university of bologna essay outline

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How to Get Into University of Bologna: Admissions Process and Tips

The University of Bologna , established in 1088 is the oldest educational institution in the Western world and played a vital role in the development of the Bologna Process to standardize higher education in Europe. It is a university with an excellent international reputation and offers a comprehensive range of academic programs, providing its students with an immersive and unique study experience.

As an international student interested in pursuing an education at the University of Bologna, you must be familiar with the university’s admissions procedure and application requirements to enhance your chances for acceptance. This article will provide you with valuable information on the admissions process of enrolling at the University of Bologna, along with a few additional tips.

Admissions Process at the University of Bologna

International students go through a similar admissions process to domestic students at the University of Bologna. Here is a brief outline of the admissions process.

Step 1. Choose a Degree Program

You may start your admissions procedure by selecting a program of your choice. You may gather detailed information on the available programs and courses on the university website. There are various factors you may want to consider when selecting a program. This includes language of instruction , duration, curriculum, entry requirements, and other additional prerequisites. You may also want to look into the faculty and availability of research opportunities for graduate programs.

Step 2. Check the Minimum Qualifications and Access Methods

You must ensure you meet the minimum qualifications for your selected degree program. First and Single-cycle degree programs will require a valid foreign qualification, like a five-year secondary school diploma or a four-year secondary school diploma with an additional year. Second-cycle degree program applicants will need a university diploma, degree, or a valid qualification from a foreign institution.

As for access methods, some degree programs may be unavailable at either a national or local level. Programs with restricted access may require applicants to register for additional entrance exams to qualify.

Step 3. Check Admission Requirements and Application Deadlines

Enrollment in programs involves two processes, meeting admissions requirements and matriculation. Degree programs with open access will typically allow applicants to enroll with minimum qualifications. Programs with restricted access may require an assessment of basic knowledge, for which students may be required to complete an OFA (Additional Learning Requirement) during their first academic year. Some programs may use the CISIA (TOLC) Online Test as a necessary measure in their selection process.

Enrollment procedures, deadlines for checking requirements, and matriculation dates typically vary depending on the degree program. It is advised that prospective applicants check out the degree program website for accurate information on enrollment procedures.

Step 4. Meet Language Proficiency Requirements

In addition to meeting the necessary academic prerequisites, applicants will also be required to demonstrate proficiency in either Italian or English, depending on the language of instruction of the selected program. International standardized language proficiency tests like CILS (Certificate of the Italian Language) or CELI (Certificate of Italian as a Foreign Language) for Italian , and TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or IELTS (International English Language Testing System) for English , are accepted at the University of Bologna. Additionally, applicants can also meet Italian language requirements by passing the language test organized by the University of Bologna .

Applicants who may have carried out their previous education in Italian or English may be exempt from language proficiency tests.

Step 5. Pre-enroll at ‘Universitaly’ Portal and Apply for a Student Visa

Following your admittance to the University of Bologna, international students (non-EU applicants) must pre-enroll at Universitaly for your student visa , as it is required that you first obtain an entry visa to complete your enrollment.

Step 6. Complete Matriculation and Pay the Enrollment Fee

After successfully meeting all prerequisite admissions requirements, applicants can complete their matriculation application, which also involves the payment of the enrollment fee via the university website. After settling the enrollment fee, students may access Studenti Online for the remaining steps to complete the enrollment process.

Tips to Get Into the University of Bologna

Here are a few tips to help improve your chances of acceptance at the University of Bologna

Tip 1. Research and Choose the Right Program

As mentioned above, the University of Bologna offers a wide range of academic programs. You must take the time to research and select the program that best aligns with your academic interests, career goals, and capabilities. You may consider looking into the course offerings, curriculum, available research opportunities, and faculty expertise. By selecting a program you are truly passionate about, you will be able to successfully showcase your commitment.

Tip 2. Submit a Strong Application

Applicants are advised to pay careful attention to their application materials. It is important to invest enough time and effort to create an application that can leave a strong impression on the admissions committee.

You must ensure that your statement of purpose highlights your academic achievements, motivation, and future goals in a compelling manner. Your statement must be tailored to your program, and demonstrate that your experiences and interests reflect the objectives of your program.

Additionally, the recommenders you choose must be able to speak for your potential and capabilities. Make sure that they are provided with the necessary materials and information to write a solid letter of recommendation . Lastly, all your academic transcripts must be up-to-date and accurate and must be free of any inconsistencies or errors.

Tip 3. Showcase Your Extracurricular Activities and Achievements

The University of Bologna values applicants with a well-rounded application that showcases involvement in extracurricular activities and other achievements. This is to demonstrate your abilities outside the classroom. You may include your involvement in clubs, sports, leadership roles, or community service. Emphasis on time management, communication skills, teamwork, multitasking, and other similar skills or attributes. Notable achievements like presenting at conferences, winning competitions, or being published can be mentioned. You may also discuss the skills you have developed and their impact on your academic and professional journey.

To enroll in the University of Bologna, applicants must go through the admissions process which involves thorough research, good academic performance, and a comprehensive application. To enhance the quality of their application, applicants must select the right program, maintain their grades, and demonstrate their involvement in extracurricular activities. Ensure that you carefully go through the admissions requirements and admissions process of your selected program and submit a persuasive application that can showcase your motivations and strengths.

Hopefully, this article will encourage you to study at the University of Bologna. However, if you are still unsure of what program to take, visit our Open Courses Page for available programs you can enroll in! Visit the Study in Italy Page to check out more articles about studying abroad!

About the Author: Hyun Lee

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• Knowledge Base
• College essay
• College Essay Format & Structure | Example Outlines

College Essay Format & Structure | Example Outlines

Published on September 24, 2021 by Meredith Testa . Revised on May 31, 2023.

There are no set rules for how to structure a college application essay, but you should carefully plan and outline to make sure your essay flows smoothly and logically.

Typical structural choices include

• a series of vignettes with a common theme
• a single story that demonstrates your positive qualities

Table of contents

Formatting your essay, outlining the essay, structures that work: two example outlines, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about college application essays.

You should keep the formatting as simple as possible. Admissions officers need to work very quickly, so fancy formatting, unnecessary flourishes, and unique fonts will come off as more distracting than individual. Keep in mind that, if you’re pasting your essay into a text box, formatting like italics may not transfer.

Your essay will be easier for admissions officers to read if it is 1.5- or double-spaced. If you choose to attach a file, ensure that it is a PDF.

You don’t need a title for your essay, but you can include one, especially if you think it will add something important.

Most importantly, ensure that you stick to the word count. Most successful essays are 500–600 words. Because you’re limited in length, make sure that you write concisely . Say everything that you need to express to get your point across, but don’t use more words than necessary, and don’t repeat yourself.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Once you’ve finished brainstorming topics but before you start writing, think about your writing’s trajectory: how you’ll start the essay , develop it, and end it .

Do you want to organize it chronologically? Would you prefer to make a “sandwich” structure by introducing a topic or idea, moving away from it, and then coming back to it at the end? There’s a variety of options (and a pair of strong examples below), but make sure you consider how you’d like to structure the essay before you start writing.

Although you should organize your thoughts in an outline, you don’t have to stick to it strictly. Once you begin writing, you may find that the structure you’d originally chosen doesn’t quite work. In that case, it’s fine to try something else. Multiple drafts of the same essay are key to a good final product.

Whatever structure you choose, it should be clear and easy to follow, and it should be feasible to keep it within the  word count . Never write in a way that could confuse the reader. Remember, your audience will not be reading your essay closely!

Vignettes with a common theme

The vignette structure discusses several experiences that may seem unrelated, but the author weaves them together and unites them with a common theme.

For example, a student could write an essay exploring various instances of their ability to make the best of bad situations. A rough outline for that essay might look like this:

• In a rehearsal for a school play when a lighting fixture malfunctioned and the set caught fire, I helped extinguish it.
• To help the situation, I improvised fixes for the set and talked with the director about adding lines referencing the “disaster.”
• I didn’t get into my first-choice high school, but I became class president at the school where I ended up.
• When I had ACL surgery, I used the downtime to work on my upper body strength and challenged my friends to pull-up contests.
• How these qualities will serve me in college and in my career

Single story that demonstrates traits

The narrative structure focuses on a single overarching story that shows many aspects of a student’s character.

Some such essays focus on a relatively short event that the author details moment by moment, while others discuss the story of a longer journey, one that may cover months or years.

For example, a student might discuss trying out for a sports team as a middle schooler, high school freshman, and high school senior, using each of those instances to describe an aspect of their personality. A rough outline for that essay might look like this:

• Confident, there to have fun
• Very passionate and in love with the sport
• Little sister was born that day, so I had to go alone with a friend’s parents
• Learned to be independent and less self-centered
• Realized that as much as I love gymnastics, there are more important things
• Gave up first homecoming of high school, had to quit other activities, lost countless hours with friends
• I had to repeat level 9 and didn’t progress quickly
• I had a terrible beam routine at one competition the previous year and still had a mental block
• I got stuck on some skills, and it took over a year to learn them
• Passion from age 7, perspective from age 11, diligence from age 15

If you want to know more about academic writing , effective communication , or parts of speech , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Academic writing

• Writing process
• Transition words
• Passive voice
• Paraphrasing

 Communication

• How to end an email
• Ms, mrs, miss
• How to start an email
• I hope this email finds you well
• Hope you are doing well

 Parts of speech

• Personal pronouns
• Conjunctions

There are no set rules for how to structure a college application essay , but these are two common structures that work:

• A montage structure, a series of vignettes with a common theme.
• A narrative structure, a single story that shows your personal growth or how you overcame a challenge.

Avoid the five-paragraph essay structure that you learned in high school.

Your college essay’s format should be as simple as possible:

• Use a standard, readable font
• Use 1.5 or double spacing
• If attaching a file, save it as a PDF
• Stick to the word count
• Avoid unusual formatting and unnecessary decorative touches

You don’t need a title for your college admissions essay , but you can include one if you think it adds something important.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Testa, M. (2023, May 31). College Essay Format & Structure | Example Outlines. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/college-essay/format-outline-structure/

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A clear, arguable thesis will tell your readers where you are going to end up, but it can also help you figure out how to get them there. Put your thesis at the top of a blank page and then make a list of the points you will need to make to argue that thesis effectively.

For example, consider this example from the thesis handout : While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake”(54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well”(51) is less convincing.

To argue this thesis, the author needs to do the following:

• Show what is persuasive about Sandel’s claims about the problems with striving for perfection.
• Show what is not convincing about Sandel’s claim that we can clearly distinguish between medically necessary enhancements and other enhancements.

Once you have broken down your thesis into main claims, you can then think about what sub-claims you will need to make in order to support each of those main claims. That step might look like this:

• Evidence that Sandel provides to support this claim
• Discussion of why this evidence is convincing even in light of potential counterarguments
• Discussion of cases when medically necessary enhancement and non-medical enhancement cannot be easily distinguished
• Analysis of what those cases mean for Sandel’s argument
• Consideration of counterarguments (what Sandel might say in response to this section of your argument)

Each argument you will make in an essay will be different, but this strategy will often be a useful first step in figuring out the path of your argument.  

Strategy #2: Use subheadings, even if you remove them later  

Scientific papers generally include standard subheadings to delineate different sections of the paper, including “introduction,” “methods,” and “discussion.” Even when you are not required to use subheadings, it can be helpful to put them into an early draft to help you see what you’ve written and to begin to think about how your ideas fit together. You can do this by typing subheadings above the sections of your draft.

If you’re having trouble figuring out how your ideas fit together, try beginning with informal subheadings like these:

• Introduction  
• Explain the author’s main point  
• Show why this main point doesn’t hold up when we consider this other example  
• Explain the implications of what I’ve shown for our understanding of the author  
• Show how that changes our understanding of the topic

For longer papers, you may decide to include subheadings to guide your reader through your argument. In those cases, you would need to revise your informal subheadings to be more useful for your readers. For example, if you have initially written in something like “explain the author’s main point,” your final subheading might be something like “Sandel’s main argument” or “Sandel’s opposition to genetic enhancement.” In other cases, once you have the key pieces of your argument in place, you will be able to remove the subheadings.  

Strategy #3: Create a reverse outline from your draft  

While you may have learned to outline a paper before writing a draft, this step is often difficult because our ideas develop as we write. In some cases, it can be more helpful to write a draft in which you get all of your ideas out and then do a “reverse outline” of what you’ve already written. This doesn’t have to be formal; you can just make a list of the point in each paragraph of your draft and then ask these questions:

• Are those points in an order that makes sense to you?  
• Are there gaps in your argument?  
• Do the topic sentences of the paragraphs clearly state these main points?  
• Do you have more than one paragraph that focuses on the same point? If so, do you need both paragraphs?  
• Do you have some paragraphs that include too many points? If so, would it make more sense to split them up?  
• Do you make points near the end of the draft that would be more effective earlier in your paper?  
• Are there points missing from this draft?  
• picture_as_pdf Tips for Organizing Your Essay

Preparing for Academic Writing

• Understanding the Question
• Planning Your Assignment Timeline
• Outlining Your Essay
• Video Playlist
• Audio Playlist
• Downloadable Resources
• Further Reading
• Relevant Workshops This link opens in a new window

How to Outline your Essay

Before you begin writing your assignment it is useful to create an outline plan of your essay. Having a plan creates more certainty when you are writing and allows you to consider the structure and order of your points.

Your outline plan will only be seen by you and so can be created however works best for you. However irrespective of how you choose to create your plan, an outline plan should do the following things:

Outline your key points and arguments

Try to write out each point that you want to make in it’s simplest format. Generally, this should be in 1-2 lines.

Rearrange your points into a logical order

Consider how your points can connect to each other in a way that is logical and creates flow. If a point is similar to another then it may make sense to put their respective paragraphs next to each other. There are many ways of ordering points and structuring arguments. See our structure and flow guide for further information.

Attach evidence to the points

Underneath each point attach any research or evidence that supports or challenges that point. Note down how it links to the point. If you notice any points with no or limited evidence, consider doing further research if time permits. When attaching evidence ensure that you include the full referencing information so that you can reference the evidence when writing your essay.

Note any ideas for critical thinking

In the context of academic writing, critical thinking requires asking questions of either your argument or your evidence. You will often check the reliability of evidence and if an argument can stand up to logical scrutiny. Ensure that any critical thinking that you have noted is distinguishable from your evidence, for example by putting it in a different colour or by using the comments function in Microsoft Word.

Once you have created your outline plan check it against your assignment information. Consider if when written up, the outline will address each aspect of the question and will be capable of achieving the marking criteria needed for the grade that you desire. If you are confident that your outline has satisfied the essay requirements, you can begin writing your assignment. If not, consider if you have the time to address any weaknesses before you must start writing.   

When and How to Start Writing

In this video from the Academic Writing workshop, Alex from the Skills Team, discusses how to overcome the difficulties of starting to write an assignment.

• << Previous: Planning Your Assignment Timeline
• Next: Video Playlist >>
• Last Updated: Feb 5, 2024 11:40 AM
• URL: https://libguides.derby.ac.uk/preparing-for-academic-writing

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Types of Outlines and Samples

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Alphanumeric Outlines

This is the most common type of outline and usually instantly recognizable to most people. The formatting follows these characters, in this order:

• Roman Numerals
• Capitalized Letters
• Arabic Numerals
• Lowercase Letters

If the outline needs to subdivide beyond these divisions, use Arabic numerals inside parentheses and then lowercase letters inside parentheses. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.

The sample PDF in the Media Box above is an example of an outline that a student might create before writing an essay. In order to organize her thoughts and make sure that she has not forgotten any key points that she wants to address, she creates the outline as a framework for her essay.

What is the assignment?

Your instructor asks the class to write an expository (explanatory) essay on the typical steps a high school student would follow in order to apply to college.

What is the purpose of this essay?

To explain the process for applying to college

Who is the intended audience for this essay?

High school students intending to apply to college and their parents

What is the essay's thesis statement?

When applying to college, a student follows a certain process which includes choosing the right schools and preparing the application materials.

Full Sentence Outlines

The full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the Alphanumeric outline. The main difference (as the title suggests) is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline. This outline is most often used when preparing a traditional essay. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.

Decimal Outlines

The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline. The added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline relates to the larger whole. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.

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For the University of Bologna, subject specialisation and the integration of the disciplines of knowledge are key to excellence in research, thus contributing to a forward-looking society.

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