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Physics > History and Philosophy of Physics
Title: feynman 1947 letter on path integral for the dirac equation.
Abstract: In 1947, four months before the famous Shelter Island conference, Richard Feynman wrote a lengthy letter to his former MIT classmate Theodore Welton, reporting on his efforts to develop a path integral describing the propagation of a Dirac particle. While these efforts never came to fruition, and were shortly abandoned in favor of a very different method of dealing with the electron propagator appearing in in QED, the letter is interesting both from the historical viewpoint of revealing what Feynman was thinking about during that period just before the development of QED, and for its scientific ideas. It also contains at the end some philosophical remarks, which Feynman wraps up with the comment, ``Well enough for the baloney.'' In this article I present a transcription of the letter along with editorial notes, and a facsimile of the original handwritten document. I also briefly comment on Feynman's efforts and discuss their relation to some later work.
Subjects: | History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph) |
Cite as: | [physics.hist-ph] |
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The development and application of tritium-labeled compounds in biomedical research.
1. Introduction
2. properties of tritium-labeled compounds, 2.1. physical and chemical properties of tritium, 2.2. storage of tritiated compounds, 2.3. biological properties of the tritium isotope, 3. synthesis of tritium-labeled compounds, 3.1. tritium–halogen exchange, 3.2. tritide reductions, 3.3. methylation, 3.4. metal-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange, 3.5. photoredox-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange, 4. applications of the tritium-labeled compounds, 4.1. cell cytotoxicity estimation, 4.2. human adme studies, 4.3. autoradiography distribution studies, 4.4. tagging for protein binding, 5. conclusions, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Physical Property | Tritium | Carbon-14 |
---|
Half-life | 12.3 years | 5730 years |
Specific activity | 28.8 Ci/mmol | 62.4 mCi/mmol |
Emission type | Beta | Beta |
Maximum energy of radiation | 18.6 keV | 156 keV |
Mean energy of radiation | 5.7 keV | 56 keV |
Decay product | He (stable) | N (stable) |
Air | ca 6 mm | ca 20 cm |
Water | ca 6 mm | ca 250 mm |
Glass/concrete | ca 2 mm | ca 170 mm |
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Teng, Y.; Yang, H.; Tian, Y. The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research. Molecules 2024 , 29 , 4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174109
Teng Y, Yang H, Tian Y. The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research. Molecules . 2024; 29(17):4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174109
Teng, Yu, Hong Yang, and Yulin Tian. 2024. "The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174109
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For example, if the study intends to provide a review of the past, present, and future of a research field with a large bibliometric corpus, then a combination of co-citation analysis (past), bibliographic coupling (present), and co-word analysis (e.g., notable words in the implications and future research directions of full texts) (future) can ...
The Bibliographic research or documentary consists in the revision of existing bibliographical material with respect to the subject to be studied. It is one of the main steps for any investigation and includes the selection of information sources. It is considered an essential step because it includes a set of phases that encompass observation ...
Searching for bibliographic sources relevant to your project is an integral and unavoidable part of the thesis work. To find out how to conduct your bibliographic research, we suggest you consult the Bibliographic Research Guide. For a start, you can consult the Library books on academic writing (how to write assignments, presentations, theses
What is the purpose of a bibliography? A bibliography is the list of sources a work's author used to create the work. It accompanies just about every type of academic writing, like essays, research papers, and reports.You might also find a brief, less formal bibliography at the end of a journalistic piece, presentation, or video when the author feels it's necessary to cite their sources.
A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names. the titles of the works. the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources. the dates your copies were published.
A digital bibliography, often created and managed using reference management software or online bibliographic tools, is a collection of digital references and citations. Different academic disciplines and institutions may prefer specific citation styles, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard. These styles dictate the format and structure of ...
A bibliography is a list of documents, usually published documents like books and articles. This type of bibliography is more accurately called "enumerative bibliography". An enumerative bibliography will attempt to be as comprehensive as possible, within whatever parameters established by the bibliographer.
While a narrative literature review aims to summarize the content of the studies of a particular research field, a bibliographic literature review focuses on assessing the structure of a particular research field. A description and summary of "simple" bibliographic data (e.g., authors, journal names) is too superficial to derive specific ...
A bibliography is a list of works on a subject or by an author that were used or consulted to write a research paper, book or article. It can also be referred to as a list of works cited. It is usually found at the end of a book, article or research paper. Gathering Information. Regardless of what citation style is being used, there are key ...
Conduct your research. You have two options to carry out your research. By choosing both, you will have a better chance that your bibliographic search will be more exhaustive. • Search on SearchLib and bibliographic databases using the keywords you have defined. • Start from a relevant academic article, book or author and search for other ...
To illustrate, for research that aims to "describe the subject clusters in a specific research field and reveal the conceptual development in the field in the historical process", superficial bibliographic information such as "authors", "authors' institutions", "countries", "published journals" and/or "citation ...
1. Enumerative bibliography: the listing of books according to some system or reference plan, for example, by author, by subject, or by date. The implication is that the listings will be short, usually providing only the author's name, the book's title, and date and place of publication. Enumerative bibliography (sometimes called systematic ...
Bibliography Entry for a Book. A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author's name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author's name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in ...
A bibliography is a list of works (such as books and articles) written on a particular subject or by a particular author. Adjective: bibliographic. Also known as a list of works cited, a bibliography may appear at the end of a book, report, online presentation, or research paper. Students are taught that a bibliography, along with correctly ...
A bibliography is a fundamental component of academic research and writing that serves as a comprehensive list of sources consulted and referenced in a particular work. It plays a crucial role in validating the credibility and reliability of the information presented by providing readers with the necessary information to locate and explore the cited sources.
Alternative options for the presentation of results are offered by various software packages and bibliographic mapping approaches that can be used for visualising research on a topic or theme. A central part of this technique is the production of a bibliographic map of the topic of interest for visualising the intellectual origins of that topic ...
For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines.
A special kind of bibliography, the annotated bibliography, is often used to direct your readers to other books and resources on your topic. An instructor may ask you to prepare an annotated bibliography to help you narrow down a topic for your research assignment. Such bibliographies offer a few lines of information, typically 150-300 words ...
Understanding the differences in bibliographic citations is an important step as you search for sources to include in your research. Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online ...
Here are some good reasons to start with the Library: Extensive and varied collections, both online and in print. Quality information and data, because they are: Authoritative (the authors are experts on the subject matter) Accurate (reliable and correct) Up-to-date (the most recent studies in the various disciplines) Relevant (pertinent to the ...
To produce a high-quality bibliography, choose reliable and credible sources, categorize them as primary or secondary sources, and understand the different types of sources that are available. By following these principles, researchers can create a bibliography that enhances the credibility and rigor of their research paper.
An annotated bibliography is a bibliography [a list of the sources- like articles & books- referred to in a scholarly work] that gives a summary of each of the entries. The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of the source. Each summary should be a concise exposition of the source's central idea(s) and give the reader a general idea of the source's ...
The bibliographic review article is a methodology of observational research, retrospective, systematica ,oriented to the selection, analysis, interpretation and discussion of theoretical ...
A bibliographical review is a review article in itself, which can be published as such in scientific journals. Only starting with an exhaustive bibliographical review, can we eventually plan an ...
In 1947, four months before the famous Shelter Island conference, Richard Feynman wrote a lengthy letter to his former MIT classmate Theodore Welton, reporting on his efforts to develop a path integral describing the propagation of a Dirac particle. While these efforts never came to fruition, and were shortly abandoned in favor of a very different method of dealing with the electron propagator ...
With low background radiation, tritiate compounds exclusively emit intense beta particles without structural changes. This makes them a useful tool in the drug discovery arsenal. Thanks to the recent rapid progress in tritium chemistry, the preparation and analysis of tritium-labeled compounds are now much easier, simpler, and cheaper. Pharmacokinetics, autoradiography, and protein binding ...