phd in pharmacology vs pharmd

Jobs for Pharm.D. vs. Ph.D. — What’s the Difference?

Written by Kelly Tomory

April 20, 2023

Here’s something you might not know about pharmacists — pharmaceutical professionals can choose to focus their career on either patient care or research. In fact, there’s a different degree for each path.

A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) prepares students to become Pharmacists focused on patient care, while a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) prepares students for careers in academia or research and development.

Both patient-care and research positions within pharmacy are similar in that students receive formal training and education in common subjects such as drug development, drug delivery, and medicine chemistry, but their career paths and opportunities differ in several ways.

Let’s talk about the difference between patient-care and research within the field of pharmacy.

The Patient-Care Track vs. the Research Track

The Pharm.D. track is a four-year program — ending with Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) rotations and two personal and professional development courses. Once patient-care focused pharmacists enter the workforce, job opportunities after Pharm.D. focus on an individual’s treatment options when it comes to prescription pharmaceuticals. Pharmacists typically work as providers at pharmacies or hospitals throughout their career, and it is possible to advance into management positions.

The research track of pharmacology (Ph.D.) on the other hand, often extends beyond four years and ends in an extensive research project. Pharmacology researchers, generally, work on molecular targeting, drug design, and drug delivery in developing new approaches to treat disease. Research professionals may operate as researchers at universities, hospitals, private corporations, or laboratories. Many choose to work as professors within universities in addition to research work, but they do not serve as health care providers.

How to Become a Pharmacist — Types of Pharmacy Degrees

Doctor of pharmacy.

The Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) includes a mix of classroom instruction and real-world experience to provide students with the skills to excel in pharmacy. The school targets active learning in at least 30 percent of each student's educational track. This cooperative learning model ensures that graduates have the communication skills and practical experiences to pass licensing exams and achieve pharmacist career path.

What Do Pharmacists Learn?

The program works closely with the College of Medicine to foster a team-oriented approach to pharmacy and medicine. The College of Pharmacy has two departments: pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy practice.

Ph.D. Programs

Students interested in research have a number of opportunities related to biomedical sciences. Graduate students receive a mix of classroom instruction and real-world research experience by working alongside faculty.

Pharmacology is the research side of the Pharm.D. program. Students in this area may develop expertise in molecular targeting, drug design, and drug delivery in specific response to disease. The program uses a combination of classroom instruction, laboratory work, and the opportunity to work alongside faculty at NEOMED and Kent State University. Prior to starting a Ph.D. program, most students will need to earn a master’s degree after their four-year degree. Some programs may integrate the master’s and Ph.D. degrees where one builds upon the other.

Comparing the Job Markets for Pharm.D. vs. Ph.D.

Pharmacists.

In 2019, the median pharmacist salary was $128,090. For pharmacists, the number of hospital jobs is expected to grow by 4 percent by 2028. Pharmacists take prescriptions from medical doctors and administer medications to patients. They are also qualified to ask questions and provide information regarding the medicines they prescribe. The majority of pharmacists work in pharmacies within retail stores or medical facilities although the field is evolving with more and more recent graduates electing to work in clinical settings. There are even niche sectors of medicine different types of pharmacists can specialize in with a year or two of residency after graduation. 

Working as a pharmacist requires a Doctor of Pharmacy, known as a Pharm.D., which is a four-year degree. They are also required to pass two exams related to licenses.

Medical Researchers

Medical researchers (M.S. and Ph.D.) earned a median annual salary of $88,790 in 2019, and the field is expected to grow by 6 percent, which is a bit faster than the national average. Most researchers work full time in either a laboratory or a general office environment. These positions are responsible for the study of medical conditions and the development of treatments and medicines.

Working in this field usually requires a Ph.D., but many candidates are able to obtain rewarding positions based on experience or other academic accomplishments. For example, some medical researchers also have a medical degree in addition to a medical research background.

Jumpstart Your Health Care Career at NEOMED — Connect With Us!

Take the next step toward an exciting career in the medical field — we can help you get started.

If you need help deciding which of the above career paths is best for you, we invite you to schedule a career consultation with us. In order to do so, contact the College of Pharmacy at [email protected] or schedule a meeting . Best of luck!

Want to learn more about health care careers after NEOMED? Download our resource, "Getting a Job as a Medical Professional with Your Health Care Degree".

About the author

Kelly tomory.

Assistant Director of Admission

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The Difference in the Ph.D. Degree Vs. the Pharm.D. Degree

Students hoping for a career in the pharmaceuticals industry must choose between a Ph.D. in pharmaceutical science and a specialized Pharm.D. degree. While the two degrees might initially seem similar, they are actually very different. A student's choice of one over the other depends on factors like chosen career goals and expected salary.

A Pharm.D. program is a professional degree intended to train students for careers as pharmacists, either in retail or hospitals. As such, the curriculum of the program is not very research intensive, and instead focuses on gaining knowledge of the biological sciences and learning how to work with patients to apply that care. A Ph.D. in a pharmacy-related topic, however, focuses on giving students the chance to produce original research. Most students take at least five years to complete their course work and dissertation. Unlike the Pharm.D., the Ph.D. focuses on making new discoveries in pharmaceutical science, not helping patients with their care.

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How a student funds his or her education will also vary based on the choice of a Pharm.D. or a Ph.D. The Pharm.D. offers qualifications for a specific career, and like most professional degrees, scholarship and funding is limited and possibly unavailable. Students are expected to fund their studies through their own savings or through loans. The Ph.D., on the other hand, is an academic degree. Most students typically receive a stipend and have tuition and fees expenses waived. In the case of the University of Maryland, Ph.D. students receive a $25,000 per year stipend for their studies.

Because the Pharm.D. and the Ph.D. provide very different types of training, they also lead to very different careers. Students in the Pharm.D. program are likely to work in pharmacy retail or in hospital pharmacies after graduation. They hold the title of pharmacist. Ph.D. recipients, on the other hand, do not necessarily become pharmacists, but instead hold positions in academia or in pharmaceutical research. Their skills allow them to conduct research, while the Pharm.D. prepares students to work directly with patients.

The Pharm.D. and the Ph.D. also lead to differences in expected salary. On average, a Pharm.D. pharmacist will be paid more than a Ph.D. pharmaceutical researcher. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, pharmacists received $111,570 per year in 2010, but medical researchers received $76,600 per year that same year.

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Kevin Wandrei has written extensively on higher education. His work has been published with Kaplan, Textbooks.com, and Shmoop, Inc., among others. He is currently pursuing a Master of Public Administration at Cornell University.

The Difference in the PhD Degree Vs. the PharmD Degree

How Long Does It Take to Get a Ph.D. in Mathematics?

Graduating with a PhD degree allows students access to careers in various industries within the private and public sector. Similarly, graduates with the PharmD degree also have access to rewarding careers as pharmacists in public or private pharmacies. Although both degrees produce graduates in professional careers, students entering these degree programs have very different experiences. In addition, graduates of both PhD and PharmD degrees have different types of careers, salaries and expectations.

Nature of the PhD vs. PharmD Degree

Although both the PhD and PharmD degree are doctorate degrees, the PhD is referred to as a "research" graduate degree while the PharmD degree is a "professional" doctorate degree. Specifically, the purpose of the PhD degree is to prepare students for careers in research fields and teaching at the higher education level. Conversely, the PharmD degree prepares students for a professional career in pharmacy.

Entrance Requirements for a PhD vs. a PharmD Degree

The entrance requirements for a PhD and a PharmD degree vary slightly. Entry into most PhD programs requires a Masters degree in a related subject. For instance, to enter a PhD program in mathematics, students often need to have an advanced degree in mathematics or a related subject such as statistics, computer science or finance. In some cases, students may enter a PhD degree program with only a Bachelor's degree. At most schools, PhD students acquire enough credits to obtain a Masters in Philosophy (MPhil) degree in the course of obtaining the PhD degree.

On the other hand, for the PharmD degree students need to have 60 to 90 credits completed in a related subject such as biology, chemistry or some other subjects. Students can enter a PharmD degree with an Associates (two-year) degree or a four-year degree. Unlike the entrance requirements for the PhD degree, requirements for the PharmD degree include a passing score on the PCAT exam. The Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) exam is a four-hour exam with 280 questions broken into seven sections on writing (two parts), verbal ability, biology, chemistry, reading comprehension and quantitative ability.

Completion for a PhD vs. a PharmD Degree

The completion requirements for most PhD degrees involve the execution of original research which can take a few years to complete. In fact, PhD degrees often take at least five years to complete, which is longer than the four years needed to complete the PharmD degree. This is primarily because the purpose of the PharmD degree is to train professional-level pharmacists.

Salaries for Graduate PhD Degrees vs. PharmD Degrees

The salaries for PhD degree holders is often lower than those with PharmD degrees. According to a Payscale.com survey of PhD graduates, salaries for research scientists averaged between $49K and $108K. In addition, PhDs that teach in higher education make on average between $45K and $76K (assistant professors) and $56K and $96K (associate professors). Conversely, another Payscale.com survey of pharmacists reported that the salaries of those working in hospitals ranged from $82K to $112K. Salaries for those working in commercial retail chain pharmacies ranged from $85K to $113K.

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Patricia Smith Michaels has been writing business and technology articles online since 2010. She has written instructional manuals and white papers for corporations and has more than 20 years of experience as a researcher and consultant in the areas of health care, education and management. She holds a Master of Business Administration in management and a Bachelor of Science in computers from St. John's University.

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Pharm. D. Frequently Asked Questions

General questions, what is the doctor of pharmacy degree.

The Doctor of Pharmacy degree (often abbreviated Pharm.D. or PharmD) is required to sit for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX).  The NAPLEX is one component of the licensure process required to practice as a pharmacist. The Pharm.D. is a professional degree similar to a Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS). As a doctorate, it represents the increasing responsibility pharmacists have in health care systems and the high trust Americans have in pharmacists. After earning a Doctor of Pharmacy degree and passing licensure examinations, College of Pharmacy graduates can practice pharmacy anywhere in the country.

How long does it take to earn a Doctor of Pharmacy degree?

Three to four years of undergraduate pre-professional (prerequisite) coursework, followed by four academic years in the professional program. Most students need four years to complete their prerequisite courses. Thus, it usually takes eight years of college study to earn a Pharm.D. and become a pharmacist.

What if I already have a related graduate or professional degree, such as a M.S. in Biology?

While your previous coursework has likely helped you fulfill many of the program prerequisites, you should still expect to spend a full four years in pharmacy school.

What is the difference between the Pharm.D. program and the Ph.D. program?

The Doctor of Pharmacy program is for people who want to work as pharmacists. The Ph.D. program is intended for people interested in careers in research.

The College of Pharmacy offers a dual Pharm.D./Ph.D. degree program for students with a strong interest in research who also want to practice as pharmacists. Contact us as  [email protected]  for more details!

Does OSU have a pharmacy technician training program?

OSU does not offer a pharmacy technician program. Several Oregon colleges have pharmacy technician programs, including Chemeketa Community College in Salem, Ore.; Southwestern Oregon Community College in Coos Bay, Ore.; and Linn Benton Community College in Albany, Ore.

Can I visit the OSU campus?

Yes. You are welcome to visit OSU’s campus. Information on scheduling a campus visit is available from  OSU’s Visitor Center .

Applications

Does osu use pharmcas.

Yes. The OSU College of Pharmacy will review only complete, on-time applications submitted via  PharmCAS . Applicants must also submit a supplemental application.

Does OSU require a supplemental application?

Yes, but instead of a separate application, you will complete the supplemental requirements in PharmCAS.

Does OSU College of Pharmacy require the PCAT?

No. OSU does not require the PCAT.  PCAT scores are not considered in the evaluation of applications.

Can I apply even though I did not major in pre-pharmacy as an undergraduate?

Definitely, as long as you will be able to complete all the prerequisite courses by next June. Pharm.D. students come from a wide range of undergraduate majors.

Does OSU accept out-of-state students?

Do you participate in wiche.

Yes. Residents of Nevada and Alaska may be eligible to participate in the Professional Student Exchange Program (PSEP) coordinated by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE). Please note that the WICHE program has its own application process and deadline. Call 303-541-0214 or go to  wiche.edu/psep  for more information.

Is there a minimum GPA to be considered for admission?

It is recommended that applicants have a minimum science GPA of 2.75 to be competitive. Science GPA is calculated by PharmCAS based on applicants' performance in undergraduate science courses and will not be recalculated by the College of Pharmacy.  

What is the average GPA of students admitted to the program?

The average pre-pharmacy science GPA of applicants who have been admitted to the Doctor of Pharmacy program in recent years is approximately a 3.2 (on a 4.0 scale).

When can I apply to the program?

Applications for Fall admission will be available on  PharmCAS  two summers before you would start the program in July.

Can I reapply if I am not admitted?

Yes. There is no limit on the number of times an applicant can apply to Oregon State's Pharm.D. program. Applicants who are denied admission should consider meeting with our Admissions & Recruitment Manager, Melissa Lee ( [email protected] ), to discuss the possibility of reapplying. 

How many people usually apply to the Pharm.D. program?

OSU normally receives 300-400 Pharm.D. applications each year.

How many applicants were invited for interviews?

Approximately 150-200 applicants are invited to interview each year. Interview selection is made based on several factors: prerequisite science GPA, letters of recommendation, personal statement and the OSU supplemental essay.

How many SEATS are available in the Pharm.D. program each year?

About 90 seats are available in each entering class.

Is a bachelor's degree required for admission?

No. A bachelor’s degree is not required for admission to the Pharm.D. program. However, the College of Pharmacy strongly recommends completing a bachelor's degree before beginning the Pharm.D. program. Applicants who have earned bachelor's degrees (or who are about to earn bachelor's degrees) receive preference in our admissions process. Approximately 99% of students admitted in recent years earned their bachelor’s degree before entering the Pharm.D. program.

Is First Aid/CPR certification required at the time of application?

First Aid/CPR certification is not required at the time of application. However, all admitted applicants must have current First Aid and Health Care Provider CPR certification prior to their first day of class in the Pharm.D. program.  Entering Pharm.D. students will have the option of taking First Aid and CPR certification courses during their orientation program in September.

When will I hear back about my application?

This is the tentative timeline for the Doctor of Pharmacy admissions process in 2023-2024:

Does OSU use rolling admission?

Yes, we make offers of admission throughout the application cycle. While our final deadline is June 3, applicants should apply earlier to maximize their chances of admission.

Prerequisite Courses

Do i have to complete all of the prerequisites before i apply to the program.

You must complete all the prerequisites by the start of Fall term of the year in which you would enter the program. Therefore, you can apply while still having some prerequisites in progress. Generally, most students apply during the fall as they complete their final year of prerequisite coursework.

For example, if you are applying for Fall 2024 admission, the final application deadline is June 3, 2024. You will need to complete all the prerequisites by September 2024.  Some prerequisites may be completed during summer.  Please contact our Admissions & Recruitment Manager, Melissa Lee ( [email protected] ), to discuss completing the prerequisites during the summer before you start the program.  

Can I take the prerequisites at another university or community college?

Yes. Prerequisites can be completed at any accredited college or university.

Upper-division level coursework is strongly encouraged for several prerequisites. Whether you are attending Oregon State University or another institution, it is important to plan your program of study with an academic advisor at your institution and our Admissions & Recruitment Manager, Melissa Lee ( [email protected] ).

I took the prerequisites outside the United States. Will they count?

Courses completed outside the U.S. may or may not fulfill OSU’s Pharm.D. prerequisites. The answer varies depending on the course content, the date completed, and the country in which the course was taken. It is extremely rare for foreign credits to fulfill all the Pharm.D. prerequisites, and it is strongly recommended that applicants in this situation plan to complete the upper-division prerequisites (organic chemistry, microbiology, biochemistry, anatomy and physiology) at a U.S. university.

For specific information about foreign credits for Pharm.D. prerequisites, applicants can submit a request for transcript evaluation to [email protected] .

How can I find out if the courses I've taken fulfill the prerequisites?

We encourage prospective students to submit a request for a transcript evaluation to determine how your coursework applies to the Pharm.D. prerequisites.

Instructions for requesting a transcript evaluation:

Submit copies of your transcripts via e-mail to  [email protected] , fax 541-737-3999 attn: Transcript Evaluation or mail (Transcript Evaluation; 203 Pharmacy Building; Corvallis, OR 97331). Unofficial transcript copies are sufficient for the informal evaluation. Include your full name and e-mail address so results can be communicated to you. Make sure your unofficial transcripts include the name of your college or university, the name and number of each course you took, and the grade you received in each cours e. It is also helpful if you include a link to your college or university's course catalog. 

Allow 4-6 weeks to receive the results of your evaluation. Results will be sent by e-mail to the address you provided. Transcripts will not be returned.

Do my prerequisite courses expire after a certain amount of time?

As a general rule, upper-division science coursework should be no more than seven years old at the time of application. However, each situation is reviewed on an individual basis. Please contact the  College of Pharmacy  (541-737-3424) for more information.

Can I take my prerequisite courses pass/no-pass or credit/no-credit?

No, you should take them for a letter grade.

What is the minimum grade required for a PREREQUISITE COURSE?

Prerequisite courses must be completed with a minimum of C- grade on a 4.0 scale. Any prerequisite course that is a D+ or below must be retaken.

Letters of Recommendation

How many letters of recommendation are required when i apply for admission.

You must submit at least two recommendation letters with your Pharm.D. application. A maximum of four letters will be accepted. Letters must be submitted directly to PharmCAS and received by the application deadline. Visit  pharmcas.org  for details. Letters submitted directly to OSU will not be accepted.

Who should write my letters of recommendation?

People who know you well and can comment on the qualities that will make you a successful pharmacist. Professors, employers, and practicing pharmacists are good sources of recommendations.

Family members or friends should not write letters of recommendation for you .

Is an interview required for admission?

Yes. Interviews are conducted via Zoom.

Who will interview me?

A combination of faculty members, students, and alumni participate in the interview process.

What should I wear?

Professional attire.

What will they ask me?

You can expect to be asked questions designed to gauge your communication abilities, leadership, integrity, intellectual curiosity, and motivation. You will also be asked to produce a writing sample that will be conducted during the interview.

Financial Aid and Costs

What scholarships and financial aid are available for students.

The College of Pharmacy awards more than $150,000 in scholarships each year. These scholarships are usually only available to Pharm.D. students after successful completion of the first year. A limited number of scholarships may be available for incoming Pharm.D. students but an application is not necessary or required.

Many Doctor of Pharmacy students receive federal financial aid through Oregon State University. Information on financial aid (grants, loans and scholarships) available through Oregon State University can be found at  https://financialaid.oregonstate.edu /.

Additional information about financial aid opportunities for pharmacy students is available through the  American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy online .

Information about aid available to Doctor of Pharmacy students .

How can I gain Oregon residency?

Information regarding Oregon residency requirements can be obtained from the OSU Office of Admissions at 1-800-291-4192.

https://admissions.oregonstate.edu/residency

Facts about Doctor of Pharmacy Students

How many doctor of pharmacy students are oregon residents.

Approximately 65% to 70% percent are considered Oregon residents for tuition purposes.

What is the gender breakdown in the program?

Recent entering classes have been 35% to 40% male and 60% to 65% female.

What is the average age of students in the program?

The average age of students when they begin the program is 24 to 26. Many begin immediately after their undergraduate studies, but there are also many students who start the program later in their careers and are student parents.

How do OSU graduates do on the NAPLEX and MPJE exams?

Quite well! Our students consistently perform at or above the national average. Read more about the success of our students .

Transfer Students

Can i transfer into the pharm.d. program.

The College of Pharmacy will consider applications from students currently enrolled in another Doctor of Pharmacy program who wish to transfer to OSU. Students may only transfer at the beginning of the fall term and must meet with our Admissions & Recruitment Manager, Melissa Lee ( [email protected] ), prior to applying. 

Transfer applicants must submit the following materials to the Office of Student Services by March 1:

• Complete official transcripts of all college coursework (pre-professional, professional, and any other programs of study).
• A formal statement of interest in the OSU College of Pharmacy.
• A letter of support from the dean or chief academic administrator of their current School or College of Pharmacy indicating that the applicant is in good standing and eligible to continue in their current program.

Applications will not be considered from students who are not in good standing or ineligible to continue in their current program.

Applicants’ materials will be reviewed by the Office of Student Services. If an applicant is deemed to be a potentially acceptable candidate, an interview will be scheduled.  The Office of Student Services will forward a recommendation regarding admission, and professional year of entry, to the College Admissions Committee for consideration, following completion of the interview and review of the applicant's supporting materials. 

Transfer students admitted to the professional program by the Admissions committee will be asked to provide detailed documentation of all coursework and experiences already completed.  The Director of Student Services and Executive Associate Dean will consult with course coordinators and recommend an appropriate program of study to the Academic and Professional Standards (APS) Committee.  The decision of APS committee regarding required coursework will be communicated to the student prior to matriculation and is final.

International Students

Are international students admitted to the doctor of pharmacy program.

Yes. Like all students, international applicants to the Pharm.D. program must complete the Pharm.D. prerequisite courses to be eligible for admission. Our admissions committee strongly encourages international applicants to complete some of their prerequisite coursework in the United States. Contact Melissa Lee ( [email protected] ) for more information.

Will my coursework in another country help me fulfill the Doctor of Pharmacy program prerequisites?

Courses completed outside the U.S. may or may not fulfill OSU’s Pharm.D. prerequisites. The answer varies depending on the course content, the date completed, and the country in which the course was taken. It is extremely rare for foreign credits to fulfill all the Pharm.D. prerequisites, and it is strongly recommended that applicants in this situation plan to complete the upper-division prerequisites (organic chemistry, microbiology, anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology) at a U.S. university.

For specific information about international credits for Pharm.D. prerequisites, applicants can submit a request for transcript evaluation to pharmacy @oregonstate.edu.

I have a bachelor of pharmacy degree from another country. Can I apply to the Pharm.D. program?

All applicants to the Pharm.D. program must complete the Pharm.D. prerequisite courses to be eligible for admission. While courses completed in a foreign bachelor of pharmacy program may fulfill some of the Pharm.D. prerequisites, it is extremely uncommon for the previous coursework to fulfill all requirements. It is strongly recommended that applicants in this situation enroll at a U.S. university to complete the upper-division prerequisites (organic chemistry, microbiology, physiology, biochemistry, and anatomy).

How should I handle my international transcripts when applying?

Applicants are instructed not to list individual foreign courses on the PharmCAS application (unless they are credits from a Study Abroad program). Applicants should send transcript evaluation reports (NOT original or copies of their foreign transcripts) to PharmCAS before the application deadline.

An official, translated copy of the transcript will be required by OSU’s Office of Admissions if the applicant is admitted to the Pharm.D. program.

Health Requirements

Do i need any immunizations or certifications before beginning the program.

Because student pharmacists work in health care settings, it's especially important that they complete immunizations to protect themselves and their patients. You can read about the College of Pharmacy's immunization requirements in the Pharm.D.  Student Handbook . These requirements can generally be completed after you are admitted to the Pharm.D. program.

Do I need health insurance as a student?

Yes. Because they work in health care settings, student pharmacists are exposed to more health risks than a typical university student. Furthermore, many experiential education sites require participants to have health insurance. Therefore, all Doctor of Pharmacy students are required to have high-quality health insurance. Students must either participate in OHSU's student health insurance program or request a waiver. Waivers can be requested by students who already have health insurance (such as a parent or partner's group medical insurance plan) and whose coverage meets specific criteria. Students who anticipate requesting a waiver should carefully review the detailed information and waiver criteria on the OHSU student health insurance program website.

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Pharmacology vs. Pharmacy: What’s the Difference?

Industry Advice Pharmaceutical Science

Pharmacology and pharmacy may sound like similar terms, but in reality, they’re two very distinct areas of drug development and distribution. Understanding these differences can help you determine which degree and career path you should pursue. Here’s a breakdown of pharmacology vs. pharmacy and what you can expect in your studies of each. 

What is Pharmacology? 

Pharmacology is the study of how drugs function within the human body to help fight disease and the discovery and testing of new drugs for that purpose. It is one critical element of the drug development process. This multidisciplinary, research-heavy field combines medicinal chemistry, drug delivery, and biomedical research. Pharmacologists may study existing drugs and/or those still being evaluated for safety and efficacy, depending on their field of research. 

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Successful pharmacology professionals must have a foundation in biology, chemistry, molecular biology, and drug evaluation. They should also understand disease and drug mechanisms, drug targets, and new methods and technologies related to drug discovery and disease diagnosis.

Pharmacology Career Paths 

“There are so many jobs that a pharmacologist could do,” says Raymond Booth, a professor of pharmaceutical sciences and chemistry at Northeastern’s  School of Pharmacy .

The majority of pharmacology students go on to become bench scientists at biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. These scientists are responsible for collecting data, testing compounds for safety and efficacy, and running experiments, among other laboratory tasks. 

Pharmacologists can also pursue careers outside the lab as professors and researchers at universities or as a pharmaceutical company executive, where their knowledge of the drug development process can guide business decisions. 

Bench scientists have an average annual salary of $80,974 , and pharmacology jobs in other areas tend to offer high salaries, as well. Securing one of these jobs, however, can be a challenge. 

“There are fewer jobs available, and they’re very competitive,” Booth says. 

Students studying in Boston and Cambridge—two cities that host a large concentration of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies—have a distinct edge over peers who have earned their degrees elsewhere. 

“Any ‘in’ you have helps,” Booth says. “Being able to physically walk into a pharmaceutical or biotech company in Cambridge or Boston—that’s a huge advantage.” 

What is Pharmacy? 

Those who study pharmacy typically do so in order to become pharmacists, who prepare and dispense medication, monitor its use, and collaborate with other healthcare providers to treat patients. In addition to completing a doctorate in pharmacy (PharmD), students must also complete 1,500 training hours and pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam . 

Pharmacists have a deep understanding of medications and their effects on the human body, disease management, and immunology. They also study internal medicine, acute and ambulatory care, and other areas of healthcare. 

Pharmacy Career Paths 

Pharmacy students typically pursue jobs in drugstores, hospitals, clinics, and other traditional pharmacy settings. In these roles, pharmacists interface with patients, healthcare providers, and sometimes insurance companies to accurately distribute medication. 

“Pharmacy implies that you’re going to be doing a certain, well-defined job,” Booth says. In fact, the majority of Northeastern’s pharmacy students—about 90 percent, according to Booth—pursue jobs in pharmacies. 

These jobs have a median annual salary of $128,090 . Because the Boston area is home to multiple schools of pharmacy whose students complete their training hours in the area, high-paying jobs are more readily available in other parts of the U.S. 

The remaining 10 percent enter alternative career paths within the pharmacy industry. Some become regulatory affairs specialists at pharmaceutical or biotech companies and help prepare materials for approval processes around the world. Others work in sales and explain drug compositions and benefits to hospitals and insurers. 

“A pharmacist is in the best position to explain a drug,” Booth says. “They can tell you why you should give that drug to a patient, or why you should pay for this drug versus that drug.” 

Finally, some pharmacy professionals open specialty compounding facilities for non-standard drugs, many of which are formulated according to individual patients’ specific needs.  

Advancing Your Pharma Career with Northeastern

Northeastern offers both a master’s degree and PhD in pharmacology. In both of these programs, students build their knowledge of drug action and discovery through coursework, seminars, conferences, and internship experiences. 

The university’s PharmD program, meanwhile, connects students with more than 120 affiliated hospitals, clinics, community pharmacies, private businesses, and government agencies at which they can complete co-ops and training hours. 

Whether you choose to study pharmacology or pharmacy, Northeastern offers a wide range of experience-based learning opportunities that can expand your education. Students in both programs can take advantage of Northeastern’s extensive research opportunities, co-ops, experiential network projects, and connections with faculty members who have real-world experience in their respective industries.  

“Often, other schools don’t offer the immersive experience that we have at Northeastern,” Booth says. “The students at Northeastern get up and go to work, just like everybody else in Boston. People perform at a very high level here.” 

To learn more about Northeastern’s pharmacy, pharmacology, and related pharmaceutical science degrees, explore the programs here . 

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Decoding Degrees: PharmD vs. PhD vs. Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences

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If you’re investigating a pharmacy or pharmaceutical science career, choosing the right educational path can feel like deciphering a complex prescription. We’re here to help break down the key differences between three popular degrees: Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Note: Mercer University is one of the few colleges in the South offering all three degrees. Learn more about the programs we offer.

The PharmD: Your Gateway to Patient Care

The Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) is a professional doctorate specifically designed to prepare you for a career as a licensed pharmacist. Pharmacists are the medication experts on the healthcare team, ensuring patients receive the right drugs at the correct dosage. PharmD grads work mostly in front-of-the-line careers in retail, hospital and other patient-forward settings. And yes, since this is a doctorate program, you can be called “Doctor” after graduation!

What to expect in a PharmD program:

• Focus: Patient care and medication therapy management.
• Coursework: Expect a blend of classroom learning and practical experience in areas like pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, pharmacy law, and clinical rotations.
• Duration: At Mercer, our program is four years of full-time study after completing prerequisite coursework, often in biology or chemistry. Note: By enrolling in the spring semester, our students can graduate in just three years.*
• Career options: Community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, specialty pharmacy, clinical research, and medication therapy management.
• Requirements: Mercer requires several undergraduate pre-requisite courses to apply. While many of our students have bachelor’s degrees, it is not required. In fact, you can earn your BS while also pursuing a PharmD!

Interested? Contact our admissions department for more information and to get started .

Masters in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Deepen Your Knowledge

A MS is a more research-oriented degree than the PharmD . It provides a strong foundation in the scientific principles underlying drug discovery, development, and delivery.

What to expect in an MS program:

• Focus: Research and development, formulation science, or a specific area of pharmaceutical sciences.
• Coursework: At Mercer, you can conduct research projects alongside our esteemed faculty. Students delve into topics like drug delivery systems, pharmacokinetics (how drugs move through the body), and pharmaceutical analysis. Thesis and non-thesis tracks are available.
• Duration: Two years of full-time study.*
• Career options: Research and development in pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, or contract research organizations (CROs). Regulatory affairs, quality control, and scientific writing are also possibilities.
• Requirements: Mercer MS candidates must have a PharmD or BS in Pharmacy, Chemistry, Biology, or a related field.

If you have more questions, don’t hesitate to get in touch with our admissions department for more information .

The PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Dive Deep into Research

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the ultimate research degree , preparing you for a career at the forefront of scientific discovery in pharmaceuticals. It emphasizes independent research, culminating in a dissertation that significantly contributes to the field.

What to expect in a PhD program:

• Focus: Independent research in a specific area of pharmaceutical sciences, like drug discovery, medicinal chemistry, or pharmacology.
• Coursework: Advanced coursework provides a strong foundation for your research. You’ll also gain experience through research rotations in different labs.
• Duration: After completing a bachelor’s degree, a PhD typically takes four to six years of study, depending on your schedule and research focus.*
• Career options: Research positions in pharmaceutical companies, academia, government agencies, or research institutions.
• Requirements: Mercer PhD candidates must have a PharmD or BS in Pharmacy, Chemistry, Biology, or a related field. You also must have a minimum Graduate Record Examination (GRE) in the 40th percentile in the verbal section and 60th percentile in the quantitative section.

Get more details about our program and admissions requirements by contacting our admissions department .

So, Which Degree is Right for You?

The best degree for you depends on your career goals. Consider these factors:

• Do you want to work directly with patients? If so, the PharmD is the clear winner.
• Are you passionate about research? Then the MS or PhD might be a better fit. But remember, the PhD requires a longer commitment and a focus on independent research.
• Do you already have a PharmD and want to specialize in research? An MS could be a good option to bridge the gap between patient care and research.

No matter which path you choose, a degree in pharmaceutical sciences equips you to make a real difference in people’s lives. Whether it’s ensuring safe and effective medication use, developing new life-saving drugs, or advancing our understanding of diseases, your work will have a positive impact on the world.

Remember, this is just a starting point. Our admissions advisors are here to help and answer your questions. Also, talk to professionals in the field, and do more online research. With the right information and a clear vision, you can unlock a rewarding career in the exciting world of pharmacy!

*Duration of program is typical for full-time students.

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PharmD/PhD Pathway

College of pharmacy, what is the pharmd/phd pathway.

The Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Pharmacotherapy together with the Dean's Office, have developed a pathway for students who are interested in simultaneously pursuing a Pharm.D. and a Ph.D. This program is intended for students who are interested in careers in basic or clinical research. It is constructed to intersperse the core curriculum requirements of the Ph.D. program into the curriculum of the Pharm.D. program, making course substitutions where feasible. In doing this, we minimize curriculum redundancy between the two programs while ensuring that the student is adequately prepared for the demands of both degree programs. Students who are interested in pursuing this pathway must first gain admission to the College of Pharmacy Pharm.D. program before they can apply for the Ph.D. program pathway. We encourage students to study the Ph.D. pathway and participate in the P-SURF Program before applying for the joint Pharm.D./Ph.D. pathway.

How can I appy for the PharmD/PhD Pathway?

Students can explore their enthusiasm for a career in basic or clinical research by enrolling in a supervised, paid research project with a faculty mentor during their P1 summer. At the end of the P-SURF program , students can decide whether or not to continue working on the same (or related) research project with the same (or different) mentor during their P2 year. At the end of the P2 year, student and advisor can then choose whether or not to transition the project into the student’s required PharmD project in the P3 & P4 years.

Students wishing to officially join the PharmD/PhD program should discuss this option with their research mentor during their P3 year, as well their PhD coursework with the Director of Graduate Studies of their research mentor’s academic department. Students can be accepted into the Ph.D. program if the student meets the program admissions criteria and there is appropriate research mentoring and support for the student. Student and mentor should also discuss the student’s research project and sustainable financial support with the Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Programs ( Dr. Carol Lim ). If all parties are agreeable, then the student can matriculate into the chosen department’s Ph.D. program at the end of their P3 year.

During their P4 year, PharmD/PhD students should complete their five required APPE rotations during the summer and fall semesters, then enroll in two elective research APPE rotations during their spring semester. The College provides a stipend for Utah resident tuition and fees during the P4 year. The program is structured so that students receive their PharmD degree at the end of their P4 year and can take their pharmacy licensure exam at the normal time. Following the P4 year, students engage in full time research to complete the Ph.D. program under the direction of their faculty mentor and PhD supervisory committee.

Questions about the PharmD/PhD Pathway?

James Herron, Ph.D.

Executive Associate Dean, Professional Education

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The dual Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program allows students enrolled in the PharmD program to also begin working toward a PhD degree in one of our three PhD programs concurrently or sequentially.  Upon completion of the dual program, students will have earned the PharmD degree, making them eligible for state licensure as pharmacists, and the PhD degree in one of the following disciplines: pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacy translational sciences, and medicinal chemistry.

A major advantage of this program is that, by combining some degree requirements, it may reduce the time normally required to complete the two degrees separately.  Students must be newly admitted or currently enrolled in the PharmD program to be considered for admission to the dual program.

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The dual PharmD/PhD program is designed to allow concurrent enrollment in both PharmD and PhD courses in order to shorten the time required for achieving both degrees sequentially.  Students that begin the dual program at the start of their P1 year will realize the maximum benefit for completing the requirements for both degrees. 

Applicants must apply and be accepted to both the PharmD program and the PhD program in order to matriculate in the dual program.  The application process is separate for each program and deadlines must be met for both programs.  The PhD program will accept PCAT scores for applicants to the dual PharmD/PhD program only.  Note that some national agencies that provide funding to PhD students (such as training grants and student initiated grants) may require that a candidate take the GRE exam later in order to qualify for assistance. 

Candidates for the dual PharmD/PhD program may take the appropriate PhD course sequence in place of the PharmD course sequences for specific disciplines (i.e., pharmaceutical sciences, medicinal chemistry).  Remaining core PhD coursework required for the PhD degree will be satisfied by taking courses that will also count as elective coursework for the PharmD degree.  See the Curriculum tab for more details. 

This is a multiple degree program; however, the requirements for either degree are not dependent on completion of both programs.  A candidate that wishes to withdraw from one of the dual programs is eligible to complete the other degree.  There may be financial implications for not completing both programs.  See the Funding tab for more details.   

PharmD candidates are required to complete a certain number of patient contact hours for licensure through Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences (IPPEs) and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs).  The timing of IPPEs and APPEs in the dual program can be flexible and negotiated with the student, the research advisor, and the Experiential Education Director.  There is also a required P4 Seminar that students must complete.

Students are required to complete the degree requirements for both the PharmD and PhD in their specific discipline. 

The PharmD curriculum can be found HERE

The PhD curriculum for the Pharmaceutical Sciences program can be found HERE

The PhD curriculum for the Clinical Pharmacy Translational Sciences program can be found HERE

The PhD curriculum for the Medicinal Chemistry program can be found HERE

The combined PharmD/PhD curriculum plan can vary by student when admitted.  A sample curricular plan can be found HERE

Students enrolled in the Dual PharmD/PhD program will have the opportunity to engage in research as early as the summer prior to starting coursework in the dual program.  Students will be given the opportunity to explore research opportunities at the College of Pharmacy for up to three summers before officially joining a laboratory.  Summer funding is dependent on when a student begins the dual program.   

See the Funding tab for more details.

Funding for Dual PharmD/PhD candidates is intended to support students with their research efforts as early as possible to ensure successful completion of the dual program in a timely manner.  New students admitted to the dual program will enjoy the following support:

• Up to three funded summers of research support beginning with the summer prior to the didactic start of the program (stipend and health benefits for self and dependents).  The number of summers depends on when the student begins the dual program.
• Up to $45,000 forgivable grant for the PharmD portion of the dual program (PharmD years 1 through 4 of being enrolled in the dual program; amount will  be less if enrollment in the dual program begins in PharmD year 2 or later).  Note, if a student does not complete either the PharmD or PhD portion, this grant turns into a low interest loan that must be repayed over time.
• Full funding for the PhD portion of the dual program following completion of the PharmD (typically beginning year 5) which includes a full tuition waiver, stipend, and health benefits for self and dependents.  Funding sources can include any combination of fellowship, teaching, research, or traineeship.  

Current PharmD or PhD students that apply to and are accepted into the dual program after starting either program will receive support commensurate with when they were admitted to the dual program.  

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What is a PharmD?

A PharmD (Doctor of Pharmacy) is a professional doctorate degree and is usually a four-year program. A PharmD program differs from a PhD program in that a PhD prepares you for a career in academia and research, culminating in a dissertation.

By contrast, you pursue a PharmD with the intention of working in pharmaceuticals, usually either in clinicals (prescribing medication to patients) or industry (bringing medications to the market).

Prerequisites include foundational science courses such as physics and organic chemistry. Most pharmacy schools require you to complete a four-year bachelor’s degree before applying, although Keck Graduate Institute (KGI)’s School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (SPHS) has partnered with community colleges to enable you to receive your PharmD in as little as six years from the time you graduate high school.

What Can You Do With a PharmD?

With the emergence of cutting-edge technologies like gene and stem cell therapies—along with innovations in medical devices—the field of pharmaceuticals is rapidly evolving. Diseases that were once elusive are now treatable. Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics allow for more targeted treatment of conditions while reducing adverse side effects.

Obtaining a PharmD is your gateway to this exciting field, whether your goal is to work directly with patients or to bring promising new treatments to the public. With a PharmD, you can embark upon a variety of career paths beyond neighborhood or hospital pharmacist, including informatics, regulatory pharmacy, and research and development.

KGI’s PharmD Program

When you’re looking for schools, you want to choose a degree program that equips you with the skills needed to meet the demands of this changing industry. In KGI’s PharmD program, faculty are industry leaders in the fields of biotechnology, genomics, and informatics who keep abreast of the latest medical developments. This ensures that the curriculum stays fresh and relevant.

Students not only learn the mechanisms of disease and drug interactions, but also the regulatory and entrepreneurial aspects of the industry. By the end of the program, they are familiar with every aspect of the drug development process.

KGI partners with hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, and government organizations to provide experiential education for students. Many students go on to secure jobs and fellowships, sometimes with these same companies, as a result of these rotations.

Professional development is one of the hallmarks of the PharmD program. Through team projects, students gain hands-on experience while also building the communication and interpersonal skills vital to excelling in the industry.

PharmD Curriculum

KGI’s new PharmD curriculum , designed by Dean Dr. Martin Zdanowicz and the school’s faculty, combines basic science and clinical courses into integrated sequence courses. This allows students to immediately apply their foundational science knowledge to a clinical context.

In addition to the PharmD degree, students receive a certificate in one of four areas:

This concentration is geared toward those who enjoy working with people—including patients, physicians, and hospital staff—and want to witness the impact of their work. It equips you with the skills needed to care for patients in underserved populations, rural areas, and accountable care organizations. Emphasis is placed on pharmacogenomics and issues regarding patient transition through different levels of care.

The HCM program equips students with the management and leadership skills needed to shape healthcare policies and decisions that have large-scale impact. Students gain management training and experience, where they learn how to work directly with companies or government organizations to provide patient care in the most efficient and cost-effective way possible while adhering to safety standards and improving product quality. 

In the HIT program, students learn how to utilize healthcare technology to improve patient experience and healthcare quality while reducing costs and clinician error. This includes the use of automation and robotics to enhance safety and medication adherence. Special emphasis is placed on the ethical use of technology and data.

Through all of its courses, the SPHS prepares you to enter the evolving landscape of the pharmaceutical industry and take on a number of diverse roles. You are encouraged to try out many roles to find which one fits you best.

You can learn more about the PharmD program here .

Interested in KGI’s degree and certificate programs?

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As defined by the American Society for Experimental Therapeutics , “Pharmacology is the science of how drugs act on biological systems and how the body responds to the drug.

The study of pharmacology encompasses the sources, chemical properties, biological effects, and therapeutic uses of drugs. Pharmacy uses the knowledge derived from pharmacology to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes through the appropriate preparation and dispensing of medicines.

Pharmacology integrates the knowledge of many disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. This integrative nature allows pharmacology to make unique and significant contributions to human health.”

Michigan Pharmacology faculty, trainees, and research staff focus their work on understanding the complexity of cellular processes and the disease states can that occur when things go wrong. Some Pharmacology laboratories concentrate on elucidating how information is transmitted to cells in response to ligand binding to cell-surface receptors. Other laboratories work on molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for disease, addiction, and reward. Still others investigate the actions of novel therapeutics in whole animals and in humans. State-of-the art techniques include induced pluripotent stem cell models, transgenic mouse, rabbit, and zebrafish models, high resolution imaging coupled to electrophysiology, and RNA therapeutics. Key collaborations with physicians provide access to patient samples and clinical trials.

The job market for pharmacology graduates is excellent. Career opportunities exist in the academe, the pharmaceutical industry, the burgeoning biotech industry, and government agencies. Importantly, many member of our extensive alumni base serve as career mentors and advisors to our trainees, opening doors and providing key contacts.

To learn more about where our PhD students go after graduation, see the Rackham Graduate School Program Statistics.

Apply to the Pharmacology PhD Program

Learn the requirements for the Pharmacology PhD Program

Doctoral students receive funding, which includes full tuition, healthcare benefits , and a stipend. The first year of funding comes directly from PIBS. Then Pharmacology coordinates funding through graduation from a wide variety of sources.

Many second year students are appointed to institutional T32 training grants, including the Pharmacological Sciences Training Program (PSTP) , Systems and Integrative Biology (SIB), and the Human Genetics Training Grant. It is also common for senior students to secure individual fellowships after writing an F31 proposal in Pharmacology 502 - Introduction to Scientific Communication.

• Cara D'Amico, PhD,  Scientist, Bristol Myers Squibb Thesis: "Droplet Microfluidics Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Pharmacological Applications" Advisor: Robert T. Kennedy, PhD
• Josh Lott, PhD,  Medical Science Liaison, Merz Aesthetics Thesis: "Delineating the Specificity of Cannabinoid Effects by Investigating Cannabinoid Receptor-1 Trafficking and Signaling" Advisor: Manoj Puthenveedu, PhD
• Andrea Pesch, PhD,  Sr Regulatory Affairs Specialist, Loxo Onocology Thesis: "Targeting DNA Damage, Apoptosis, and the Cell Cycle for the Radiosensitization of Aggressive Forms of Breast Cancer" Advisors: Corey Speers, MD, PhD and James Rae, PhD
• Naincy Chandan, PhD,  Principle Scientist Research, Genentech Thesis: "Identification and Characterization of G Protein Signaling Networks by Proximity Labeling-Coupled Proteomics" Advisor: Alan Smrkca, PhD

Nnamdi Edokobi, PhD,  Staff Scientist, Choate, Hall & Stewart LLP Thesis: "The Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene Scn1b in the developing pediatric heart" Advisor: Lori L. Isom, PhD

• Julie Philippe Gupta, PhD,  Life Sciences Consultant, Putnam Associates Thesis: "Ankyrin-B is Lipid-Modified by S-Palmitoylation to Promote Dendritic Membrane Scaffolding of Voltage Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.2 in Neurons" Advisor: Paul Jenkins, PhD

Alina Morales, PhD,  Scientific Associate, Viscira Thesis: "Regulation of Chromaffin Cell Exocytosis via Endogenously Secreted Signaling Molecules Acetylcholine and PACAP" Advisor: Arun Anantharam, PhD

Bryan Sears, PhD,  Clinical Research Associate, Univ. of Michigan Thesis: "Investigating the Acute and Chronic Effects of Known and Novel Opioid Ligands" Advisor: Emily Jutkiewicz, PhD

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PharmD PhD Dual-Degree Programs: A Candidate's Perspective on Potential Pitfalls

It seems that dual-degree programs are becoming more prevalent in pharmacy.

It seems that dual-degree programs are becoming more prevalent in pharmacy. Various academic institutions in the United States are now offering these programs, which appeal to pharmacy students who want to acquire additional skills for specialization or set themselves apart from the ever-growing pool of pharmacy graduates.

Right from the start of my pharmacy career, I knew that I wanted to pursue a dual degree to make myself more capable and competitive in the industry and/or academia while pursuing my passion for scientific research. I chose to enroll in the PharmD/MS program at the University at Buffalo, which subsequently led me to apply for the PharmD/PhD program because of my positive experience.

I completed the PharmD component in 2014 and am currently completing the PhD component. As a 6 th -year candidate who can finally begin to see the light at the end of the tunnel, I want to offer potential PharmD/PhD students some insight based on my experience with this degree combination, specifically the challenges I have encountered and some options for overcoming them.

PharmD/PhD dual-degree programs are generally offered by universities, rather than colleges, because it usually takes 2 relatively specialized and well-developed collaborating departments to offer such a joint program.

The specific PhD concentration that is offered with the PharmD may vary, but it is generally within the realm of pharmaceutical science, pharmacology, or medicinal chemistry. PharmD/PhD programs generally take a handful of students per year and have various entrance requirements that may include minimum GPA, GRE scores, or PCAT scores, or a specific number of years in the PharmD program.

The duration of the joint PharmD/PhD programs are generally not fixed, since a PhD has a variable timeline associated with completion. Nevertheless, many programs estimate completion times of 7 to 8 years to obtain both degrees. The PharmD degree is often obtained first, followed by the PhD 3 to 5 years later.

There are some unique challenges to know when deciding to enroll in a joint PharmD/PhD program. These trials and tribulations are from my own experience and will obviously differ between individuals, but I believe they are nonetheless pertinent for potential students.

I am not including the obvious difficulty that is associated with high-level research, university-specific policies, and academic coursework. Instead, I am focusing on general issues that can arise in a joint PharmD/PhD program.

The first challenge I faced was figuring out how to handle the total cost of the program. PharmD programs are generally expensive, while PhD programs usually waive tuition for their students and give them a modest stipend for living expenses. In many PharmD/PhD programs, students are expected to pay for the PharmD component, but not the PhD component.

Unfortunately, if the student needs to take out loans to pay for the PharmD component, repayment is generally delayed while subsequently completing the PhD component. The modest stipend given to graduate students does not usually allow for significant loan repayment, leading to further accumulation of interest if additional employment is not sought.

Another challenge is balancing and adapting to graduate course material and research. Graduate coursework tends to have a greater emphasis on critical thinking and writing than pharmacy practice coursework.

It may be difficult to transition from memorizing specific drug classes and guidelines to answering questions that require designing an experimental process to solve a problem. This challenge may be compounded when taking pharmacy practice coursework and graduate coursework simultaneously.

Once the pharmacy coursework is completed and the PharmD is awarded, more challenges await. After the PharmD is awarded, a full transition to the PhD program often occurs. This can be a very difficult time for students, as expectations change and the focus shifts to research.

Quickly launching a research project and staying on track in an accelerated joint program can be stressful. The stress from this transition also makes it difficult to attain professional experience and further develop clinical skills while completing the PhD component. This is because completing the PhD is a very time-consuming endeavor, even when most of the classes are done.

Besides research and writing, there are often seminars, lab meetings, and teaching responsibilities that can make practicing as a pharmacist difficult to manage. Professional stagnation can result.

While I continue to face these challenges, the good news is that they are not insurmountable. The first action that a current or potential PharmD/PhD student can take is to start looking for research mentors early, as they are the key to addressing the challenge of efficiently balancing professional and academic development.

Early selection of a mentor permits a student to start a research project earlier, which makes the transition from PharmD to PhD much smoother. It goes without saying that research focus and compatibility are very important factors when selecting a mentor, but a PharmD/PhD student also needs enhanced flexibility from a potential mentor because of his or her unique situation.

A flexible mentor can efficiently guide a candidate while accommodating additional professional obligations. This allows the PharmD/PhD student to grow both academically and professionally.

Networking with current graduate students before entering the PhD component of the joint program can also be very helpful when transitioning from professional to graduate coursework. Senior students can often be a great information resource for study tips, exam-taking strategy, and presentation advice.

Often, program directors or mentors can facilitate this networking. While student networking and a flexible mentor can help ameliorate some of the challenges related to the PhD component of the joint degree, professional development and planning is ultimately the responsibility of the student.

Working as a pharmacist after receiving the PharmD and while completing the PhD component can help alleviate some financial stress as well as foster professional development.

To avoid conflicts between PhD studies and practicing as a pharmacist, consider seeking part-time or per-diem positions that allow for flexible scheduling at times that do not conflict with research. This will allow a candidate to work on a limited basis as a pharmacist while having a minimum impact on research responsibilities.

Some who are involved in PhD programs may frown upon “extracurricular” work that does not involve research; however, I believe limited yet meaningful involvement in the pharmacy profession is extremely beneficial to the candidate overall. Working in the lab during the day and as a pharmacist in the evening can be daunting, so professional obligations should be adjusted to a level that is beneficial and not encumbering to research.

As the pharmacy field expands and the talent pool of pharmacists grows, so does the need to set yourself apart when pursuing a PharmD. This has led to many pharmacy students choosing a dual-degree program that allows for more career flexibility and increased competitiveness in the job market.

PharmD/PhD programs can be challenging in many ways, but graduates are held in high regard because of the advanced and specialized training they receive. Graduates of PharmD/PhD programs are highly sought after because of their broad range of expertise in clinical and translational sciences.

My hope is that prospective students can use my experiences to better anticipate and overcome some of the hurdles associated with pursuing a PharmD/PhD program. I encourage students to explore what PharmD/PhD programs have to offer, as I believe these programs are critical to ensure that well-rounded clinical scientists are available to address current and future health care challenges.

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PharmD vs. PhD?

Aside from the ability to pursue academic routes, how do the career options of PhDs and PharmDs differ?

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Dual Pharm.D./ Ph.D. Program

Information for prospective students.

The program is a unique joint effort between the SSPPS and the  Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program on the UC San Diego Health Sciences Campus with emphasis on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery.  

The overall goal of this training program is to provide students with a visionary perspective on pharmaceutical sciences and the drug discovery and development process. Students who complete this program will be uniquely suited to perform basic and clinical research and to translate the results of the research to clinical practice. The course of study will prepare graduates for careers in academia, as faculty members in schools and colleges of pharmacy, government, leaders in drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry, or other health settings where they will engage in academic instruction, clinical care and research. A distinction between this dual Pharm.D./Ph.D. and other joint doctoral programs is that training for the Pharm.D./Ph.D. degree is envisioned to be closely aligned with the drug development process as well as therapeutic practices and outcomes. Students in the Pharm.D./Ph.D. program will meet all requirements for licensure as a pharmacist in the State of California.

Application Process

• Students should meet with Dr. Victor Nizet ([email protected]), Director of the Pharm.D./Ph.D. Program as early as possible after entering pharmacy school to learn more about the program, and begin to plan their course of training.
• During the summers between the first and second year, and between the second and third year, students will explore research opportunities through laboratory rotations at UC San Diego and with collaborative research institutes with faculty that hold a primary affiliation with the UC San Diego Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program. Stipends and/or fellowships may be available to support the summer research experiences.
• Students typically submit an abbreviated application to the BMS Program during the fall quarter of their second year of the Pharm.D. program.
• Following successful completion of the second year of the Pharm.D. curriculum, students devote all academic time to research for their Ph.D. thesis project.
• Once they have completed all of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree, students return to complete the third (pre-clinical) and fourth (Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences) years for the Pharm.D. degree.
• Following successful completion of all of the requirements, the candidate will be awarded both the Pharm.D. and the Ph.D. degree. It is anticipated that the program will take, on average, 7 or 8 years to complete the requirements for the joint degrees.

Important note:  

Students with excellent prior research experience and commitment to dual degree training may arrange a laboratory research rotation during the summer prior to matriculation into the Pharm.D. curriculum. Applicants must be highly motivated and committed to improving health care through the conduct of research, as demonstrated by their ability to perform and aptitude for conducting research.

For more information about this program, please visit: Biomedical Sciences and Graduate Program .

Additional Pharm.D./Ph.D. Program Information (Structure and Options)