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CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF, Paper Pattern, Project Work

The CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 is analyzed part by part in this article. You can also download the the official class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025 from here.

Table of Contents

The CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 is officially published by the Central Board of Secondary Education. The Class 12 Economics 2025 Syllabus is basically divided into 3 sections – Some introductory macroeconomics, Indian economic development, and project work.

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 of theory paper consists of two distinct parts. The Macroeconomics parts give knowledge about Introductory Macroeconomics, Government Budget and the Economy, National Income and Related Aggregates, Money and Banking, Determination of Income and Employment, and Balance of Payments.

The Indian Economic Development includes Development Experience (1947-90), Economic Reforms since 1991, Current Challenges Faced by the Indian Economy, Development Experience of India, economic Comparison with Neighbours, and other topics. These topics create a solid base for the students who want to do higher studied with economics subject.

CBSE Economics Syllabus 2024-25 Class 12: Overview

The CBSE Economics Theory paper carries a total of 80 marks, 40 marks asked from part A and 40 marks from part B. The project work is worth 20 marks.

Class 12 Economics Paper Pattern 2025

CBSE Class 12 Economics paper 2025 is divided broadly into 3 parts. 55% of the economics question paper is based on understanding and concepts, 22.50% is on applying those, 18% of the paper is based on Analysing, Evaluating, and Creating.

Read the detailed CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 below –

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates (30 Periods)

What is Macroeconomics? Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation. Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method. Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare

Unit 2: Money and Banking (15 Periods)

Money – meaning and functions, supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment 30 Periods

Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal). Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy (17 Periods) Government budget – meaning, objectives and components. Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts; Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments (18 Periods) Balance of payments account – meaning and components; Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate. Managed Floating exchange rate system

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991: 28 Periods A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade. Economic Reforms since 1991: Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST

Unit 7: Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy 60 Periods

Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India Rural development: Key issues – credit and marketing – role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming – organic farming Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience of India: (12 Periods) A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan India and China Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators

Part C: Project in Economics 20 Periods

The discussion about projects is in the last part of the article.

Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF

Students can download the Economics syllabus pdf from the given link in the box below. This CBSE Economics Syllabus PDF contains both the class 11 and class 12 economics syllabus, exam pattern, and other important information.

CBSE Class 12 Economics Prescribed Books

The board has recommended these 5 listed Class 12 Economics books in their official syllabus pdf.

1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT 2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT 3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT 4. Macroeconomics, NCERT 5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium.

CBSE Class 12 Economics Projects 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Economics 2025 syllabus includes different project work. The objectives of the project works are discussed below.

dig deeper into theoretical ideas learned in grades XI and XII.
Analyze and evaluate real-world economic scenarios using theoretical frameworks and arguments.
demonstrate their understanding of economic theory.
Follow up on topics of interest in economics and improve communication skills for logical arguments. The project work expectations are as follows:
Each academic session, learners will complete one project of 3,500-4,000 words (excluding diagrams and graphs), ideally handwritten. This project will be an autonomous, self-directed study.

Scope of the Economics Project

Learners may work on the following lines as a suggested flow chart:
Choose a title/topic Collection of the research material/data
Organization of material/data Present material/data
Analyzing the material/data for conclusion Draw the relevant conclusion
Presentation of the Project Work

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Is CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 released?

Yes, it is published on the official website of CBSE Board - https://cbseacademic.nic.in/.

How to download CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25?

The direct Economics Syllabus 2025 download link is provided on this page.

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An Analysis on the Unemployment Rate in the Philippines: A Time Series Data Approach

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(Pdf) Unemployment and Factors Affecting Unemployment in Developing
unemployment by 0.140 and 0.202 units, respectively. Finally, when the data are analyzed in Turkey, it is unde rstood that increase of 1 unit fer tility rate increased unemployment by 17.180 units.
(PDF) What Is Unemployment
Introduction. ' The definition of an unemployed person is someone of working age (16 and up), jobless, able and available to work, and actively looking for a job '. This means anyone. without ...
PDF Unemployment in The Time of Covid-19: National Bureau of Economic Research
ce of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. The unemployment rate jumped upfrom its. istorica. ly low level of 3.5 percent in February to 14.7 perce. t in April. The pathof the un. he unemployment rate started to decline rather quickly. and had declined by7 percentage poi. ment rate and mo.
(PDF) A Systematic Literature Review and Analysis of Unemployment
unemployment agree that seeking jobs and the ability to work. are the main characteristics of unemployed people. Since. unemployment leads to negative e conomic, social, and. security outcomes [5 ...
PDF The Impacts of Covid-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence ...
negatively impact minority unemployment, and recent research shows that Latinx also have higher unemployment rates and cyclical sensitivity than whites (e.g. Couch, Fairlie and Xu 2018; Hoynes, Miller, and Schaller 2012; Orrenius and Zavodny 2010).1. In this paper, we explore how COVID-19 affected minority unemployment. We explore two main ...
PDF Consequences of Long-Term Unemployment
The long-term unemployed also tend to earn less once they find new jobs. They tend to be in poorer health and have children with worse academic performance than similar workers who avoided unemployment. Communities with a higher share of long-term unemployed workers also tend to have higher rates of crime and violence.
PDF The Long-term Impact of The Covid-19 Unemployment Shock On
d the diferent groups identified based on race and gender. For the overall population, the increase in the death rate following the COVID-19 pandemic implies a staggering 0.84 and 1.22 million. excess deaths over the next 15 and 20 years, respectively. For African-Americans, we estimate 200 thousand and 290 thousand.
Jessica Reale, Frederik Banning, Michael Roos July 31, 2024 arXiv:2407
Recent research and policy discussions have increasingly recognised the importance of integrating job quality measures into evaluations of labour market policies (Green, 2020). This recognition thus goes beyond monetary considerations as job quality is also determined ... This paper joins the debate about unemployment benefits and job-matching
PDF A STUDY ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN BHUTAN By ...
Wangmo, Deki. From the beginning of the 20th century, unemployment was articulated as an alarming issue in the world. In particular, youth unemployment has gained its concern by wake of the 21st century. There are varying ideas and thoughts about the effects and causes of unemployment in the world. The consequences of unemployment are not short ...
PDF The challenge of youth unemployment
In the UK, for example, the Department for Education and Employment (1997) estimate the unemployment rates of all ethnic minorities (Spring 1996) to be 17.6% compared to a rate of 7.7% for "Whites". This is despite the fact that ethnic minorities tend to have higher participation rates in education30.
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the South African government. As a result, this research investigates the determining factors which cause unemployment in South Africa and proposes a policy recommendation to alleviate unemployment in South Africa. The determinants of unemployment are analysed using Johansen cointegration analysis technique from an
(PDF) A STUDY ON UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Learn about the causes and effects of unemployment in India from this comprehensive paper. Download the PDF and cite it on ResearchGate.
PDF T I U -BEING IN THE
devastating effects of unemployment on individual well-being. Economists have emphasised income and consumption consequences (Browning & Crossley, 1998; Bentolila & Ichino, 2002), while other research papers have emphasised the physical, mental and emotional damage of unemployment (for example, Argyle, 1999; Darity & Goldsmith, 1996; Clark &
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This paper studies whether special pandemic-era unemployment benefits reduced employment. The American Rescue Plan, enacted in March 2021, extended previous pandemic-era measures that expanded eligibility for Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits to workers who are typically ineligible for state UI programs (Pandemic Unemployment Assistance; PUA)
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In 2016, youth unemployment in North Africa was at 30.6 per cent 24 and 12.9% in. Sub-Saharan Africa.25 South Africa was ranked fourth in youth unemployment levels. globally at 52.6 per cent, with Libya ranking seventh at 48.9% as of 2014.26 South. African youth are still vulnerable in the labour market.
16 a Study on The Causes and Impact of Unemployment in India
The paper analyzes how an increase in population, poverty, illiteracy, inflation and lack of full employment can lead to a slowdown in the growth of the economy.The paper discusses the problems faced by the economy due to high rate of unemployment and recommends strategies to improve the current status of employment in the country.
PDF Unemployment and Its Determinants:A Study of Pakistan Economy ...
Conclusions and recommendations are in section 5 of paper. 2. Literature Review Unemployment is becoming the most important and critical issue in Pakistan. Dramatic increase in growth of high level of unemployment is big headache for less-developed as well as developed countries. High level of unemployment can create number of social problems.
PDF Unemployment in India
The reason I wanted to conduct a research on unemployment was because of sharp increase in the unemployment rate touching 9.1% in December, 2020. And this increase was seen highest from the time when India started recovery in June, as November marked unemployment rate of 6.5%. The unemployment rate was seen rising steadily during weeks in December.
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insurance receipts. Similarly, we construct unemployment income as all payments from the unemployment insurance. Second, we construct variables that measure the employment history of the individuals. We deﬁne an unemployment indicator which equals unity if the individual received unemployment beneﬁts in a given year.17 In addition, we construct
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In this paper we use state-level data on unemployment rates and trade protection from India to examine what the data say. We find little evidence to support the view that unemployment rises with ...
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to use news sentiment as a leading indicator of unemployment. The closer relationship between news sentiment and the arears data compared to unemployment is not surprising. While early-stage arrears metrics capture a range of borrowers experiencing mild and moderate financial stress, the unemployment rate is a more slow-moving economic variable.
PDF Unemployment Benefits and Unemployment in the Great Recession: The Role
a regression of log state unemployment in quarter ton the log of contemporaneous bene t 2One line of research has studied the e ects of unemployment bene ts on unemployment using cross-country regressions. While this literature typically nds much larger e ects than those implied by the micro studies, these
CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 PDF, Paper Pattern ...
Class 12 Economics Paper Pattern 2025. CBSE Class 12 Economics paper 2025 is divided broadly into 3 parts. 55% of the economics question paper is based on understanding and concepts, 22.50% is on applying those, 18% of the paper is based on Analysing, Evaluating, and Creating.
(PDF) An Analysis on the Unemployment Rate in the Philippines: A Time
Conclusion. This paper aims to forecast the unemployment rate in the Philippines using a time series model. The. formulated model for estimating and forecasting the unem ployment rate in the ...