at 51 feet tall and is also regarded as the largest Buddha figure in the Country. One of the mysteries that surround this place is that of a carving that looks like a flame yielding out oil which smells like Mustard without any known source or reason.

11. Velgam Vehera Buddhist Monastery

Velgam Vehera is one of the most ancient Buddhist monasteries that is located in Sri Lanka. It is supposed to have been built around 300 B.C. and is now one of the most popular destinations in the country for both Buddhist and Hindu devotees. Though majority of the temple has fallen to a ruin-like condition, one can still find old inscriptions, Sinhalese Moon stones, brick dagobas (Sri Lankan Stupas) and stone structures strewn around the original site. The city of Trincomalee is well connected to all major cities of the country with bus, train and airlines. From there hired taxis and buses can be taken to reach Velgam Vehera.

12. Ancient site at Kuchchaveli

Just a small distance away from Trincomalee lies the ancient site of Kuchchaveli. Excavations discovered the torso of a limestone Buddha statue that was made in the splendid Amaravati style of statue-making. On a nearby hill, a sculpture with 16 dagobas (Sri Lankan Stupas) too have been discovered, leading archaeologists to wonder if this ancient site was a monastery during the Anuradhapura empire era. It is definitely one of the gems of the cultural heritage of Sri Lanka. The city of Trincomalee is well connected to all major cities of the country with bus, train and airlines. From there hired taxis and buses can be taken to reach Velgam Vehera.

Attractions Nearby: Koneswaram Temple, Marble Beach, Kanniya Hot Springs, Trincomalee War Cemetery

Distance from Colombo: 264 km

13. Tissamaharama

Tissamaharama is a town in Sri Lanka that is more famous for being a gateway to the Yala National Park and the historical city of Kataragama. But even Tissamaharama has an interesting history and back in the 3rd century B.C. it even served as the capital of Kingdom of Ruhuna. Though not many signs of its glorious past are visible now, some of the must-see attractions here are the Tissa Weva reservoir/artificial lake. This lake was built for irrigation purposes hundreds of years before and still serves the same purpose. It is also a haven for bird watchers as a number of delightful birds can be seen in this area. Also to be seen are the Santagiri Stupas that too were built in the 3rd century B.C. and have been built in the classical Sinhalese architectural style. Tissamaharama is easily accessible by road. A number of buses go on the route and hired cars are also an option.

You May Also Like to Read:

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*Note: Some images used for representational purposes only.

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Ancient sites and historical places to visit in Sri Lanka

Wander among ancient ruins and immerse yourself at the best ancient sites and historical places to visit in Sri Lanka

If you’re here for the history, you’re in for one heck of a time. Sri Lanka is positively dropping in the stuff, from the cultural triangle covering Anuradhapura, Dambulla and Kandy to the numerous UNESCO world heritage sites dotted around the country. Heck, even if you’re not here for the history, you’ll find it difficult to avoid being swept up in the majesty of it all; those ancient civilisations produced some pretty incredible stuff, after all. Check out our guide to ancient sites and historical places to visit in Sri Lanka and get ready to learn about traditional ways of life and no shortage of tremendous art . 

Been there, done that? Think again, my friend.

• Anuradhapura
• Attractions
• Historic buildings and sites

An incredible city of the past, Anuradhapura brings to life scared historic sites, structures and tales of yore. Boasting numerous age-old Buddhist temples, archaeological evidence of the existence of mighty kingdoms dating from as far back as and even before the 5th Century BC, its sprawling walkways yield views of ancient ruins and magnificent stupas rising over countless neem and bodhi trees, which are home to langur monkeys. Some of Anuradhapura’s voluminous, revered sites include the Sri Maha Bodhi, known to have grown from a cutting taken off the bodhi tree under which Buddha was enlightened; Ruwanweliseya, a giant stupa built by King Dutugemunu; Thuparamaya, believed to be the first dagoba built after the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka; Samadhi Statue, an eight feet structure of one of Buddha’s meditation postures, and a similar standing Buddha known as Aukana; Abhayagiriya dagoba built by King Valagamba; Isurumuniya, a ruin of a once stone carving near Tisawewa; Jethawanaramaya, once a great temple civilisation as evidenced by its many ruins… and many more. The best way to get to Anuradhapura is on the Colombo-Kurunegala-Anuradhapura road or book a ride on the Colombo-Anuradhapura train. 

• Polonnaruwa

A city renowned for its ancient ruins, Polonnaruwa’s kingdom once reigned supreme over the island for a relatively short period, from the 11th to the 13th Century. Its archaeological square is a great place to experience age-old artefacts; tombs, stupas, structural remains of temples and statues.  The statue of King Parakramabahu I is one to look out for. This king was responsible for the building of several monasteries and temples during his rule. The Thuparamaya shrine room was one of the first structures and the King’s Royal Palace also stakes claim to the magnificence of his well known architectural sense.  Another prominent ancient structure is the Nissankalata Mandapaya or King Nissankamalla’s (1187-1196) Council Chamber.  Hailing from the Kalinga Dynasty, this King too was accountable for major organisational developments in the Polonnaruwa kingdom. 

An agricultural marvel, although without lakes and rivers, it’s amazing what productiveness past kingdoms can throw so far into the future that they are still ongoing to this day. The Keeramalei tank still supplies fresh water for many savoured agricultural food products, which are only grown best in Jaffna.  Although predominantly a Hindu city, Nagadeepa temple, a boat ride from the Jaffna peninsula, a historic site, fosters evidence of Buddhist culture that existed over 2,500 years ago.  Other popular sites include the Nilavarei bottomless well, the island of Delft, just off the peninsula; the ancient Kovils of Nallur and Vallipuram which practice traditions received from centuries past; Jaffna Fort hailing from Portuguese colonial times. The Jaffna library has been recently rebuilt in its former traditional style.  Take the train for a comfortable, no-hassle trip to Jaffna or drive, taking the A9 route, or it’s also possible to fly there. 

For culture and tradition with a bonus of sights, sea and sun, then Galle would be your hot spot for an intriguing time in the past, as well as enjoying time in the present. Galle was a thriving hub for commercial trade even before the Dutch era. Today trading is less although tourist business supplements the income from cinnamon and fisheries.     Historic sites to look out for:  Galle Fort, overlooking the Indian Ocean; declared a World Heritage site, the Fort itself is a vibrant part of this city as is apparent as you walk through its inner streets,  where houses have been converted into restaurants, art galleries and antique and fashionable shops. The Dutch Reformed Church, since 1754, located in the Fort has records of matrimonies and baptisms. The former Dutch hospital that expanded to become government offices under the British and Sri Lankan administrations has been transformed into the Old Dutch Hospital Shopping Complex with gem shops and restaurants. Other sites worthy of visiting due to their historical value include the Galapatha Temple, located not far from the main city, which houses the tooth relic of Arhat Maha Kassapa, a revered monk, who lived out his Bikku life in the temple; the Richmond castle;  Nupe market and the Keechimalai mosque. Another must-see is the ancient technique of pole fishing that could be witnessed along the shallow waters of the southern coast starting from the Galle District. Galle is just over an hour’s drive via the southern

• Trincomalee

Renowned for its pristine beaches, this town on the east coast has another appeal mostly for lovers of history and culture, as well as beach activities and even whale watching expeditions.   A once ancient seaport responsible for transit points from where many aspects of the Buddhist culture was spread across Sri Lanka, Trincomalee, then called Siri Gonamala, has a  history dating back to about the 6th Century BC.  Vehera Gala temple used to stand where the Portuguese built Fort Fredrick now rests, and which dates back to the 16th Century. Tiriyaya Stupa and Koneswaram temple, two of some of the earliest religious edifices built in Trinco, show how intermingled Buddhist and Hindu cultures were then.  The legendary Kannya hot springs, still miraculously brimming away, go back nearly 26 centuries, is something from the past that’s refreshingly mind-boggling.  Trincomalee can be accessed through Habarana. 

An ancient kingdom, renowned for its architecture, age-old tradition and its veneration of the Buddhist culture; cities on the island don’t get any more traditional than Kandy. The last kingdom in Sri Lanka (15th-19th Century) is now a vastly populated metropolis, with as many people as there are ancient structures still preserved. Kandy is definitely eye candy for those looking to take an express tour of a city that’s even in the family of world heritage sites.  The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic rests on the hallowed square where also is seen the four shrines of the gods Vishnu, Natha, Kataragama deviyo, and the goddess Pattini. Alongside this centre square are museums with artefacts from the former kingdom.  Kandy Lake was built by the last king and boats can be hired to tour the lake and gaze at the ancient temples. Don’t miss out on a visit to the historic Embekke, a wooden temple with intricately carved wooden pillars, off Pilimatalawa. If you visit in August then you will be in time for lovely weather as well a spectacle that brings visitors from the world over every year to watch: the Kandy Perahera. The Colombo-Kandy train ride to Kandy is definitely recommended.

When people talk of the city of Sigiriya, they’re usually referring to its ancient Rock Fortress as this mass of 600 ft rock was actually presumed a city in itself. Its King, Kasyapa (477-495AD) reigned from this fortress, which was also his palace, ornamented with what was believed to be over 500 frescoes of women. These have now faded, however, a few are still visible on parts of the rock faces.  Other sites along the climb up to the Rock’s summit include ancient moats, walkways, ruins of what once used to be gardens or courtyards, ponds and stairwells. The ascent begins at an entranceway through a large carving of a lion; the remnants of its stone paws are clearly noticeable. There are corridors that lead to glimpses of giant worn frescoes, and at the summit or Sky palace, smaller ruins.  Take the Colombo-Katunayaka expressway and follow through to Minuwangoda and then towards Kurunegala… Sigiriya is accessible thereon. Another way is via Kandy. 

Yapahuwa is a 300ft rock fortress that was once home to Buddha’s Sacred Tooth Relic and also the capital of Sri Lanka during the reign of King Buvenekabahu (1273-1284 AD). It is often scaled as an alternative to climbing Sigiriya. The rock kingdom was heavily guarded with a moat and a high-rise wall. The Yapahuwa stone Lion sits smiling at its visitors while an amazing stone stairway revives evidence of an entrance to the King’s fortress, which was also his royal palace. A cave temple, the Yapahuwa Raja Maha Vihara was built by the king for monks at the rock’s summit. Recent archaeological excavations uncovered remnants of Chinese ceramics and it is believed that the King may have had ties with China.  Yapahuwa is just three miles from Kurunegala; a scenic walk would be a great way to experience the countryside or public transport is always an option.

The home of the iconic Cave, Rock or Golden Temple, Dambulla is definitely one site that shouldn’t be missed. While 150 Buddha statues fill up five caves within the temple, paintings thought to be from far back as the 8th Century, shed light on various eras of its representation. Although there isn’t a whole lot to see around town, be sure to take advantage of scenic walks nestled in its surroundings. A distribution hub for local agricultural produce from neighbouring country farms and also vegetables from Nuwara Eliya, numerous stalls, as far as the eye can see, selling freshly harvested items along the main road is a fascinating sight. Dambulla can be easily accessed by visitors passing through Kandy and Kurunegala.  

If veneration takes you anywhere in Sri Lanka, then Kataragama should be your first place to visit. Frequented by thousands of devotees and pilgrims from various religious backgrounds, particularly Hindus and Buddhists, through the ages travelling here to receive blessings for a new house, car, children’s education, good health, and for absolutely anything, as a matter of fact, Kataragama is considered the home of true sanctity. Why? Mainly for its many temples and houses of worship. The shrines and stupas within these temples are timeless pieces of work, dating as far back as the 1st Century BC. Kirivehera stupa is one such structure. The Maha Devalaya, just beyond, houses three main shrines, with its dedication being to a principal deity, the god Katharagama. Sella Kataragama is a little town located a few kilometres from the city. It boasts pleasant walkways and humbly scenic surroundings. It is also recognised as the place where god Kataragama met one of his partners, Valli Amma, under the tamarind trees. Don’t miss; Tissamaharmaya, a neighbouring city to Katharagama; renowned for making the best buffalo curd in the country, the view from atop Vedihiti Kanda, and Kebilitha Devalaya in heart of Yala National Park.

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The 'Lion Fortress' of Sri Lanka was swallowed by the jungle

Built in the fifth century, Sri Lanka’s Sigiriya fortress attracted the attention of British archaeologists in the 1800s, who were amazed by its leonine rock art and beautiful frescoes.

Perched on a slab of rock that juts dramatically over the forests of central Sri Lanka , Sigiriya is as imposing a sight now as it must have been when it was first built by a fierce king in the fifth century A.D. Meaning “lion’s rock,” Sigiriya (designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982) is accessed by way of passageways cut into the rock face between a monumental pair of lion paws.

The fortress was later swallowed by the forest, and only familiar to local villagers. Outsiders used knowledge of its past, preserved in Buddhist texts, to search for the ancient site. British historians rediscovered its astonishing buildings and frescoes in the 19th century.

Kingdom to colony

Sigiriya was built by the fifth-century king Kashyapa I, who ruled the native Sinhalese dynasty, the Moriya. The imposing fortress was the capital of the Sinhalese kingdom until Kashyapa was defeated in A.D. 495. (Watch: An ancient palatial fortress overlooks this barren desert in Israel .)

After Kashyapa, dynasties rose and fell, their fortunes shaped by internal power struggles and conflicts between native Sinhalese and outside invaders from India .

The Lion People

The Mahavamsa, a fifth-century Sri Lankan epic, tells how the Indian prince Vijaya was the grandson of a lion. He traveled to the island of Sri Lanka and married Princess Kuveni. From their union was born the Sinhalese race ( sinhala means “of lions”). In the Sinhalese tradition, the lion is the mythical ancestor of kings and a symbol of royal authority. The photograph shows what remains of the monumental Lion Paws Gate at Sigiriya.

Various cities held the status of capital after Sigiriya, such as Polonnaruwa. By the 12th century, however, overall control of Sri Lanka progressively weakened. Sinhalese power retreated to the southwest of the island, abandoning the Rajarata region, and the former administrative centers, including Sigiriya, started to fall into disuse.

Sri Lanka’s position in the Indian Ocean made it vulnerable to Europeans looking to expand their control in the region. By the mid-1500s the Portuguese had thoroughly exploited dynastic tensions in Sri Lanka’s ruling elite and controlled much of the island.

A century later the Dutch had replaced the Portuguese as colonial masters, and they were in turn displaced by the British in the late 1700s. By 1815 the Kingdom of Kandy, the last independent, native state on the island, became part of the British Empire.

Knowledge is power

British imperial rule brought civil servant George Turnour to the island. An aristocrat, scholar, and passionate historian, Turnour worked with a Buddhist monk to translate an ancient fifth-century chronicle, the Mahavamsa, from the Sri Lankan Pali language into English. Based on this and other texts, he identified two ancient capitals: Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.

Turnour also studied a later chronicle of Sri Lankan history, the Culavamsa, which told the story of King Kashyapa. In the late fifth century, this Sinhalese prince killed his father, King Dhatusena, and seized the throne, usurping his brother, who fled to India. Fearing reprisals, he built the fortress Sigiriya—but in vain: His brother returned, defeating Kashyapa, and Sigiriya lost its brief status as capital.

In 1827 a Scottish officer, Jonathan Forbes, became friends with Turnour, and on hearing the story of Kashyapa and his palace, decided to look for it. In 1831 he set off to where locals told him he would find the remains of an ancient city.

His memoir, Eleven Years in Ceylon, describes “the rock of Sirigi [sic], . . . frowning defiance over the scanty fields and the far-extending forest of the surrounding plain.” As he approached, he could see platforms and galleries carved into the rock. Two of his party managed to scramble some way up but dislodged rocks, “which crashed among the boughs of the trees at a great depth below.”

Unsure as to whether he had found the Sigiriya mentioned in the Buddhist texts, Forbes abandoned the expedition. Revisiting a few years later, he traced the moat that surrounds the gardens at the foot of the rock but did not attempt to climb the cliff face. He doubted that the name Sigiriya was related to lions, as he had seen nothing to support that etymology.

Fabulous frescoes

British mountaineers eventually reached the top in 1851, but the task of surveying the site fell to the Archaeological Commissioner of Ceylon, Harry C.P. Bell. His survey at the end of the 19th century has formed the basis of all studies since.

Bell painstakingly ascertained the layout of Kashyapa’s fantastical city as well as detailed the magnificent carving of the lion’s paws at the entrance, which Forbes had not been able to see.

In addition to the elaborate water gardens at the foot of the rock, Bell’s survey also lavished attention on the galleries on the rock face. These are decorated with exquisite wall paintings that have become some of the most prized objects in Sri Lanka’s artistic heritage. A total of 21 surviving frescoes may depict apsaras, celestial singers and dancers. (See also: 40,000-year-old cave art may be world's oldest animal drawing .)

Nearby, also on the walls of the rock face, are well over 1,000 items of graffiti, scratched by monks and pilgrims who visited the site in the eighth to the 13th centuries. These messages from the past can cause a frisson when read by visitors today. One reads: “At Sigiriya, of abundant splendor, situated on the island of [Sri Lanka] we saw, in happy mood, the rock that captivates the mind of all people who come here.”

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10 Best Historical Places in Sri Lanka

By Author Paulina

Posted on April 27, 2023

Are you ready to explore some of the most interesting historical sites in Asia?

If that sounds like a fun and exciting adventure, then Sri Lanka is the place to go!

This beautiful country has been home to ancient cultures for thousands of years, with many captivating landmarks still standing today.

From royal palaces, fortresses and temples dating back as early as 500 BC, there are plenty of incredible places where you can uncover Sri Lanka’s rich history and take an insightful journey through time.

In this blog post, I’ll reveal some of our favorite must-see historical places in Sri Lanka that should be included on any traveler’s itinerary.

So grab your passport, book your tickets, and get ready for a fascinating trip about times gone by!

You, dear reader, support this blog. When you purchase through a link, I may earn a small commission. As an Amazon Affiliate, I earn from qualifying purchases.

Table of Contents

1. Anuradhapura

Welcome to Anuradhapura! This beautiful city, located in the north-central province of Sri Lanka, boasts a rich history and cultural heritage that will leave you in awe.

Anuradhapura served as the capital of Sri Lanka for over a millennium and is home to some of the country’s most significant historical sites.

Be sure to visit the Sri Maha Bodhi, a sacred fig tree that is over 2,000 years old and said to be one of the oldest trees in the world.

Another must-see attraction is the Ruwanwelisaya stupa, one of the largest dagobas in Sri Lanka.

Anuradhapura is a city that deserves to be explored and marveled at for its historical significance not just in Sri Lanka but in the whole of South Asia.

You will feel a sense of amazement and wonder as you walk through this majestic and ancient city.

2. Polonnaruwa

If you’re planning a visit to Sri Lanka, you won’t want to miss the ancient city of Polonnaruwa.

This charming destination features awe-inspiring temples, stunning ruins, and remarkable palaces that are sure to captivate your imagination.

With a rich history spanning back centuries, Polonnaruwa is one of the most iconic cultural sites in Sri Lanka.

From the world-famous Royal Palace to the untouched Gal Vihara temple complex, there is no shortage of impressive historical sites to visit.

Polonnaruwa has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered a significant cultural and archaeological site in Sri Lankan history.

3. Sigiriya

Located in the heart of Sri Lanka, Sigiriya is a spectacular and historical marvel.

This ancient rock fortress dates back to the 5th century AD and has withstood the test of time with its intricate frescoes, landscaped gardens, and enormous rock boulders.

Sigiriya served as a royal palace for King Kasyapa and stands tall, a testament to the remarkable engineering skills of ancient Sri Lankan civilization.

As a must-visit historical site in Sri Lanka, Sigiriya’s awe-inspiring views of the surrounding jungle will leave you breathless.

Its historical significance, along with its stunning beauty, make it a top tourist spot that should not be missed.

4. Galle Fort

This beautiful 17th-century fort, located on the southwestern coast of the island, boasts an incredible history and unparalleled beauty.

The fort, built by the Portuguese, was later captured by the Dutch and eventually became a British colony in the 19th century.

Today, it stands as a testament to Sri Lanka’s rich cultural heritage and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Visitors can spend hours exploring the fort’s cobbled streets, beautiful churches, and unique boutiques, all while taking in stunning views of the Indian Ocean.

The fort is not just a tourist spot, but an integral part of Sri Lankan history that has stood the test of time.

5. Dambulla Cave Temple

The Dambulla Cave Temple is a fascinating sight to behold for all history buffs and travelers alike.

Comprising of five individual caves, this temple boasts a majestic golden Buddha statue that sits majestically in its own chamber.

The walls of these caves are adorned with over 150 statues of gods and goddesses, which are intricately carved and painted in bold colors that are sure to leave visitors awestruck.

Built over 2000 years ago, this temple holds immense significance in Sri Lankan history and has seen the rise and fall of several dynasties over the years.

It is also believed to have been a place of refuge for the royal family during times of war.

For travelers visiting Sri Lanka, a visit to this iconic temple is a must as it is a testament to the country’s rich cultural heritage that has stood the test of time.

6. Temple of the Tooth Relic

The Temple of the Tooth Relic is one of the most sacred places in the beautiful land of Sri Lanka.

This temple is believed to house the tooth of Buddha himself and is a major pilgrimage site for Buddhists all over the world.

The magnificent temple’s lush green surroundings and its intricate architectural design are sure to leave you in awe.

The history of the temple dates back to the 4th century AD, having survived numerous invasions and intrusions, making it a symbol of resilience for the people of Sri Lanka.

The temple plays a significant role in the country’s history, not only as a religious site but also as a symbol of the struggle against foreign occupation.

As a traveler, I was amazed by the beauty and cultural richness of this ancient temple.

7. Adam’s Peak

Adam’s Peak, also known as Sri Pada, is a breathtaking mountain located in Sri Lanka.

The mountain boasts of enchanting scenery with lush greenery and misty clouds.

The place is also known for its religious significance as it is believed that the footprint on the mountaintop belongs to Buddha, Shiva, Adam, or St. Thomas, depending on one’s faith.

History abounds with tales of pilgrims who have climbed the steps for centuries, seeking blessings and their ultimate purpose in life.

Adam’s Peak holds a unique place in Sri Lankan culture, and it remains a must-visit place for travelers who want to explore Sri Lankan mysticism and spirituality.

The experience of climbing the mountain is both physically and emotionally rewarding, and it is a place guaranteed to leave one feeling mentally refreshed and spiritually fulfilled.

8. Colombo Fort

If you’re looking to experience the rich culture and history of Sri Lanka, Colombo Fort should definitely be on your Sri Lanka itinerary .

This historic landmark, located in the heart of Colombo, is a true marvel of architecture and design. With no doubt it is one of the best historical places in Sri Lanka.

Built by the Portuguese in the 16th century and later expanded by the Dutch and British, Colombo Fort boasts a fascinating history that spans several centuries.

Many of the buildings within the fort have been beautifully preserved and are now home to government offices, restaurants and cafes, and other businesses.

But perhaps the most significant aspect of Colombo Fort is its place in Sri Lankan culture . As the site of several battles throughout history, it serves as a reminder of the country’s rich and complex past.

9. Independence Square, Colombo

This beautifully crafted space, surrounded by lush greenery, is a must-visit spot in Sri Lanka. With its iconic Independence Memorial Hall, it is a symbol of Sri Lanka’s freedom from colonial rule.

The history of Independence Square dates back to the year 1948 when the country gained its Independence.

If you’re a history buff, you will love learning about how this place played a significant role in shaping the country’s history.

Beyond history, Independence Square holds immense cultural significance for locals and travelers alike. It’s a peaceful retreat in the bustling city where people come to relax, jog or simply take a stroll.

The complex also houses several cafes and restaurants where you can enjoy a cup of coffee or mouth-watering local delicacies.

10. Galway’s Land National Park

This beautiful natural reserve boasts a breathtaking landscape that is home to a wide array of wildlife, including over 400 species of birds.

But there’s more to this place than just its natural beauty. Galway’s Land National Park has a rich history dating back to the colonial era when it was first established as a shooting area for British governors.

Today, the park plays a significant role in Sri Lankan culture, offering a refuge for threatened species and providing an outdoor playground for locals and tourists alike.

Final Thoughts: My favorite historic places in Sri Lanka

I have been fortunate enough to explore some of Sri Lanka’s most spectacular historical sites.

Of these, my favorite would have to be the Sirigiya. As I walked amidst the intricate ruins and structures, I couldn’t help but feel a sense of awe at the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the ancient civilization that once prospered here.

remarkable experience to stand in the same place where kings and queens once did, and to see first-hand the architectural accomplishments they achieved.

I can’t wait to hear from you what your favorite historical places in Sri Lanka are.

Before You Go: Top Tips for your Trip 

• You’ll snap tons of photos and I love to take my  GoPro  in order to shoot even in extreme situations. 
• Make sure to wear comfortable  walking shoes  and  hiking sandals   when traveling to warm countries. Consider trying some of these eco-friendly vegan hiking boots .
• Sunscreen is key! I always take with me my  eco-friendly sunscreen   by Thinksport.
• I always carry a  light rain jacket ,  just in case. Pack smart with these organic cotton clothing companies .
• Be environmentally friendly and get one of these awesome backpacks made from recycled materials .
• Get in the mindset with these amazing wilderness survival books .
• Travel insurance is essential! If you haven’t already obtained travel insurance for your trip, travel is protected against all odds with  HeyMondo .

Hola! I’m Paulina, a seasoned travelette who crossed the Atlantic Ocean by Boat HitchHiking. On my blog, find expert insights for an extraordinary holiday through outdoor and sustainable travel like hiking, cycling, and sailing. Let’s embark on unforgettable journeys together! 🌍🚀

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Historical Monuments in Sri Lanka

Here are some of the best historical places in sri lanka:, quick navigation.

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Little Adam's Peak

Due to its natural landscape, Ella has many quaint and rustic hiking trails. Little Adam’s Peak is one such popular trail that should not be missed. It is a short 50-60 minutes trek that takes you through the world famous tea plantations of the region. The greenery is a respite to the eyes and the intoxicating fragrance of the tea leaves further adds to the experience. 

Once you reach the top of the Little Adam’s Peak, you will see a Buddha statue backdropped against the mountains. 

Location: Ella- Passara Road, Ella 90090

Timings: The best time for the hike is at sunrise or the sunset. The peak is approachable all year around.

Price: There is no entry fee. 

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Galle Dutch Fort

The Galle Dutch Fort happens to be one of the treasured historical monuments of Srilanka located on the southern coast of the country. The fort was constructed by the Portuguese in the course of their reign in Srilanka and was later renovated by the Dutch. The fort is one of the most important UNESCO world heritage sites out of many in Srilanka. This is because of its wonderful illustration of European Architecture and South Asian Traditions of the 16th and 19th century. The fort displays an amazing amalgamation of age-old architecture and antiquity in the middle of astounding natural beauty.You will come across a number of lively shops, cafes, exhibition halls, lifestyle stores, and villas, which adds to the beauty of the place. It would be just amazing to move by the walls witnessing the intricate artworks and sheer craftsmanship. At the present time, the fort is still home to multi-ethnic and multi-religious population, as some properties inside the fort are still owned by many Dutch people and local Srilankan people as well. 

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Kandy Lake is an artificial lake built by King Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe in 1807. The lake, also called Kiri Muhuda or Sea of the Milk, is situated in the heart of the Kandy city. It covers an area of 6,544 sq. m. with a circumference of 3.21 km. The lake boasts of a small island at its center. A building, together with some earliest ruins is also located at the center of the lake. The iconic serene lake is one of the greatest attractions for visitors for its lush green settings and pristine blue waters. It has several rest zones, where tourists can sit, breathe fresh air, and catch the glimpse of scenic beauty around them. Nature lovers and tourists can enjoy the picturesque surroundings and soothe their jittery nerves by taking a stroll around the 2.1 km pathway. People generally stroll or jog the pathway in the evening, when the mercury drops considerably. It presents a beautiful sight at night. The palm trees in the middle of the lake add charm to the entire surroundings.  Tourists can opt for boat rides and relish the experience. One can hire the boat either for their party or join other passengers for a ride. The boat ride costs approximately Rs. 1500 to Rs. 2000 for a 20-minute boating experience around the Lake.  Visitors can look forward to gratifying their senses, by buying products ranging from balloons to cashew nuts from vendors roaming around the lake. Owing to the pollution and other factors, which led to shrinkage of the lake, the management has declared it as a protected area and banned fishing at this spot. However, animal lovers and ornithologists can revel in watching birds, fishes, and huge monitor lizards.

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Once serving as the capital city of the country, Yapahuwa is one of the most sought-after historical places to visit in Sri Lanka. Initially built to defend the country, the rock fortress complex has witnessed great wars between the medieval Dravidian tribes and the Sri Lankan rulers. Right at the center, the Citadel of Yapahuwa rises to about a hundred meters above the surrounding areas. Following the capture of the Fort in the 13th century, the complex was abandoned and eventually inhabited by Buddhist monks. Today, visitors get to witness a series of elaborate staircases and statues at the fort ruins, some of the most spectacular in the country. With its elevation, the Yapahuwa ruins are also known for their excellent views of the surrounding areas. Best time to visit: November to January

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Buduruwagala Raja Maha Viharaya

One of the oldest Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka, Buduruwagala is known for its rock carvings. In fact, the name Buduruwagala literally means the “Rock of Buddhist Sculptures.” One of the most striking monuments in Sri Lanka, the temple is home to seven Buddhist sculptures that belong to the Mahayana school of thought. Upon entrance, one comes face to face with the image of a Buddha in his stuccoed robe. Rising to a height of 16 meters, it is the tallest Buddha statue on the island. The figure of Buddha is surrounded by smaller statues, including that of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara and Tara, his female consort. Best time to visit: November to March

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The Ruwanwelisaya Dagoba

One of the most significant Buddhist pilgrimages in the world, The Ruvanvelisaya Dagoba is home to the largest collection of Buddha’s relics. Two quarts, or one ‘Dona’ of the Buddha’s relics are enshrined here. Built in 140 BC, it is also the oldest Buddhist stupa in Sri Lanka. An architectural wonder, the domed stupa is known for its elaborate carvings and statues. It is also believed to be one of the 8 places that were blessed by Lord Buddha during his visit to Sri Lanka, and is revered by Buddhist devotees across the world. Best time to visit:   December to February

Brazen Palace

Also known as the Lovamahapaya, the Brazen Palace is a 2,000 year old Palace built by Sri Lankan King Dutugemunu. Now regarded as one of the best historical places in Sri Lanka, the Palace was initially built as a shelter for Buddhist monks, and had 1000 rooms to house a thousand residents. Today, one can witness the columned building preserved in its original glory. A 45-feet rice cut boat can be found here as well, which is said to have prepared alms for all 1000 resident monks. Best time to visit: November to February

People Also Ask About Sri Lanka

Which are the best places to visit in sri lanka , which are the best historical places in sri lanka to visit with family , how many days are enough to visit sri lanka , what is the best time to visit sri lanka , what is sri lanka famous for, what are the best day and night tour packages you can book with thrillophilia.

Sri Lanka Top Attractions

The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, nestled in Kandy, Sri Lanka, is a revered spiritual destination often featured in Sri Lanka tour packages. Home to the sacred tooth relic of Lord Buddha, the temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, boasting intricate Kandyan architecture and serene surroundings. Pilgrims and visitors are captivated by the rich cultural heritage and the daily rituals that honor the relic. The Esala Perahera, an elaborate annual procession, further enhances the temple's significance. Including a visit to the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Sri Lanka tour packages ensures a profound cultural and spiritual experience amidst the historical and religious grandeur of Kandy.

Adam's peak is a tall mountain of religious significance located in central Sri Lanka. This mountain is of religious significance for both the Hindus and the Buddhists. While the Buddhists believe that it has the footprint of Buddha, the Hindus believe that it is the footprint of Hanuman. The mountain is more than 2000 metres tall and is in a conical shape. It is alternatively known as Mount Lanka, Ratnagiri and Malayagiri. In fact, this mountain is also the origin point of three rivers- Kelani, Walawe and the Kalu Ganga. The mountain comes with six hiking trails that come with the best views from the top. Even prominent travellers like Fa Hien and Marco Polo have written about this hill during their travels. Apart from being a cultural landmark, Adams Peak also has geographical significance and continues to attract tourists from around the world. 

Minneriya and Kaudulla National Parks in Sri Lanka beckon wildlife enthusiasts with their breathtaking landscapes. Often featured in Sri Lanka packages, these parks are famed for their annual gathering of elephants, known as "The Gathering." The vast reservoirs and lush surroundings provide a haven for diverse wildlife, including leopards, deer, and numerous bird species. The unique spectacle of hundreds of elephants converging is a captivating experience, making Minneriya and Kaudulla essential stops for those seeking an immersive encounter with nature's wonders. Including these national parks in Sri Lanka packages ensures a thrilling exploration of the island's rich biodiversity and natural beauty.Best For: Getting close to large herds of elephants. Best time to visit is during May to September to watch large number of elephants. Location: 182-197 KM away from Colombo. Price: Safari Price is LKR 6,500 for each National Park. Additional Price: Tickets per adult is LKR 1,500 and per child is LKR 750. Duration: safari duration is 4 hours. Timing: Evening Safari 2.30am to 6.30pm and morning safari is 5:00am to 8:00am.

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Sri Lanka’s prehistoric record

Legendary origins, indo-aryan settlement in sri lanka, conversion to buddhism, the anuradhapura period, the polonnaruwa period, government and society, the advent and impact of irrigation, the fall of polonnaruwa.

• Political changes
• Collapse of the Dry Zone civilization
• New cultivation techniques
• Foreign trade
• Land control
• Religious and ethnolinguistic changes
• The expansion of Portuguese control
• Kandy and its struggle with European powers
• Control of Kandy
• Social and administrative reforms
• Emergence of capitalist agriculture
• Constitutional reforms
• Growth of nationalist power
• Social and cultural changes
• Dominion status
• Independent Ceylon (1948–71)
• Peace accord and discord
• End of the war
• Reconstruction
• Growing debt and instability
• Ascent of the Rajapaksas and economic collapse

history of Sri Lanka

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history of Sri Lanka , a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Sri Lanka from ancient times to the present day. The country, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait . Proximity to the Indian subcontinent has facilitated close cultural interaction between Sri Lanka and India from ancient times. At a crossroads of maritime routes traversing the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka has also been exposed to cultural influences from other Asian civilizations.

Sri Lanka has had a continuous record of human settlement for more than two millennia, and its civilization has been shaped largely by that of the Indian subcontinent. The island’s two major ethnic groups, the Sinhalese and the Tamils , and its two dominant religions, Buddhism and Hinduism , made their way to the island from India , and Indian influence pervaded such diverse fields as art, architecture, literature, music, medicine, and astronomy.

Despite its obvious affinities with India, Sri Lanka nevertheless developed a unique identity over the ages that ultimately set it apart from its neighbour. Cultural traits brought from India necessarily underwent independent growth and change in Sri Lanka, owing in part to the island’s physical separation from the subcontinent. Buddhism, for instance, virtually disappeared from India, but it continued to flourish in Sri Lanka, particularly among the Sinhalese. Moreover, the Sinhalese language , which grew out of Indo-Aryan dialects from the mainland, eventually became indigenous solely to Sri Lanka and developed its own literary tradition.

Also important to Sri Lanka’s cultural development has been its position as the nexus of important maritime trade routes between Europe , the Middle East , and Asia. Long before the European discovery of an oceanic route to India in the 15th century, Sri Lanka was known to Greek, Roman, Persian, Armenian, Arab, Malay, and Chinese sailors. With the coming of the Europeans, however, the strategic importance of Sri Lanka increased, and Western maritime powers fought to control its shores. Both Sri Lanka and India came under European influence and colonial rule. This common experience worked to tighten the long-standing links between the two countries, and, with the attainment of independence in the mid-20th century, Sri Lankan and Indian social institutions and ideologies began to resonate more closely with each other.

Geologically, Sri Lanka is an extension of peninsular India that separated from the mainland perhaps as recently as the Miocene Epoch (roughly 25 to 5 million years ago). Archaeological excavations undertaken since the late 20th century have indicated that the island already supported human inhabitants some 75,000 to 125,000 years ago. The earliest occupants of the region were, like other Paleolithic peoples, hunters and gatherers who made and used fairly rough stone tools. Finer tools made of quartz and occasionally of chert become visible in the archaeological record about 28,000 years ago. The artifacts from this era, which include many microliths (very small, sharp flakes of stone that can be used individually or hafted together to make a serrated edge), have been found throughout the country, especially among the grasslands of the hills and the sandy tracts of the coast. By about the 9th century bce , people had begun to experiment with food production and irrigation and had gained access to some of the iron tools produced on the continent.

Early settlement and the spread of Buddhism

Sri Lanka’s earliest human inhabitants of whom there is direct fossil evidence were hunter-gatherers in the area of Balangoda in the south. Urban settlements first appeared in the 10th century bce near Anuradhapura in north-central Sri Lanka. The ancestors of the Sinhalese , who were speakers of Indo-Aryan languages , migrated from northern India about the 5th century bce . The Tamils were probably later immigrants from areas of central, eastern, and southern India where Dravidian languages were spoken; their early migrations spanned a period from about the 3rd century bce to about 1200 ce .

Sri Lanka possesses a historical tradition preserved in written form by Buddhist chroniclers. The earliest of the extant chronicles is the Dipavamsa (“Island’s Chronicle”), compiled probably by Buddhist nuns in the 4th century ce . The Dipavamsa was followed by the Mahavamsa (“Great Chronicle”) and its continuation, called the Culavamsa (“Little Chronicle”). Together, these chronicles constitute a literary record of the establishment and growth of Sinhalese political power and of Sri Lankan Buddhism; however, the documents must be used with caution and always in conjunction with archaeological—especially epigraphic—material.

According to the Sinhalese tradition, as recorded in the Mahavamsa , the first Indian settlers on Sri Lanka were Prince Vijaya and his 700 followers, who landed on the west coast near Puttalam (5th century bce ). They had been banished for misconduct from the kingdom of Sinhapura in northern India by Vijaya’s father, King Sinhabahu, who put them all in a ship and drove them away. When Vijaya’s band landed on the island, it was inhabited by yaksha s (a type of spirit; perhaps referring here to human members of a cult of yaksha devotees), whom they defeated and chased into the interior. Vijaya married a yaksha princess and had two children by her. Later he drove her and the children away and sent to the Madurai court in India for a Pandu (probably referring to the Pandya dynasty ) princess and for wives for his 700 followers. Vijaya settled down to reign as king after a ceremonial enthronement and marriage and founded a dynasty . He had no heir to the throne, and toward the end of his reign he sent for his younger brother at Sinhapura. The brother, unwilling to leave his native land, sent his youngest son, Panduvasudeva, to Sri Lanka. Panduvasudeva landed with 32 followers at Gokanna (now Trincomalee ) on the east coast. He was enthroned at Upatissagama and continued the Vijaya dynasty.

The account of Sri Lanka’s settlement as presented in the Mahavamsa contains an element of historical fact—the settlers were Indo-Aryan peoples from northern India. However, controversy exists as to the exact provenance of the early settlers; the legends contain evidence pointing to both the northeastern and the northwestern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . Vijaya’s ancestors hailed from Bengal , in the northeast, but his father established himself subsequently in Gujarat , the area in northwest India from which the adventurers were put out to sea. Before arriving in Sri Lanka, their ship called at Supara, on the west coast of India. Their landing in Sri Lanka, at Tambapanni, near Puttalam, would indicate their arrival from western India. Some early tribal names occurring in Sri Lanka also suggest connections with northwestern India and the Indus River region.

While considerable evidence points to western India as the home of the first immigrants, it seems probable that a subsequent wave arrived from the vicinity of Bengal and Odisha in the northeast. One band of settlers landed in Sri Lanka at the east-coast port of Gokanna, a natural port of disembarkation for vessels arriving from the Bay of Bengal . The traditional accounts of the arrival of Panduvasudeva may portray a second wave of migration following the first mentioned in the Vijaya legend . Linguistic affinities between the early Sinhalese- and Prakrit -speaking peoples of eastern India strengthen the hypothesis of a migration from this area.

The tradition speaks primarily of settlement by conquest, and tribes of conquerors led by a warrior nobility would certainly have propelled the Indo-Aryan migration southward. Also important, however, was the pursuit of trade (as opposed to military conquest). Indo-Aryan merchants probably reached Sri Lanka while sailing down the Indian coast, and some of these merchants, motivated by a lucrative trade in Sri Lanka’s natural products, may have founded settlements.

The view that Indo-Aryan migrants laid the foundations of Sinhalese civilization increasingly has come into question since the late 20th century. Archaeological evidence has indicated that settled agriculture, tank irrigation, use of iron, and pottery were features present before the Indo-Aryan migrations. During the early phases of these migrations, a synthesis seems to have taken place between Indo-Aryan, pre-Indo-Aryan, and possibly Dravidian elements to create the early Sinhalese culture of the Anuradhapura period, which spanned the 3rd century bce to the 10th century ce . The chronicled account of Vijaya’s confrontation with the yaksha s and the search for consorts in the Pandu kingdom of Madurai (if this may be presumed to be the Pandya Tamil kingdom of southern India) point to such integration .

In any case, Indo-Aryan settlements grew in different parts of the island from about the 5th century bce . The settlers came in numerous clans or tribes; the most powerful were the Sinhalese, who eventually gave their name to the descendants of the various groups. The earliest settlers were those on the west-central coast, who pushed inland along the Malwatu River and founded a number of riverbank villages. Their seat of government was Upatissagama.

Tradition attributes the founding of the kingdom of Anuradhapura to Pandukkabhaya, the third king of the Vijaya dynasty. With its growth as the strongest Sinhalese kingdom, the city of Anuradhapura and the nearby settlements flourished . Kings built up the city and developed it for urban life as they extended royal control over villages and outlying settlements. With the establishment of strong government, the population grew and the kingdom expanded into the north-central region.

According to Sinhalese tradition, Buddhism was first brought to Sri Lanka by a mission sent out from eastern India during the reign of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka (c. 273–232 bce ). The leader of the mission to Sri Lanka, Mahendra (Mahinda), is described as Ashoka’s son. Mahendra and his colleagues traveled to the Mihintale hill (the site of some of the earliest inscriptions), 8 miles (13 km) from Anuradhapura. There they chanced to meet the Sinhalese king Tissa, to whom they delivered a sermon on Buddhism. The king was brought into the Buddhist fold, and he invited Mahendra and his followers to the city. The missionaries were settled in a royal pavilion in the city park of Mahamegha, where they preached first to members of the royal family and then to the common people. Many embraced the new religion, some taking holy orders and joining the Buddhist sangha (community of monks). The king donated the Mahamegha park to the sangha. Meanwhile, the monastery of Mahavihara was established, and it became the prime centre of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Mahendra sent for his sister Sanghamitta, who arrived with a branch of the Bo tree (at Bodh Gaya ), under which the Buddha had attained enlightenment. The sapling was ceremonially planted in the city. Sanghamitta founded an order of nuns, and a stupa (shrine), the Thuparamacetiya, was built by the king for popular worship. Thus, with the founding of these and other institutions, Buddhism became an established religion in Sri Lanka.

Through the conversion of King Tissa and the missionary activity of monks in the villages, by the 2nd century bce the Sinhalese had accepted Buddhism, and this faith helped produce a unity and consciousness on which subsequent political and economic strength was founded. However, it should be recognized that while the monastic chronicles accord the pride of place to Buddhism, other religions also were practiced on the island. Jainism , for instance, probably represented another major religious tradition, and a Jain monastery is mentioned in the Mahavamsa . The chronicle also indicates the presence of Brahmans —Hindus of the highest social rank—in Sri Lanka.

Early growth and political centralization, c. 200 bce –1255 ce

Expansion of Buddhism preceded political unification; many of the areas embraced by the new religion were still ruled by a multitude of chiefs. The ruler of Anuradhapura , Duttagamani Abhaya (reigned 161–137 bce ), was preeminent among these chiefs, and, as Buddhism spread, the Anuradhapura kingdom extended its political control over the rest of Sri Lanka.

The Vijaya dynasty of kings continued, with brief interruptions, until 65 ce , when Vasabha, a member of the Lambakanna royal family, founded the Lambakanna dynasty. The Lambakannas ruled for about four centuries. Their most noteworthy king was Mahasena (reigned 276–303), who constructed many major irrigation systems and championed heterodox Buddhist sects.

A Pandyan invasion from southern India put an end to this dynasty and, briefly, to Sinhalese rule in 432. Dhatusena (reigned 459–477) defeated the Pandyas and reestablished Sinhalese rule with the line of Moriya kings. His son Kashyapa I (reigned 477–495) moved the capital from Anuradhapura to the rock fortress of Sigiriya . After Kashyapa’s dethronement the capital was returned to Anuradhapura.

From the 7th century there was an increase in the involvement of south Indian powers in the island’s politics and in the presence of Tamil mercenaries in and around the capital. Manavamma, a Sinhalese royal fugitive, was placed on the throne in 684 with the support of the Pallava rulers of south India.

Manavamma founded the second Lambakanna dynasty, which reigned in Anuradhapura for about 400 years. The dynasty produced a number of distinguished kings, who consolidated and extended Sinhalese political power. During this period, Sinhalese involvement with southern India was even closer. Sinhalese kings were drawn into the dynastic battles between the Pandyas, Pallavas, and Colas . Invasions from south India to Sri Lanka and retaliatory raids were a recurrent phenomenon. In the 10th century the island’s political and military power weakened because of regional particularism and internecine warfare; the Colas—hostile because of the Sinhalese alliance with Pandya—attacked and occupied the Sinhalese kingdom in 993 and annexed Rajarata (in the north-central region of Sri Lanka) as a province of the Cola empire. The conquest was completed in 1017, when the Colas seized the southern province of Ruhuna.

The Colas occupied Sri Lanka until 1070, when Vijayabahu liberated the island and reestablished Sinhalese power. He shifted the capital eastward to Polonnaruwa , a city that was easier to defend against south Indian attacks and that controlled the route to Ruhuna. The capital remained there for some 150 years. The most colourful king of the Polonnaruwa period was Parakramabahu I (reigned 1153–86), under whom the kingdom enjoyed its greatest prosperity. He followed a strong foreign policy , dispatching a punitive naval expedition to Myanmar (Burma) and sending the army to invade the Pandyan kingdom; however, these initiatives achieved no permanent success. After Parakramabahu I the throne passed to the Kalinga dynasty, and the influence of south India increased. Nissankamalla (reigned c. 1186–96) was the last effective ruler of this period. The last Polonnaruwa king was Magha (reigned 1215–36), an adventurer from south India who seized power and ruled with severity.

Kingship was the unifying political institution in the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods, a symbol of the aims and achievements of the Sinhalese people. The kingship was essentially Brahmanic (hereditary within the priestly social class), with strong Buddhist influences; all the kings were practicing Buddhists and patrons of Buddhist institutions. The support and blessing of the clergy, moreover, were perceived as essential to a peaceful and continuous reign. This connection between kingship and Buddhism enabled Buddhism to flourish. Kings built, maintained, and endowed many shrines and monasteries, and they intervened to establish order and prevent schism within the Buddhist community . Nobles and commoners too were lavish in their support, and thus Buddhist institutions prospered. Many beautiful temples were built with finely carved sculpture, and monasteries thrived as centres of learning in the Pali and Sinhalese languages and in Buddhist philosophy.

The king was supported by an inner administrative hierarchy consisting of members of his family and influential nobles. The yuvaraja , the king’s chosen heir to the throne, was given responsible office. The army was the major prop of royal absolutism, and the senapati , or commander in chief, was the king’s closest counselor and confidant.

Sinhalese society was segmented into social classes— castes —each of which performed a particular occupation. (The caste system in Sri Lanka, however, was not as rigid as its counterpart in India.) The Govi, or cultivators, made up the highest caste in Sri Lanka, but many other castes also engaged in farming. Administrative officials were drawn from the Govi caste, which was stratified into chiefs, titled men, and peasants. Chiefs were important supporters of royal absolutism and helped administer the government. Nonagricultural people, the Hina, were considered of lower rank and were divided into occupational groups. These caste groups were endogamous; each lived in its own section, along particular streets. Castes were stratified in terms of status, with the lowest on the scale—the candala —performing the most menial of jobs.

The Sinhalese civilization was hydraulic, based on the storage and use of water for the regular cultivation of wet fields. The early Indo-Aryan settlers cultivated rice and settled along river valleys and other suitable lands. They began with simple schemes for damming rivers and storing water below them. Small systems for storing water in reservoirs by tapping seasonal streams later became a feature of nearly every village; these waterworks probably were managed communally by the landowners of the village. With the increase in royal power, the attraction of greater revenue through greater production made kings play an active role in the construction of large-scale irrigation schemes. Beginning about the 1st century ce during the reign of King Vasabha, large perennial rivers were blocked with massive earthen dams to create colossal reservoirs. With increasingly sophisticated irrigation technology, water from these reservoirs was delivered through canals to distant fields and through underground channels to the capital city.

Further technological progress was achieved in the 3rd century during the reign of King Mahasena; a number of storage tanks and canals are attributed to him, the most outstanding of which is the Minneriya tank and its feeder canals. The construction and maintenance of monumental irrigation works became a regular preoccupation of kings. Reservoirs and canals studded the northern and north-central plains, tapping every source of water. Among the most noteworthy was the magnificent Parakrama Samudra in Polonnaruwa, the crowning glory of Parakramabahu I’s reign, with a storage area of more than 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares) for the irrigation of 18,000 acres (7,300 hectares).

Operation of the large works demanded a great deal of coordination and central control; mobilization of labour and technical skill was required at the construction stage, and bureaucratic machinery was essential to keeping the system in repair. Among the primary functions of the central administration was the enforcement of regulations to coordinate cultivation of irrigated plots, to control the flow of water, and to collect water dues from the irrigation operators. Such effective and efficient water management led to increased productivity, which ultimately increased the power of the king.

Many medium and small irrigation works were, however, initiated and managed by regional and village authorities, who became important props of royal authority. When rights to revenue were devolved to these local notables, a feudal system began to emerge, with feudal relations proliferating especially rapidly after 1200.

A grain tax, the water dues, and trade in surplus grain were major sources of the king’s revenue. They sustained strong political and military power for more than a millennium and enabled the dispatch of expeditions abroad. Increased revenue also made possible widespread religious construction, which, along with remarkable accomplishments in the plastic arts and irrigation, was a hallmark of the reign of Parakramabahu I.

When Parakramabahu I died in 1186, the throne passed to the non-Sinhalese Kalinga dynasty—to Nissankamalla, brother of Parakramabahu I’s Kalinga queen. Following the death of Nissankamalla in 1196, the Polonnaruwa kingdom was weakened by a succession of ineffective rulers. Non-Sinhalese factions such as the Kalingas and Pandyas of India gained power in Sri Lanka as a result of dynastic marriages with south Indian royalty; conflict between these factions was common. South Indian notables occupied positions of influence under Kalinga kings, and their power was buttressed by mercenaries of various origins. In 1214 Magha of the Kalingas invaded Sri Lanka with the help of thousands of such mercenaries, and he took control of the whole island. Magha’s rule, a veritable reign of terror, lasted until 1255 and was marked by bold disregard of traditional authority and of established religion. Polonnaruwa itself fell into the hands of non-Sinhalese elements, each vying with the others for power and office.

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Ehalagala, Central Province, Sri Lanka

Sigiriya is a vast rock used over time as a Buddhist monastery and as a 5th-century royal fortress.

Lily Johnson

23 jul 2021.

About Sigiriya

Sigiriya in Sri Lanka combines a natural phenomenon with history and religion, as the site of an ancient rock fortress and royal palace.

Sigiriya history

Comprised of a vast red rock mound rising over 660 feet, it is thought that Sigiriya (meaning “Lion Rock”) was originally inhabited during the 3rd century BC, when a Buddhist monastery was founded there.

In the 5th century AD, it is thought that Sigiriya’s use changed from a sacred site to a royal one. It is said that, having assassinated his father King Dhatusena and taken the throne, King Kashyapa I of the Anuradhapura Kingdom sought an easily defensible place to build his palace, and that he chose to construct it atop Sigiriya.

In the late 5th century, Kashyapa was defeated in battle and Sigiriya once again became a Buddhist monastery, eventually falling into decline.

Sigiriya today

The ruins of Kashyapa’s castle can still be seen at Sigiriya today, and include the remnants of a city at the foot of the rock. From these ruins, it is evident that the king’s city was grand, with gardens, monuments and, of course, his palace.

One of the most notable sites at Sigiriya is also its series of frescoes painted onto the rocks, depicting numerous female figures. There would have originally been hundreds of similar frescoes. There is a debate as to whether these were created under Kashyapa or whether these were the creation of the Buddhist monks as numerous representations of one of their deities.

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1982, Sigiriya is now open to the public.

Getting to Sigiriya

Sigiriya is located in the northern Matale District of Sri Lanka, just off the A6 road and along the B162. A train is available from Colombo to Habrana, which would take around 5-6 hours depending on delays, from which a 30-minute taxi can take you to Sigiriya itself.

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Sri Lanka has a history that dates back to 2500 years ago, it is steeped in history and culture. Historical places in Sri Lanka include Kandy, Sigiriya, Anuradhapura, Galle, Polonnaruwa, Cave Temple Dambulla, Sinharaja Forest and the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka. The historical city of Anuradhapura is the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities. The Sacred Bodhi Tree which is the center of this city’s spiritual significance was grown from a cutting brought from Bodh Gaya in India. Sigiriya is an ancient fortress and its ruins are considered to be the most evocative of ancient sites. The site is both a palace and a fortress. Kandy is home to the Temple of the Tooth which has a deep spiritual significance for the locals of Sri Lanka as well as people all over the world. Dambulla is recognized for its Golden Temple. It also boasts of many historic caves and temples.

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Essay on Sri Lanka

Students are often asked to write an essay on Sri Lanka in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Sri Lanka

Sri lanka: the pearl of the indian ocean.

Sri Lanka, also known as the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, is a beautiful island nation located south of India. It is a land of rich culture, history, and natural beauty.

Natural Beauty

Sri Lanka is blessed with stunning beaches, lush rainforests, and majestic mountains. The island is home to a diverse range of wildlife, including elephants, leopards, and blue whales.

Culture and History

Sri Lanka has a long and complex history, dating back to the arrival of the first settlers thousands of years ago. The island has been influenced by many different cultures over the centuries, including Indian, Chinese, and European. This diversity is reflected in Sri Lankan art, music, and dance.

People and Economy

Sri Lanka is home to a friendly and welcoming people. The island’s economy is based on tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing. Sri Lanka is a major producer of tea, rubber, and cinnamon.

250 Words Essay on Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, a beautiful island nation located in the Indian Ocean, is often referred to as the “Pearl of the Indian Ocean”. It is a land of rich history, diverse culture, and stunning natural beauty.

History and Culture

Sri Lanka has a long and fascinating history, dating back to ancient times. It was once ruled by powerful kingdoms, and its culture is a blend of various influences, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.

Sri Lanka is blessed with stunning natural beauty, including lush green hills, cascading waterfalls, golden beaches, and diverse wildlife. The country is home to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, where visitors can see elephants, leopards, and other exotic animals.

Beaches and Water Sports

Sri Lanka’s coastline is dotted with beautiful beaches, making it a popular destination for beach lovers and water sports enthusiasts. Visitors can enjoy swimming, surfing, snorkeling, and diving in the crystal-clear waters.

Tea and Spices

Sri Lanka is famous for its tea and spices. The country produces some of the finest teas in the world, and visitors can visit tea plantations and learn about the tea-making process. Sri Lanka is also known for its aromatic spices, such as cinnamon, cardamom, and cloves.

500 Words Essay on Sri Lanka

Sri lanka: an enchanting island.

Sri Lanka, also known as Ceylon, is a beautiful island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture. The country boasts stunning beaches, lush rainforests, ancient ruins, and a fascinating blend of ethnicities and religions.

A Glimpse into Sri Lanka’s History

Sri Lanka has a long and storied history, dating back to over 2,500 years. The country has been influenced by various cultures, including the Sinhalese, Tamil, Portuguese, Dutch, and British. The ruins of ancient kingdoms and temples, such as Sigiriya and Polonnaruwa, offer a glimpse into the country’s rich past.

Mesmerizing Landscapes and Pristine Beaches

Cultural tapestry and vibrant festivals.

Sri Lanka is known for its diverse culture, which is a blend of Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim, and Burgher influences. The country is home to many festivals and celebrations, including the Sinhala and Tamil New Year, Vesak Poya, and Deepavali. Traditional dances, music, and art forms reflect the rich cultural heritage of Sri Lanka.

Exploring Sri Lanka’s Natural Wonders

Sri Lanka is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The country’s national parks, such as Yala National Park and Udawalawe National Park, offer opportunities to spot elephants, leopards, sloth bears, and a variety of bird species. The island is also famous for its tea plantations, which produce some of the finest tea in the world.

A Culinary Journey

In conclusion, Sri Lanka is a captivating island nation that offers a wealth of experiences to visitors. From its ancient ruins and diverse landscapes to its vibrant culture and delicious cuisine, Sri Lanka is a perfect destination for those seeking a rich and memorable travel experience.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Sigiriya Rock Fortress Sri Lanka

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What is Sigiriya ?

Sigiriya is an ancient rock fortress and palace built by King Kashyapa during the reign of 473 – 495 which is standing majestically 660 feet straight up. It is located in the northern Matale district near the town of Dambulla in central province of Sri Lanka. The word Sigiriya or the Sinhagiri means the Lion’s Rock where you have to climb up 1200 steps before you reach the Lion Rock Fortress on top of Sigiriya. There are several platforms that break up the steps and allow for a little break if you need it. Today Sigiriya rock fortress is one of the most famous Archeological Treasure and UNESCO named Sigiriya rock as a World Heritage in 1982 under the name “Ancient City of Sigiriya Sri Lanka”. 

Architecture of Sigiriya Lion Rock

This fortified garden city of Sigiriya rock fortress is an exceptional master piece of ancient urban planning / landscape & architecture / construction technology /exceptional hydraulic engineering & management / ancient fine art with unique harmony between nature and human imagination and all these living examples proved that it was a Well Planned City & Palace in 5th Century AD. Sigiriya rock fortress is recognized as one of the best preserved surviving ancient urban sites in Asia from the 1st millennium or simply it’s a Living Museum. Sigiriya World Heritage Site is versatile and many-faceted appeal, and it is one of Sri Lanka’s ancient political capitals and Sri Lanka’s most sensational heritage site.

History of Sigiriya Rock Fortress 

Historical research carried out at the site has brought to light evidence to show that the origins of Sigiriya date back to pre-historic times. Situated at the base of the Sigiriya rock of its eastern side, is a monadnock named Aligala (Elephant Rock). In a cave underneath this, excavation have revealed remains of pre-historic human settlements that existed here around 5,500 years B.P. In addition, there is evidence of human habitation in this area, as far back in history as the 9th — 10th centuries B.C. 

In the 3rd century B.C. a Buddhist monastery had been established at Sigiriya rock fortress. Thirty cave-shelters with drip-ledges, which accommodate monks, have been identified at the base of the great rock so far. In eight of them, details of donations of cave shelters have been inscribed in Brahmi script. All the principal structures that are found today in Sigiriya, have been erected during the reign of King Kasyapa (A.D. 477 - 495), who chose to make Sigiriya as his seat of administration. According to the eminent archaeologist Prof: Senerath Paranavithana, Sigiriya reflects the sensuousness of a pleasure-loving king, who modeled the city  on  the   mythical   Alakamanda   of god Kuvera. Indian and Roman coins and pottery belonging to the Sassanian dynasty of Persia (Iran) found in Sigiriya rock fortress as well as the affinity to Persian styles in the creation of pleasure gardens all indicate commercial and cultural relations with foreign countries during this brief period.

Sigiriya Lion Rock Fortress in 7th AD 

Subsequently however, in the 6th and 7th centuries A.D., Sigiriya ceased to be of political importance and once again became the abode of Buddhist monks. During this period, the cave-shelters with drip-ledges which belonged to the earlier monastic phase were further improved. Additional shrines such as stupa, image house and bodhi tree shrine were constructed. This second phase of the monastic development continued up to the 12th - 13th centuries A.D.

19th Century Sigiriya Rock 

In the centuries that followed, Sigiriya was totally abandoned, until the 19th century, when it was used as n military out-post of the kings of Kandy. Later, it was a British military. officer, Jonathan Forbes in 1832, who once again brought Sigiriya out of its obscurity, back into historical focus. In 1894, under H.C.P. Bell the Archaeological Department commenced archaeological activities in Sigiriya. Nearly a century later, in 1982, the Central Cultural Fund took over the task, which it continues with great success, to date.

City Planning of Sigiriya Rock 

The Lion rock Sigiriya has two fortified precincts where the western precinct encompasses 90 hectares, and the eastern precinct covers 40 hectares. The western area was the royal park area, a symmetrically-designed pleasure garden with elaborate water-retaining structures, as well as surface and subsurface hydraulic systems. It is surrounded by three ramparts and two moats, forming a rectangular area whose inner precincts measure about 700 meters from east to west and 500 meters from north to south.

On the other side of the Lion rock Sigiriya, the eastern area appears to have been a ceremonial precinct with a large central pavilion as its only permanent structure. Kasyapa and his royal family lived their lives within these walls. Moving inward from the two precincts in an ever-ascending fashion are a series of boulder gardens and then terraced gardens, leading to the entrance to the Sigiriya rock. Access to the rock is gained via a long passageway that begins on the west side of the terrace gardens, and winds northward along the Mirror Wall to the Lion Platform.

Water Garden / Landscape & Gardening of sigiriya

Among the significant features of Sigiriya, the Water Gardens are especially noteworthy. Though outwardly the Water gardens appear to be one garden system in Concept, four distinct parts are clearly discernible in its creation, and at present they are called the Water   Garden Nos. 1, 2 and 3 and the Miniature Water Garden.

Lion Rock Sigiriya Graffiti

Main features of Sigiriya rock are Sigiri graffiti, Lion’s paw entrance, Boulders garden, Mirror wall, Fresco paintings of female figures, Extensive networks of landscaped garden, Water gardens, Moats, Ramparts and the remains of the palace.

The lion rock Sigiriya Graffiti were written on the surface of the Mirror Wall at Sigiriya. Scribbled on the wall are over 1800 pieces of prose, poetry and commentary written by ancient tourists. These graffiti offer a fascinating insight into the history of Sigiriya and the evolution of language in Sri Lanka over a period of 800 years. The majority of the graffiti refer to the beautiful paintings of semi-nude females. These graffiti confirm that this site was the residence of King Kashyapa who ruled from 477 to 495 AD. The texts also suggest that the females depicted in the frescoes are the ladies of the King's royal court - the ladies of the harem. The graffiti range from statements of awe, declarations of love, commentary, curses, laments, diary entries, or mere statements of visit.

Many demonstrate a very high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art and poetry written in a Sinhala, Sanskrit and Tamil. These early scribblers have left us priceless insights into the past. Out of these paintings 685 individuals identified so far, 12 were women, over half identified themselves by name, many noted their social rank, and some even mentioned where they came from towns like Weligama and Ritigala in Sri Lanka. The majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society: royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even metalworkers. Over 1000 unique words have been identified.

Boulder Garden of Lion Rock Sigiriya 

The Boulder Garden comprises sloping terrain around the central rock which is dotted with boulders of various sizes. The routes to the palace on the rock summit are laid out through the boulder garden as winding pathways that are punctuated by natural boulder arches.  Among the unique features of this garden are the Cistern Rock  deriving its name from a large cistern formed out of the natural boulder and large granite slabs, the ‘Audience Hall’ where a five-meter long main throne is carved out of the living rock,  the  ’Preaching  Rock’  where a seat is carved out at the flattened edge of a fairly high boulder, and the ‘ Asana Cave’ where a seat is carved out inside a natural cave. Rock caves with drip-ledges and shrines used during the periods when Sigiriya was a Buddhist monastery are also to be seen in this area. The Terraced Garden of Sigiriya Lion Rock lies in the high ground between the Boulder Garden and the Sigiriya rock and it is fashioned into a series of roughly concentric terraces by means of stone retaining walls.

Lion Staircase

The final ascent to the royal palace atop Sigiriya rock lies through the Lion Staircase, which faces north and has two huge paws  of  a  lion in front. These lion-paws, made of brick and covered with plaster, are the remnants of a fore part of lion figure that must have once stood there.

Palace Complex of Sigiriya Lion Rock 

The Palace  Complex  on  the   top of the Sigiriya rock is around 1.5 hectares in extent. The principal monument to be seen there is the royal palace which lies towards the west. The palace garden consisting’     of a  large  artificial  pool  and. other garden features are located to the east. Below the palace, on a rock facing the east is a throne carved out of the natural rock.

Lion Rock Paintings

The fifth century A.D. paintings are indisputably the zenith of all artistic creations of  Sri Lanka. These paintings, found in a depression on the western side of the rock-face, nineteen in number, are figures of exquisitely beautiful damsels, floating among clouds. According to the Sigiri graffiti (verses scratched on the Mirror Wall over the ages) however, there had been five hundred such figures painted all over the western and northern rock-faces, originally.

Many theories attempt to interpret the. identity of the beautiful women portrayed in these ancient masterpieces.    According to H.C.P Bell, they are Kasyapa’s concubines, on their way to worship at the Pidurangala temple near by, bearing flowers for offering. According to the eminent scholar Ananda Cnomaraswamy, the damsels are Apsaras or goddesses. The eminent Sri Lankan archaeologist . Prof. Senerat Paranvitana offers a very original interpretation of the identity of the Sigiriya damsels, which maintains that the damsels are symbolic representations of rain-clouds and lightning. According to this interpretation, the dark- skinned maidens (Meghalatha)  are symbols of rain clouds and fair golden skin once Vajji Kumari symbolized lightning. Apart  from  these  paintings,   Caves   in the Boulder Garden also appear to have contained   paintings.      The  Deraniyagala Cave, Cobra-hood Cave and Asana Cave show clear traces of paintings. In addition to this, it has been recently discovered that there had been paintings on the outer surface of the Mirror Wall. Though these paintings are all faded, one female figure, apparently floating among clouds, can be discerned.  The Terracotta figurines, closely resembling tire figures in the. paintings have been discovered at Sigiriya during archeological excavation. According to Prof. Senaka Bandaranayake, who headed the major archeological projects in Sigiriya, these may be replicas of Sigiriya Damsals sold to visitors as souvenirs in the past.

How Sigiriya related to Ramayana Yatra Sri Lanka ?

Cobra hood cave & ramayana yatra sri lanka .

Cobra hood cave also known as the “Parumaka Naguliya Lena”, is a natural geological formation projected as a cobra hood located within the boulder garden of Sigiriya Rock Fortress complex with plastered interior of the cave once embellished with floral and animal paintings. This is also part of the Sigiriya Rock Fortress complex (UNESCO World Heritage) 

According to the Palm Leaf Book (Puskola Potha) of Ravana Watha (Ravana Story) the architect of the Sigiriya was a Danava called Maya Danava. He built up Sigiriya on the instructions given by King Visthavasa (Vishravasamuni) the father of Ravana. During that period the Sigiriya was called Alakamandava and during the period of King Kuwera it was called Cithranakuta. After the death of Ravana, Vibeeshana became the king and he shifted the kingdom to Kelaniya.

The man-made drip ledge and Brahmi inscription of the 3rd century B.C. associated with this cave indicate that the cave has served as a Buddhist monastery / dwelling for monks. The paintings on the rock ceiling has floral and stylized animal motifs with a geometric composition. The brick paved floor of the cave has been finished with lime plaster. The boulder connected with the cave has been sliced from the mother boulder and resembles the hood of a cobra. A fallen off piece of the boulder is still to be seen in front of the cave. 

Therefore hhistorians believe Sigiriya to have a connection with Ramayana. It is believed that the plateau top was the site of Ravana’s majestic palace, made of solid gold and crafted by Kubera, the God of Wealth, around 50 centuries ago. One look at the site, and you would know how big an architectural feat this place must have been. As believed, one of these caves is where King Ravana imprisoned Princess Sita, after abducting her. 

Skeletal discovered at Cobra Hood Cave Sigiriya The archaeological excavations conducted at the cave / rock shelter has led to the discovery of nine human skeletons. Excavations at the Sigiriya Cobra Hood Cave excavated what appears to be a Middle Historic Period burial site. The excavations yielded skeletal remains of nine individuals. This study suggests that at the time of death these individuals were young healthy adult males of 152 cm or more in height. Burial practice has been in an extended position in a west-east orientation with hands clasped in front and the face turned towards the south. No burial offerings or other ritual objects were found.

Sigiriya Rock Fortress FAQ 

What is sigiriya famous for.

Sigiriya is a best-preserved ancient rock fortress and one of the archeological treasure in South Asia. It’s a masterpiece of ancient urban planning / landscape & architecture / construction technology /exceptional hydraulic engineering & management / ancient fine art with unique harmony between nature and human imagination. Thus UNESCO declared this site as a World Heritage 

Who Built the Sigiriya rock?

A Sri Lankan King Kashyapa built the famous Sigiriya lion rock 

How many steps are in Lion Rock Sigiriya to climb? Approximately 1,200 steps are to be climbed to the summit. 

What is the height of the lion rock sigiriya? Its 660 Feet from surrounding plain 

Is it hard or danger to climb lion rock Sigiriya ? Its is not danger to climb but make sure you are healthy enough to climb 1,200. 

Can senior citizen climb Sigiriya lion rock fortress? Yes people do and you may take time and climb. There are places for you to take rest and climb.  We suggest you to keep senior citizen in nearby restaurant and climb. Also you may let them to visit the Sigiriya museum close to the main gate. 

Can I climb lion rock with my infant or kid ? Not recommended but people do climb with kids like 8 Y and above. 

Opening time of Sigiriya lion rock for visitors ? 7.00 AM to 5.00 PM

Entrance fees for lion rock Sigiriya  30 USD per person / Foreign  15 USD per person only for SAARC Countries nationals (Need to submit the passport to get this discount) 

What is the best time to climb Sigiriya lion rock? Ideally in the morning 8 – 10 Am or 3 – 5 PM to avoid hot sun 

What is the temperature of Sigiriya lion rock ? Approximately 27 – 30 C 

Can I buy Sigiriya lion rock entrance fees ticket online ? Not yet as of now but this will be online soon

What is the dress code for Sigiriya Lion rock? Sigiriya is not a temple or any religious place and you can wear your own dress. 

CCF – Central Cultural Fund Sri Lanka 

SLTDA – Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority 

SLITHM – Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management 

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Sigiriya: An Early Designed Landscape in Sri Lanka

2018, Orientations

Inscribed today on UNESCO’s World Heritage List, Sigiriya, an archaeological site in central Sri Lanka, may be one of the oldest gardens known in Asia. The late antique (4th–7th century) remains of buildings, zoomorphic architecture and rock paintings upon its central outcrop have elicited interpretation since the late 19th century (Figs 1 and 2). Sigiriya was thought to be a palace complex, and the art historian Ananda Coomaraswamy likened its paintings to the Gupta period (c. 320–550 CE) cave paintings at Ajanta in India (Coomaraswamy, 1971, p. 163).

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Jinadasa katupotha

Sigiriya Managing Heritage with Community

Jagath Weerasinghe

The history of archaeology at Sigiriya, in its antiquarian manifestation that worked with the notions of discovery and adventure, began in the mid-19 th century with the adventures of European explorers. The published travelogues of Major Jonathan Forbes on the island 1 are an early example of this. A century later, by the mid-decades of the 20 th century, Sigiriya had begun to permeate and play a vital role in the shaping of the historical consciousness of modern Sri Lankans. The migration of the idea of Sigiriya, and other similar sites that the adventurous colonial explorers first brought into the discourse of discovery from ruined wild places, and then to the discourse of archaeology and heritage, over time, registered the notions of the ancient glory of the Sinhalese, with nationalist rhetoric that fueled anti-colonial sentiments. The colonial discourse of "discovery", bolstered by authoritative English-language publications on Sigiriya and other such sites, ensured this migration and persisted throughout the 20 th century, first by colonial archaeologists and then by their brown descendants as an integral component of the discipline of archaeology 2 .

The conditions that affect the heritage management of archaeological sites in Sri Lanka arise from two interrelated but distinct histories. One has its roots in the colonial legacy of Sri Lankan archaeology, and the other in the populist-nationalist politics that draw rhetorical strength from archaeology and history. In this setting, "heritage" 1 means religion and ethnic identity. In a word, ethnonationalist. Since its inception in the late 19th century and its engagement in Anuradhapura, the Archaeological Survey Department of Ceylon (now the Department of Archaeology) had to negotiate the idea of heritage and "sacred site." The demands by Buddhist devotees, led by Walisinha Harishchandra in the early 1900s, that confronted the Archaeological Survey Department in the historic city of Anuradhapura was a struggle between colonial archaeology and the idea of heritage. Buddhists urged that the living characteristics of historic Buddhist sites be taken into account in their preservation 2. These early-twentieth-century clashes with colonial archaeology had long-lasting consequences for the country's post-colonial politics. The ancient city of Anuradhapura, thus acquiring a wealth of historical truths through colonial archaeology, and having been co-opted in a nationalist discourse, pitched by Harishchandra, that showed a particular kind of anti-colonial sentiments 3 , became the treasured historical center for Sinhala-Buddhists in Sri Lanka. Anuradhapura became the ethnonationalist symbol of the ancient grandeur and political authority of modern Buddhist rulers 4. These two mutually inclusive histories effectively keep archaeology from becoming a critical social practice. For a significant majority of Sri Lankan archaeologists, archaeology remains a project to construct culture-historical narratives about the country's past, using a loosely positivist-empiricist and commonsense approach of knowledge production entangled in locating essences and origins in ethnic, geographical, and chronological categories in Sri Lanka's past 5. Finding such

Prashantha Mandawala

Aditya Joshi

D.A.M.S. Silva

VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPES OF SRI LANKA Silva, D.A.M.S.* and Yakandawala, K.** Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), Sri Lanka *[email protected], **[email protected] ABSTRACT The history of architecture in Sri Lanka spans to the prehistoric era. However, well developed architectural and landscaping knowledge was transmitted from Indo-Aryan settlers, after Buddhism was introduced in 3rd century BC. Ancient Sri Lankan architecture primarily developed around religion. Sustainability and natural balance were key philosophies of this. All these monuments and landscapes have a remarkable calming effect on visitors. Remains of Buddhist and Hindu shrines, literature, maps and silpa texts are the main sources of evidence for studying ancient architecture and landscape gardening in Sri Lanka. Historic books like Mahawansa gives a detailed explanation of construction efforts led by each king during their ruling dynasties. Sinhala and Pali books written by great scholar monks, specially the Sandesha kavyas provide descriptive information on ancient buildings and gardens as well the biodiversity of surrounding landscapes. Stupas, the world's universal Buddhist architectural monuments, were built to preserve holy artifacts of the Lord Buddha. Ancient Stupas emphasize architectural and engineering capabilities of the ancestors of the island, and Stupas are considered the largest brick monuments of the pre-modern world. Sri Lankan Buddhist architecture was under threat ever since it was introduced, first by the South Indian invasion, then by Europeans, and recently by civil war, when many architectural monuments as well as architectural documents were destroyed. In spite of the brave effort by the Sri Lankan people, Buddhist monks, and leaders who tried to protect ancient Buddhist monuments, many of them have rapidly decayed and have been destroyed in the past. The protection and restoration of ancient architecture, its theories and techniques has become a challenge to the present generation. Focus should not be limited to protecting, maintaining and restoring ancient heritage but also on the need to reuse these principles in modern architecture and landscaping, mainly because of its sustainability and ecological balance. Developing 3D models of ancient monuments using computer software is very useful for in-depth studies and reconstruction efforts. However, designing 3D models using traditional geometrical designing software such as AutoCAD, Maya, 3D’s max are sophisticated and time consuming. Google SketchUp was recently introduced as a free and open source 3D modeling system, which is user-friendly and easy to learn. Now many engineers, architects, researchers and students are using Google SketchUp together with Google Earth in engineering, geography and archeology projects as a rapid designing tool. KEYWORDS: Buddhist Architecture, Computer Aided Designing, Archeology, 3D modeling

Roots of Sri Lankan Art

Osmund Bopearachchi

The present book is the first of five volumes that I wish to publish in the near future on Śrī Laṅkān art. The next book will be on the sculptures of the Classical Period (5th-10th century CE). The third book will cover Buddhist and Hindu sculptures of the Polonnaruwa period (11th-13th century). The fourth one will be on the Yapahuwa and Kandiyan periods (13th-20th century). The final volume will focus on the mural paintings extending from the 2nd century to the 20th century CE.

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Robin Jones Abstract This paper discusses the landscape garden of Lunuganga, Sri Lanka designed by the architect Geoffrey Bawa for himself after 1948. It assesses this space as a site of memory and a location where modernity and history are negotiated. The present article theorizes the making of Lunuganga in relation to the production of modernity in Sri Lanka and negotiation of the island’s relationship to colonial and pre-colonial histories. The island of Sri Lanka has a long history of the development of cultural landscapes. Bawa’s landscapes can be located within these traditions. Furthermore, the time he spent in Europe furnished him with an understanding of the picturesque landscape tradition. Lunuganga could be described as a site where these (colonial) histories and vernacular traditions re-staged or re-presented the modern in contemporary Sri Lanka. Bawa’s landscapes can also be ‘read’ as ‘sites of memory’, where, although of the modern era, the past is recalled. The landscape of Lunuganga references negotiations between adoption of a universal modern, with its taint of colonial subjugation, the neglect of this troubled past and the pursuit of an uncomplex indigenism and, in so doing, intervenes in the production of modernity in Sri Lanka.

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Historical Places in Sri Lanka: The Top 12 List For Your Next Trip

Sri Lanka has a history that goes back 2500 years. Sri Lanka tourism offers an array of attractions filled with historical significance. Kandy, Sigiriya, Anuradhapura, Galle, Polonnaruwa, Cave Temple Dambulla, Sinharaja Forest, and the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka are all top historical sites. Anuradhapura is one of the world’s oldest continuously populated settlements. The Sacred Bodhi Tree, which is at the heart of this city’s spiritual significance, grew from a cutting brought from India’s Bodh Gaya. Sigiriya is an ancient fortress whose ruins are regarded as the most evocative of ancient sites. The location serves as both a castle and a stronghold. Kandy is home to the Temple of the Tooth, which has profound sacred meaning for Sri Lankans and visitors from all over the world. Dambulla is well-known for the Golden Temple. It also has a number of ancient caves and temples. Here is our list of the top historical places in Sri Lanka. To have a hassle free trip book a Sri Lanka tour packages with us!

Srilanka Tour Packages from Multiple Departure Cities:

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Top Historical Places in Sri Lanka

• Adam’s Peak
• Dambulla Cave Temple
• Tooth relic temple
• Anuradhapura
• Polonnaruwa Vatadage
• World’s End, Horton Plains
• Jaffna Fort
• Buduruvagala
• Sigiriya Rock Fortress
• Yapahuwa 

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5* Properties. Pristine Beaches. Exciting Itineraries

1. Adam’s Peak

The towering summit of Adam’s Peak, standing at an incredible 2,243m, is hidden within the emerald forests of Sri Lanka’s hill country. This striking natural landmark is veiled in mystery, and folklore has it that the Buddha’s footprint can be found at the summit. As a result, it is one of the most well-known pilgrimage sites in Sri Lanka. Adam’s Peak in Sri Lanka is usually better approached at night, as the stunning sights are less obscured by fog and mist. It is one of the recommended Historical Places in Sri Lanka that you must not miss. Get a budget trip by booking a Sri lanka budget tour packages with us!

2. Dambulla Cave Temple

Over the past 22 years, the Golden Dambulla Cave Temple has become a pilgrimage site. It is also the island’s oldest and best-preserved cave shrine (there are others). In order to conserve the impressive wall paintings and over 150 sculptures in and around the shrine, the Dambulla Cave Temple was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. It is one of the top Historical Places in Sri Lanka to visit.

3. Tooth relic temple

The temple of the tooth relic, which houses Buddha’s tooth relic, is also a significant world heritage site in Sri Lanka. The temple is located near the modern part of the Kandy region, next to Kandy Lake. Visitors are unable to see the legendary tooth because it is locked away in a gold casket that is part of a collection of six caskets that decrease in size. However, the complex is indeed beautiful to visit, with lovely temples and shrines overlooking the glistening Kandy Lake. Every day, thousands of international and domestic tourists visit the temple.

4. Anuradhapura

Anuradhapura is one of the most significant historical places in Sri Lanka, with many heritage monasteries, palaces, and monuments. It is famous for its massive dagobas (brick stupas), ancient ponds and lakes, and majestic temples. In 377 BC, the city was founded as Sri Lanka’s first capital. It was also during this time that Anuradhapura came to prominence as a political and economic powerhouse. For your hassle free vacation book your Sri lanka luxury tour packages with us!

5. Polonnaruwa Vatadage

Polonnaruwa is a city in Sri Lanka. Vatadage is a well-preserved Vatadage in the famed Dalada Maluwa quadrangle of Polonnaruwa, an ancient city of ruins. Vatadages are common Buddhist institutions in Sri Lanka. These are square, made of stone and brick, and have elaborate stone carvings and a wooden roof. They were constructed to defend stupas. There are currently ten Vatadages in Sri Lanka that also represent the country’s heritage, with the most famous being the Polonnaruwa Vatadage.

6. World’s End, Horton Plains

The World’s End cliff drops 880 meters from the base of the Horton Plains plateau. The vision is breathtaking, and tea plantation villages can be seen from the ridge’s side. The World’s End climb is 9.5 kilometers round trip (via a spectacular tumbling waterfall), but the perfect time to arrive at the escarpment is between 6 and 9 a.m., before the dense white fog sets in.

7. Jaffna Fort

The famed Jaffna Fort, a remnant of Sri Lanka’s colonial history, overlooks the city’s gleaming lagoon, where you can discover its decaying walls, moats, and spectacular gateways. Built by the Portuguese in 1618, the fort was redesigned by Dutch colonists in 1680 into a pentagon shape, reflecting a symbol of classic Dutch architecture. After years of fighting, the fort is gradually being rebuilt to strengthen this valuable piece of the country’s heritage.

8. Belilena

Belilena is one of the well-known historical places in Sri Lanka among archaeology enthusiasts. Evidence of prehistoric humans identified as the Balangoda Man was discovered at the site and has been dated back to 32000 years. Belilena, located 8 kilometres from Kitugala, was designated an Archaeological Reserve by the Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka. The site also revealed signs of fire use as early as 30000 years ago, as well as some old tools and bones from game animals such as deer, boars, and others.

9.  Buduruvagala

A historic place in Srilanka, a Buddhist temple from the 10th century with some of the most detailed statues of Buddha and his disciples. About the fact that much of its existence remains obscure, including its true name, the temple was called ‘Buduruvagala,’ which means ‘Rock of Buddhist Sculptures,’ due to the temple’s large number of sculptures. The temple, which is located in the Monaragala district, also houses one of Sri Lanka’s largest Buddha statues, which stands 16 meters tall.

10. Sigiriya Rock Fortress

The UNESCO-listed ancient rock fortress of Sigiriya is one of Sri Lanka’s most recognizable and probably dramatic historical places. Sigiriya, which rises majestically from the emerald trees, was constructed in 495 AD and acted as a palace with colourful frescoes for King Kasyapa. Hiking to the peak of Sigiriya to visit the ancient ruins is recommended, as is climbing the opposite Pidurangala Rock for the most stunning views of Sigiriya Rock itself.

11. Yapahuwa

Yapahuwa is located in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. This place is rich in history as it was the capital of Sri Lanka during the 13th century. History enthusiasts searching for historical places to visit in Sri Lanka must pay a visit to Yapahuwa, where they can witness the rock fortress which will be situated on top of a massive granite rock that rises unexpectedly from the surroundings. King Buwanekabahu I made this place as the capital of Sri Lanka during the late 13th century, thereby giving it historical significance.

12. Galle Fort

Galle Fort which is located along the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka, stands as a strong proof to Sri Lanka’s colonial past. This fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it has been influenced by the Dutch, Portuguese as well as the British, thereby it is rich in history. Galle fort, which was built in the 16th century. Galle Fort is home to charming streets filled with historical buildings. While on your Sri Lanka tour exploration, you can also spend time exploring the many boutique shops, cafes as well as art galleries present in Galle fort. This fort is without a doubt among the top places to visit in Sri Lanka.

Plan your trip with Pickyourtrail

With the list of top historical places in Sri Lanka in hand, It is always recommended to take the help of a reputed travel agency when you start planning your journey.  Whether you want to plan a solo adventure to Sri Lanka, family trip or even Sri Lanka honeymoon packages with your loved one, get professional guidance from the Global travel agency Pickyourtrail and you can plan a hassle-free vacation with ease. Log on to Pickyourtrail.com for more information. 

13 Posts Published.

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Polonnaruwa – beautiful ruined city of sri lanka.

Polonnaruwa is a bit of tongue twister name. I kept pronouncing it wrongly throughout the trip. Being a UNESCO world heritage site, it was on my list for this Sri Lanka Road Trip. But I had no idea about what this heritage place is besides that.

Table of Contents

My first insight into this lovely city was at the Colombo National Museum where they had a section devoted to the Polonnaruwa era of Sri Lanka. It spoke about its mighty kings like Prakrambahu and his contributions.

After soaking in Anuradhapura, the next day I headed to Polonnaruwa. I am happy I did not follow my guide’s advice to do both of them in one day. It would have been too much to take in one day. At the end of the day, I liked it far more than Anuradhapura. And I am definitely biased toward the latter.

History of Polonnaruwa

Established by King Vijay Bahu I in 1070 CE, Polonnaruwa is the second ancient capital of Sri Lanka . It was however under Parakramabahu I who ruled for most of 12th CE that this city flourished. Parakramabahu’s imprint can be seen all over the city including a very popular life-size image of him holding a plow in stone.

The city is located close to a large manmade lake called Parakrama Samudra. It is a huge lake even though you see only a part of it from the road. A lot of this lake is behind the hills. It had an excellent agricultural economy. And its water management systems are worth researching. In folklore, they say in Polonnaruwa not a single drop of rainwater was wasted. He also started trading with other kingdoms. Most of what you see in this ancient city was built by Parakrambahu. Read more about Parakramabahu on his Wikipedia page.

Parakramabahu was followed by Nissankamalla – a king who came from Odisha in India. Nissankamalla could become the king of Polonnaruwa because he had the same royal blood – talk about matrilineal heritage. However, Nissankamalla did not give local aristocrats & landowners the respect they deserved. And as a result, he was murdered by poisoning in the 9th year of his reign. His son was murdered the same day as he was crowned. Brother of King Nissankamalla – King Magh, came from Odisha and destroyed the city eventually in an act of revenge.

After the 3rd king, the city did not see any strong kings. And the internal fighting led to the eventual decline of the mighty kingdom.

Ancient City – Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa is a well-planned city and site. It gives you great insight into how the cities of that era were planned. It was clearly divided into three main parts:

• Inner City – meant for the stay of the royal family and the highest officials of the kingdom. It had an elaborate palace and a council hall.
• Outer City – It is the city where the tooth relic of Buddha was kept. I found it the prettiest part.
• The outermost city or Northern City – was meant for the monks and the general public. So, the monks lived away from the power center but close to the common people who would essentially feed them on a daily basis.

At the southernmost end of the city are a library and the famous statue of Parakramabahu.

A summer palace of the king stands in the middle of the lake. And to go there is a well-designed gate on the edge of the lake.

The three parts can still be seen distinctly in the city that is now more or less in ruins.

The place is compact and easily walkable if weather permits.

Archaeological Museum at Polonnaruwa

This is the place you buy your tickets. I would suggest a quick round of the museum as they have created lovely models of how the ruins would have been in 12th CE. They also have a lot of restoration images depicting the ‘before and after’ state of many monuments here.

You can see some copper coins with the image of the king on one side and the image of Kubera – the lord of wealth on another. You see Copper Doits – the smallest denomination coins, which are a part of idioms, used when you need to say I have no money. And you see some coins with Lakshmi as well.

There are Veergals or memorial stones that are erected for those warriors who sacrificed their lives in war. On one side, they are shown with their weapons, and on another in heaven living with the gods.

The royal proclamation of King Nissankamalla that led to the destruction can be seen at this museum. It says farmers should farm and not try to become kings. Kings are gods in human form. Farmers trying to become a king are like a crow trying to become a swan. You can learn about things that Sri Lanka exported like – Gems, Elephants, Rice, etc.

Surgical pieces of equipment from a 12th CE hospital are interesting to see – they look very familiar and modern.

Polonnaruwa Inner City

The inner city is the place where the king and royal family lived and is the most well-protected part of the city. It has a high brick wall all around it that can still be seen.

Satmahal Prasada – The Royal Palace

The Royal Palace must have been a sight to see. In its absolute remains, it has a double-story brick wall and the five stories above it were all wooden. The holes in the wall would have been to insert beams to support the roof. A total of seven stories gave it the name SatMahal Prasada. Imagine the view of the lake and the hills from this Palace. The Palace is not very big, but it seems quite well-planned. All around the palace are quarters that belonged to the staff and the consorts of the king.

The palace was burnt when the invaders destroyed the city. You can still see the marks of burning on the remaining bricks.

I walked around the royal palace and the walls behind it. I wonder what would Parakramabahu think if he saw his palace in this shape.

Council Hall

This is a rectangular building on a raised platform. The most beautiful remaining part of this is the steps leading to the hall. It has a moonstone at the entrance and lions guarding the two sides of the steps. A bas-relief of elephants runs across the platform wall. Each elephant is carved differently.

On the platform, you see free-standing pillars that have lost the weight they once supported. In the end, is the royal seat where King would have sat. The Council of Ministers would have sat on both sides. One wonders what matters they would have discussed here. How many plans would have taken shape here?

Royal Baths or Kumara Pokuna

Royal Bath is a bathing pond with a chamber that would be equivalent to a changing room. The stone-layered pond looks similar to the Twin Ponds at Anuradhapura. You can only imagine it with flowers and perfumed water. I could not figure out how? But my guide told me that there was a provision for a shower bath in this pond.

You have to walk down a couple of levels to see this pond. On my way to this pond, I saw two ancient wells lined with terracotta rings. These are a part of the water filtering and storing system.

Polonnaruwa Outer City

This part is better known as the Quadrangle. This is where the Tooth Relic of Buddha rested during the Polonnaruwa era of Sri Lanka.

Thuparam Temple

I entered from the royal city side and my first rendezvous was with Thuparam Temple or the large image house. A major renovation was going on when I visited it. Through a narrow vestibule, you reach the temple which houses many standing and one-sitting image of Buddha. All the images are still worshiped. Music is regularly played here.

The Vatadage or circular structure is the most beautiful place in Sri Lanka. A raised platform has a circular wall with an opening in all four cardinal directions, with a Buddha statue on top. A small flight of steps leads to the platform. Like everywhere else the steps are carved with lion heads. And steps always begin with moonstone and are flanked by guard stones.

I walked around the platform, then climbed it and walked inside the circular wall. As luck would have it, a group of monks came to pray there. Their chanting made the atmosphere come alive even in the ruined state of the temple. They reinforced my view that it is the devotee and his devotion that makes the atmosphere spiritual.

The model of how this temple would have been can be seen at the museum.

Nissanka Lata Mandapa

This is a small platform with pillars – but the most extraordinary pillars I have ever seen. Pillars are not straight but they are carved as a vine or a stalk of Lotus stem. These are sculptures of rare elegance.

Given its name, it’s obvious that it was built by King Nissanka Malla. He probably used it as his personal meditation hall. There is a small stupa or dagaba that can be seen at the center of this sacred hall. I imagined the floral pillars in the color of white or maybe pink lotus that would make the king feel as if he is sitting in a lotus pond and meditating.

Why do we not have these aesthetics in our modern architecture?

This is the shrine bang opposite Vatadage and the home of the tooth relic temple. It was built by the first King of Polonnaruwa- Vijaybahu I. What remains is again the pillars and the base and the lone Buddha statue standing.

Gal Potha or the Stone Book

This is an intriguing part of the sacred quadrangle – a stone book. This is actually a long inscription but from a distance looks like a giant book.

A board next to it explains the inscription. It says the stone block was brought from Mihintale – which is roughly 100 km away. It talks about the Kalinga origins of King Vijaybahu and his story of his becoming the king. And then it talks about the taxes he reduced along with tax rates. Taxes reduced with the distance of fields from the water tank – interesting!

It talks about the virtues of the King. And how he would daily donate things worth his, his wife’s, and his children’s weight. It tells the repair works he carried out at various stupas and the new structures he built. Interestingly, he built a Devala at Rameshwaram in India. It talks about his friendly alliance with many Kingdoms of India.

In the end, it says: Kalingas are the rightful heirs of the throne of Sri Lanka. Therefore, non-Buddhist kings like Cholas and Pandyas shall not be consecrated in Sri Lanka.

It is advice from Nissankamalla to the future kings of Polonnaruwa – a piece of advice it seems was ignored soon.

Satmahal Prasada

In one corner of the quadrangle stands this lovely tall pyramidal structure. Literature tells me that all sides of this structure were ornate once. All 7 stories are visible though.

My sense is that this was probably an experimental structure that tried to build a stupa. Probably inspired by the pyramids of Giza or other similar structures known to the Kalinga kings.

Northern City in ruins

This is where you can see the remains of markets, hospitals, cemeteries and monasteries, and the common public. Then there were villages surrounding the city, where most of the population would have lived. One of the biggest monasteries is built on the site of a cemetery.

Ran Kot Vihara

This golden pinnacle brick stupa or dagaba built by Nissankamalla is the largest one in Polonnaruwa. Inscriptions say it was called Ruwanweli. Ran in Sinhalese means gold.

Gal Vihara is a cluster of rock-cut Buddha images. This is the closest you would see to the Bahmany Buddhas destroyed in Afghanistan.

3 images here are open and one is enshrined.

The first image is that of Buddha sitting alone in the lotus pose in Dhyan Mudra on top of a platform.

The second image that is enshrined is also in the same pose but it has an elaborate parasol carved over it along with a Prabha Mandal or a halo. Two smaller images flank the image – probably this is the image of enlightened Budha which is why it gets a shrine. The walls of the shrine have some remnants of paintings. I assume all these idols would have been profusely painted back then. This is called Vidyadhar Guha.

The third image is that of a standing Buddha in a contemplative mood as if he is thinking. This image stands on an inverted lotus. Some historians believe that this is not a Buddha image but that of a monk called Ananda. While others say it depicts Buddha when he was looking at the Bodhi tree with gratitude.

The last image is the largest – a 45 feet long image of Buddha in a Mahaparinirvana state or the state where he left his material body. This is one of the largest stone sculptures in Asia.

Away from the city, why these statues were carved in stone remains a question for me. Were there more such?

Together these are called Uttara Rama or the northern monastery.

Southern End of the ruins

Maha parakramabahu statue.

About 3 km south of Inner Citadel is Potgul Vihara. You walk through the rocky path to reach a shed where the statue of King Parakramabahu stands with the part of a plow in his hand. There is no inscription or any evidence that the statue depicts the king. However, the local folklore has always considered it to be that of the King. It is said to be depicting the beginning of harvesting season when the king would start the ceremony.

It shows the King as a common man but still with a royal stance. Some experts think the sculpture is that of a sage.

Pothgul Vihara

A few meters south of the statue is a lovely building with a circular chamber in the middle. This was the ancient library . Standing in that chamber, I could imagine handwritten manuscripts all around. I wonder if anything is left of this library or if everything was engulfed by the fire.

Some accounts say that this was the place to listen to stories or some kind of an auditorium. The circular shape that is not very usual in Buddhist monasteries indicates a possibility of this.

Around this Vihara, you can see the monastery building – with most just as the foundations.

As a bibliophile, I had the same feelings that I had at Nalanda when I heard about the libraries burning there for days together.

Hindu Temples

Hindu Temples particularly those devoted to Shiva with a Shivalinga at their core are scattered across the ruins. Most of them are known as Shiva Devala. Their original names seem to have been lost, most of them are known by numbers. Here is a list of Hindu Temples that I located in this ancient city:

• Shiva Devala No 1 – Just outside the Inner City area. It was home to many bronze sculptures that now can be seen at Colombo Museum and some at the Archaeological Museum in Polonnaruwa itself.
• Shiva Devala No 2 – Outside the sacred quadrangle are a series of Hindu temples. You see the basement and the Shivalinga standing in the middle of them.
• Vishnu Devala – Next to No 2 Shiva Devala is the only Vishnu Devale I found. It is similar to Shiva temple except that in place of Shivalings, there is a life-size Vishnu statue.

On the same road, there is another Shiva Devala I found, could not gather its number though.

I gather there are many more Devala, but it would take another trip to discover them.

• Tickets are available at Archaeological Museum only, so that should be your first stop. At the time of writing, tickets for foreigners are priced at $25.
• Pothgul Vihara and Prakramabahu statues in the south are free entry.
• The stones at all the sites can get very hot by 11 AM or so. It is advisable to visit either early morning or late afternoon. Wearing thick socks may help to some extent.
• Photography is allowed everywhere except in the museum.
• The best way to cover the place is on bicycles or a combination of walking and using a Tuk Tuk.

Recommend you read the following travel blog on places to visit in Sri Lanka.

Anuradhapura – Things to see in the ancient capital

Ramayana – Places to see in Sri Lanka

Top 10 Sri Lanka Souvenirs to Pick

Dambulla Caves – Most Beautiful wall murals

Vegetarian Food – You must try

RELATED ARTICLES MORE FROM AUTHOR

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33 comments.

Wonderful information. Both educative and informative. Compliments to the author.

Thank you for your encouragement, Rajendrappa. Polonnaruwa is such a beautiful sight – not many know about it.

Hello Anuradha, Thanks for introducing with the Polonnaruwa City. After reading your post, it seems the city is awesome. Will visit this place during my next Tour to Srilanka.

Hi Jennifer, Polonnaruwa is a lovely city. If you like historical places, you would love it. Do visit it whenever you are in Sri Lanka next.

I have not heard of Polonnaruwa but that ruined city looks really pretty. I am a huge history fan and I am definitely adding this to my bucketlist when I head to Sri Lanka.

Mel, same here, I had not heard of it till I sat down to plan my Sri Lanka Road Trip. Guess what, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Wow, what a gorgeous place -and filled with so much history! I could wander there for days.

Me too Karyn. I wish I has more time to explore the nitty gritties of the place. There must be so many stories still waiting to be discovered.

The whole trip looks nice. I would like to take a trip and see and hear the history of the area. On vacations I like to see places like this and learn from the areas.

Rose, it was a wonderful trip. Slow travel, stopping by anything that interested me and of course, cities like Polonnaruwa.

Now I know why Polonnaruwa is the thriving commercial and religious center of Sri Lanka! These photos are breathtaking!! <3

Stephanie – Is it a thriving commercial center? I really did not realize that, but then, I just visited the historical quarters of Polonnaruwa. Thank you for your appreciation of images.

Beautiful images and well-written guide. I have Sri Lanka on my list.

Thank you Shivranjani.

The architecture in temples are just amazing to look at. I was really surprised to see those wells with the terra-cotta in them used to filter the water.

Saidah, I think in good old days they had such simple solutions to all the everyday needs. Yes, I was surprised to this architecture and wonder why is not world famous yet.

What a wonderful documentation of this place. It looks full of history and tales of old – I love visiting historic sites myself and think you did well at documenting the journey through Polonnaruwa.

Kristina, Polonnaruwa is full of history, of stories of creation and destruction.

This does look like a rather neat city. I always like exploring old places. You never know what you’ll find. I love your photos!

Thank you Amber. The joy of travel is in discovering the unknown.

Wow, I saw the ruins of Rome and fell in love instantly. I guess this was much neater than that and definitely demands a visit and look.

Jhilmil, am yet to travel to Rome, but all places where ancient civilizations thrived are on my list.

I’ve never heard about this place before reading your informative post. Polonnaruwa seems to be an awesome sight ! I like historical places so I would probably enjoy visiting this lovely old city. All places where ancient civilizations thrived are on my travel list 🙂

Bingo. All the ancient civilization places are on my list too 🙂

This is really interesting and informative as i didn’t knew about this. Thanks for sharing!

Most people have not heard of Polonnaruwa, you are not alone.

Sri Lanka was such a beautiful place and I was lucky to be able to visit when I was younger, we didn’t make it to Polonnaruwa though, the history sounds incredible.

Ellie, that gives you a reason to plan another trip to Sri Lanka.

what an interesting travel post! I loved the part about the royal baths! I actually live in thessaloniki greece and we have a very, very similar ancient bath hereI believe from the roman times!

Chelf – Greece is a place I so want to see. I want to see all the places where ancient civilization flourished.

I’m a Srilankan. You have beautifully written about Polonnaruwa. I agree Polonnaruwa is more attractive than Anuradhapura. Thank you for giving a beautiful article about Polonnaruwa.

Thank you, Kiki.

What a stunning place! The stone carvings and statues look amazing.

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Thursday, October 4, 2012

• Sigiriya Rock Fortress

112 comments:

King Khashyapa's brother is King Mugalan. Not Mihidu. Please correct this.

In this essay have many spelling problems

Verry important information

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Sigiria is an ancient city in Sri Lanka

Every one have mistake don't say like that ok

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Yes Mugalan (moggallana).

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Yah it is Mugalan not Moggalana

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King Khashyapa's brother is Mugalan.

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Kasyapa's brother is Mugalan .not mihidu .But information is very useful

Don' you know? King kashyapa's brother is MUGALAN Please correct this

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Don't you know king Kashyapa's brother king Mugallan?

Shut up dear don't ask like that

You shut up asshole

Aww! This is damn helpful to understand the history and their knowledge!

Very interesting

மிகவும் நன்று🙌🙌 என்றும் இவ்வாறு

It's very useful❤️ thank you... but you have to correct king kahsyapa's brother is mugalan not mihindu😒

Thank you. It's very useful for my son's studies.

වැරදි අදහස්

Nice.but there ara small mistakes.

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Nice..but there are small mistake...

It is nice...but you have to correct quickly king kashapa's brother is mugalan not mihidhu..don't chainge our(sihala nation) chronicle ....thank you..

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King kashysppa's brother is mugalan. And this is very helpful for my essay. Thank you. The picture are clear. Last trip o went to sigiriya as a trip without a guide and a notebook. So, I couldn't get all the information in my mind. But this information made me to get a lot of information. And for the last. I say, thank you

Spelling mistakes are most in this essay.

What are they????

It is very helpful

Mugalan is king kashyapa's brother..not mihidu

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A salute to the bravery and dedication of police force

Today marks the 158th anniversary of sri lanka police.

Dedication to duty

September 3is a historic day for Sri Lanka, marking the 158th anniversary of the formal establishment of its Police Service. Although Sri Lanka’s police history is among the longest globally, modern policing traces back to Sir Robert Peel’s establishment of the Metropolitan Police in England in 1829, considered the world’s first formal police force. Sri Lanka’s Police Service was officially established in 1866 under Ordinance No. 16 of 1865.

Sr i Lanka’s Police Service was officially established in 1866 under Ordinance No. 16 of 1865

Formal police force

Prior to this formal establishment, the British informally set up a police system in Sri Lanka in 1795 to protect the Colombo harbour’s warehouses. The need for a more structured police service became apparent due to the limitations of the existing Police Vidhane system and growing public demand for a formal police force.  

Modern policing traces back to Sir Robert Peel’s establishment of the Metropolitan Police in England in 1829

 By 1832, Sri Lanka had an informal police service with the division of Colombo into 15 police zones, staffed by 10 sergeants, 5 constables, and 150 peons. Police stations were later established in Galle, Negombo, and Kandy. Lokubanda Dunuwila was appointed the first Sri Lankan Superintendent of Police in Kandy. After the 1865 Ordinance, G. W. R. Campbell became the first Inspector General of Police, with Sir Richard Aluwihare appointed as the first Sri Lankan Inspector General in 1947, marking a significant milestone in the history of Sri Lankan policing.  

Since its formal establishment, the Sri Lanka Police has become a leading institution for maintaining law and order   

The first recorded sacrifice by a police officer occurred on March 21, 1864, in Uthuwankanda, Mawanella. Officer Sabhan was killed while attempting to arrest a suspect, demonstrating the bravery and dedication of Sri Lanka’s police force.  

Leading institution

Since its formal establishment, the Sri Lanka Police has become a leading institution for maintaining law and order, with a proud history of service. On this special day, Sri Lanka Police honour the memory of 3,117 officers who have sacrificed their lives for public safety and the nation’s integrity.  

In addition, Police recognize the 2,598 officers who died during the three-decade war, and the 854 disabled officers who have retired, with 797 still serving despite their disabilities.  

As Sri Lanka Police celebrate the 158th Police Day with pride the sacrifices and dedication of all police officers who have served and continue to serve with honour.

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