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Evaluation of the role of mri in diagnosis of hepatic focal lesions in ahmadu bello university teaching hospital, zaria nigeria.
Introduction: Focal liver disease is a common diagnostic problem referred to radiologists for evaluation owing to its nonspecific clinical presentation and marked inter-observer variation on clinical examination. Hepatic focal lesions (HFLs) are classified into benign and malignant lesions. Hemangiomas are the commonest benign tumor while hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) it is the commonest primary malignant liver tumor. HCC is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third most frequ...
ABSTRACT The purposes of this study are to generate an indigenous normogram for ocular axial lengths in a Nigerian population, determine whether there are differences in axial lengths between the right and left eye and among different adult age groups. The study will also determine whether there are differences in axial lengths between males and females and possible racial differences between Nigerians and Caucasians. This prospective, cross sectional study involving one hundred (100) Nigeria...
ABSTRACT In a cross-sectional survey, 304 subjects whose sputum and faeces tested positive for paragonimus out of a total of 1125 from Amagunze, Lokpanta and Oduma which are areas known for the parasite endemicity in Southeast Nigeria were enlisted into the study. The liver, spleen, and kidney of these subjects were sonographically examined in order to characterize the sonographic features specific for paragonimus in these organs. A total number of 456 subjects were also enlisted as control. ...
Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate of the diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with clinical findings for brain stroke patients in Khartoum state, to evaluate the doctor's experience about the diffusion weighted imaging for brain stroke, measure the accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging in detection brain stroke, compare the DWI findings and the conventional MRI protocols findings for brain stroke, determine the most clinical findings for brain stroke and to determine the MRI depa...
Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is Radiological Procedure by insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart followed by injection of contrast media . This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes. Subsets of this technique are mainly coronary catheterization, involving the catheterization of the coronary arteries, and catheterization of cardiac chambers and valves of the cardiac system, The history of cardiac catheterization dates back to Stephen Hales...
Abstract Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is highly sensitive in detecting early cerebral ischemic changes in acute stroke patients. This study aimed to show the role of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in the diagnosis of acute stroke. In this study, we compared the role of DWI with that of conventional MRI techniques. Furthermore, we compared the size of ischemic lesions on DWI scans with the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. We performed T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weight...
Abstract Background Though the major target of the HIV-virus is the immune system, the frequency of abdominal disorders in HIV/AIDS patients has been reported to be second only to pulmonary disease. These abdominal manifestations may be on the increase as the use of antlretroviral therapy has increased life expectancy and improved quality of life. Ultrasonography is an easy to perform, non invasive, inexpensive and safe imaging technique that is invaluable in Africa where AIDS is most prev...
Triphasic liver CT enables characterization of a wide range of focal liver lesions. The general objective of the study is to evaluate the role of CT in diagnosis of liver lesions. And furthermore to determine which lesion in the liver with high incidence, and to find out the geographic distribution of the liver lesions in Sudan. Sixty patients found to have focal tumoral liver lesions were recruited for 4 months period and their triphasic CT scans findings were evaluated and later correlate...
INTRODUCTION Foreign body impaction in the oesophagus is a quite common occurrence but 90% of such foreign bodies pass through the digestive tract to be eliminated in stools. The incidence of complications following ingestion of foreign bodies is surprisingly low. It was 10% in a study of 2400 cases by Nanchi and Ong. Presented below is a case of a young boy who accidentally swallowed a drawing pin and in whom plain radiographs confirmed the presence and location of the foreign body. Endosc...
The main objective of this study was to classify trauma which occur in upper limbs by using x-ray objectively. The data of this study collected from 53 patients examined by upper limbs X-ray in East Nile Hospital (Modern Hospital in Khartoum – Sudan) in the period from September 2014 to May 2015 using Digital Philips machine. The data were collected use measuring fracture healing and three variables patient height, weight, and body mass index.. The results of the study showed that mal...
With the expanding use of the functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), proper understanding of the sphenoid sinus anatomy has become increasingly important. Knowledge of the size and extent of pneumatization of sphenoid sinus is an important to avoid any complications during surgery. This descriptive study was conducted in Sudan - Khartoum to study the anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus among Sudanese using ct scan. 70 images of ct for para nasal sinus (35males and 35females) we...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cerebral white matter changes for Sudanese hypertensive patients using magnetic resonance imaging. The sample consisted of thirty subjects randomly chosen from modern medical center and Asiahospital, they divided into control group and hypertensive group, both underwent magnetic resonance scans for the brain by (1.5T or 0.2T) machine using comparable protocols included (T1, T2 and Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery pulse sequences), a semi-quant...
The purpose of this descriptive cross sectional study was to evaluate the computed tomography findings of the brain in patients with headache. The study used (85) patients with headache who underwent a computed tomography scan of the brain in Amal National Hospital, the sample contained both gender (38 males and 47 females). Patients were examined in this study, ranging in age (18-65 years old) with the predominant age group (26-35 years), which accounted for 40% of the sample. All pati...
The extra axial brain hemorrhage causes mortality when not early diagnosed and treated. The study aimed to evaluate the extra axial brain hemorrhage using computed tomography. Collcted all the patients from Ibrahim Malik Hospital from march to may 2016 .Non contrast computed tomography was done in all patients . The result from 60 patients with different age and gender diagnosed as extra axial brain hemorrhage.In this study peak incidence was among the age between (41-50 year),(63.3...
ABSTRACT The roles of gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis in the etiology of infertility due to tubal occlusion have been established by various studies. Hysterosalphingography WSG) is done to investigate tubal patency. This study was aimed at finding the prevalence of Wptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women being investigated for infertility in a tertiary institution. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic infertile women ...
Radiology is the science that uses medical imaging to diagnose and sometimes also treat diseases within the body. Afribary curates list of academic papers and project topics in Radiology. You can browse Radiology project topics and materials, Radiology thesis topics, Radiology dissertation topics, Radiology seminar topics, Radiology essays, Radiology text books, lesson notes in Radiology and all academic papers in Radiology field.
Knowledge, expectations and beliefs of pregnant women on antenatal ultrasound., a quantitative study about knowledge, attitude and practice of radiographers towards tuberculosis patients among radiographers and msc. rit students of sgt hospital, radiographers’ experiences of stress and methods of coping: a content analytic phenomenologic study, supernumerary kidney (triple kidney) with horseshoe component: a case report., occult metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma masquerading as a soft tissue sarcoma of the gluteal region, imaging of congenital diaphragmatic hernias, low field mr imaging of sellar and parasellar lesions: experience in a developing country hospital, baseline chest radiographic features among antiretroviral therapy naive human immuno-deficiency virus positive children in a pediatric care program, a case of adrenal myelolipoma mimicking' pheocromocytoma, radiologists join to implement pediatric imaging training, education and outreach in nigeria, computed tomography and childhood seizure disorder in ibadan.
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Home > MAHE Student Work > KMCMLR
Theses/dissertations from 2021 2021.
“The Impact of Self-Stigma of Seeking Help and Perceived Social Support on Burnout among Clinical Psychologists” , Aavrita A
The impact of self-stigma of seeking help &percieved social support on burnout among clinical psychologists. , Aavrita .
Immediate Effects of Novel Hand Rehabilitation Board on Fine Motor Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy. , Romita Fernandes. Abraham
"COMPARISON OF THREE SCORING CRITERIA TO ASSESS RECOVERY FROM GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN THE POST-ANAESTHESIA CARE UNIT- A LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY " , Shagun Aggarwal
Comparative predictive validity of Alberta Infant Motor Scale and Infant Neurological International Battery in Low Birth Weight Infants- A Prospective Longitudinal Study. , Polisetti Siva Sai Anand
Antagonistic Asynchrony in Muscle Recruitment Pattern of Forward Reach Movement In Children With Cerebral Palsy. , Sanya Anklesaria
Muscle fatigue response of rotator cuff muscles in sitting and standing postures , Lisanne Aranha
Effectiveness of static weight bearing versus modified constraint induced movement therapy on improving hand function in hemiplegic cerebral palsy- A Randomized Clinical Trial. , Ruth Bavighar
How informed are our patients about generic medicines? – A study from coastal South India , Darshan BB
Morphological variants of the human spleen, a cadaveric study , Murlimanju BV
Association between cervical breast cancer and Diabtetes mellitus among women seeking health care in tertiary hospitals od south India: A cross sectional study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee
Carcinoma Breast in among Women with Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Control Study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee
Perception of Empathy among medical students: A cross sectional study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee
CLINICOMYCOLOGICAL PROFILE OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA , Adyashree Dalai
Study of outcome of Ponseti technique of management for idiopathic clubfoot in a tertiary center in south India , Lulu Damsas
Comparative study of emotional labour &burnout on life satisfaction among school teachers across different educational settings , Meghana Dharampalan
“Comparative Study of Emotional Labor and Burnout on Life Satisfaction Among School Teachers Across Different Educational Settings” , Meghana V. Dharmapalan
“Relationship Between Sexual Fantasy, Sexual Communication, Personality Traits and Sexual Satisfaction in Married Individuals” , Rhea Dhir
Comparing the efficacy of USG guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block with or without intercostobrachial nerve block for forearm surgeries – an observational study , DIKSHA D’MELLO
Does Quality of Sitting influence Functional Mobility in Cerebral Palsy? A cross-sectional study , Kaiorisa N. Doctor
Factors effecting gait velocity in osteoarthritis knee-An observational study. , Lisha Gretal D’silva
Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Pulmonary Function, Functional Capacity, Quality Of Life And Length Of Stay in individuals undergoing Cardiac Surgery , Fiona Verdine Dsouza
Relationship of Academic Resilience with Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support; Among Civil Service Aspirants , Neha Eldho
EFFICACY, FEASIBILITY, AND SAFETY OF PERCUTANEOUS IMAGE-GUIDED CATHETER DRAINAGE OF THORACIC, ABDOMINAL, AND PELVIC FLUID COLLECTION , Aishwarya Gadwal
Comparison of efficacy of two different bolus doses of norepinephrine as prophylac-tic to prevent post-spinal hypotension during elective caesarean section , PRANATHI GARAPATI
Trends in Frailty and its Associated factors in Community Dwelling Elderly Indian Population during COVID-19 Pandemic- A Prospective Analytical Study , Karan Gautam
Speech Sound acquisition in some south Indian Dravidian languages: A systematic review , Jesica George
Comparison of Femoral nerve block with Dexmedetomidine and Adductor canal block with Dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia for Total Knee Arthroplasty . , NEHA GEORGE
Assessment Of Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Patients With Osteoarthritis Knee , Sagar Goel
Effectiveness of Intermittent Cervical Traction with and without Neural Mobilization in Discogenic Cervical Radiculopathy , Aditi Goyal
Study of maternal and cord blood vitamin B12 levels with anthropometry in term neonates born to normal and malnourished mothers: a hospital based cross sectional study , Sugapradha a. GR
Development of a Questionnaire to Determine the Intervention and Service Delivery Practices of Speech-Language Pathologists for Children with Speech Sound Disorders in India , Shaily Gupta
Relationship between Physical Activity, Objective Sleep Parameters and Circadian Rhythm in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer receiving Chemoradiotherapy- A Longitudinal Study , Rachita Gururaj
“Emotional Contagion, Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies Among Nurses” , Saumya Hariharan
Assessment of knowledge and belief about stuttering among undergraduate medical students , Anushree Harihar
Association of serum lipid levels and other systemic risk factors with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy patients. , Harshita Mukesh Hiran
Assessment of risk of Diabetes Mellitus by using Indian Diabetes Risk Score among Housekeeping staff , Ramesh Holla
“Emotional Intelligence, Self-compassion, and Life-Satisfaction In Clinical Psychologists” , Vania Jacob
UPPER-CROSSED SYNDROME AND DISABILITY IN SHOULDER ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS. , Aishwarya Jaideep
Study to assess the role of doppler ultrasound in evaluation of arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula and the complications of hemodialysis access , Ishank Jain
Relationship between burnout compassion fatigue, work environment & mindfulness in medical residents , Pranay Javeri
“Relationship Between Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Work Environment and Mindfulness in Medical Residents” , Pranay Harichandra Javeri
“Dating Anxiety in Emerging Adults” , Jisha V. Jayaprakash
“Relationship Between Tolerance for Disagreement and Mindfulness in Married Males and Married Females” , Jahnavi Jha
Antibiotic usage and susceptibility patterns in Uncomplicated UTI in a Tertiary Hospital in South India , Christy John
Association of bed rise difficulty scale with trunk impairment and functional scales among stroke patients , Leena G. John
Is there a correlation between Pediatric Berg Balance Scale and Centre of Pressure Excursion measured through Dual Axis Static Force Plate™ to assess Balance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy and Typically Developing? , Niharika Joshi
Comparison of Sensory Processing Responses in Cerebral Palsy Subtypes and Typically Developing Children (7-36 months): A Cross Sectional Study. , Archana Antony K
‘A study on the Role of Learned Helplessness, Selfefficacy and Perceived Social Support in Determining Resilience in Parents of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders’ , Benaisha Khurshed Katrak
A study of correlation of maternal serum zinc levels with breast milk and cord blood of late preterm neonates , Rashmi Katti
Correlation of histopathology and direct immunofluorescence findings in clinically diagnosed prurigo nodularis , Haritha K
Difference in proximal femur loading due to muscle activity during partial weight bearing and NWB standing- A cross-sectional study. , Smital Kshirsagar
Effect of Sesamol on neurobiochemical changes in diet induced (DIO) obesity model of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) , Rashmii K.S.
Importance of integration of medical ethics with undergraduate medical curriculum- Instructors and student’s perspectives. , Rashmii K.S.
Long-term potentiation (LTP): A simple yet powerful cellular process in learning and memory , Rashmii K.S.
Parkinson's Disease Overview: Alternative Potential Curcumin Treatment, Current Treatment and Prevalence Among Ethnic Groups , Rashmii K.S.
Smart brain of India vs. tricky drugs , Rashmii K.S.
The Role of Professionalism and Ethics Training: Instructor’s and Student’s perspectives in a medical College , Rashmii K.S.
Violence Against Doctors: A Qualitative Study On This Rising Predicament , Rashmii K.S.
Morphometric study of the gracilis muscle and its pedicles , Chettiar Ganesh Kumar
Comparative study of bed side tests to assess difficult airway in paediatric patients , S.Abinandha Kumar
Euphorbia thymifolia (Linn.)- A review on ethno pharmacological properties , Vasavi Kumblekar
COMPARISON OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE TOWARDS THE USE OF SUNSCREEN IN DAILY LIFE BETWEEN FIRST -AND THIRD -YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS , Aarushi Lall
‘Feminist Identity, Socio-cultural Attitude Towards Appearance, and Body Images issues in Emerging Adult Women’ , Sheena Lonappan
A novel approach to quantify the Dynamic Windlass Mechanism , Ishita Mahajan
METFORMIN VERSUS INSULIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES , Varikuti Manogna
Cognitive abilities among employed and unemployed middle-aged women – a systematic review , Aswini M
‘Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction and Psychological Well-being Among Nurses’ , Chetna M
RELATIONSHIP OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN(CAD)-BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR FACIAL DYSFUNCTION WITH FACIAL GRADING SYSTEMS FOR BELL’S PALSY: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY , Ankita Mehendale
“Effect of Sensation Seeking and Anxious Traits on Suicidal Ideation Among Adults by Birth Order” , Haripriya G. M
Clinical & radiological assessment of intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFN A2 , Harish M
Effect of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme on respiratory function, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , Vaibhavi Mhatre
Profiling Communication Characteristics of Individuals with Acquired Neuro-communication Disorder in a Tertiary Care Setup , Nikita Subudhi M
Relationship between weight bearing symmetry, trunk control and fear of fall amongst subjects with stroke: A cross sectional study , VIVIAN NEHAL MONIS
Lower extremity muscle recruitment pattern during sit to stand transfer in children with cerebral palsy as compared to typically developing children- a cross sectional study. , Kiran P. Nadgauda
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Indian classical singers towards vocal healthcare , Raveena Muralidharan Nair
"Perspectives of Indian Speech Language Pathologists on Adolescent Language Assessment" , Rohana Muralidharan Nair
Effect Of Yoga On Perceived Stress And Pulmonary Function In High Stressed Postmenopausal Women , Vinodini NA
Refractory errors, blood groups & diabetes mellitus: A corrleative study in south Indian population , Vinodini NA
Comparison of Functional outcomes for displaced extra-articular distal radius fractures managed by Conservative versus Operative methods: A Prospective cohort study , Muhammed Ehsan Nazeer
COMPARATIVE STUDYOF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VAPOCOOLANT SPRAY VERSUS EMLA®® CREAM IN REDUCING PAIN DURING INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION IN ADULT POPULATION , Sisla Nazer P
Assessment of attitude among public towards stuttering in a coastal city of Southern Karnataka , Prithvi N
"Severity assessment of acute pancreatitis using ct severity index and modified ct severity index: association with clinical outcomes and ranson’s criteria. " , GEETANJALI PARMAR
“The Effect of Culture Shock on Adjustment and Psychological Wellbeing Among College Going Students” , Akanksha Patra
‘Effect of Religiosity on Attitude Towards Euthanasia in Medical Students’ , Sumedha Pawar
Development Of A Questionnaire To Determine The Clinical Assessment Practices Of Speech-Language Pathologists For Children With Speech Sound Disorders In India , Prasila Elsa Philip
Correlation of oxidised LDL with oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in subjects with elevated LDL levels , Pooja p
Association of emotional intelligence of primigravida mothers with breastfeeding self efficacy in the early postpartum period and exclusive breastfeeding rates up to 6 months. , Priyanka Reddy p
Morphometric study of the Sartorius muscle and its vascular pedicles , M.D. Prameela
Comparison of the analgesic duration using ultrasound guided popliteal sciatic nerve block between diabetics with neuropathy and non-diabetics without neuropathy , GANESH PRASAD
Early follicular and Mid-luteal phase associated changes in Lower extremity Muscle strength , length and Agility in amateur female athletes – a Prospective Analytical study , Vishnu Priya
Assessment of mobile device based educational intervention on breastfeeding technique in multigravida mothers and its effect on early infant feeding pattern- A randomized controlled trial. , Keerthi Raj
THERMAL ULTRASOUND, MANIPULATION AND EXERCISE ON PAIN AND MOUTH OPENING IN CHRONIC TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDER: A CASE REPORT , Suchita S. Rao
Correlation of Histopathology and Direct Immunofluorescence: Findings in clinically diagnosed Prurigo nodularis in a Tertiary care hospital , Haritha Reddy
EFFECT OF POSITIONING ON THE PAIN RESPONSE OF INFANTS VACCINATED WITH IPV AND PENTAVALENT (dtwp-HEPATITIS B-HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B) VACCINES , Sontosh Reddy
Assessment of the acceptable length of Right internal jugular central venous catheters. , Nivedhitha R
PRELEVANCE OF WORK RELATED DERMATOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN COVID-19 ERA , Rana R
COMPARISON OF TWO ROUTINE FACIAL EXERCISE PROTCOLS FOR BELL’S PALSY- A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL , Stephanie Santiago
Profiling selected speech characteristics in individuals with Chronic Cough , Nawal Palakkal Sathar
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BMC Medical Education volume 24 , Article number: 891 ( 2024 ) Cite this article
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Imaging techniques play a central role in modern medicine and therefore it would be beneficial for all medical students to incorporate radiology education in medical school curricula. However, a formal undergraduate radiology curriculum with well-defined learning objectives remains lacking in The Netherlands. This study aims to qualitatively ascertain opinions from clinicians (radiologists and non-radiologists) with regard to radiology education in the medical school curricula, including topics, teaching methods and strategies.
A qualitative study with in-depth semi-structured interviews was conducted. Inclusion was carried out until saturation was achieved, after which 2 additional interviews were held. Interviews were conducted using open-ended questions, following a predefined topic list. The constant comparative method was applied in order to include new questions when unexpected topics arose during the interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using a thematic analysis approach. Codes were organized into categories and themes by discussion between the researchers.
Forty-four clinicians were interviewed (8 radiologists, 36 non-radiologists). The three main themes that were derived from the interviews were: (1) expectations of indispensable knowledge and skills on radiology, (2) organization of radiology education within the medical curriculum and (3) promising educational innovations for the radiology curriculum. The qualitative study design provides more in-depth knowledge on clinicians’ views on educational topics.
The themes and statements of this study provided new insights into educational methods, timing of radiology education and new topics to teach. More research is needed to gain consensus on these subjects and inclusion of the opinion of medical students with regard to radiology education is needed.
• Radiology education in medical curricula was considered important by all interviewees
• Integrating radiology and anatomy in Longitudinal learning communities (LLC’s) could be a promising educational strategy
• Integration of ultrasound education in medical curricula should be investigated further
Peer Review reports
Imaging technologies play a central role in the practice of modern medicine. Therefore, it is not surprising that previous studies suggest that all medical students would benefit from (basic) knowledge concerning medical imaging technologies and radiology [ 24 , 37 , 63 ]. However, radiology education is not well integrated in the medical curricula [ 21 , 25 , 29 , 37 ] and students’ lacking knowledge can be potentially dangerous [ 19 , 63 ]. In turn, medical students (including interns) and residents reported a lack of confidence when interpreting radiology examinations, including (chest) radiographs [ 19 , 48 ]. Moreover, lacking radiological knowledge was found to be correlated with an overutilization of medical imaging services [ 27 ], leading to increased societal healthcare-related expenses. Consequently, a need for radiology education in medical schools is recognized among teachers, medical students and curriculum designers [ 1 , 29 , 37 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 52 , 61 ]. Albeit, the learning objectives of such a radiology curriculum remains a topic of debate [ 61 ]. Therefore, proper identification of useful learning objectives for radiology education in medical curricula should be carried out [ 23 , 54 , 60 , 61 ]. The first step of defining learning objectives is to determine which educational topics are important to teach [ 26 , 34 , 60 , 5 ].
When defining these, it is important to identify the opinions of both clinicians (radiologists and non-radiologists) and medical students since both groups influence which topics are considered important to teach during medical school [ 39 ]. Opinions on this topic diverse, due to the fast technological developments in this broad field, which covers nearly every medical discipline for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes [ 23 , 34 , 63 ]. Several studies have previously aimed to determine radiology curriculum topics by questioning different groups of physicians (both radiologists and non-radiologists) and educational experts using questionnaires [ 32 , 36 , 48 , 53 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 55 , 61 ]. Overall, these studies provided lists of interpretative and non-interpretative skills that respondents agreed on what should be taught in medical school regarding radiology. The most commonly mentioned interpretative skill concerned the systematic approach of reading chest radiographs [ 32 , 36 , 48 , 53 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 55 ]. Suggested non-interpretative skills were more diverse and included (a) the basic physical mechanisms of ionizing radiation, including knowledge on radiation risks [ 32 , 36 , 53 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 55 , 61 ], (b) the principles of justification of procedures (e.g., knowing when to use intravenous contrast agents) [ 32 , 36 , 48 , 53 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 55 , 61 ], and comprehension of the role, indications and limitations of diagnostic imaging (and interventional) techniques [ 32 , 36 , 48 , 53 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 55 , 61 ].
Nevertheless, the aforementioned studies used a survey-based approach in which rather pre-determined information is collected from a large group of participants [ 32 , 36 , 48 , 53 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 55 ]. This study aimed to build on this work by employing an inductive, qualitative approach, allowing for the opportunity to acquire participants’ opinions without any influence of preset questions and to explore these answers to gain more detailed information on a broad range of topics [ 22 , 58 ]. Therefore, it is possible to gain a more accurate insight into the wide diversity of current ideas on education on imaging technology that are continuously changing. Limitations of qualitative research, on the other hand, concern the labor-intensive nature of such studies, which explains why in most fields, qualitative data are lacking. Also, qualitative data are more subjective than quantitative data as the interviewee has more control over the content of the data. Therefore, unnecessary quantification of qualitative data should be avoided as it falsely suggests objective, statistically proven results [ 10 , 38 ].
Consequently, there is a recognized need for enhanced radiology education in medical schools among teachers, students, and curriculum designers. This study aimed to 1) Identify key topics that should be included in a radiology curriculum, 2) Determine effective teaching methods for radiology education and 3) Propose strategies for integrating radiology education into existing medical school curricula. Therefore, we qualitatively investigated the perspectives of clinicians (both radiologists and non-radiologists) on radiology education in medical curricula.
An exploratory inductive qualitative study focusing on the role of radiology education in medical curricula was performed. A pragmatic qualitative approach was used with the aim to identify topics in radiology education that clinicians considered important to embed in the medical curriculum. A sample of clinicians involved in medical education in the Netherlands was asked to provide their insights using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews were performed following an inductive iterative process using the constant comparative method [ 31 ]. This implies that if new topics arose during interviews, it was possible to explore these topics and thereby allowing new topics to be added to the interview guide during the experiment. The interview guide is provided in Table 1 . After interviewing, a thematic approach was used to analyze the data.
Relevant scientific literature was reviewed on learning objectives and teaching methods in radiology education in medical school. After reviewing the available literature, two researchers (F.H. en D.H.) constructed a topic list. An inductive iterative interviewing process was carried out using the constant comparative method [ 51 ]. Therefore, new topics could be added to the topic list during the interviews.
A list of eligible clinicians was constructed by reviewing hospitals and general practitioners within the training region of the university medical center in the east of The Netherlands (OpleidingsRegio Oost-Nederland). The contact person of each practice or department that provided a mandatory internship within the medical curriculum or an elective internship in radiology was contacted by e-mail in order to recruit eligible clinicians. Only clinical specialties embedding radiological imaging in their daily clinical practice were deemed eligible. Therefore, clinicians of the department of psychiatry, dermatology and ophthalmology were excluded from this study. The remaining clinicians were eligible if they participated in any medical curriculum in the Netherlands, regardless of being involved in the Bachelor’s or Master’s phase. Additionally, clinicians needed to be board-certified and actively working medical specialists, general practitioners or residents in radiology. Moreover, board-certified radiologists of the same training region who were involved in (any) medical curriculum in the Netherlands were included to provide more insight into what these “imaging experts” considered important to teach. Eligible clinicians were contacted by use of e-mail. After no initial response, the eligible clinicians were contacted again two weeks later. A third reminder was sent after a longer period of time, which varied from two weeks to three months. If no response was received, the participant was excluded from further inclusion.
This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Netherlands Association of Medical Education (NVMO, case number 2023.2.9). Before being interviewed, clinicians confirmed to participate in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all clinicians prior to the interview in which the clinicians consented to have the interview audio-recorded for further analyses. Moreover, all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All recorded data was stored on a secured disc, to which only one researcher (F.H.) had access. Transcribed data was stored and analyzed anonymously.
Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted by one of the researchers (F.H.). Clinicians decided in which way the interviews were held: in person, via electronic telecommunication software (i.e. Skype version 8.65.0.78; Skype Technologies, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg Palo Alto, CA, United States) or by telephone. In addition, four clinicians provided extensive answers to interview questions via e-mail. These data were also used in the data analysis. The interviews started with a short introduction of the research content followed by an open question on the participant’s thoughts on this matter. During the interviews, the interviewer used open-ended questions and encouraged the clinicians to speak openly and express their opinions, thoughts and considerations. The interviewer explained that there were no relations with the board of examiners, the university medical center educational board or the educational management team. In order to ensure reliable data, all interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim afterwards. Each transcript was thereafter analyzed using direct content analysis [ 30 ]. Starting after the first interview had taken place; transcriptions were coded line-by-line, through which a code list was created. Coding was continued after each interview. Inclusion of new participants was halted when no new topics and codes arose from this process, indicating that data saturation occurred. To confirm data saturation, two additional interviews were held. When confirmed, inclusion of new participants was stopped.
The interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively. The first four transcripts were independently analyzed by two researchers (F.H. and B.v.W.). Coding results were compared and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. If necessary, a third more experienced investigator (D.H.) could be asked to help resolve issues. Since there were no major discrepancies, further coding and analysis were carried out independently by one of the researchers (F.H.), who met periodically with one of the other researchers (D.H.) to discuss codes and themes until consensus was reached. The coding process was performed using Atlas.ti software, version 8.2.29.0 (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The constructed codebook was organized into categories and themes which arose after discussion of all the different codes between two of the researchers (F.H. and D.H.). Categories were used to group codes, which were then grouped into several themes. The categories and themes were shared with the other researchers in order to assess their validity.
A total of 97 eligible clinicians (radiologists; 10.3% and non-radiologists; 89.7%) were contacted by one of the researchers (F.H.) via e-mail between July and October 2020 (Table 2 ). Non-responders were excluded after a period of six months after the first e-mail was sent ( n = 44). Clinicians were also excluded if they expressed to have no active involvement in medical curricula ( n = 3) (Fig. 1 ). Of the included clinicians, four reactions were received via e-mail, while the other forty respondents provided their input by participating in an interview. The interviews lasted between 17 and 59 min. Participant characteristics are displayed in Table 2 .
Selection of the clinicians. 1 Six clinicians were not available due to lack of time . 2 Three contacted clinicians were excluded since they no longer worked for the specific training region
Ten categories of items were distilled from the transcribed codes, which were arranged in the following three themes (Fig. 2 ).
An overview of the subcategorized themes. Three themes accompanied by ten categories were derived from the interviews during the analysis after qualitative exploration of the opinions of clinicians and general practicioners on imaging technologies in medical school curricula
Anatomical knowledge.
Interviewees advocated that students need to be able to identify important anatomical landmarks and gross anatomical structures on the different radiologic imaging techniques. Knowledge of anatomy was believed to be the foundation of understanding a radiologic image by both radiologists and non-radiologists.
“It starts with that [knowledge of the human anatomy], as this forms the foundation of radiology. Then, you can also start interpreting medical images” – General Practitioner
“… but I sense that there is little attention for forming an idea on the anatomical relations. And in the end, that is the essence…” – Surgeon
Conversely, Computed Tomography scans (CT-scans) and Ultrasound (US) were suggested as ideal tools to teach anatomy in medical school. This was believed to benefit both anatomy education and radiology education. This combination provides clinical significance to anatomical structures as well as a three-dimensional insight into the anatomy. Furthermore, it would lead to early exposure to medical imaging in the curriculum. Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans (MRI-scans) were both suggested and dissuaded as a teaching tool because of their complexity.
Interviews with both radiologists and non-radiologists revealed that the ability to interpret a wide range of radiological studies should not be included as a learning objective in medical school. Learning to interpret specific radiological studies (e.g., CT study of the thorax, brain MRI) should be incorporated in post-academic education for residents in training, as there is a greater exposure to these specific radiological studies during this period. Nevertheless, interviewees stated four things a medical student should be able to do concerning radiographs: (1) distinguish abnormal from normal (recognizing gross abnormalities), (2) identify some very common pathologies (e.g., pulmonary infiltrates, common bone fractures, joint luxation, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, ischemia and malignancies), (3) identify acute diagnoses (e.g., vertebral fractures and pneumothorax on radiographs) and (4) acquire a systematic approach when reading radiographs (both chest radiographies and musculoskeletal radiographies). The extent to which these skills should be mastered under supervision was scarcely discussed and varied greatly.
Knowledge on the techniques of the four major different imaging modalities (radiography, CT, MRI and ultrasound) was regarded important as this provides knowledge on (contra-)indications and strengths and weaknesses of each imaging modality. It can also help a student interpret medical images as it helps to understand which structures are visible and why they are displayed in the way they are (e.g., the differences in size while comparing an AP- and PA-radiograph). It could also help students to understand the content of a radiological report (e.g., helping to understand why radiologists discuss patient positioning in their reports).
“You have to know the basics. You can order radiographs, a CT-scan, or an ultrasound or an MRI-scan. And the reason why you would choose one option or another is always different, but you always visualize something with it. I consider it important to know what a specific imaging technique shows you.” – Emergency doctor.
More specifically, it was considered important to have knowledge on the basics of ionization radiation, including its hazardous effects. For MR imaging, knowledge of the basic differences between T1-weighted-, T2-weighted-, and fluid-attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences were disclosed as important subjects to master for medical students.
In addition, the impact that a radiological examination has on a patient (both mentally as well as physically) should also be embedded in the medical curriculum. This would also help future healthcare professionals to inform their patients properly in order to achieve well-informed consent.
“...I think that it is good to know because we receive a lot of questions from patients about radiologic studies” – General Practitioner
The most common (contra-)indications and limitations of the most frequently used modalities are seen as imperative knowledge which a student should acquire in medical school. This includes insights in accuracy rates of different radiological imaging methods and how these rates are influenced by other factors, as well as the costs of the different modalities. It should be noted that some clinicians mentioned that keeping up with the quickly changing indications could be a challenge and another participant did not find knowledge in indication important. All believed that you should always consult a radiologist when in doubt.
The benefits and drawbacks of the use of contrast agents, especially in CT imaging, and its (contra-)indications are worth emphasizing, for it has been mentioned multiple times in the interviews and is apart from one explicit modality.
“I believe that it is very important that you know which radiological examinations are available and what you can use each one of them for. I also believe that it is very important that students are aware of the costs of the different imaging modalities and that they also take this into account when making a decision. And that they realize which study is useful for a specific question” – General Practitioner.
As each medical specialty has some level of experience with certain radiological imaging methods, it is important that students learn which techniques are used in various settings.. This was reported as a learning goal which should be achieved through experience-based learning (i.e., during internships). Also, clinicians expressed that it was paramount that students learn to write a concise though complete request for radiological imaging. In addition, students need to learn to look critically and should learn how to implement the radiologist's conclusion in the clinical setting for further medical management and/or follow-up.
Finally, students should also learn to consult the radiologist when questions arise regarding the most optimal imaging method or the radiological conclusion and how to interpret it.
“Radiological findings are subjected to interpretation: someone sees an abnormality and expects it to be something. And those expectations are supported or undermined by the clinical presentation and you have to either provide this knowledge to the radiologist or have to take this into account yourself”—ENT-specialist.
“I noticed that they [students and junior doctors] have no comprehension of contrast agents and therefore just follow guidelines which state to ‘Check renal function’. They have no idea why and whether they have to order for contrast agents” – Radiologist.
Timing and emphasizing responsibilities.
Most interviewees were convinced that during the Bachelor’s phase (i.e., the first three years of the university curriculum), imaging technology education needs to focus on the differences between modalities from a technical point of view. During those three years, radiological images should be used to help students understand the technical basis of imaging and recognize anatomical structures. This should gradually evolve into using radiological images to recognize simple pathology at the end of the Bachelor’s phase (e.g., bone fractures, pneumonia, pneumothorax). During the Master’s phase (last three years of university curriculum), the interviewees considered applied radiology as an important learning goal. This education could then be combined with recapitulating the anatomy.
“I think that it should definitely be addressed in the Bachelor’s phase, but that the subjects in radiology that are embedded in an internship should be addressed in more detailed and specific way before that internship. I am actually getting thrilled by that idea”—General practitioner.
It was believed that students will get more familiar with radiology when learning about imaging technologies is combined with anatomy and repeated over the years. Doing this while emphasizing different aspects of radiology during different learning phases of students, was also believed to result in a greater feeling of competence for medical students, especially with regard to chest radiographs and musculoskeletal radiographs. Therefore, radiology education during the Master’s phase of medicine should also focus on basic, structured interpretation of chest radiographs.
Interviewees suggested incorporating Entrusted Professional Abilities (EPAs) for radiology in the internships, so that radiology knowledge can be reviewed and improved continuously. Therefore, the knowledge of radiology can be monitored during the internships in the same way the discipline of radiology is integrated through all the different specialisms in medicine.
Longitudinal subject planning.
The idea of Longitudinal Learning Communities (LLCs) in radiology was discussed during all interviews. LLCs were defined as a community-based approach to learning during a time period of more than 1 year, encouraging meaningful student interaction and small-group learning as well as peer-group evaluation. LLCs were believed to help students to develop a collaborative approach to clinical practice, particularly in radiology. Clinicians believed that a timely repetition of anatomical and radiological knowledge before an internship would result in an improved learning experience.
Three clinicians, all non-radiologists, did not support more radiology education in already overcrowded medical curricula. One participant explicitly expressed that an LLC in radiology would take up too much time. Other interviewees (both radiologists and non-radiologists), however, considered radiology to be important enough to devote attention to, for example by use of LLCs. One participant also suggested saving time by combining the LLC with anatomy and physiology education throughout the medical curriculum. The learning materials used in such LLCs on radiology education were discussed as well. Suggested teaching methods included e-learnings and interactive workgroups. Additionally, the use of clinical cases during education as a form of applied radiology was expressed by many. Nevertheless, discrepancies remained with regard to the different teaching forms. Proposed forms were interactive teaching forms, clinical cases, lectures, computer orientated education, e-learnings, workshops, self-study, seminars, learning during the internships themselves (via specific educational moments, multidisciplinary meetings, during consulting hours at the outpatient department, radiology meetings, before surgery or via assignments). Clinicians expressed that they found it difficult to decide which educational methods would create the best learning environment for students.
Some additions to the described LLC were mentioned during the interviews. Several clinicians, both radiologists and non-radiologists, suggested adding practical ultrasound education to the LLC’s. One participant highlighted the importance of recapitulation shortly before practical education, also called in-time learning. This person believed that students would benefit more from good references, so they would know where to look when they need it and have clear learning objectives for radiology during their internships.
‘…I strongly believe that just in time learning would be a valuable option. If you simply teach students in-time where to find specific knowledge on radiology, they will use it when they need it the most. Then, all they need to do is practice their knowledge” – Geriatrician.
‘If you learn about radiological examinations relevant in the clinical practice that you are about to embark in, you will learn the basics just prior to your internship and the clinical context will help you to complete the picture. Together, I would consider this a rich learning experience for students” – Radiologist.
Due to a lack of time in the medical curriculum, most of the interviewees would not opt for the incorporation of a mandatory internship in radiology. Nevertheless, it was considered an important elective internship. Only one participant believed it was important to create time for a mandatory internship.
On the other hand, interviewees expressed that some practical experience in radiology for all medical students would be beneficial to: (1) gain insight into the tasks of a radiologist, (2) become aware of one’s own strengths and limitations regarding reading radiological examinations and (3) learn how to establish an optimal collaboration between radiologist and clinician. It was mentioned that such “intern days” could be integrated into the proposed LLCs in radiology or in various internships such as emergency and internal medicine or surgery.
“I consider it a good idea to offer it as an internship for choice, apart from the LLC”- Internal medicine doctor
There was some discussion with regard to learning the skill of interpretation of a chest radiograph and the skill to perform a point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). Chest radiography in itself takes a prominent place in radiology education and was believed to deserve a specific view on learning goals. There is an emerging use of POCUS in health care and the opinions on what should be taught on this subject diverse widely. Some interviewees thought that integrating POCUS as an intra-curricular learning goal would take up too much time to really let students master this skill. On the other hand, others were eager to implement teaching POCUS in the medical curriculum as it could serve as an extension on the physical examination with immediate results, low costs and high mobility with hand-held devices. It was mentioned that since so little is taught on ultrasound, there is so much to gain out of a bit more education.
“If you ask me, we will all throw out our stethoscope and let everyone have an ultrasound machine and I do believe that time will come. I just do not know how soon” – Emergency doctor
This study elucidated the views of both radiologists and non-radiologists and grouped these views in three themes: 1) Expectations with regard to educational topics in radiology education; 2) Teaching strategies with regard to radiology education; and 3) Promising educational strategies in radiology education.
These findings are largely corroborated by others. For example, Subramaniam et al. [ 53 , 55 , 55 ] also showed that radiology education should include the teaching of (contra-)indications for different imaging techniques, skills to systematically review chest and musculoskeletal radiographs, skills to identify gross abnormalities on radiographs and teaching students how to fit important findings in the clinical setting. However, contradictory to the studies of Subramaniam et al., interviewees did not express the reading of abdominal radiographs as an educational topic, which can be explained by the ongoing development of radiology in the clinical setting [ 2 , 57 ]. At the time of the publication of the papers of Subramaniam et al., abdominal radiographs had a more prominent clinical role than today.
Interviewees in this study stated that basic anatomical knowledge is needed to fully comprehend imaging studies. However, as less time is being assigned to anatomy education in medical curricula [ 18 , 35 , 4 ], learning about radiological examinations could become more complicated for students. Also, as Kourdioukova et al. [ 33 ] mention in their paper, Problem Based Curricula create a building block approach in which radiology and radiologic anatomy is relatively underrepresented in examinations. Integration of applied anatomy and applied radiology has been commonly suggested to optimize quality of anatomy and radiology education in modern medical curricula, [ 4 , 14 , 28 , 36 ]. This was also objectified as radiology small group teaching significantly improved anatomy scores [ 8 , 9 ] and radiology skills [ 40 ]. Additionally, combining radiology and anatomy education has been described to be easily implementable in existing preclinical curricula, because it requires few additional resources [ 62 ]. Integration of radiology education with other disciplines has also been suggested [ 42 ]. Interestingly, in the current study, MRI sequence which were considered basic knowledge comprised T1-weighted images, T2-weighted images and FLAIR images, whereas other sequences were not mentioned. Fat suppression techniques were not discussed, although several advantages are well-known in for example neuroradiology [ 56 ] and imaging of the musculoskeletal system [ 16 ]. Also, the use of diffusion-weighted imaging was not mentioned as part of the basic knowledge that a medical student must obtain. Possibly, clinicians omitted these sequence as the physical concepts are somewhat more complex to explain to students during rotations. However, the exact motives remain elusive. Together with the positive feedback to the LLC in the interviews of this study, a balanced integration of radiology education in various subjects of teaching could be a promising next step for radiology educators.
Other innovative teaching methods which might play a role in the future of anatomy and radiology education, such as augmented reality, virtual reality and combined use of these techniques with radiological data were not mentioned during the interviews. Nevertheless, several publications point out the possible advantages of each individual technique [ 6 , 3 , 12 , 13 , 41 ].
Although in this study chest radiographs were considered an important educational topic in medical school, there was a wide diversity in opinion to what extent a student should master this subcategory of imaging technologies. Even though this study was not able to provide results to what extent of supervision level or entrusted professional activity a medical student should master this skill, this study was the first that objectified this wide diversity in opinions. We believe this should be investigated more profoundly to be able to create a properly adjusted learning objective on this topic. Especially since Eisen and colleagues found that only 15% of their study population, consisting of medical students, interns, residents and fellows, felt capable to interpret chest radiographs independently in an academic medical center setting [ 19 ]. This lack of confidence has been found by others as well [ 7 , 11 ].
Lastly, teaching ultrasound was a topic of debate in our study, which was widely discussed among the interviewees. This observed discrepancy is in line with literature on this topic [ 36 , 50 ]. Although ultrasound has been described as an educational tool to improve anatomy knowledge, physical examination skills, increase diagnostic accuracy and advance patient safety, the evidence regarding the effects of ultrasound education on these outcomes is very limited [ 20 ]. Nevertheless, various studies reported that medical students consider ultrasound education as valuable [ 15 , 17 , 46 , 49 , 59 ]. Despite this increased demand of ultrasound education in medical school, studies showed that hands-on education of ultrasound is taught at a minority of universities in Europe and the United States [ 43 , 45 ]. More research is needed to either create insight into the learning objectives of ultrasound in medical curricula or to chart the potential benefits of teaching ultrasound in medical school. Additionally, the effects of using ultrasound for educational goals on learning outcomes should be studied as well.
The major strength of this study was the qualitative study design as a recent review highlighted that quality research is needed to investigate when and how radiology should be included in medical education [ 8 , 9 ]. A second strength concerns the exploration of the thoughts and opinions of a wide variety of clinicians included in this study. The sparse availability of recent scientific literature on the teaching of a dynamic subject like medical imaging illustrates that this is a relatively understudied domain and, simultaneously, shows the importance of the present work. This work, however, is not without its limitations. One limitation of this study was formed by the strictly defined inclusion criteria which only allowed clinicians from one region within The Netherlands to participate. The ideas on this topic within this region can differ from others since every training region has its own personal and cultural view on certain subjects and specific spearheads. This limitation regarding generalizability of the reported themes might also exist for the clinicians’ views on radiology education in countries other than The Netherlands. Secondly, this study population cannot be considered as a generalizable population of clinicians which are involved in medical education. For example, the number of radiologists participating in this study was larger as compared to the number of general practitioners (Table 2 ). Therefore, radiologists were overrepresented in the study population. In addition, some medical disciplines, such as psychiatry, ophthalmology and dermatology were excluded from this interview study due to the fact that these clinicians do not frequently encounter radiology. However, the risk of potential bias is limited as the nature of this study and research question did not warrant the inclusion of these clinicians. Furthermore, a limitation of the qualitative study design concerns the relative subjectivity of the results as participants hold control over the content of the data. This prevents quantification of the results and warrants future studies to investigate the statistical significance of the here described findings [ 10 , 38 ]. Additionally, it must be noted that clinicians are no education experts. Future implementation of these results should be carried out in close collaboration with education experts.
This qualitative study provided more in-depth knowledge on well-known topics with regard to radiology education in medical curricula. More knowledge with regard to educational methods, timing of radiology education was distilled and several new topics arose. This includes thoughts on educating ultrasound skills to undergraduates and the views on a longitudinal learning community in radiology in order to integrate imaging technologies in a problem based medical curriculum. It was recommended that radiology education should be more embedded in the medical curriculum and various educational strategies and topics to achieve this were suggested. Nevertheless, to which extent these educational topics should be mastered, what resulting learning objectives will need to entail and how to evaluate them need further research.
The dataset generated from the interviews and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available since individual privacy could potentially be compromised but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Longitudinal learning community/curriculum
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The authors would like to acknowledge Beau van Woudenberg, MSc, for his help with coding the interviews and with his valuable insights into qualitative research methods. No potential conflict of interest was reported.
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Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Frederike S. Harthoorn & Sascha W. J. Scharenborg
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Frederike S. Harthoorn, Sascha W. J. Scharenborg, Monique Brink, Liesbeth Peters-Bax & Dylan Henssen
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FH contributed to the design of the study, the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data and drafted the work. SS and MB have substantively revised the work. LPB designed the study and substantively revised the work. DH supervised the whole project and consequently contributed to the design of the study and to revisions of the work. All authors approve the submitted version of this article and have agreed to both to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated, resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature.
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This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Netherlands Association of Medical Education (NVMO, case number 2023.2.9). Before being interviewed, clinicians confirmed to participate in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all clinicians prior to the interview in which the clinicians consented to have the interview audio-recorded for further analyses. Moreover, all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
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Harthoorn, F.S., Scharenborg, S.W.J., Brink, M. et al. Radiology education for medical students: a qualitative exploration of educational topics, teaching methods and future strategies. BMC Med Educ 24 , 891 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05879-0
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Introduction. A thesis or dissertation, as some people would like to call it, is an integral part of the Radiology curriculum, be it MD, DNB, or DMRD. We have tried to aggregate radiology thesis topics from various sources for reference. Not everyone is interested in research, and writing a Radiology thesis can be daunting.
Radiology Dissertation topics - Based on The Latest Study and Research. Published by Ellie Cross at December 29th, 2022 , Revised On May 16, 2024 A dissertation is an essential part of the radiology curriculum for an MD, DNB, or DMRD degree programme. Dissertations in radiology can be very tricky and challenging due to the complexity of the ...
This page aims to provide students studying health sciences with a comprehensive collection of radiology research paper topics to inspire and guide their research endeavors. By delving into various categories and exploring ten thought-provoking topics within each, students can gain insights into the diverse research possibilities in radiology.
Topics for a Radiology dissertation. Multislice CT scan, barium swallow and their role in the estimation of the length of oesophageal tumors. Malignant Lesions-A Prospective Study. Ultrasonography is an important tool for the diagnosis of acute abdominal disease in children.
Follow. 4 min read. ·. Feb 9, 2023. Radiology is a crucial medical specialty involving imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRI, CT, and ultrasound to diagnose and treat various medical conditions ...
Focal Spot/Area/Zone is a term used in radiology to refer to the area of the body that is being imaged. It is the area where the X-ray beam is focused and is usually the size of a pinhead. Popular examples include mammograms, which focus on the breast tissue, and CT scans, which focus on the head or chest.
Radiology Dissertation Topics. In the past, radiology mainly involved X-Rays, but today, there are many forms of radiology. The following are the directions in which you can find a really interesting and unusual dissertation. As you can see, these topics discuss new technology, their relevance, and their pros and cons. History of Radiology
Here are some radiology research/thesis topics and ideas; (1) Estimation of Ocular Axial Length Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique Among Adults in Jos Metropolis, North-Central Nigeria. The purposes of this study are to generate an indigenous normogram for ocular axial lengths in a Nigerian population, determine whether there are ...
Development of the novel, interactive e-learning package on pelvic RT late effects. Developed using Articulate 360 software with support from the hospital's blended learning team. In order to remain engaging for users, interactive material was incorporated including sliding scales and click-to-reveal boxes. To demonstrate the impact of late ...
All pages must be numbered except the title page. Preliminary pages are numbered sequentially using Roman numerals. All other pages are numbered with Arabic numerals. Please be aware of the following information as you format your thesis or dissertation: The title page counts as page i, but the number does not appear.
List of thesis topics for Radiology MD/DNB Visit RadioGyan.com for more radiology content. Evaluation of focal breast lesions using ultrasound elastography. Evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease using ultrasound elastography. Evaluation of focal pancreatic lesions by multidetector CT and perfusion CT.
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Interventional radiology.' Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago ...
Video (online) Consult the top 39 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Radiology and radiologists.'. Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA ...
Title of the Dissertation. Duration (From-To) 1. Dr. Nikhil Mahesh. Dr. P. H. Patil. Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and Diffusion weighted imaging characterization of supratentorial brain tumors - A one-year Hospital Based cross sectional study. 2022-2024. 2. Dr Ishita Thukral.
University of Bolton Postgraduate Theses. Digital copies of UoB Postgraduate Theses can be found on the University's Institutional Repository, UBIR . You can search for a thesis by title, or browse by department. Print copies of postgraduate theses are held in the Peter Marsh Library. Please ask at the Library Helpdesk for details.
Consult the top 24 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Pediatric radiology.' Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago ...
Posted on August 5, 2015 (August 5, 2015) by Chika Akanoh. We have randomly selected Current Project topics in Medical Radiography and Radiographical Science fields. These topics can be developed in many ways and we have materials for these topics listed and more to guide you throughout your research work. These topics include:
The document discusses the challenges of writing a dissertation in diagnostic radiography, including selecting a suitable topic, conducting extensive research, and presenting arguments while meeting high academic standards. It states that help is available from HelpWriting.net, whose experienced writers specialize in radiography dissertations and can assist with research, writing, and ensuring ...
Acta Radiol. 2004 Oct;45(6):600. doi: 10.1080/02841850410008234. Author Kjell Jonsson
Afribary curates list of academic papers and project topics in Radiology. You can browse Radiology project topics and materials, Radiology thesis topics, Radiology dissertation topics, Radiology seminar topics, Radiology essays, Radiology text books, lesson notes in Radiology and all academic papers in Radiology field.
Radiology Dissertation Topics - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses the challenges of writing a radiology dissertation, including selecting an appropriate topic from radiology's vast realm, performing extensive research and data analysis, and addressing technical complexities. It introduces HelpWriting.net as offering specialized ...
Theses/Dissertations from 2021 PDF "The Impact of Self-Stigma of Seeking Help and Perceived Social Support on Burnout among Clinical Psychologists", Aavrita A. PDF. The impact of self-stigma of seeking help &percieved social support on burnout among clinical psychologists., Aavrita . PDF
Background Imaging techniques play a central role in modern medicine and therefore it would be beneficial for all medical students to incorporate radiology education in medical school curricula. However, a formal undergraduate radiology curriculum with well-defined learning objectives remains lacking in The Netherlands. This study aims to qualitatively ascertain opinions from clinicians ...
Robyn Spears, a doctoral candidate in the Department of History, will defend her dissertation at noon on Tuesday, Sept. 10, at 412 Old Main. The title of Spears' dissertation is "First Latter-day Saint Women Baptized in Europe and Oceania: Ann Cottam Dawson (1785-1849) and Terii (ca. 1800-ca. 1860)."
Library Repository Fee from each Post Graduate student and Research Scholar when they submit their Thesis/Dissertation to the University. 500/-. 90/-. 590/-. The above fees shall come into effect from 07.05.2019. G.S.T. with effect from 17.06.2019. (Students are requested to give address of gmail account only also check your inbox/spam for all ...