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Science Projects > Chemistry Projects > Acid Base Reactions & pH Experiments  

Acid Base Reactions & pH Experiments

Experimenting with acids and bases can make for exciting chemistry projects!

Acidic solutions have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).

These are hydrogen atoms that have lost an electron and now have just a proton, giving them a positive electrical charge.

Basic solutions, on the other hand, contain hydroxide ions (OH-). One of the simplest activities to show how acids and bases react with each other (and to demonstrate their different properties) is to make a vinegar and baking soda volcano .

For another reaction experiment , put an Alka-Seltzer tablet in the bottom of a clear plastic film canister (the kind where the cap fits inside instead of closing over the outside).

Fill the canister with warm water and then quickly put the cap on and watch the acid-base reaction!

The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is. Acids have a pH below 7; bases have a pH above.

Neutral solutions (like distilled water) with a balanced number of H+ and OH- ions have a pH of 7. Do the following projects to explore the cool effects of pH.

Litmus is a natural acid-base indicator extracted from a type of lichen. If you have red and blue litmus paper , you can test different solutions for whether they are acids or bases.

Blue litmus paper turns red when a solution is acidic; red litmus paper turns blue in basic solutions.

Try testing window cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, orange juice, and apple juice—pour a little of each into separate test tubes or small glasses or jars.

Use the litmus paper to determine which are acids and which are bases. Here are the pH levels of some other substances that you might test:

• Lemon juice (2)
• Vinegar (3)
• Egg whites (8)
• Baking soda (9)
• Ammonia (10)

Human blood has an ideal pH of 7.4; even slight fluctuations can seriously affect our bodies.

You can also make your own pH indicator —use a blender to mix one part chopped red cabbage with two parts boiling water and use the juice to test different solutions.

Acids will turn the pigments in the indicator to a reddish color; bases will turn the pigments bluish or yellow-green.

Mystery Pitcher

Make ordinary water turn bright pink and then back to clear! This makes a great “magic trick” to impress your friends – just be careful no one mistakes it for fruit punch and drinks any!

>> Check out our project video to see this trick in action!

What You Need:

• Phenolphthalein solution
• Sodium carbonate
• 5 glasses and a non-see-through pitcher of water

What You Do:

1. In the first glass put a little less than 1/8 teaspoon of sodium carbonate, in the second put 6 drops of phenolphthalein solution, and in the third put three droppers-full of vinegar.

2. Add a few drops of water to the first glass and stir to dissolve the sodium carbonate.

3. Fill all the glasses with water from the pitcher, then pour all of them back in the pitcher except for the glass with vinegar.

4. Refill the remaining four glasses – the water will be red!

5. Now pour all five glasses back in the pitcher. Refill the glasses one last time—the liquid will be colorless again!

What Happened:

Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator, but it only turns colors in reaction to bases. When you poured the four glasses back into the pitcher, the phenolphthalein reacted to the sodium carbonate, a base, and turned the solution to bright pink “kool-aid.” To change it back to “water,” all you had to do was add the acidic vinegar, which turned the phenolphthalein colorless again.

Rainbow Reaction Tube

Amaze your friends by mixing two solutions to make a rainbow!

Watch as purple sinks to the bottom and red floats to the top, and they mix together to form every color in between.

• 10ml graduated cylinder
• Universal indicator
• Distilled white vinegar

2. Add 3 drops of vinegar to the solution in the graduated cylinder, and it should turn red.

3. In a beaker, put two scoops of sodium carbonate and then add about 30 ml of water. Mix together with the stirring rod until the sodium carbonate dissolves. The solution should be clear.

4. To start the reaction, fill one dropper full with sodium carbonate solution. Squeeze the dropper into the graduated cylinder quickly, rather than drop by drop. The clear solution should instantly turn dark purple, and slowly sink to the bottom, swirling around to make the rainbow.

5. Let the contents of the cylinder settle, until you can see each color from bluish-purple to red. To make the rainbow disappear, pour it into an empty beaker, and it should turn yellow or yellowish green.

Universal indicator changes colors to show the pH level of a substance. In this case, when you mixed an acidic solution (vinegar) with a basic one (sodium carbonate), the indicator made a colorful spectrum — from dark blue to red. Interestingly, if you had added the solutions in the opposite order, you would not have seen a rainbow. To get the rainbow effect, another scientific principle is at work— density . The sodium carbonate solution you made is denser than the indicator solution, so it sinks to the bottom. As the sodium carbonate solution makes its way to the bottom, some of its molecules mix with vinegar molecules, making a new solution, which shows up as a color of the pH scale.

If you don’t turn the graduated cylinder upside down, the rainbow will last several days. Over time the colors will mix together through the process of diffusion. The molecules of each solution will mix throughout the graduated cylinder, rather than staying concentrated at the top or bottom. Once you mix the acid and base solutions together, the solution will be pH neutral, and look yellow or slightly green.

To make a different kind of rainbow tube, try making this rainbow density column with all household materials.

More Chemistry pH Projects:

• Green Eggs & Ham
• Fizzy Bath Bombs
• Acid & Apples
• Copper-Plated Nails

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Biology archive

Course: biology archive   >   unit 2, autoionization of water.

• Arrhenius acids and bases
• Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases
• Definition of pH
• Introduction to buffers

Acids, bases, pH, and buffers

• Acids, bases, and pH

Introduction

• An acidic solution has a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H + ‍   ), greater than that of pure water.
• A basic solution has a low H + ‍   concentration, less than that of pure water.

Acids and bases

The ph scale, attribution:, works cited:.

• Acids and bases. (2015). In Your Mother Was a Chemist . Retrieved from http://kitchenscience.sci-toys.com/acids .
• Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., and Jackson, R. B. (2011). Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms. In Campbell Biology (10th ed., p. 51). San Francisco, CA: Pearson.
• Brindza, P. (n.d.). How many atoms are in the human head? In Jefferson lab . Retrieved from http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_03.html .

Additional references:

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Home Experiments With Acids and Bases

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The pH scale is the measurement of how acidic or basic a substance is. It specifically measures the amount of free hydrogen ions found in a solution. Although it sounds contradictory, substances with a low pH (below 7) have more free hydrogen ions and are considered acids. Solutions with a high pH (above 7) have little free hydrogen ions and are considered bases. If a substance has a pH of 7, it is considered neutral. So why should we care about pH?

The pH of substances plays a very important role in the chemistry of various systems all around us. In order to obtain nutrients like Phosphorus and Nitrogen, most plants need to grow in slightly acidic soils (pH of 5-7) to easily obtain these nutrients. Seawater is slightly basic (pH of 7.5-8.5) making it easy for many marine invertebrates like snails and corals to build calcium-based shells. pH plays some very important roles within our bodies. Highly acidic gastric acid (pH of 1.5-2) helps breakdown food, specifically proteins, in our stomach. Carbon dioxide buildup in deoxygenated blood makes it more acidic and when exposed back to oxygen, makes the blood more basic and facilitates gas exchange in our lungs. Many different cleaners work so efficiently, based on their pH and how they react to different stains and substances.

There are some great experiments to test out pH. Some are quick while others may take a few days to weeks. Here are some great experiments with household items!

Cabbage Experiment

Often in chemistry experiments, we want to have an indicator. Indicators allow us to see if a chemical reaction has occurred by changing a physical characteristic (color, smell, temperature, etc.). Red cabbage juice is a great indicator of changes in pH! This is a fun activity to do with children, though they should always be supervised with any chemicals. Here’s how to do the experiment:

• Chop up half a red cabbage and place it in a pot with 6-8 cups of water.
• Heat the water and cabbage on a stove until the water is just about to boil.
• Strain the cabbage from the water. You’ll notice that the water has turned purple. You’ll need this purple water for the next steps.
• Find some kitchen acids and bases. Some great and common acids that you can use are clear soda (Sprite, Sierra Mist, etc.), lemon juice, vinegar, green tea, and milk. Some great and common bases include baking soda, milk of magnesia, and dish soap. Bleach, ammonia, and lyme can also be used as bases but only with an adult and should be diluted a little before the experiment.
• Pour the different acids and bases in clear cups about half way. It is best to put them in order from most acidic to most basic. Always use gloves and eye protection when dealing with chemicals.
• Test it! Pour some cabbage juice into the cups with the different chemicals. You should see a color change within 10 seconds. Once the chemical reaction has occurred, you can use the pH scale below to see what the pH of the different chemicals was.

Acidic Ocean

What do sea snails, oysters, and corals all have in common? They are all marine invertebrates! That means that they don’t have an internal skeleton like people do. Instead they have a hard shell made up of calcium carbonate to protect them. However, if sea water (which has a pH of about 7.5-8.5) becomes more acidic, it can prevent them from building their shells. In extreme cases, it may even dissolve them! In order to see this, follow these steps:

• Find an oyster, snail, or clam shell. Pick one that is broken or you don’t like.
• Create an ocean. You will need a clear cup of water and place half a teaspoon of salt in the cup. Mix until salt has dissolved.
• Next, place your shell in the cup.
• Now, it’s time to lower the pH like an acidic ocean. Add a half cup of vinegar to the cup.
• Take a before and after picture to compare what happens to the shell. You should see the shells dissolve within a day or two.

Hydrangea Challenge.  

Spring is the perfect time to do this experiment! Hydrangeas ( Hydrangea macrophylla ) are also good indicators of pH. When you go to your local greenhouse, you may see them in a variety of colors including pink, blue, and purple. Usually when you see different colored flowers on plants, it means that they are different varieties. However, hydrangeas can change the color of their flowers based on the pH of the soil. Here’s how to do it:

• Obtain three hydrangea plants, preferably before they bloom. To control the pH of the soil, you will want to keep them in pots.
• The first pot is going to be the basic soil which creates beautiful pink flowers . In a gallon jug, add a half cup of baking soda and fill with water. Apply the water treatment to the hydrangea once every 2-3 days.
•  The second pot is going to be the acidic soil which creates rich blue flowers . Place a three inch piece of aluminum foil at the base of the plant. In a gallon jug, add a cup of lemon juice and fill with water. Apply the water treatment to the hydrangea once every 2-3 days.
• The last pot is going to be the neutral soil (a pH of 7) which creates striking purple flowers . Place a two inch piece of aluminum and water every 2-3 days.

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Creating an effervescent universal indicator ‘rainbow’

By Grant Birchby and Alan Matear

• No comments

Fill your burette with a ’rainbow’ by using this practical that shows students the effervescent reaction between acid, sodium carbonate, and universal indicator

With a little universal indicator, acid, and sodium carbonate, students will be amazed by the effervescent reaction that causes a ’rainbow’ to appear. 

This experiment should take five minutes. 

• Eye protection
• Burette, 50 cm –3  
• Retort stand with boss and clamp
• Cotton wool plug 
• Universal Indicator solution
• Hydrochloric acid solution, 10 cm 3 , 2 mol dm –3
• Sodium carbonate solution, 20 cm 3 , 1 mol dm –3

Health, safety and technical notes

• Read our standard health and safety guidance
• Always wear eye protection
• Hydrochloric acid is low hazard (see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC047a ).
• Sodium carbonate is low hazard (see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC095a ).
• Clamp the burette vertically.
• Add 0.5 cm 3 of the Universal indicator solution followed by 10 cm 3 of the hydrochloric acid to give a clearly visible red colour.
• Add 20 cm 3 of the sodium carbonate solution.
• Insert a loose plug of cotton wool in the top of the burette.
• The sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react, with effervescence, and the burette will be filled with liquid showing a ‘rainbow’ of all the colours of Universal indicator from red through orange, yellow, green and blue to purple.

Place the burette against a white background to show the colours to best advantage. 

Creating an effervescent Universal indicator rainbow - teacher notes

Additional information.

This practical is part of our Chemistry for non-specialists collection . This demonstration was developed in this form by Grant Birchby and Alan Matear of Blackburn College for the RSC.

• 11-14 years
• 14-16 years
• 16-18 years
• Demonstrations
• Acids and bases

Specification

• Students should be able to: describe the use of universal indicator or a wide range indicator to measure the approximate pH of a solution.
• Recall that relative acidity and alkalinity are measured by pH.
• C6.1.4 recall that relative acidity and alkalinity are measured by pH including the use of universal indicator and pH meters
• C3.3h recall that relative acidity and alkalinity are measured by pH
• C3.3k describe techniques and apparatus used to measure pH
• A neutralisation reaction is one in which a base reacts with an acid to form water. A salt is also formed in this reaction.
• The pH scale is an indication of the hydrogen ion concentration and runs from below 0 to above 14.
• (a) substances as acidic, alkaline or neutral in terms of the pH scale, including acid/alkali strength
• 1.8.3 interpret given data about universal indicator (colour or pH) to classify solutions as acidic, alkaline or neutral and to indicate the relative strengths of acidic and alkaline solutions according to the following classification: pH 0–2 strong acid…
• 1.8.2 interpret given data about universal indicator (colour or pH) to classify solutions as acidic, alkaline or neutral and to indicate the relative strengths of acidic and alkaline solutions according to the following classification: pH 0–2 strong acid…
• 4. Classify substances as elements, compounds, mixtures, metals, non-metals, solids, liquids, gases and solutions.
• 8. Investigate reactions between acids and bases; use indicators and the pH scale

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Science Experiments on pH Levels

Chalk and Vinegar Science Projects

Testing the pH level of a substance tells you if that substance is acidic, basic or neutral. The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14; 7 is neutral, lower numbers are acidic, and higher numbers are basic. Science experiments on pH levels help investigators determine the pH level of a given material and how that level might affect the environment. These experiments can illustrate important processes such as the effect of acid rain on bodies of water.

Comparing Everyday Products

One simple experiment to get started exploring pH levels involves testing several everyday items you might use at work or home. Collect items such as cleaning supplies, soda pop, water, milk, vinegar, laundry detergent, lemon juice, shampoo, mouthwash or even your own saliva or sweat. Label glass jars or cups with a wax pencil for each liquid you test. Fill the jar 1/3 to 1/2 full with liquid, except saliva or sweat, which can be collected on a cotton swab. Place the tip of a piece of litmus paper or pH indicator paper into the liquid for two seconds; remove the paper and record the color you see. Acidic substances will show a yellow or red color, while basic substances will show blue. Neutral substances appear green. Record and compare your results -- were your chosen substances acidic or basic? Did they differ from what you expected?

Comparing Water Samples

Using similar techniques, you can test the water supply in your area to determine whether or not it is neutral. Most water supplies have a pH between 6 and 8, but due to acid rain, some bodies of water have lower pH levels, meaning they are more acidic. Collect water from various water sources around your home or collect rainfall in a clean glass jar and secure it with a lid. You can even make a map of where the water samples were gathered. Test each water sample with litmus or pH paper and record its color. Does one area around your home have more acidic pH? How acidic is the rainfall in your area?

The Effects of pH on the Teeth

Many types of soda pop contain acids to enhance taste, and these can have a corrosive effect on human teeth. To study these effects, fill containers with several brands of soda, being careful to put just one type of soda in each container. As controls, fill one more cup with clear water and one with vinegar, which is highly acidic.

Measure the pH of the contents of each container with litmus paper and record the results. Place a piece of eggshell in each container. Eggshells are made of mostly the same compounds of human teeth. Notice what happens to the eggshells and record the results. You'll probably notice that deterioration increases with increasing pH, that the eggshells in water suffer no effects. To eliminate any possible effects of carbonation, allow the containers containing soda to sit uncovered for several hours before you add the eggshells.

Soil Buffering

Some soils have substances that buffer -- or act to neutralize -- acids or bases. You can put soil from your own backyard to the test. Collect enough soil to fill a coffee filter. Put the coffee filter in a funnel and put the soil into the filter, but do not pack down the soil. Create an acidic mixture of 2 tablespoons vinegar and 2 cups distilled water. Test the acidity with pH test paper; add water or vinegar until the mixture has a pH of around 4. Hold the funnel over a paper cup and pour the water over the soil. Check the pH of the water that collects in the paper cup. If the pH remains the same, the soil did not buffer the acid, but if the pH level rises, the soil did buffer the acid.

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• Environmental Protection Agency: Science Experiments
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• Canadian Dental Association: EggSperiment Activity

About the Author

Cara Batema is a musician, teacher and writer who specializes in early childhood, special needs and psychology. Since 2010, Batema has been an active writer in the fields of education, parenting, science and health. She holds a bachelor's degree in music therapy and creative writing.

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Science project, testing ph levels in everyday foods and household products.

Physical Science 

Difficulty of Project

$10 per student

Safety Issues

Adult supervision is needed with the handling of chemicals (such as window cleaner solution and toilet bowl cleaner). Cleaning solutions should not be ingested.

Material Availability

Moderate; pH test paper may be difficult to obtain

Approximate Time Required to Complete the Project (Including analysis and write-up)

What is the project about.

The pH level project is designed for students to test the acidity of common fruits, foods, and household products.

What are the goals?

The goal of the pH level project is for students to understand the varying levels of acidity in various substances. Students should also be asked to consider the connection between pH levels and toxicity (example: pH levels of stream water or blood).

Materials and Equipment / Ingredients

What materials are required.

• pH test paper (1-14 range preferably) (6 strips per student)
• Small paper cups (6 per student)
• Baking Soda (1 teaspoon per student)
• Measuring spoon (teaspoon)
• Distilled water
• Window cleaner solution
• Toilet bowl cleaner
• Lemon juice

Where can the materials be found?

All materials, except for the pH testing paper, can be found at a grocery store or all-purpose store (such as Target). pH test paper is inexpensive, but may be harder to find. You may want to search for a laboratory equipment/supplies store in your area. Another option is to purchase the paper online. Here are a few possible links:

https://www.indigoinstruments.com/test_strips/ph-litmus/ ;

http://www.vitacost.com/TriMedica-AlkaMax-pH-Test-Papers?csrc=GPF-744665002022 .

Introduction

Research questions.

• What is pH?
• How do you measure pH?
• What is the scale pH is measured on?
• What pH level does water have? Is water acidic, basic, or neutral?
• What is the most acidic level?
• What is the range of acidic levels?
• What is the most basic level?
• What is the range of basic levels?

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

For the parent/student, what terms and concepts are required to better understand the project, experimental procedure.

• Label each small cup as one of the following: baking soda, milk, water, lemon juice, toilet bowl cleaner, and window cleaner solution.
• Using the appropriately labeled cup, measure 1 teaspoon of baking soda and mix with several ounces of water.
• Dip a new, unused strip of pH test paper into the mixture (review the test paper product instructions on how to properly use the test strips).
• Compare the pH test paper with the color chart (color chart is attached; the pH paper kit may include a color chart as well).
• Record results.
• Pour 1-2 ounces of milk into the appropriately labeled cup.
• Pour 1-2 ounces of water into the appropriately labeled cup.
• Pour 1-2 ounces of lemon juice into the appropriately labeled cup.
• Pour 1-2 ounces of window cleaner solution into the appropriately labeled cup.
• Pour 1-2 ounces of toilet bowl cleaner into the appropriately labeled cup.
• Repeat steps 3 - 5 on each of the cups (don't forget to use a new, unused strip of pH test paper on each substance).
• Compare results of pH level between each substance tested by drawing a pH scale and labeling each score with the substance name.

Bibliography / References to related books / Links to related sites on the web

Related learning resources, add to collection, create new collection, new collection, new collection>, sign up to start collecting.

Bookmark this to easily find it later. Then send your curated collection to your children, or put together your own custom lesson plan.

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Acid, Bases and the pH Scale

Acids and bases are essential for many chemical processes in everyday life. Also, acid-base reactions like our baking soda and vinegar make for cool chemistry for kids! Learn how you can identify an acid and a base and how to measure the acidity and alkalinity of solutions with the pH scale. Plus, lots of real-life examples of acid-base reactions to try out! We love fun, hands-on chemistry for kids!

What are Acids and Bases?

Acids are substances that have hydrogen ions and can donate protons. Acids have a sour taste and can turn litmus paper red. They can also react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.

Many fruit juices, such as cranberry juice, apple juice, and orange juices, are weak acids. Lemon juice and vinegar are slightly more vital acids.

Bases are molecules that can accept hydrogen ions. Bases have a bitter taste and can turn litmus paper blue. They feel slippery to the touch and can neutralize acids.

Many vegetables have weak bases in them. A stronger base would be household ammonia. Other examples of bases include soap and baking soda.

ACID BASE REACTIONS

What happens when an acid reacts with a base? When an equally strong acid and base are combined, they become neutralized and the pH levels cancel each out. The reaction produces a salt and water, which has a neutral pH.

What is the PH Scale?

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. Its range is from 0 to 14. Acids have a pH from 0 to 7, while bases have a pH above 7. Pure water has a pH of 7, which is neutral and means it is neither an acid nor a base.

We use the pH scale to measure substances’ acidity or basicity (alkalinity) because it helps us understand how these substances can affect living things and the environment. It also can help us make better decisions about what chemicals we use and how we use them.

If you want to test for acids and bases at home, why not make your own pH indicator from red cabbage . Depending on the pH of the liquid, the cabbage turns various shades of pink, purple, or green! It’s incredibly cool to watch, and kids love it!

Check out>>> Red Cabbage Indicator

Free PH Scale Printable for Kids

Acid Base Experiments

Vinegar and baking soda experiments are classic acid-base reactions. You’ll also find experiments that just use an acid such as vinegar or lemon juice. We have so many fun examples of real life acid-base reactions that your kids will love to try! Check out these acid-base experiments below.

Balloon Experiment

Blow up a balloon with an acid-base reaction.

Baking Powder Science

Find out what happens to baking powder when you add water. Here is a simple acid-base reaction that you use in baking.

Bottle Rocket

Make a rocket from a water bottle with a vinegar and baking soda reaction. This experiment is sure to be a blast!

Citric Acid and Baking Soda

We gathered up some of our favorite citrus fruits to experiment with a fun acid-base reaction. Which fruit makes the biggest chemical reaction; oranges or lemons? 

Cranberry Secret Messages

Cranberry juice and baking soda is another fun acid-base experiment to try. Plus, find out how you can use it to send secret messages to a friend.

Dancing Corn

Bubbling corn or dancing corn looks like magic but really it is a fun variation of the acid-base reaction, baking soda and vinegar.

Egg in Vinegar Experiment

Can you make an egg bounce? What happens to the shell? Does light pass through it? Find out when you add an egg to a container of vinegar.

Fizzy Lemonade

Find out how to turn an acid base reaction into a fizzing drink!

Lemon Volcano

Make a fizzing lemon volcano when you add baking soda to lemon juice.

Baking Soda and Vinegar Volcano

Take the baking soda and vinegar reaction outside with an easy sandbox volcano!

Salt Dough Volcano

Make your own homemade volcano science project from salt dough, and baking soda and vinegar.

Fizzing Slime Volcano

This is by far one of the  coolest slime recipes  we have to date because it combines two things we love: slime making and baking soda vinegar reactions. Learn how to make an unique slime recipe while also experimenting with acids and bases! 

Dying Eggs With Vinegar

Here’s a fun way to color real eggs with an acid-base reaction.

Seashells In Vinegar

What happens when you put a seashell in vinegar? What are the effects of ocean acidification? Explore what happens to seashells in vinegar.

Helpful Science Resources To Get You Started

Here are a few resources that will help you introduce science more effectively to your kiddos or students and feel confident when presenting materials. You’ll find helpful free printables throughout.

• Best Science Practices  (as it relates to the scientific method)
• Science Vocabulary
• All About Scientists
• Free Science Worksheets
• DIY Science Kits
• Science Tools for Kids
• Scientific Method for Kids
• Citizen Science Guide
• Join us in the Club

SCIENCE PROJECTS

Working on a science fair project? Then check out these helpful resources below and grab our free printable science fair project pack! NEW! Includes acid & bases and variables printables .

• Easy Science Fair Projects
• Science Project Tips From A Teacher
• Science Fair Board Ideas

Printable Science Projects For Kids

If you’re looking to grab all of our printable science projects in one convenient place plus exclusive worksheets and bonuses like a STEAM Project pack, our Science Project Pack is what you need! Over 300+ Pages!

• 90+ classic science activities  with journal pages, supply lists, set up and process, and science information.  NEW! Activity-specific observation pages!
• Best science practices posters  and our original science method process folders for extra alternatives!
• Be a Collector activities pack  introduces kids to the world of making collections through the eyes of a scientist. What will they collect first?
• Know the Words Science vocabulary pack  includes flashcards, crosswords, and word searches that illuminate keywords in the experiments!
• My science journal writing prompts  explore what it means to be a scientist!!
• Bonus STEAM Project Pack:  Art meets science with doable projects!
• Bonus Quick Grab Packs for Biology, Earth Science, Chemistry, and Physics

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Calcium carbonate scale inhibition with ultrasonication and a commercial antiscalant.

1. Introduction

2. experiments, 2.1. reagents and instruments, 2.2. saturated calcium carbonate solution, 2.3. application of ultrasonic radiation and study of effect of ultrasonic amplitude, 3. results and discussions, 3.1. factors affecting scale inhibition, 3.2. characterization of scale deposits, 3.2.1. membrane scale deposit measurements, 3.2.2. sem micrograph and xrd analysis, 3.3. comparison of ultrasound with commercial antiscalants, 4. conclusions, author contributions, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Basheer, C.; Shaikh, A.A.; Al-Mutairi, E.M.; Noor El Deen, M.; Qureshi, K.K. Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition with Ultrasonication and a Commercial Antiscalant. Water 2021 , 13 , 3428. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233428

Basheer C, Shaikh AA, Al-Mutairi EM, Noor El Deen M, Qureshi KK. Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition with Ultrasonication and a Commercial Antiscalant. Water . 2021; 13(23):3428. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233428

Basheer, Chanbasha, Amjad A. Shaikh, Eid M. Al-Mutairi, Mokhtar Noor El Deen, and Khurram Karim Qureshi. 2021. "Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition with Ultrasonication and a Commercial Antiscalant" Water 13, no. 23: 3428. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233428

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