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How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal

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• Published: 30 April 2020
• Volume 36 , pages 909–913, ( 2021 )

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• Clara Busse   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-1000 1 &
• Ella August   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-1036 1 , 2  

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Communicating research findings is an essential step in the research process. Often, peer-reviewed journals are the forum for such communication, yet many researchers are never taught how to write a publishable scientific paper. In this article, we explain the basic structure of a scientific paper and describe the information that should be included in each section. We also identify common pitfalls for each section and recommend strategies to avoid them. Further, we give advice about target journal selection and authorship. In the online resource 1 , we provide an example of a high-quality scientific paper, with annotations identifying the elements we describe in this article.

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Introduction

Writing a scientific paper is an important component of the research process, yet researchers often receive little formal training in scientific writing. This is especially true in low-resource settings. In this article, we explain why choosing a target journal is important, give advice about authorship, provide a basic structure for writing each section of a scientific paper, and describe common pitfalls and recommendations for each section. In the online resource 1 , we also include an annotated journal article that identifies the key elements and writing approaches that we detail here. Before you begin your research, make sure you have ethical clearance from all relevant ethical review boards.

Select a Target Journal Early in the Writing Process

We recommend that you select a “target journal” early in the writing process; a “target journal” is the journal to which you plan to submit your paper. Each journal has a set of core readers and you should tailor your writing to this readership. For example, if you plan to submit a manuscript about vaping during pregnancy to a pregnancy-focused journal, you will need to explain what vaping is because readers of this journal may not have a background in this topic. However, if you were to submit that same article to a tobacco journal, you would not need to provide as much background information about vaping.

Information about a journal’s core readership can be found on its website, usually in a section called “About this journal” or something similar. For example, the Journal of Cancer Education presents such information on the “Aims and Scope” page of its website, which can be found here: https://www.springer.com/journal/13187/aims-and-scope .

Peer reviewer guidelines from your target journal are an additional resource that can help you tailor your writing to the journal and provide additional advice about crafting an effective article [ 1 ]. These are not always available, but it is worth a quick web search to find out.

Identify Author Roles Early in the Process

Early in the writing process, identify authors, determine the order of authors, and discuss the responsibilities of each author. Standard author responsibilities have been identified by The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) [ 2 ]. To set clear expectations about each team member’s responsibilities and prevent errors in communication, we also suggest outlining more detailed roles, such as who will draft each section of the manuscript, write the abstract, submit the paper electronically, serve as corresponding author, and write the cover letter. It is best to formalize this agreement in writing after discussing it, circulating the document to the author team for approval. We suggest creating a title page on which all authors are listed in the agreed-upon order. It may be necessary to adjust authorship roles and order during the development of the paper. If a new author order is agreed upon, be sure to update the title page in the manuscript draft.

In the case where multiple papers will result from a single study, authors should discuss who will author each paper. Additionally, authors should agree on a deadline for each paper and the lead author should take responsibility for producing an initial draft by this deadline.

Structure of the Introduction Section

The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig.  1 . Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper. Include five main elements: why your research is important, what is already known about the topic, the “gap” or what is not yet known about the topic, why it is important to learn the new information that your research adds, and the specific research aim(s) that your paper addresses. Your research aim should address the gap you identified. Be sure to add enough background information to enable readers to understand your study. Table 1 provides common introduction section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

The main elements of the introduction section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Methods Section

The purpose of the methods section is twofold: to explain how the study was done in enough detail to enable its replication and to provide enough contextual detail to enable readers to understand and interpret the results. In general, the essential elements of a methods section are the following: a description of the setting and participants, the study design and timing, the recruitment and sampling, the data collection process, the dataset, the dependent and independent variables, the covariates, the analytic approach for each research objective, and the ethical approval. The hallmark of an exemplary methods section is the justification of why each method was used. Table 2 provides common methods section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Results Section

The focus of the results section should be associations, or lack thereof, rather than statistical tests. Two considerations should guide your writing here. First, the results should present answers to each part of the research aim. Second, return to the methods section to ensure that the analysis and variables for each result have been explained.

Begin the results section by describing the number of participants in the final sample and details such as the number who were approached to participate, the proportion who were eligible and who enrolled, and the number of participants who dropped out. The next part of the results should describe the participant characteristics. After that, you may organize your results by the aim or by putting the most exciting results first. Do not forget to report your non-significant associations. These are still findings.

Tables and figures capture the reader’s attention and efficiently communicate your main findings [ 3 ]. Each table and figure should have a clear message and should complement, rather than repeat, the text. Tables and figures should communicate all salient details necessary for a reader to understand the findings without consulting the text. Include information on comparisons and tests, as well as information about the sample and timing of the study in the title, legend, or in a footnote. Note that figures are often more visually interesting than tables, so if it is feasible to make a figure, make a figure. To avoid confusing the reader, either avoid abbreviations in tables and figures, or define them in a footnote. Note that there should not be citations in the results section and you should not interpret results here. Table 3 provides common results section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Discussion Section

Opposite the introduction section, the discussion should take the form of a right-side-up triangle beginning with interpretation of your results and moving to general implications (Fig.  2 ). This section typically begins with a restatement of the main findings, which can usually be accomplished with a few carefully-crafted sentences.

Major elements of the discussion section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Next, interpret the meaning or explain the significance of your results, lifting the reader’s gaze from the study’s specific findings to more general applications. Then, compare these study findings with other research. Are these findings in agreement or disagreement with those from other studies? Does this study impart additional nuance to well-accepted theories? Situate your findings within the broader context of scientific literature, then explain the pathways or mechanisms that might give rise to, or explain, the results.

Journals vary in their approach to strengths and limitations sections: some are embedded paragraphs within the discussion section, while some mandate separate section headings. Keep in mind that every study has strengths and limitations. Candidly reporting yours helps readers to correctly interpret your research findings.

The next element of the discussion is a summary of the potential impacts and applications of the research. Should these results be used to optimally design an intervention? Does the work have implications for clinical protocols or public policy? These considerations will help the reader to further grasp the possible impacts of the presented work.

Finally, the discussion should conclude with specific suggestions for future work. Here, you have an opportunity to illuminate specific gaps in the literature that compel further study. Avoid the phrase “future research is necessary” because the recommendation is too general to be helpful to readers. Instead, provide substantive and specific recommendations for future studies. Table 4 provides common discussion section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Follow the Journal’s Author Guidelines

After you select a target journal, identify the journal’s author guidelines to guide the formatting of your manuscript and references. Author guidelines will often (but not always) include instructions for titles, cover letters, and other components of a manuscript submission. Read the guidelines carefully. If you do not follow the guidelines, your article will be sent back to you.

Finally, do not submit your paper to more than one journal at a time. Even if this is not explicitly stated in the author guidelines of your target journal, it is considered inappropriate and unprofessional.

Your title should invite readers to continue reading beyond the first page [ 4 , 5 ]. It should be informative and interesting. Consider describing the independent and dependent variables, the population and setting, the study design, the timing, and even the main result in your title. Because the focus of the paper can change as you write and revise, we recommend you wait until you have finished writing your paper before composing the title.

Be sure that the title is useful for potential readers searching for your topic. The keywords you select should complement those in your title to maximize the likelihood that a researcher will find your paper through a database search. Avoid using abbreviations in your title unless they are very well known, such as SNP, because it is more likely that someone will use a complete word rather than an abbreviation as a search term to help readers find your paper.

After you have written a complete draft, use the checklist (Fig. 3 ) below to guide your revisions and editing. Additional resources are available on writing the abstract and citing references [ 5 ]. When you feel that your work is ready, ask a trusted colleague or two to read the work and provide informal feedback. The box below provides a checklist that summarizes the key points offered in this article.

Checklist for manuscript quality

Data Availability

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Vetto JT (2014) Short and sweet: a short course on concise medical writing. J Cancer Educ 29(1):194–195

Brett M, Kording K (2017) Ten simple rules for structuring papers. PLoS ComputBiol. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005619

Lang TA (2017) Writing a better research article. J Public Health Emerg. https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe.2017.11.06

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Acknowledgments

Ella August is grateful to the Sustainable Sciences Institute for mentoring her in training researchers on writing and publishing their research.

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Busse, C., August, E. How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal. J Canc Educ 36 , 909–913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01751-z

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20 Academic Publishers Currently Accepting Submissions

by Kaelyn Barron | 1 comment

If you specialize in research or academic writing , you’d probably like to get your important findings into as many hands as possible.

Getting your work published in an academic journal, or as a book, can add major credibility and authority to your name, while also ensuring your hard work gets the attention it deserves.

In this post, we’ve rounded up 20 academic publishers that are looking for new groundbreaking books or journal articles like yours.

Academic Publishers

Below are 20 academic publishers currently accepting unsolicited submissions (no agent required).

1. Allen Press

Allen Press is a printer and publisher of scientific, academic, and scholarly journals, as well as commercial trade publications. Founded in 1935, they also have a handy submissions portal for peer reviews.

Website: www.allenpress.com

Submission Guidelines: www.allenpress.com/services/scholarly-publishing/

Publishes: journals, commercial trade publications

2. Begell House

Begell House publishes academic and scientific journals and books, with a particular interest in engineering and biomedical sciences. 

Website: www.dl.begellhouse.com

Submission Guidelines: www.submission.begellhouse.com

Publishes: journals, books

3. Cambridge University Press

Cambridge is the oldest university press in the world, operating since 1534. It is home to more than 380 academic journals, monographs, reference works, textbooks, and teaching publications.

Website: www.cambridge.org

Submission Guidelines: www.cambridge.org/authorhub/How_to_submit_a_book_proposal.pdf

Publishes: books

4. Canadian Science Publishing

Canadian Science Publishing is Canada’s largest publisher of international scientific journals. It was founded in 1929 as the NRC Research Press, part of the National Research Council. In 2010, the organization spun off from NRC and was incorporated as a not-for-profit.

Website: cdnsciencepub.com

Submission Guidelines: cdnsciencepub.com/authors-and-reviewers/author-guidelines

5. Elsevier

Based in the Netherlands, Elsevier specializes in scientific, technical, and medical content. They have over 140 years of experience curating and verifying scientific knowledge.

Website: www.elsevier.com

Submission Guidelines: www.elsevier.com/submit-your-paper

Publishes: journals

6. Emerald Group Publishing

Emerald Group Publishing is an academic publisher of journals and books related to the fields of management, business, education, library studies, health care, and engineering. The company was founded in the United Kingdom in 1967.

Website: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com

Submission Guidelines: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/publish-with-us

7. Equinox Publishing

Equinox Publishing is an independent academic publisher of 50 peer-reviewed, international journals, specializing in archaeology, history, linguistics, communication, popular music, religion, and ethics.

Website: www.equinoxpub.com

Submission Guidelines: www.equinoxpub.com/home/authors/

Publishes : journals, books

8. Guilford Press

Based in New York City since 1973, Guilford Press is an independent academic publisher that specializes in books, journals, and DVDs related to psychology, psychiatry, the behavioral sciences, education, geography, and research methods.

Website: www.guilford.com

Submission Guidelines: www.guilford.com/authors/professional-proposal

9. Hindawi Publishing

Hindawi is based in London and publishes scientific, technical, and medical literature. Founded in 1997, it currently publishes more than 230 peer-reviewed scientific journals and scholarly monographs.

Website: www.hindawi.com

Submission Guidelines: www.hindawi.com/publish-research/

Publishes : journals

10. Hogrefe

Founded in Germany in 1949, Hogrefe is an international press that publishes academic journals and books in the fields of psychology and psychiatry.

Website: www.hogrefe.com/us/

Submission Guidelines: www.hogrefe.com/us/service/for-authors/for-book-and-test-authors/submitting-a-book-proposal

11. IOP Publishing

IOP Publishing is the publishing company of the Institute of Physics. They publish scientific research in journals, community websites, magazines, conference proceedings, and books.

Website: iopscience.iop.org

Submission Guidelines: www.publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/how-to-submit-your-journal-article

Publishes : journals, magazines, books

12. John Wiley & Sons: Wiley Online

Wiley was founded in 1807 in New York City. They’re one of the biggest names in academic publishing and also produce instructional materials.

Website: authorservices.wiley.com/home.html

Submission Guidelines: authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/submit-your-manuscript/index.html

Karger is a leading biomedical publisher based in Switzerland. They specialize in scientific and medical journals and books.

Website: www.karger.com

Submission Guidelines: www.karger.com/OpenAccess/Submit

14. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Founded in 1980, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. is an independent publisher of scientific, technical, and medical content. They publish peer-reviewed journals, books, and trade publications in fields such as biotechnology, biomedical research, medicine and surgery, public health research and policy, technology and engineering, law, environmental research and policy, and other disciplines.

Website : www.liebertpub.com

Submission Guidelines : home.liebertpub.com/authors/authors-home/148

Publishes : journals. books

15. Nature Publishing Group

Founded in 1869 and based in Berlin, Nature publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine.

Website: www.nature.com

Submission Guidelines: www.nature.com/nature/for-authors

Publishes : journals, magazines

16. Oxford Academic

Oxford Academic publishes over 450 journals in the humanities, social sciences, law, science, and medicine.

Website: academic.oup.com/journals

Submission Guidelines : academic.oup.com/journals/pages/authors/preparing_your_manuscript

17. Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company that publishes textbooks, journals, monographs, and professional and reference works, both in print and online.

Website : www.palgrave.com

Submission Guidelines : www.palgrave.com/us/book-authors/publishing-guidelines

SAGE publishes more than 1,000 journals, more than 800 books a year, including reference works and electronic products covering business, humanities, social sciences, science, technology and medicine.

Website : journals.sagepub.com

Submission Guidelines : us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guidelines

19. Springer

Springer Publishing specializes in healthcare and behavioral sciences content, including books, apps, journals, and digital products.

Website : www.springerpub.com

Submission Guidelines : www.springerpub.com/authors

Publishes : journals, books, digital products

20. Taylor & Francis

Founded in the United Kingdom in 1852, Taylor & Francis publishes academic journals and books. Over 350 of their journals now accept manuscript submissions without any specific formatting requirements.

Website: www.taylorandfrancis.com

Submission Guidelines: authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/making-your-submission/

Next Step: Getting Published

When you’re ready to submit your work, be sure to carefully review the submission guidelines of each publisher you contact. Many of the publishers on this list ask you to send a proposal of your work first.

You’ll also want to write a great query letter to pitch your work. Summarize your research (or other academic writing) and explain why it matters!

Did you find this post helpful? Let us know in the comments below!

If you enjoyed this post, then you might also like:

• Why Publishers Reject Manuscripts: Tips for Nonfiction
• What Is Academic Writing? Definition and Tips
• How to Write a Research Paper: The Complete Guide for Students
• 4 Types of Business Writing and Tips for Improving

As a blog writer for TCK Publishing, Kaelyn loves crafting fun and helpful content for writers, readers, and creative minds alike. She has a degree in International Affairs with a minor in Italian Studies, but her true passion has always been writing. Working remotely allows her to do even more of the things she loves, like traveling, cooking, and spending time with her family.

i am working on a bio-social textbook of aggression that includes a mix of ethology & social psychology & will be aimed at jr & sr level college & graduate students.. my concern is with the preparation of illustrative figures & getting copyright permissions to reproduce pictures already published …i would be entirely willing to spend any advance offered by the publisher for help in getting these right Also, i would need advice & help with whatever bells & whistles are used in textbooks in the internet age. Do you have any suggestions about academic publishers who would be most willing to provide these services? Thank you M Potegal

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Top research paper publishers in India

India is experiencing a significant increase in research output across several areas as a result of its growing academic community. The nation is home to a number of notable research paper publishers that are essential to knowledge dissemination and intellectual communication. In this post, we showcase the best research paper publishers in India, who are renowned for their dedication to academic achievement, quality, and innovation.

What are journals and publishers?

Publishers and journals are important players in the transmission of academic knowledge. The definitions of journals and publishers are as follows:

Journals: Periodical publications known as journals concentrate on particular academic specialties or fields of study. They act as venues for the publication of original research findings, scholarly publications, and expert reviews by researchers, scholars, and professionals. Journals often publish on a regular schedule, such as monthly, quarterly, or every two years. They use a peer-review procedure wherein submitted papers are assessed by professionals in the related fields to guarantee the calibre and validity of the study. Journals act as knowledge reservoirs, allowing the flow of ideas and fostering scholarly conversation within particular subjects.

Publishers: Publishers are businesses or organisations that create and offer access to scholarly publications like books and journals. They manage several parts of the publishing process, including editorial procedures, production, marketing, and distribution of scholarly products. To make sure that the published information adheres to academic standards and reaches the target audience, publishers work in conjunction with authors, editors, and reviewers. Publishers are businesses or organisations that create and offer access to scholarly publications like books and journals. They manage several parts of the publishing process, including editorial procedures, production, marketing, and distribution of scholarly products. To make sure that the published information adheres to academic standards and reaches the target audience, publishers work in conjunction with authors, editors, and reviewers.

Who is the publisher of a journal article?

A particular journal published by a Publisher can publish journal articles after the review process. All journals in India flows the Govt. guidelines and UGC-issued guidelines for the peer review process.

Must read: How to publish a research paper in India

Here we describe some of the renowned and best research paper publishers in India with a wide range of journals and a proven track record.

• Springer India

One of the top research paper publishers is Springer India, which provides a wide selection of academic journals and books in a number of scientific, technical, and medical fields. Springer India, which is renowned for its strict peer-review procedure, guarantees the publication of top-notch research. It gives Indian scholars a platform to present their findings to a larger audience.

• Elsevier India

Elsevier India is a well-known publisher that publishes work in a variety of scientific disciplines, such as engineering, computer science, the life sciences, and more. It provides Indian researchers with a platform to disseminate their cutting-edge research findings and give back to the larger scientific community through its extensive network of journals and conference proceedings.

• Institute of Research and Journals(IRAJ)

The Institute of Research and Journals publishes a range of scholarly journals, covering various disciplines, including engineering, computer science, social sciences, and more. These journals undergo a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the publication of high-quality research. The Institute of Research and Journals (IRAJ) is a well-known institution that strives to advance knowledge and cultivate academic excellence. IRAJ, a platform for academics and researchers from various disciplines to publish their discoveries, engage with colleagues, and support the worldwide academic community, is committed to enabling the dissemination of research.

• Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS):

The renowned Indian Academy of Sciences publishes a number of scholarly journals, including the esteemed Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. IAS supports interdisciplinary research by publishing publications from the earth sciences, engineering, mathematics, and natural sciences. The publications of the academy encourage research collaboration and knowledge sharing among Indian scholars.

• Iscope Publications

Leading publishing house IScope Publications is committed to advancing academic discourse and research. IScope Publications, a publisher dedicated to academic excellence, offers a venue for academics, researchers, and scholars to publish their work and advance their disciplines.Engineering, technology, management, science, and the humanities are just a few of the many fields that IScope Publications focuses on.

The Indian National Science Academy (INSA)

It is a prestigious scientific organization, is essential in advancing scientific investigation in India. Its journals, such as the Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, offer a platform for researchers from various fields. The publications of INSA promote scientific advancement by facilitating the sharing of original ideas.

Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI): AMI publishes the Indian Journal of Microbiology, which promotes research and communication in the field of microbiology. The journal covers diverse topics related to microbial sciences and encourages scientific collaboration among Indian microbiologists.

Research India Publications

Research India Publications was established in 1998 and now today we are one of the  leading International Publishers, Distributors and Subscription Agents of books and research journals. The Research India Publications is a privately owned publishing company dedicated to the global dissemination of information. We acquire, develop, market, and distribute knowledge by disseminating scholarly and professional materials throughout the world. All of journals published by us maintain the highest standards of quality, with Editorial Boards composed of scholars from around the world.

Top 10 scientific journal publishers

• Indian National Science Academy (INSA),
• Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI)
• Medknow Publications Pvt Ltd

Must read: How do I get my research paper published?

Top journals in India for paper publication

There are hundreds of Journals present in India for paper publication. Here are some top journals in India known for their quality and impact:

Indian Journal of Medical Research (IJMR)

Field: Medical Sciences

Publisher: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication(IJEEDC)

Field: Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Publisher: Institute of Research and Journals(IRAJ)

Economic and Political Weekly (EPW):

Field: Social Sciences, Economics, Politics

Publisher: Sameeksha Trust

Journal of Biosciences:

Field: Biological Sciences

Publisher: Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS)

Indian Journal of Chemistry (Section A and B):

Field: Chemical Sciences

Publisher: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology

Field: Healthcare, Science

Publisher: IRAJ

Journal of Indian Philosophy:

Field: Philosophy, Indology

Publisher: Springer India

Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IJPAM):

Field: Mathematics

Publisher: Indian National Science Academy (INSA)

Indian Journal of Pharmacology:

Field: Pharmacology, Pharmacy

Publisher: Medknow Publications

Journal of Earth System Science:

Field: Earth Sciences

Journal of Chemical Sciences:

Current Science:

Field: Multidisciplinary Sciences

Final words

As a researcher, you need to find a good journal to publish your paper. Various Indexing agencies like Scopus, UGC, Web of Science, DOAJ, IJIFACTOR, etc. will definitely help to find a good journal. Here in this article, we discussed the Top research paper publishers in India and list of journal publishers in India.

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Who are the 100 largest scientific publishers by journal count? A webscraping approach

Journal of Documentation

ISSN : 0022-0418

Article publication date: 21 September 2022

Issue publication date: 19 December 2022

How to obtain a list of the 100 largest scientific publishers sorted by journal count? Existing databases are unhelpful as each of them inhere biased omissions and data quality flaws. This paper tries to fill this gap with an alternative approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The content coverages of Scopus, Publons, DOAJ and SherpaRomeo were first used to extract a preliminary list of publishers that supposedly possess at least 15 journals. Second, the publishers' websites were scraped to fetch their portfolios and, thus, their “true” journal counts.

The outcome is a list of the 100 largest publishers comprising 28.060 scholarly journals, with the largest publishing 3.763 journals, and the smallest carrying 76 titles. The usual “oligopoly” of major publishing companies leads the list, but it also contains 17 university presses from the Global South, and, surprisingly, 30 predatory publishers that together publish 4.517 journals.

Research limitations/implications

Additional data sources could be used to mitigate remaining biases; it is difficult to disambiguate publisher names and their imprints; and the dataset carries a non-uniform distribution, thus risking the omission of data points in the lower range.

Practical implications

The dataset can serve as a useful basis for comprehensive meta-scientific surveys on the publisher-level.

Originality/value

The catalogue can be deemed more inclusive and diverse than other ones because many of the publishers would have been overlooked if one had drawn from merely one or two sources. The list is freely accessible and invites regular updates. The approach used here (webscraping) has seldomly been used in meta-scientific surveys.

• Bibliographic systems
• Data collection
• University presses
• Online databases
• Journal publishers
• Predatory publishers

Nishikawa-Pacher, A. (2022), "Who are the 100 largest scientific publishers by journal count? A webscraping approach", Journal of Documentation , Vol. 78 No. 7, pp. 450-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0083

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022, Andreas Nishikawa-Pacher

Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

Introduction

There is no complete and freely accessible catalogue of all scientific publishers and their journals. Since there may be tens of thousands of active publishers, a project that uses a sample of journals to assess meta-scientific trends could be content with analyzing only the largest publishers. This superlative can be defined by the yearly volume of paper outputs, by the annual profit margin, by the size of the publishing company, by the reputation among the academic community, or by the number of journals published. The present paper is interested in the latter; for, while publishers with high journal counts are believed to amount only to a tiny share of the scientific publication ecosystem, they are nevertheless assumed to process the vast majority of the scholarly output ( Pollock, 2022 , based on data from OpenAlex , cf. Priem et al. , 2022 ). But how would one proceed to identify the, say, hundred largest academic publishers by their journal counts?

An authoritative list of the largest academic publishers, however, could be helpful in many ways. It would aid in achieving robust analyses regarding various aspects of scholarly publishing, such as on the implementation of research ethics policies ( Gardner et al. , 2022 ); on the prices of Article Processing Charges, or APCs ( Asai, 2020 ; Schönfelder, 2019 ); on peer review practices ( Besançon et al. , 2020 ; Hamilton et al. , 2020 ; Spezi et al. , 2018 ); on journals' social media presence ( Ortega, 2017 ; Zheng et al. , 2019 ); on their profit-orientation ( Beverungen et al. , 2012 ); on their open access and pre-print policies ( Laakso, 2014 ; Laakso et al. , 2011 ); on “editormetrics” ( Mendonça et al. , 2018 ; Pacher et al. , 2021 ); on community engagement through paper awards ( Lincoln et al. , 2012 ) or through podcasts ( Quintana and Heathers, 2021 ); on data-sharing policies ( Holt et al. , 2021 ); on their efforts in fostering diversity ( Metz et al. , 2016 ) or in supporting early career researchers ( O'Brien et al. , 2019 ); on their rate of ORCID adoption (cf. Porter, 2022 ); and so forth.

But without a near-complete catalogue of publishers and journals, any researcher risks omissions. An analyst who usually covers STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) disciplines may overlook, for example, the publisher Philosophy Documentation Center which possesses 249 journals; a social scientist may not know of the World Scientific despite its portfolio size of 204 journals; and a Western scientist may easily miss the Chinese company KeAi (with 130 journals) or the Indonesian press of Universitas Gadjah Mada (with 123 journals).

To fill this gap, a webscraping approach could aid in generating a list of major academic publishers as well as their journals. Due to coverage biases inherent to every platform, this approach should webscrape not just a single, but rather multiple research-related sources. The underlying rationale thus resembles a “Swiss cheese model”, where a given layer (or platform) has various holes (or flaws and omissions), but if multiple layers are stacked together side by side, losses can be prevented since the holes (or flaws and omissions) differ in their position. Accordingly, the project presented here first fetches data from four large research-related platforms to obtain a list of publishers that are supposed to be mid-sized or large according to each platform respectively. As a second step, it accesses each of these publishers' websites to scrape their journal count, so as to filter out only the largest publishers among the collected sample.

The aim is thus to generate a catalogue of major academic publishers and their scholarly journals, a list that is supposed to be more comprehensive, accessible and inclusive than any of the existing ones – while still being focused only on publishers with voluminous portfolios (to reduce the data-collection burden). Moreover, the list should not merely offer a snapshot of a specific moment but be adaptable over time; this possibility of always having the data up-to-date is guaranteed by a public sharing of the codes so as to enable extensions and reiterations of the webscraping process.

The following describes the methodical approach in greater detail. The chapter afterwards presents the results of the top 100 academic publishers, sorted by the number of serial titles they publish, with interesting findings regarding the relatively high shares of Global South university presses on the one hand, and of allegedly predatory publishers on the other hand. The discussion section then outlines various limitations encountered during the research process, including issues of data quality due to the non-uniform data distribution, or the difficulty of disambiguating imprints. The paper concludes with a possible guidance on how the limitations nevertheless point towards future research paths so as to reach the wider goal of a complete overview of academic publishers and their scholarly journals that could serve as a starting point for broad meta-scientific investigations.

To generate a comprehensive list of academic publishers and their scholarly journals, two separate methodical steps were necessary. The first one comprised data collection on the publisher -level. Based on the preliminary results of that first step, the second one proceeded with gathering journal -level data, or at least the respective journal count. The following will describe the respective approach in sequence.

The data and the codes are available in a Zenodo repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7081147 under a Creative Commons-license (CC0).

Publisher-level data

Data sample and data collection.

One single data source seems insufficient when one seeks to attain a complete overview over the landscape of scholarly publications; for each source inheres its own biases and indexing criteria. Instead, one should draw from multiple platforms. While heterogenous in character and scope, they may, taken together, provide a more complete menu of publishers than if one merely used a single database.

The present project thus uses four data samples, each of which comprises not only a large list of academic publishers, but also (at least implicitly) the number of journals assigned to them.

The first one is Scopus , a large-scale database of scientific publications that provides an openly available source title list. Using their source list from October 2020 comprising 40.804 journals in total, the names of the publishers were extracted and their frequency (i.e. journal count) counted.

The second data sample, Publons , is a platform designed to document and verify peer reviews. It allows anyone to register a referee report conducted for any journal from any publisher ( Van Noorden, 2014 ). It thus follows a “bottom-up” approach which potentially covers even publishers that tend to be invisibilized in other indexing services. Using webscraping with R 's rvest library ( Wickham and RStudio, 2020 ), this project accessed Publons ' directory of publishers ( “All publishers”, n.d. ).

The third source is DOAJ , a directory of open access journals aiming at a global coverage of scholarly publishers and journals that adhere to standards of open access publishing. To fetch the relevant information, this project used the JSON-formatted journal metadata from DOAJ 's public data dump.

The final source of publishers used was Sherpa Romeo , a website which aggregates open access archiving policies from a growing number of more than 4.000 publishers. Their publisher list was scraped with R .

All these data were collected on 11. December 2020.

Data analysis

Having collected four datasets comprising publisher names and their number of journals according to each respective platform, this project joined these datasets together, harmonized some publisher names, and extracted the highest journal count per publisher. For example, if the publisher Copernicus Publications had 41 journals in Scopus , 47 in Publons , 40 in DOAJ , and 71 in Sherpa Romeo , that publisher was assigned the maximum journal count of 71. This count was only a preliminary one; the real number of journals would be verified later (as will be outlined below).

After garnering these data, the list was sorted by the preliminary number of journals in descending order. In total, there were 24.722 distinct publisher names. As resource constraints made it impossible to look at each of the publisher distinctly and thoroughly, a threshold was chosen that would leave one with a still-manageable sample while ensuring that the result would still be a plausible list of the largest publishers. With that threshold, only publishers that supposedly carried at least 15 titles according to any of the four data sources were kept – for example, since Copernicus Publications had been assigned the preliminary count of 71 journals (above the threshold of 15), it remained in the sample for further validation of its journal count. The threshold was chosen because it seemed low enough to ensure that all publishers that would make it into the final list would pass that threshold, even if the four data sources did not have a complete portfolio of these publishers; in this sense, the lower the threshold, the more complete will be the final data. However, the threshold should not be too low – it should rather be high enough to yield a sample that would be manageable for a manual verification of each publisher's journal count. In other words, as one lowers the threshold, the sample size increases, and thereby the likelihood of detecting yet another large publisher that will make it into the final list becomes greater. However, larger sample sizes require more resources, and there may be “a point where an effect [of increasing the sample size] becomes so minuscule that it is meaningless in a practical sense” ( Alba-Fernández et al. , 2020 , p. 14). The threshold of 15 journals may have allowed for sufficient data to create a reliable top 100 list (cf. the superficial assessment in the Results section below).

Preliminary publisher-level results

A preliminary result extracted 568 distinct publisher names that supposedly published at least 15 journals, according to any of the four data sources DOAJ, Publons, Scopus or Sherpa Romeo.

This preliminary list was then cleaned manually, as there were obvious data quality issues such as inflated numbers and unharmonized publisher names. The manual refinement also got rid of duplications, discontinued presses and non-publishers (e.g. Egyptian Knowledge Bank or SciELO ), resulting in a preliminary list of 414 academic publishers.

Journal-level data

Based on the preliminary list that resulted from the publisher-level data collection, the next step was to visit each listed publisher's website to find the respective portfolio of journals. In order to webscrape each publisher's respective journal list, the so-called CSS [2] selectors that harbour the names and the links of the journals were required. The manual collection of these CSS selectors for each of the 414 publishers was undertaken in January 2021 (and updated in mid-2022). The respective publisher websites were then scraped between March and July 2022, fetching data about journal names and journal counts [3] , finally filtering the 100 largest publishers according to these webscraped journal counts.

Figure 2 offers a diagram of the methodical approach taken.

The outcome of the data-collection resulted in a catalogue of the 100 largest academic publishers (comprising 28.060 serial titles) based on journal counts. Summary statistics are visible in Table 1 .

Ordered by journal counts, the top ones resemble the prominent “oligopoly” of academic publishing ( Larivière et al. , 2015 ) – Springer, Taylor & Francis, Elsevier, Wiley, and SAGE lead the list. Many of the middle-ranging ones, however, may offer surprisingly unknown or only faintly familiar names to researchers whose usual range is confined to just a single, specific discipline or to a single, specific region.

Of the 100 largest publishers, 17 are university-based presses headquartered in research institutions at the Global South (perhaps surprisingly; cf. Collyer, 2018 ). Eight of them are from Latin America (cf. Delgado-Troncoso and Fischman, 2014 ), while seven are based in Indonesia (cf. Irawan et al. , 2021 ; Wiryawan, 2014 ) – including the largest among them, the Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia that publishes 177 journals. One press from Iran and Malaysia each round up this subset of Global South university presses.

Another possibly surprising result is that the list contains a large share of so-called predatory publishers – namely, 30 out of 100 [4] . Most of the allegedly predatory publishers in the present list even publish more than one hundred titles; the largest one, OMICS , even has 705 journals in its portfolio, propelling it into the sixth place of the overall ranking. In total, they publish 4.517 outlets, or more than 16% of all journals covered by the 100 publishers – roughly every sixth journal of a major publisher is a predatory one. Admittedly, the attribute of predatoriness is a contested one, but in its core, the term denotes organizations that publish seemingly scientific articles against monetary charges without offering an authentic peer-review, while at the same time conducting dishonest practices such as deceiving the public of wrong impact factors, or listing researchers as editorial board members without their knowledge ( Cobey et al. , 2018 , p. 8). Such (allegedly) predatory publishers are usually left out by curated databases for ethical reasons, but for comprehensive meta-scientific surveys, it may be useful to not exclude them.

The top 100, sorted by journal count, is visible in Table 2 .

Some of the publishers listed are not indexed in all four data sample platforms, meaning that they would have been overlooked if this project merely drew from one or two sources. This is especially the case for the so-called predatory publishers; for instance, OMICS (with 705 titles) was missing at both DOAJ and Sherpa Romeo ; or, if one only used DOAJ and Scopus as relevant sources, then one would have omitted Gavin Publishers (with 168 journals) and Scientific and Academic Publishing (comprising 149 titles); and if one drew from just Publons and Scopus , then Open Access Pub (boasting 198 journals in its portfolio) would not have been found.

However, non-predatory publishers like university presses would have suffered a similar fate; for example, the press of Universitas Negeri Semarang which has 120 journals would not have been found if one merely collected publishers that had any reviews verified at Publons .

The “Swiss cheese model” approach of using various layers, or multiple research-related platforms for data-collection, thus helped to prevent potential data losses.

This is not to claim that the result is exhaustive and accurate, as the Discussion section will consider below. There still may be omissions, especially in the lower ranks of the list – the distribution is so non-uniform that the upper “cloud” of the ranking is likely accurate, while the “tail” is rather noisy. To give a rough impression of how accurate the ranking is, at least with regards to the four data sources used here, one can slice the original sample (the unharmonized one comprising the 414 publishers that had at least 15 journals according to either of our four data sources) into ten deciles, with the tenth decile showing the largest publishers and the first decile the smallest ones. Each decile contains 41 or 42 publisher names. In the tenth decile, the vast majority of the publishers (87.8%) made it into the final top 100 list; in the ninth decile, that share fell to roughly a half (48.8%). The eigth decile was down to less than a fourth (22.0%). In general, there is a clear downward trend (with a few exceptions) until the first decile, which had just 2.4% of its publishers in the final list (see Table 3 ). With each decile, the median decline in percentage points was −7.1%, so that one could except a further quantile to have an even lower probability that any of the listed publishers there would make it into the final list. While such statistical numbers do not guarantee that the final top 100 list is accurate, they do provide confidence that the probability of errors is not overly high, at least given the four data sources here; and even if one demanded higher precision, the paper's purpose was primarily to demonstrate the utility of a method (webscraping) rather than to execute it until perfection.

Webscraping, first, multiple databases of scientific indexing services, and second, the publishers' websites themselves offers an effective way to obtain a comprehensive overview of the landscape of academic publishing, at least when it comes to large publishers in terms of the number of journals in their portfolio. The present project utilized data from Scopus , Publons , DOAJ and Sherpa Romeo to automatically enumerate a list of major academic publishers and their scholarly journals as complete as possible. It first gathered a list of publishers that allegedly published at least 15 journals, before validating each publisher's journal count that resulted in a catalogue of the 100 largest academic publishers comprising 28.060 scholarly periodicals.

Many of these publishers, especially in the mid- and smaller range, would have been omitted if one had drawn only from a subset of the databases. This is especially pertinent to those that are either located in the Global South ( Collyer, 2018 ; Jimenez et al. , in press , pp. 4–5; Okune et al. , 2018 ; Teixeira da Silva et al. , 2019 ) or that publish articles in languages other than English (“LOTE”) ( Ren and Rousseau, 2002 ; Vera-Baceta et al. , 2019 ). They are not always indexed in the major scientific databases, and some of them do not issue DOIs for various reasons, making it easy to overlook them in conventional searches. Examples include the Iranian press of the University of Tehran (with 115 journals), the Chinese one of KeAi (130 journals), the major Indonesian players like the presses of Universitas Gadjah Mada (123 journals), Universitas Negeri Semarang (120 journals) and Universitas Diponegoro (87 journals), Eastern European publishers like the Editura Academiei Romane (76 journals), or Latin American entities belonging to the Universidade de Brasília (86 journals) or to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (127 journals). The fact that the present project did not omit them indicates that the catalogue gathered here might be less susceptible to systemically biased omissions than if one had used merely one or two sources.

The list generated by this project thus offers a gateway towards large-scale analyses regarding macro-scale engagements, actions and policies of publishers and journals. May they relate to open access aspects, to the conduct of peer review, to article processing charges, to the availability of metadata or to editorial boards – whatever the use case, a webscraping approach that gathers meta-scientific information seems to offer a viable path for alternative and inclusive samples. And it is on the basis of these samples that one can thoroughly investigate existing research cultures in all their diversity.

In addition, as all the present paper's codes and data are shared publicly, they can find extension so as to cover further data sources, and they me be executed repeatedly to update the catalogue over time.

However, there are various weaknesses and limitations to be discussed. First and foremost, while the upper “cloud” of the dataset may accurately depict the league of the largest academic publishers, the mid- and lower ranges (or “tail”) may be more susceptible to noisy errors and omissions. In other words, the dataset is most likely an imbalanced one due to the non-uniform distribution of the underlying data ( Kotsiantis et al. , 2006 ). That is, there is a high probability of the largest publishers to occur in any of the four samples, but the smaller the publisher, the less likely it is that one identifies them through webscraping the four sources (a problem of undersampling). After all, the use of multiple platforms does not dispense with the necessity to be aware of inherent biases; it is possible that there are still enough publishers that have not made it into any of the four data samples used for this project. Such biases could be mitigated by drawing from more and more sources. CORE ( Makhija et al. , 2018 ), JSTOR ( Schonfeld, 2012 ) , BASE ( Pieper and Summann, 2006 ) , OpenAIRE Explore ( Alexiou et al. , 2016 ), the Directory of Free Arab Journals (DFAJ) (2021), SciELO ( Packer, 2009 ), the Iranian Scientific Information Database (SID.ir), or African Journals OnLine (AJOL) may serve as likely candidates, though one would first need to ensure that one can indeed obtain structured data from them.

Other data difficulties remain. The issue of disambiguating publisher names and their imprints is one that may lead to arbitrary definitions (e.g. differentiating Springer from Springer Nature and BioMedCentral , but not from Demos Medical Publishing , even though they all share the same parent companies). A related problem arises when the samples used aggregators or information retrieval platforms (such as SciELO or the Egyptian Knowledge Base ) erroneously as publishers. This is one reason why CrossRef 's member list or Scilit could not be used as data sources for the present project. A further limitation lies in the fact that some of the journals listed in the publisher's online catalogues may be discontinued or inactive ( Cortegiani et al. , 2020 ). The next step should thus necessarily entail a closer and possibly manual assessment of each publisher's precise journal count.

Once these limitations are addressed, the webscraping approach outlined here may fill a gap in the meta-scientific literature, especially with regards to exhaustive surveys of university presses, scholarly publishers and scientific journals. Without a reliably and freely available comprehensive list, scientometric examinations would risk an incomplete coverage of the diverse landscape of academic publishing, leading to a structural invisibilisation of underrepresented journals or an underestimation of the extent to which predatory publishers have occupied the scientific ecosystem.

With additional data refinements and even more encompassing, alternative sources, the list may finally attain a satisfying degree of saturation and accuracy. Once one can be certain that there is a complete and inclusive catalogue of academic publishers and scholarly journals from all around the world without any blind spots, this cannot but benefit the whole science of science.

Screenshot of Ulrichsweb 's filter option regarding publishers, sorted by count, after the search query Status:(“Active”) Serial Type:(“Journal”) Content Type:(“Academic / Scholarly”) on 14 May 2021

The methodical approach that led to the final list of the 100 largest academic publishers

Descriptive data about the number of journals (grouped by publisher) in the one hundred largest publishers in the webscraped dataset

The final list of the 100 largest academic publishers ordered by their journal counts

How many publishers in the original sample made it into the final top 100 list?

Note(s): The data are based on the preliminary list of 414 publishers; accordingly, the journal counts refer not necessarily to the ‘true’ count, but to the maximum value according to any of the four data sources (DOAJ, Publons, Romeo Sherpa, or Scopus)

CrossRef itself does not have data about whether and which of their members are (non-)publishers; private communication from 26 April 2021 (internally saved at CrossRef as request #364948).

Cascading Style Sheets, a computer language used for layouting and structuring websites (usually in conjunction with HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language).

Due to technical errors (e.g. outdated security certificates of the respective host server) or due to improperly structured websites, some journal counts had to be collected manually.

Despite controversies ( Koerber et al ., 2020 ), this paper defines predatoriness largely by the inclusion of the respective publisher in the updated version of Beall's list as of December 2021 ( “Beall's List of Potential Predatory Journals and Publishers”, 2021 ). There are two exceptions – Frontiers is not marked as predatory in the present paper because its inclusion into Beall's List has always remained highly contested ( Kendall, 2021 , p. 382); but Annex Publishers is marked as predatory even though it was not in Beall's List for the following reasons: it refers to a bogus version of the Impact Factor (“CiteFactor”) as a reference, promises rapid peer reviews (21 days), a publication within 24 h after acceptance, a high visibility due to its inclusion on Google Scholar (which is trivial); furthermore, it is not indexed in the DOAJ and demands quite high Article Processing Charges (between USD 1.200 and USD 3.600, as of July 2022).

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Acknowledgements

Corrigendum: It has come to the attention of the publisher that the article: Nishikawa-Pacher, A. (2022), “Who are the 100 largest scientific publishers by journal count? A webscraping approach”, Journal of Documentation , Vol. 78 No. 7, pp. 450-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0083 mistakenly labelled IOS Press as a predatory publisher in Table 2. Amendments have been made to Table 2 and throughout the text to correct this issue. The authors sincerely apologise to IOS Press and the readers for any inconvenience caused.

A preprint version of this paper appeared as “Who are the 100 Largest Scientific Publishers by Journal Count? A Webscraping Approach” and has been posted on the SocArXiv repository.

Funding: The author acknowledges TU Wien Bibliothek for financial support through its Open Access Funding Programme.

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Step 2: Writing your paper

Writing an effective, compelling research paper  is vital to getting your research published. But if you’re new to putting together academic papers, it can feel daunting to start from scratch.

The good news is that if you’ve chosen the journal you want to publish in, you’ll have lots of examples already published in that journal to base your own paper on. We’ve gathered advice on every aspect of writing your paper, to make sure you get off to a great start.

How to write your paper

How you write your paper will depend on your chosen journal, your subject area, and the type of paper you’re writing. Everything from the style and structure you choose to the audience you should have in mind while writing will differ, so it’s important to think about these things before you get stuck in.

Our  writing your paper guidance  will take you through everything you need to know to put together your research article and prepare it for submission. This includes getting to know your target journal, understanding your audiences, and how to choose appropriate keywords.

You can also use this guide to take you through your research publication journey .

You should also make sure you’re aware of all the Editorial Policies  for the journal you plan to submit to. Don’t forget that you can contact our  editing services  to help you refine your manuscript.

Discover advice and guidance for writing your paper

Step 3: Making your submission

Once you’ve chosen the right journal and written your manuscript, the next step in publishing your research paper is  to make your submission .

Each journal will have specific submission requirements, so make sure you visit  Taylor & Francis Online  and carefully check through the  instructions for authors  for your chosen journal.

How to submit your manuscript

To submit your manuscript you’ll need to ensure that you’ve gone through all the steps in our  making your submission  guide. This includes thoroughly understanding your chosen journal’s instructions for authors, writing an effective cover letter, navigating the journal’s submission system, and making sure your research data is prepared as required.

You can also  improve your submission experience  with our guide to avoid obstacles and complete a seamless submission.

To make sure you’ve covered everything before you hit ‘submit’ you can also take a look at our  ‘ready to submit’ checklist  (don’t forget, you should only submit to one journal at a time).

Understand the process of making your submission

Step 4: Navigating the peer review process

Now you’ve submitted your manuscript, you need to get to grips with one of the most important parts of publishing your research paper –  the peer review process .

What is peer review?

Peer review is the independent assessment of your research article by independent experts in your field. Reviewers, also sometimes called ‘referees’, are asked to judge the validity, significance, and originality of your work.

This process ensures that a peer-reviewed article has been through a rigorous process to make sure the methodology is sound, the work can be replicated, and it fits with the aims and scope of the journal that is considering it for publication. It acts as an important form of quality control for research papers.

Peer review is also a very useful source of feedback, helping you to improve your paper before it’s published. It is intended to be a collaborative process, where authors engage in a dialogue with their peers and receive constructive feedback and support to advance their work.

Almost all research articles go through peer review, although in some cases the journal may operate post-publication peer review, which means that reviews and reader comments are invited after the paper is published.

If you’ll like to feel more confident before getting your work peer reviewed by the journal, you may want to consider using an  in-depth technical review service from experts.

Understanding peer review

Peer review can be a complex process to get your head around. That’s why we’ve put together a  comprehensive guide to understanding peer review . This explains everything from the many different types of peer review to the step-by-step peer review process and how to revise your manuscript. It also has helpful advice on what to do if your manuscript is rejected.

Visit our peer review guide for authors

Step 5: The production process

If your paper is accepted for publication, it will then head into  production . At this stage of the process, the paper will be prepared for publishing in your chosen journal.

A lot of the work to produce the final version of your paper will be done by the journal production team, but your input will be required at various stages of the process.

What do you need to do during production?

During production, you’ll have a variety of tasks to complete and decisions to make. For example, you’ll need to check and correct proofs of your article and consider whether or not you want to  produce a video abstract  to accompany it.

Take a look at  our guide to the production process  to find out what you’ll need to do in this final step to getting your research published.

Your research is published – now what?

You’ve successfully navigated publishing a research paper – congratulations! But the process doesn’t stop there. Now your research is published in a journal for the world to see, you’ll need to know  how to access your article  and  make sure it has an impact .

Here’s a  quick tip on how to boost your research impact  by investing in making your accomplishments stand out.

Below you’ll find helpful tips and post-publication support. From how to communicate about your research to how to request corrections or translations.

How to access your published article

When you publish with Taylor & Francis, you’ll have access to a new section on Taylor & Francis Online called  Authored Works . This will give you and all other named authors perpetual access to your article, regardless of whether or not you have a subscription to the journal you have published in.

You can also  order print copies of your article .

How to make sure your research has an impact

Taking the time to make sure your research has an impact can help drive your career progression, build your networks, and secure funding for new research. So, it’s worth investing in.

Creating a real impact with your work can be a challenging and time-consuming task, which can feel difficult to fit into an already demanding academic career.

To help you understand what impact means for you and your work, take a look at  our guide to research impact . It covers why impact is important, the different types of impact you can have, how to achieve impact – including tips on communicating with a variety of audiences – and how to measure your success.

Keeping track of your article’s progress

Through your  Authored Works access , you’ll be able to get real-time insights about your article, such as views, downloads and citation numbers.

In addition, when you publish an article with us, you’ll be offered the option to sign up for email updates. These emails will be sent to you three, six and twelve months after your article is published to let you know how many views and citations the article has had.

Corrections and translations of published articles

Sometimes after an article has been published it may be necessary to make a change to the  Version of Record . Take a look at our dedicated  guide to corrections, expressions of concern, retractions and removals  to find out more.

You may also be interested in translating your article into another language. If that’s the case, take a look at our  information on article translations .

Go to your guide on moving through production

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