cause and effect essay about dogs

Essay Papers Writing Online

How to master the art of writing a successful cause and effect essay that captivates your readers and earns you top grades.

Are you intrigued by the interconnected nature of events and phenomena? Do you aspire to unravel the hidden threads that link causes to effects? Crafting a cause and outcome essay provides an excellent platform to explore and dissect these connections, allowing you to showcase your analytical skills and express your ideas with precision and clarity.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve deep into the art of writing cause and outcome essays, equipping you with effective strategies, invaluable tips, and real-life examples that will help you master the craft. Whether you are a seasoned writer looking to enhance your skills or a beginner eager to embark on a new writing journey, this guide has got you covered.

Throughout this journey, we will navigate the intricate realm of cause and outcome relationships, examining how actions, events, and circumstances influence one another. We will explore the essential elements of a cause and outcome essay, honing in on the importance of a strong thesis statement, logical organization, and compelling evidence. By the end of this guide, you will possess the necessary tools to produce a captivating cause and outcome essay that engages your readers and leaves a lasting impact.

Tips for Writing a Cause and Effect Essay

When composing a paper that focuses on exploring the connections between actions and their consequences, there are several essential tips that can help you write a compelling cause and effect essay. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your essay is well-structured, clear, and effectively communicates your ideas.

By following these tips, you can enhance your ability to write a compelling cause and effect essay. Remember to analyze the causes and effects carefully, organize your ideas effectively, provide clear explanations, use transitional words, and proofread your essay to ensure a polished final piece of writing.

Understand the Purpose and Structure

One of the most important aspects of writing a cause and effect essay is understanding its purpose and structure. By understanding these key elements, you can effectively communicate the relationship between causes and effects, and present your argument in a clear and organized manner.

In a cause and effect essay, the purpose is to analyze the causes of a specific event or phenomenon and explain the effects that result from those causes. This type of essay is often used to explore the connections between different factors and to demonstrate how one event leads to another.

To structure your cause and effect essay, consider using a chronological or sequential order. Start by introducing the topic and providing some background information on the causes you will discuss. Then, present your thesis statement, which should clearly state your main argument or claim.

In the body paragraphs, discuss each cause or group of causes in a separate paragraph. Provide detailed explanations, examples, and evidence to support your claims. Make sure to use transitional words and phrases to guide the reader through your essay and to show the logical progression of causes and effects.

Finally, in the conclusion, summarize your main points and restate your thesis, reinforcing your overall argument. You can also discuss the broader implications of your analysis and suggest possible solutions or further research.

By understanding the purpose and structure of a cause and effect essay, you can effectively convey your ideas and arguments to your readers. This will help them follow your reasoning and see the connections between causes and effects, leading to a more convincing and impactful essay.

Choose a Topic

When embarking on the journey of writing a cause and effect essay, one of the first steps is to choose an engaging and relevant topic. The topic sets the foundation for the entire essay, determining the direction and scope of the content.

To select an effective topic, it is important to consider your interests, as well as the interests of your intended audience. Think about subjects that captivate you and inspire curiosity. Consider current events, personal experiences, or areas of study that pique your interest. By choosing a topic that you are genuinely passionate about, you will be more motivated to conduct thorough research and present compelling arguments.

Additionally, it is essential to select a topic that is relevant and meaningful. Identify an issue or phenomenon that has a clear cause-and-effect relationship, allowing you to explore the connections and consequences in depth. Look for topics that are timely and impactful, as this will ensure that your essay resonates with readers and addresses significant issues in society.

Moreover, a well-chosen topic should have enough depth and breadth to support a comprehensive analysis. Avoid selecting topics that are too broad or shallow, as this can make it challenging to delve into the causes and effects in a meaningful way. Narrow down your focus to a specific aspect or aspect of a broader topic to ensure that you have enough material to explore and analyze.

In conclusion, choosing a topic for your cause and effect essay is a critical step that will shape the entire writing process. By selecting a topic that aligns with your interests, is relevant and meaningful, and has enough depth and breadth, you will lay the foundation for a compelling and informative essay.

Conduct Thorough Research

Before diving into writing a cause and effect essay, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive research on the topic of your choice. This research phase will provide you with the necessary background information and context to develop a strong and well-supported essay.

During the research process, explore various sources such as books, academic journals, reputable websites, and credible news articles. Utilize synonyms for “research” like “investigate” or “explore” to keep your writing engaging and varied.

Avoid relying solely on a single source or biased information. Instead, strive to gather a variety of perspectives and data points that will enhance the credibility and validity of your essay.

Take notes as you research, highlighting key points, statistics, and quotes that you may want to include in your essay. Organize your findings in a clear and structured manner, making it easier to refer back to them as you begin writing.

Incorporating well-researched evidence and supporting examples into your cause and effect essay will lend credibility to your arguments, making them more persuasive and convincing. By conducting thorough research, you will be able to present a well-rounded and informed analysis of the topic you are writing about.

Create an Outline

One of the crucial steps in writing any type of essay, including cause and effect essays, is creating an outline. An outline helps to organize your thoughts and ideas before you start writing, ensuring that your essay has a clear and logical structure. In this section, we will discuss the importance of creating an outline and provide some tips on how to create an effective outline for your cause and effect essay.

When creating an outline, it is important to start with a clear understanding of the purpose and main points of your essay. Begin by identifying the main cause or event that you will be discussing, as well as its effects or consequences. This will serve as the foundation for your outline, allowing you to structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner.

Once you have identified the main cause and effects, it is time to organize your ideas into a clear and logical order. One effective way to do this is by using a table. Create a table with two columns, one for the cause and one for the effect. Then, list the main causes and effects in each column, using bullet points or short phrases. This will help you see the connections between the different causes and effects, making it easier to write your essay.

In addition to listing the main causes and effects, it is also important to include supporting details and examples in your outline. These can help to strengthen your argument and provide evidence for your claims. Include specific examples, facts, and statistics that support each cause and effect, and organize them under the relevant point in your outline.

Lastly, make sure to review and revise your outline before you start writing your essay. Check for any gaps in your logic or missing information, and make any necessary adjustments. Your outline should serve as a roadmap for your essay, guiding you through the writing process and ensuring that your essay is well-structured and coherent.

In conclusion, creating an outline is an essential step in writing a cause and effect essay. It helps to organize your thoughts and ideas, ensuring that your essay has a clear and logical structure. By identifying the main cause and effects, organizing your ideas into a table, including supporting details and examples, and reviewing your outline, you can create an effective outline that will guide you through the writing process.

Develop the Body Paragraphs

Once you have identified the main causes and effects of the topic you are writing about, it is time to develop your body paragraphs. In these paragraphs, you will present specific evidence and examples to support your claims. The body of your essay should be well-structured and focused, with each paragraph addressing a single cause or effect.

Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point you will be discussing. Then, provide detailed explanations and evidence to support your argument. This can include statistics, research findings, expert opinions, or personal anecdotes. Remember to use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.

In order to make your writing more coherent, you can use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and create a logical flow between paragraphs. Words like “because”, “as a result”, “therefore”, and “consequently” can be used to show cause and effect relationships.

Additionally, it is important to use paragraph unity, which means that each paragraph should focus on a single cause or effect. Avoid including unrelated information or discussing multiple causes/effects in a single paragraph, as this can confuse the reader and weaken your argument.

Furthermore, consider using examples and evidence to enhance the clarity and persuasiveness of your arguments. Concrete examples and real-life scenarios can help illustrate the cause and effect relationship and make your writing more engaging to the reader.

• Use accurate data and precise details to back up your claims
• Include relevant research and studies to support your arguments
• Provide real-life examples and cases that demonstrate the cause and effect relationship

In conclusion, developing the body paragraphs of your cause and effect essay is crucial in presenting a well-structured and persuasive argument. By using topic sentences, clear explanations, transition words, and relevant evidence, you can effectively convey your ideas and convince the reader of the cause and effect relationship you are discussing.

Related Post

How to master the art of writing expository essays and captivate your audience, step-by-step guide to crafting a powerful literary analysis essay, convenient and reliable source to purchase college essays online, unlock success with a comprehensive business research paper example guide, unlock your writing potential with writers college – transform your passion into profession, “unlocking the secrets of academic success – navigating the world of research papers in college”, master the art of sociological expression – elevate your writing skills in sociology.

• Pets Effects on Their Owners’ Health Words: 829
• The Influence of the Pet on Cardiovascular Health Words: 561
• Having a Pet for Cardiovascular Health Words: 551
• Why Is Public Health Important Words: 1221
• Environmental Change Effects on Health Words: 1953
• The Influence of Pets on the Well-Being of Older People Words: 1010
• Health Care, Economy, and Their Effect of People Words: 1708
• Environmental Health and Effects of Nursing Words: 611
• Insomnia and Its Negative Health Effects Words: 1151
• Health and Health Promotion Words: 629
• Stress Effect on Physical and Mental Health Words: 2745
• Environmental Health and Effects of Environmental Change Words: 1407

Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health

The decision to have a pet animal is traditionally far from being rushed; quite on the contrary, the potential owners of a house animal weigh all pros and cons carefully prior to having one.

Moreover, a range of people have prejudice against pets, such as the fear of losing it due to its comparatively short life expectancy (Sharkin and Knox 414), not to mention the fact that many people are allergic to animal fur, feces, etc., and, therefore, are incapable of having a pet and taking care of it.

However, studies show that the people, who have decided to adopt or purchase a pet animal, are most likely to experience a major improvement in their physical and mental health status due to the introduction of factors such as mood enhancement, the necessity to engage in physical activities, etc., and, as a result, experiencing positive emotions, as well as an overall improvement of their physical shape.

Experiencing positive emotions is, perhaps, the key cause that deserves to be mentioned as the factor contributing to the improvement in pets’ owners’ health. Indeed, the emotional connection and friendship, which a pet and its owner form, can be described as a rather deep attachment: “Pets may become core sources of emotional support; often older adults are quite attached to their animal companions” (Pachana 3).

Therefore, it is obvious that communication with animals, though rarely involving complete understanding, contributes to a drop in the owner’s mood swings and the development of a more positive approach towards emotion management. More importantly, the ownership of pets may finally trigger to the development of a high level of emotional intelligence among their owners.

The effect of the factor mentioned above is quite obvious. By preventing swings in the owner’s mood, regular communication with pets results in making the blood pressure and the heart rate of the person owning one rather stable. The possibility of the owner developing a depression, therefore, drops nearly to zero.

Another important factor that one becomes exposed to once becoming an owner of a pet and that can be viewed as a cause, regular physical exercises deserve to be mentioned: “potential behavioral mechanisms linking pet ownership to physical health might come from the fact that pets often require frequent and regular exercise, which could be provided in the form of a walk or jog around the block” (Utz 328).

While the specified factor cannot be considered characteristic of the lifestyle of people owning fish or exotic animals that are kept in terrariums, the people having dogs or even cats often have an opportunity of enjoying numerous physical exercises, such as regular walks, playing active games with the pet, etc.

The specified cause has a rather obvious effect; the people owning pets that require regular physical training and walks show an impressive increase in their physical activity rate and, therefore, not only develop an impressive stamina, but also impressive resilience against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and rapid changes in blood pressure.

In addition, the ability to do physical exercises results in a significant reduction of obesity rates among pet owners. The specified effect can be considered especially important, as obesity leads to a variety of health concerns from CVD exacerbation to development of hypertension and even diabetes (Jung et al. 329). Therefore the effects of having pets and taking good care of them are quite obvious.

Finally, discussing the emotional connection between the owner and the animal mentioned above, one must admit that it can be viewed as a cause of another major effect. Particularly, the fact that pets may help people cope with loneliness and, therefore, contribute to the development of their social skills, deserves to be mentioned.

The specified effect can be viewed as especially important for the patients undergoing a therapy or being in the need thereof. In fact, the therapy approach known under the name of “pet therapy” (Mahar 185) and presupposing the development of positive emotions through communication with animals has been in existence for several decades and returned quite impressive results.

In other words, pets affect the process of social adjustment of the people, who need to integrate back into the society successfully. To be more exact, it is the interaction with the pet and the connection between it and its owner that can be viewed as the key cause of the owner’s further process of recovery and social adjustment.

The idea of having a pet may be viewed as delightful to some people and abhorrent to others, yet the ones that have animals as their pets are subjected to a range of factors affecting their health positively, such as exposure to consistent mood enhancement with the help of positive emotions, maintenance of stable blood pressure rates and, consequently, avoidance of CVD, etc. pets may be viewed as a major nuisance, yet the emotional connection, which their owners form with them, compensates for minor inconveniences and provides the environment for keeping in good shape both physically and mentally.

Works Cited

Jung, Keum Ji, Heejin Kimm, Ji Eun Yun, and Sun Ha Jee. “Thigh Circumference and Diabetes: Obesity as a Potential Effect Modifier.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 23.5 (2013): 329–336. Paradise Valley Community College Library.

Mahar, Patricia. “Pets in Therapy.” Therapeutic Recreation Journal 35.2 (2001): 185. Paradise Valley Community College Library.

Pachana, Nancy. “Pets as Social Support.” Nursing Older People 19.1 (2007): 3. Paradise Valley Community College Library.

Sharkin, Bruce C. and Donna Knox. “Pet Loss: Issues and Implications for the Psychologist.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34.4 (2003): 414–421. Paradise Valley Community College Library.

Utz, Rebecca L. “Walking the Dog: The Effect of Pet Ownership on Human Health and Health Behaviors.” Social Indicators Research 116. (2014): 327–339. Paradise Valley Community College Library.

Cite this paper

• Chicago (N-B)
• Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2020, January 9). Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health. https://studycorgi.com/cause-and-effect-living-with-pets-improves-their-owners-health/

"Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health." StudyCorgi , 9 Jan. 2020, studycorgi.com/cause-and-effect-living-with-pets-improves-their-owners-health/.

StudyCorgi . (2020) 'Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health'. 9 January.

1. StudyCorgi . "Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health." January 9, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/cause-and-effect-living-with-pets-improves-their-owners-health/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health." January 9, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/cause-and-effect-living-with-pets-improves-their-owners-health/.

StudyCorgi . 2020. "Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health." January 9, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/cause-and-effect-living-with-pets-improves-their-owners-health/.

This paper, “Cause and Effect: Living with Pets Improves Their Owners’ Health”, was written and voluntary submitted to our free essay database by a straight-A student. Please ensure you properly reference the paper if you're using it to write your assignment.

Before publication, the StudyCorgi editorial team proofread and checked the paper to make sure it meets the highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, fact accuracy, copyright issues, and inclusive language. Last updated: January 29, 2024 .

If you are the author of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, request the removal . Please use the “ Donate your paper ” form to submit an essay.

May 1, 2015

Why Do We Have Pets?

People have an innate interest in other species, but we like having pets for a variety of social reasons

By Daisy Yuhas

Getty Images

On my 10th birthday, I got a puppy. I was so shocked—I had wanted a dog for as long as I could remember—and so overwhelmed with happiness that I burst into tears. For the next 14 years, Happy, a beagle, charmed everyone he met. And when he passed, all of us who had known him mourned, as we would for any loved one. Two in three American households have a pet—that is, an animal kept primarily for companionship. And despite the fact that these housemates may bear scales, fur, fins or feathers, people often view their animals as family members. In 2017 we spent an estimated $69 billion on our animal companions and untold hours caring for them.

For 50 years psychologists have been trying to unravel the appeals of animal companionship in hopes of deciphering just why we invest so much in these creatures. In the process, anthrozoologists—scientists who study human-animal relationships—have discovered a window into human sociality more broadly. Our interactions with animals can be useful models for understanding how issues of identity, nurturing, support and attachment play out in a relationship. “It’s all about human psychology,” says anthrozoologist Pauleen Bennett of La Trobe University in Australia. “Pets help us fill our need for social connectedness.”

Although the motivations for pet ownership may vary as much as a Golden Retriever and a goldfish, scientists are finding that some common threads tie people to their household pets. Our attraction to animals may be subconscious, driven by biological and social forces that we do not fully acknowledge. In addition, the emotional bond between pets and their owners can bring varied benefits, from lowered stress to novel adventures. The more we uncover about our companion animals, the more we may learn about our human attachments as well.

On supporting science journalism

If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing . By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.

Inborn Attraction?

Part of our attraction to animal companionship is innate. In 2013 psychologist Vanessa LoBue of Rutgers University and her colleagues revealed that toddlers one to three years old spend more time interacting with live animals—whether fish, hamsters, snakes, spiders or geckos—than they do with inanimate toys when given a choice between the two.

Humans even have specialized brain cells for recognizing animal life. Researchers led by Christof Koch of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle (he also serves on Scientific American ’s board of advisers) have found neurons in the amygdala, an area involved in emotions, that respond preferentially to animal images. The 2011 finding hints at a neural basis for the powerful emotional reactions animals elicit from us.

Many animals seem to tap into humans’ attraction to the adorable, a drive that also may motivate good parenting. Behavioral researchers have long noticed that humans seem to have inborn, positive responses to beings with characteristics typical of human infants—such as wide eyes, broad foreheads and large head-to-body ratios.

To better understand the responses that cuteness can elicit, psychologist Hiroshi Nittono, then at Hiroshima University in Japan, and his colleagues published a series of experiments in 2012 in which college students, 132 in all, searched for a digit in numerical matrices or lifted tiny objects from small holes using tweezers. Afterward, participants viewed a series of photographs before attempting the attention or motor task for a second time.

Nittono and his colleagues found that students who viewed adult animals or food—stimuli they had rated as pleasant but not cute—did not improve between trials. But the students who saw cute baby animals did the tweezer task faster and more dexterously and performed the visual search task faster the second time, suggesting that being exposed to such creatures motivates focused, attentive behavior. This finding suggests that humans are primed to attend to fragile, young infants, who may require greater care than other beings. Clearly, baby animals exploit the same instinctive responses in us that human infants elicit.

Such findings lend credence to the idea that our interest in pets stems from what biologist E. O. Wilson has called “biophilia,” or an inherent tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes. Our fascination with all manner of fauna might explain why people adopt such a wide range of animal life, from tarantulas to salamanders.

Yet Wilson has also acknowledged that our interest in animals depends on personal and cultural experience. For example, dogs are popular in many Western countries but are considered unclean in traditional Islamic communities. Indeed, psychologist Harold A. Herzog of Western Carolina University has argued that pet keeping is driven principally by culture. In a paper published in 2013 Herzog and his colleagues assessed the fluctuating popularity of dog breeds using the American Kennel Club’s registry from 1926 to 2005. They found no relationship between a breed’s health, longevity or behavioral traits such as aggressiveness or trainability and its popularity. Instead, they argued, the trends in top dogs were erratic and seemed to shift suddenly, as if driven by fashion. In 2014 three of the authors, including Herzog, further discovered that movies featuring specific dog breeds would boost that pooch’s popularity for up to a decade. In the 10 years following the 1963 release of The Incredible Journey , starring a Labrador Retriever, people registered Labs in the kennel club at an average rate of 2,223 dogs a year, in contrast to 452 dogs a year in the previous decade.

Massachusetts General Hospital researchers discovered that similar brain regions, including the amygdala, engage when women view their own children ( a , b ) and dogs ( c , d ). The overlap is not absolute, however. Certain midbrain areas (SNi/VTA) activate only when mothers see their kids. Credit: “Patterns of Brain Activation When Mothers View Their Own Child and Dog: An FMRI Study,” by Luke E. Stoeckel et al., in PLOS ONE , Vol. 9, No. 10, Article No. E107205; October 3, 2014

Extending these findings to other species, Herzog posited that people may keep pets simply because other people keep pets, reflecting our penchant for imitation. He pointed to a brief craze in the U.S. for turtle keeping, a koi fish fad in Japan and what he jokingly identified as a brief “epidemic of Irish Setters” as further evidence.

Friends with Benefits

But even if imitation plays a role in their choices, most people profess to wanting pets for companionship. This friendship then sustains the connection despite the costs of ownership. Indeed, some animal-human relationships feel similar in certain ways to human relationships. In a study published in 2014 Massachusetts General Hospital veterinarian Lori Palley and her colleagues used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activity in 14 mothers while they were looking at pictures of their children or their dogs or at pictures of other people’s children or unfamiliar dogs. The researchers found that the brain activation patterns evoked by images of the women’s own children and dogs were very similar and that those patterns were distinct from those elicited by unknown children and canines, suggesting that maternal feelings may extend to animals. Pets may thus help fill a human need to nurture other living beings.

Our interest in other animals may be partially innate. Children are fascinated by diverse creatures from a young age. Credit: Jeff Greenough Getty Images

Some researchers think we are drawn to cute animals because aspects of their appearance, such as large eyes and so contours, somewhat resemble a human infant’s features. Credit:  Getty Images

An animal also can be on the flip side of this relationship, serving as a source of comfort. In the 1960s Yeshiva University child psychologist Boris Levinson observed that troubled, socially withdrawn children became talkative and enthusiastic about therapy when his dog, Jingles, was present during a session. This observation spurred a series of investigations into whether or not keeping pets could improve well-being. In a 1980 study of 92 people, biologist Erika Friedmann, then at the University of Pennsylvania, reported that pet owners were more likely to be alive a year after a heart attack than were people who did not have a companion animal—possibly because the animals afforded some form of stress relief. Yet efforts to replicate such findings have had mixed results, and animal-assisted therapy, the field that Levinson’s work inspired, has been criticized for overstating the ability of animals to ameliorate mental illness [see “Can Animals Aid Therapy?” by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz].

Credit: Getty Images

Nevertheless, some people may gain psychological support from their pets and keep them for exactly this reason. In a study published in 2012 psychologist Sigal Zilcha-Mano, then at the Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya in Israel, and her colleagues asked 285 cat or dog owners to answer a questionnaire assessing their emotional connection with their pet. Then the researchers asked 120 of these pet owners to take a challenging word test. By recording her subjects’ blood pressure—a measure of stress—during the test, Zilcha-Mano found that individuals who had their pet present or thought about the pet before taking the test had lower stress than people who had no contact with the pet. Yet the strength of this benefit depended on how attached the owner was to his or her pet. In other words, the level of emotional sustenance a pet owner receives depends on how close he or she feels to the animal.

Different hormonal cocktails seem to underpin various degrees of animal-human attachment. In a study published in 2012 biologist Linda Handlin of the University of Skövde in Sweden and her colleagues measured levels of the bonding hormone oxytocin and stress hormone cortisol in 10 owners of female Labrador Retrievers and correlated the results with self-reported data about the owners’ relationships with their dogs. Owners who had higher oxytocin levels and lower cortisol levels when interacting with their dogs tended to have closer bonds with their pets. People who frequently kissed their dogs, for example, had higher levels of oxytocin, and women who reported that they dreaded their dog’s death had lower cortisol levels, perhaps because they rely on their animals for stress relief.

A person’s social orientation could also factor into the strength of the pet-person tie. In a study published in 2012 psychologist Andrea Beetz of the University of Rostock in Germany and her colleagues asked 47 seven- to 11-year-old boys who had difficulties forming social attachments to present a story before a committee of unfamiliar adults and then take a math test. During this ordeal, 24 of the children were accompanied by a dog, 10 had a friendly human by their side and the others had a toy dog nearby.

Beetz found that children accompanied by a real dog had the lowest cortisol levels and that those with human company had the highest, probably because people made these boys nervous. Furthermore, among those boys who benefited from the dog, those who engaged in the most petting and other physical contact with the dog during the test showed the least stress, as measured by salivary cortisol. Thus, interacting with animals may be an especially good buffer against stress for those who find human social interaction difficult. “Some things are much easier with animals,” Beetz says. “They are easier to forgive, don’t talk back, and there’s less inhibition when it comes to physical contact.”

Animal Antics

Yet pets are much more than human substitutes. Many people with no obvious social deficits reap varied psychological benefits from owning a pet. A 2015 phone survey of Australian city dwellers found dogs were “social icebreakers”: a puppy can be a great way to meet neighbors. In 2016 a small Korean study found that seniors who tended crickets for eight weeks had improved mental states, perhaps because the responsibility gave their routine added meaning.

In 2012 Bennett presented preliminary findings from a student, psychologist Jordan Schaan, then at Monash University in Australia, who had interviewed 37 dog owners who were personally and professionally successful and had an above-average connection to their animals. (The subjects were educated and affluent and had fulfilling romantic partnerships, for instance.) Among the benefits of dog ownership that these individuals reported was amusement; the animals’ antics made their owners laugh. Furthermore, many pet owners described their companion animals as instructors in a simpler, more virtuous lifestyle. Bennett and Schaan discovered that their highly successful subjects actually looked to their dogs as role models for a better life. People felt they could derive unconditional love and forgiveness from their dogs, whereas human beings seemed more likely to disappoint one another. “There’s something about animals that’s very genuine and honest,” Bennett says. “We miss that in our human interactions.”

Bennett and other anthrozoologists acknowledge that owners project some of this dynamic onto their animals. An owner can “read” a response into an animal companion’s behavior regardless of the animal’s intentions. Yet such projections are precisely what make this field ripe for psychology: they reveal our own social needs and desires. Animal relationships may someday provide useful comparison points to human connections—a benchmark for investigating empathy, caring and even decision making. That these creatures can fit many molds while being so different from us makes these friendships uniquely valuable.

The study of animal companionship is still in its infancy. But without this research, we could not begin to fathom the rich and varied range of relationships that make up human experience.

Daisy Yuhas edits the Scientific American column Mind Matters. She is a freelance science journalist and editor based in Austin, Tex. She is author of the Kids Field Guide to Birds .

• Grades 6-12
• School Leaders

Have you seen our latest free teacher workshop?

137 Intriguing Cause & Effect Essay Topics for Students

Teach critical thinking, logic, and the art of persuasion.

Cause-and-effect essays aren’t just a way to help students strengthen their writing skills. They’ll also learn critical thinking, logic, and the art of persuasion. In addition, they teach students to demonstrate how one thing directly influences another. Coming up with engaging cause-and-effect essay topics can be challenging, but we have you covered. This list of ideas includes a variety of topics that range from social and cultural movements to mental health and the environment.

Science and Environment Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• Describe the effect of urbanization on the environment.
• What is the impact of air pollution on health?
• What are the causes and consequences of plastics on marine life?
• What is the impact of rising sea temperatures on fish and marine life?
• Describe the impact of human behavior on global warming.

• What is the effect of social media on environmentalism?
• What causes volcanic eruptions?
• What causes trees to die?
• What are the effects of gravity?
• Why are plants green?
• Why do trees shed their leaves?
• What causes a species to become endangered?
• What are some of the causes of animals losing their habitats?
• Describe the effect of overpopulation on the environment.
• What are the effects of famine on human population?
• What are the causes and effects of Antarctica floods?
• What are the effects of pollution on the ocean?
• What effect do cars have on the environment?
• Why is it important to manage wildfires?
• What has been the impact of DNA on crime scene processing?

• What are the impacts of deforestation in Brazil?
• What are the effects of GMO foods on human health?
• What are the impacts of immunizations on human health?

Technology and Social Media Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are the effects of social media on adolescent development?
• How does technology affect productivity?
• What are the effects of video games on childhood development?
• How do cell phones affect human relationships?
• What are some reasons a teacher might ban cell phones from class?

• What effects do cell phones have on sleep?
• What effects did the invention of the Internet have on technology?
• What were the origins of cyberbullying?
• What are the effects of tablet use on small children?
• How has online dating changed relationships?
• What makes some people less likely to use social media?
• What are the effects of social media on privacy?
• How does the rise of TikTok affect Facebook and Instagram?
• In what ways could social media lead to extremism?
• What is the impact of social media on the increasing popularity of plastic surgery and other enhancements?

• What are some of the benefits of owning a smartphone and what are some of the drawbacks?
• What has been the impact of online shopping on brick-and-mortar stores?
• What has been the impact of smartphones on marriages and relationships?
• What are the causes and effects of texting while driving?
• What has the rise of “influencers” meant for Hollywood?
• In what ways have photo filters influenced young people’s self-esteem?

Culture and Social Issues Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are some of the reasons for substance abuse in young people?
• What are some of the effects of bullying?
• How does economic status affect the quality of health care?
• What are some of the causes of homelessness?
• Explain the effects of ignorance on discrimination.
• What are the impacts of death sentences on social justice?

• How does financial success affect societal privilege?
• What effects does growing up poor have on children?
• In what ways does religion influence society?
• What are the effects of immigration on a host country?
• What are the effects of ageism on job opportunities?
• What is the impact of LGBTQ+ representation in TV and movies?
• What are the effects of school shootings on politics?
• How do school uniforms affect students?
• What are the impacts of high student debt?
• What are the impacts of body shaming on people?
• What were the lasting impacts of the AIDS epidemic on society?

• What impact does banning abortion have in the United States?
• What has been the impact of marriage equality in the United States?
• What are the causes and effects of noise pollution?
• What are the causes and effects of inflation on the economy?
• What are the effects of TV shows on our behavior?

Sports Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• Examine the effects of exercise on mental health.
• What led to baseball being an iconic American sport?
• What drives people to participate in extreme sports?
• In what ways did globalization affect modern sports?
• What were the effects of doping on amateur and professional sports?
• Select a sport and write about the historical factors that led to the popularization of that sport.

• Describe the ways in which youth sports influence a child’s development.
• What were the driving forces behind the first Olympics?
• How can team sports help develop social skills?
• How have e-sports changed the sporting landscape?
• In what ways do race biases influence sports?

• What are the effects of regular workouts on immunity?
• How does participating in sports affect leadership skills?
• In what ways can sports lead to character development?
• What effect does famous athletes’ social commentary have on their fans?

History Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are the effects of the war in Syria on the United States?
• What have been the lasting effects of the Civil Rights Movement?
• What were the causes and effects of the attack on Pearl Harbor?
• What led up to the Berlin Wall being torn down and what effects did that have?

• What lasting impact did 9/11 have on modern American society?
• What were the causes of the Salem Witch Trials?
• What was the cultural impact of the Spanish-American War?
• How has globalization led to modern-day slavery?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of the Great Depression on women’s employment?
• How did cartels come into existence? What effect have they had on the United States and Mexico?
• What were the causes and effects of the Women’s Liberation Movement?
• Give an example of colonialism in history and name the resulting impact to the affected society.

• What led to the rise of ISIS and what has the impact been on international security?
• What factors led to the Titanic’s sinking?
• What were the causes and effects of the Vietnam War?
• Choose an American president. What led him to become president and what were the effects of his presidency?

Mental Health Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• How can stress affect the immune system?
• How does social anxiety affect young people?
• How can high academic expectations lead to depression?
• What are the effects of divorce on young people?
• How does service in the armed forces lead to post-traumatic stress disorder?

• What are the effects of mindfulness on mental health?
• Describe the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted mental health.
• How does childhood trauma impact childhood development?
• What impact does witnessing violence have on mental health?
• What is behind increasingly high levels of anxiety in modern American society?

• What are the causes and effects of panic attacks?
• What are the causes and consequences of high stress in the workplace?
• What are some of the causes of insomnia and in what ways does it affect mental health?
• What is the impact of staying home for an extended period of time?

Current Events Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• Choose a local public education campaign. What are the effects of that campaign?
• What are the causes and effects of migration?
• What are the causes and effects of terrorist attacks?

• What are the effects of legalizing genetic engineering research?
• How do low voting rates impact elections and government?
• What is the effect of raising the minimum wage?
• What are the effects of globalization on society?
• How does gerrymandering affect election outcomes?
• What are the causes and effects of police brutality?
• What are the causes and effects of political polarization?

• What are the causes and effects of fake news?
• What are the effects of global war on citizens?
• What is the effect of international aid on poverty or health?
• Why do some countries have nuclear weapons, and what does this mean for other countries?

Education Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are the effects of teacher quality on student success?
• What are the causes and effects of student loan debt?
• What are the causes and effects of low graduation rates?

• What are the effects of assigning homework?
• What are the causes and effects of school funding disparities?
• What are the causes and effects of the digital divide in education?
• What is the effect of AI on education?
• What are the causes and effects of student burnout?
• Should students be required to study a foreign language in school, and what are the effects of learning a foreign language?

• What effect has the COVID pandemic had on education?
• What are the effects of same-sex classrooms or schools?

What are your best cause-and-effect essay topics for students? Come exchange ideas in the We Are Teachers HELPLINE group on Facebook.

Plus, check out our list of interesting persuasive essay topics for kids and teens..

You Might Also Like

The Big List of Essay Topics for High School (120+ Ideas!)

Ideas to inspire every young writer! Continue Reading

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. 5335 Gate Parkway, Jacksonville, FL 32256

• How to Order

Cause And Effect Essay Guide

Cause And Effect Essay Examples

Best Cause and Effect Essay Examples To Get Inspiration + Simple Tips

People also read

How To Write A Cause and Effect Essay - Outline & Examples

230+ Cause and Effect Essay Topics to Boost Your Academic Writing

How to Create a Cause and Effect Outline - An Easy Guide

You need to write a cause and effect essay for your assignment. Well, where should you start?

Establishing a relationship between causes and effects is no simple task. You need to ensure logical connections between variables with credible evidence.

However, don't get overwhelmed by the sound of it. You can start by reading some great cause and effect essay examples. 

In this blog, you can read cause and effect essays to get inspiration and learn how to write them. With these resources, you'll be able to start writing an awesome cause and effect paper.

Let’s dive in!

• 1. What is a Cause and Effect Essay?
• 2. Cause and Effect Essay Examples for Students
• 3. Free Cause and Effect Essay Samples
• 4. Cause and Effect Essay Topics
• 5. Tips For Writing a Good Cause and Effect Essay

What is a Cause and Effect Essay?

A cause and effect essay explores why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). This type of essay aims to uncover the connections between events, actions, or phenomena. It helps readers understand the reasons behind certain outcomes.

In a cause and effect essay, you typically:

• Identify the Cause: Explain the event or action that initiates a chain of events. This is the "cause."
• Discuss the Effect: Describe the consequences or outcomes resulting from the cause.
• Analyze the Relationship: Clarify how the cause leads to the effect, showing the cause-and-effect link.

Cause and effect essays are common in various academic disciplines. For instance, studies in sciences, history, and the social sciences rely on essential cause and effect questions. For instance, "what are the effects of climate change?", or "what are the causes of poverty?"

Now that you know what a cause and effect is, let’s read some examples.

Cause and Effect Essay Examples for Students

Here is an example of a well-written cause and effect essay on social media. Let’s analyze it in parts to learn why it is good and how you can write an effective essay yourself. 

The essay begins with a compelling hook that grabs the reader's attention. It presents a brief overview of the topic clearly and concisely. The introduction covers the issue and ends with a strong thesis statement , stating the essay's main argument – that excessive use of social media can negatively impact mental health.

The first body paragraph sets the stage by discussing the first cause - excessive social media use. It provides data and statistics to support the claim, which makes the argument more compelling. The analysis highlights the addictive nature of social media and its impact on users. This clear and evidence-based explanation prepares the reader for the cause-and-effect relationship to be discussed.

The second body paragraph effectively explores the effect of excessive social media use, which is increased anxiety and depression. It provides a clear cause-and-effect relationship, with studies backing the claims. The paragraph is well-structured and uses relatable examples, making the argument more persuasive. 

The third body paragraph effectively introduces the second cause, which is social comparison and FOMO. It explains the concept clearly and provides relatable examples. It points out the relevance of this cause in the context of social media's impact on mental health, preparing the reader for the subsequent effect to be discussed.

The fourth body paragraph effectively explores the second effect of social comparison and FOMO, which is isolation and decreased self-esteem. It provides real-world consequences and uses relatable examples. 

The conclusion effectively summarizes the key points discussed in the essay. It restates the thesis statement and offers practical solutions, demonstrating a well-rounded understanding of the topic. The analysis emphasizes the significance of the conclusion in leaving the reader with a call to action or reflection on the essay's central theme.

This essay follows this clear cause and effect essay structure to convey the message effectively:

Read our cause and effect essay outline blog to learn more about how to structure your cause and effect essay effectively.

Free Cause and Effect Essay Samples

The analysis of the essay above is a good start to understanding how the paragraphs in a cause and effect essay are structured. You can read and analyze more examples below to improve your understanding.

Cause and Effect Essay Elementary School

Cause and Effect Essay For College Students

Short Cause and Effect Essay Sample

Cause and Effect Essay Example for High School

Cause And Effect Essay IELTS

Bullying Cause and Effect Essay Example

Cause and Effect Essay Smoking

Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Wondering which topic to write your essay on? Here is a list of cause and effect essay topic ideas to help you out.

• The Effects of Social Media on Real Social Networks
• The Causes And Effects of Cyberbullying
• The Causes And Effects of Global Warming
• The Causes And Effects of WW2
• The Causes And Effects of Racism
• The Causes And Effects of Homelessness
• The Causes and Effects of Parental Divorce on Children.
• The Causes and Effects of Drug Addiction
• The Impact of Technology on Education
• The Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality

Need more topics? Check out our list of 150+ cause and effect essay topics to get more interesting ideas.

Tips For Writing a Good Cause and Effect Essay

Reading and following the examples above can help you write a good essay. However, you can make your essay even better by following these tips.

• Choose a Clear and Manageable Topic: Select a topic that you can explore thoroughly within the essay's word limit. A narrowly defined topic will make it easier to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Research and Gather Evidence: Gather relevant data, statistics, examples, and expert opinions to support your arguments. Strong evidence enhances the credibility of your essay.
• Outline Your Essay: Create a structured outline that outlines the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. This will provide a clear roadmap for your essay and help you present causes and effects clearly and coherently.
• Transitional Phrases: Use transitional words and phrases like "because," "due to," "as a result," "consequently," and "therefore" to connect causes and effects within your sentences and paragraphs.
• Support Each Point: Dedicate a separate paragraph to each cause and effect. Provide in-depth explanations, examples, and evidence for each point.
• Proofread and Edit: After completing the initial draft, carefully proofread your essay for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Additionally, review the content for clarity, coherence, and flow.
• Peer Review: Seek feedback from a peer or someone familiar with the topic to gain an outside perspective. They can help identify any areas that need improvement.
• Stay Focused: Avoid going off-topic or including irrelevant information. Stick to the causes and effects you've outlined in your thesis statement.
• Revise as Needed: Don't hesitate to make revisions and improvements as needed. The process of revising and refining your essay is essential for producing a high-quality final product. 

To Sum Up , 

Cause and effect essays are important for comprehending the intricate relationships that shape our world. With the help of the examples and tips above, you can confidently get started on your essay. 

If you still need further help, you can hire a professional writer to help you out. At MyPerfectWords.com , we’ve got experienced and qualified essay writers who can help you write an excellent essay on any topic and for all academic levels.

So why wait? Contact us and request ' write an essay for me ' today!

Write Essay Within 60 Seconds!

Caleb S. has been providing writing services for over five years and has a Masters degree from Oxford University. He is an expert in his craft and takes great pride in helping students achieve their academic goals. Caleb is a dedicated professional who always puts his clients first.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That’s our Job!

Keep reading

Home — Essay Samples — Life — Dog — Dogs Are a Great Pet

Dogs Are a Great Pet

• Categories: Dog Pet

About this sample

Words: 447 |

Published: Mar 20, 2024

Words: 447 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Companionship, health benefits, unique qualities of different breeds.

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

• 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
• Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Prof. Kifaru

Verified writer

• Expert in: Life

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

4 pages / 1598 words

1 pages / 630 words

2 pages / 712 words

1 pages / 507 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Dog

Dogs are more than just pets; they are loyal companions who bring countless benefits to their owners. From guarding the house to relieving stress, dogs play a significant role in the lives of many people.One of the primary [...]

“Dogs are not our whole life, but they make our lives whole” – Roger Caras. Has anyone of you heard that phrase before? I know it sounds kind of cliche but due to several reasons, dogs deserve the title of a “man’s best friend”. [...]

Suzan-Lori Parks' Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Topdog/Underdog" is a profound exploration of the complexities of identity, power, and human relationships. Through the lives of two African American brothers, Lincoln and Booth, [...]

Personal statement essays are an opportunity for individuals to express their unique experiences and perspectives. In this essay, I will be discussing my personal history with dogs and the impact my current dog has had on my [...]

When you want to write an essay about the loss of a pet that changed your life, whom do you recall? I reminisce my dog Sammy. I never understood the meaning of death. All I knew was that one day it’ll happen to everyone [...]

What has four legs, webbed feet, and sometimes two different colors in one eye? Of course, it’s the Catahoula leopard dog! The Catahoula leopard dog, commonly known as the Catahoula cur, is a dog that was discovered by the [...]

Related Topics

By clicking “Send”, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement . We will occasionally send you account related emails.

Where do you want us to send this sample?

By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy.

Be careful. This essay is not unique

This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before

Download this Sample

Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts

Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.

Please check your inbox.

We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. Let's fix your grades together!

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

• Instructions Followed To The Letter
• Deadlines Met At Every Stage
• Unique And Plagiarism Free

Cause and Effect Essay Topics: 70 + Simple Yet Insightful Ideas

• By Amelia W.

Cause and effect essays are a staple of academic writing that encourage students to explore the relationships between events and their outcomes. These essays help develop critical thinking skills and the ability to analyze the consequences of actions. In this paper, we will explore several easy yet insightful cause and effect essay topics, providing a comprehensive analysis of each. We will also discuss strategies for writing effective essays on these topics, ensuring a thorough understanding of how to approach and structure such essays.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Cause and Effect Essays

Cause and effect essays require students to identify and analyze the reasons for an event (cause) and the results of that event (effect). This type of essay helps students understand the logical connections between different phenomena and encourages them to think critically about the world around them. Writing a cause and effect essay involves several key steps:

• Choosing a Topic: Selecting a topic that is both interesting and manageable.
• Conducting Research: Gathering information from reliable sources to support your analysis.
• Organizing Information: Structuring your essay in a logical manner, typically following a format of introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
• Writing Clearly: Presenting your ideas in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate transitions to guide the reader through your arguments.

Worried About Plagiarism in Your Essays?

Our professional writers ensure that your essays are original and plagiarism-free. We provide thorough research and unique content tailored to your specific topic. Gain confidence in your submissions with our reliable writing services.

Easy Cause and Effect Essay Topics

1. the impact of social media on teenagers.

• Increased accessibility to smartphones and internet services.
• The rise of social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok.
• Changes in communication habits among teenagers.
• Increased awareness of global events and trends.
• Potential mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.

Social media has revolutionized the way teenagers communicate and interact with each other. With the rise of platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, teenagers are more connected than ever before. However, this increased connectivity comes with both positive and negative consequences. On one hand, social media enables teenagers to stay informed about global events and trends. On the other hand, excessive use of social media can lead to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression due to constant exposure to idealized images and the pressure to maintain a certain online persona.

2. The Effects of Pollution on Marine Life

• Industrial waste disposal in oceans.
• Plastic pollution from consumer products.
• Destruction of marine habitats.
• Health problems in marine animals, such as ingestion of plastics.
• Disruption of the food chain.

Pollution, particularly plastic pollution, poses a significant threat to marine life. Industrial waste disposal and consumer habits have led to an increase in pollutants entering the ocean. This pollution results in the destruction of marine habitats, causing health problems in marine animals. For instance, many marine species ingest plastics, which can lead to fatal blockages or poisoning. Furthermore, pollution disrupts the marine food chain, affecting not only marine life but also human populations that rely on seafood.

3. The Causes and Effects of Global Warming

• Increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.
• Deforestation and loss of natural carbon sinks.
• Rising global temperatures.
• Melting polar ice caps and rising sea levels.
• More frequent and severe weather events.

Global warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. It is primarily caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These activities result in rising global temperatures, which in turn cause the melting of polar ice caps and rising sea levels. Additionally, global warming leads to more frequent and severe weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, posing significant challenges to ecosystems and human societies.

4. The Effects of a Sedentary Lifestyle on Health

• Increased screen time due to technology and remote work.
• Lack of physical activity in daily routines.
• Increased risk of obesity and related health conditions.
• Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
• Reduced overall physical fitness and stamina.

A sedentary lifestyle, characterized by prolonged periods of inactivity, has become increasingly common due to technological advancements and the rise of remote work. This lifestyle is associated with numerous health issues, including an increased risk of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Additionally, a lack of physical activity can lead to mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining physical fitness and overall well-being, making it crucial to find ways to incorporate movement into daily routines.

5. The Impact of Technology on Education

• Integration of digital tools and resources in classrooms.
• Increased access to information through the internet.
• Enhanced learning experiences and access to diverse resources.
• Potential for distraction and reduced attention spans among students.
• Greater opportunities for remote and personalized learning.

Technology has transformed the educational landscape by providing new tools and resources for both teachers and students. The integration of digital tools in classrooms enhances learning experiences and allows access to a wealth of information through the internet. However, technology can also be a source of distraction, potentially reducing students’ attention spans. Despite these challenges, technology offers significant opportunities for remote and personalized learning, making education more accessible and tailored to individual needs.

6. The Causes and Effects of Urbanization

• Rural-to-urban migration in search of better job opportunities.
• Industrialization and economic development.
• Increased pressure on urban infrastructure and services.
• Environmental degradation and pollution.
• Social challenges such as housing shortages and increased crime rates.

Urbanization is driven by rural-to-urban migration and the growth of industries that offer better job opportunities. This shift leads to increased pressure on urban infrastructure, including transportation, housing, and healthcare services. As cities expand, environmental degradation and pollution become significant issues. Additionally, urbanization often brings social challenges, such as housing shortages and increased crime rates, which require comprehensive planning and management to address.

7. The Effects of Diet on Mental Health

• Consumption of processed foods and sugars.
• Lack of essential nutrients in the diet.
• Increased risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
• Impact on cognitive functions and mood regulation.
• Importance of a balanced diet for mental well-being.

Diet plays a crucial role in mental health, with growing evidence suggesting that what we eat can significantly impact our mood and cognitive functions. Diets high in processed foods and sugars are linked to an increased risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. Conversely, a diet rich in essential nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, supports brain health and helps regulate mood. This highlights the importance of a balanced diet for maintaining mental well-being.

8. The Causes and Effects of Divorce

• Financial problems and stress.
• Lack of communication and incompatible goals.
• Emotional and psychological impact on children.
• Financial instability and lifestyle changes.
• Effects on social relationships and support networks.

Divorce is often the result of multiple factors, including financial problems, stress, and a lack of communication between partners. The effects of divorce can be profound, particularly on children, who may experience emotional and psychological challenges. Divorce can also lead to financial instability and significant lifestyle changes for both parties. Moreover, it can affect social relationships and support networks, requiring individuals to rebuild their lives and connections.

9. The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Behavior

• Strategic marketing and persuasive advertising techniques.
• The rise of digital and social media marketing.
• Increased consumer spending and materialism.
• Shifts in brand loyalty and consumer preferences.
• Influence on societal values and norms.

Advertising has a powerful impact on consumer behavior, driven by strategic marketing and persuasive techniques designed to influence purchasing decisions. The rise of digital and social media marketing has further amplified this effect, allowing advertisers to target consumers more precisely. This can lead to increased consumer spending and materialism, as well as shifts in brand loyalty and preferences. Advertising also plays a role in shaping societal values and norms, often promoting certain lifestyles and ideals (Kotler and Keller).

10. The Causes and Effects of Peer Pressure on Adolescents

• Desire for social acceptance and fear of rejection.
• Influence of friends and social groups.
• Engagement in risky behaviors such as drug and alcohol use.
• Impact on academic performance and personal development.
• Formation of long-term habits and attitudes.

Peer pressure is a significant influence on adolescents, driven by the desire for social acceptance and fear of rejection. The effects of peer pressure can be both positive and negative. On the negative side, adolescents may engage in risky behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use, to fit in with their peers. Peer pressure can also affect academic performance and personal development, as teenagers may prioritize social activities over schoolwork. On the positive side, peer pressure can encourage positive behaviors, such as participating in extracurricular activities and striving for academic success (Steinberg).

Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Mental Health

• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health : Explore how excessive use of social media can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
• Effects of Childhood Trauma on Adult Mental Health : Investigate the correlation between childhood trauma, such as abuse or neglect, and the development of mental health disorders later in life.
• The Influence of Genetics on Mental Health : Discuss how genetic predispositions can contribute to the onset of mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
• The Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Mental Health : Examine how substance abuse can both trigger and exacerbate mental health issues, leading to a vicious cycle of addiction and poor mental health.
• The Impact of Economic Factors on Mental Health : Analyze how socioeconomic status, access to resources, and financial stress can influence mental well-being and contribute to the development of mental health disorders.
• The Role of Stress in Mental Health : Explore the ways in which chronic stress can impact mental health, including its contribution to anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychological conditions.
• The Connection Between Physical Health and Mental Health : Investigate how physical health conditions such as chronic illness or neurological disorders can affect mental health, and vice versa.
• The Effect of Cultural and Societal Expectations on Mental Health : Discuss how cultural norms, societal pressures, and stereotypes can impact individuals’ mental health, leading to issues such as body image dissatisfaction, eating disorders, or identity struggles.
• The Influence of Technology on Mental Health : Examine how technology advancements, such as smartphones, gaming, and virtual reality, can affect mental health positively or negatively, including addiction, social isolation, and disconnection from reality.
• The Impact of Environmental Factors on Mental Health : Analyze how environmental factors such as pollution, urbanization, and natural disasters can contribute to stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues in affected populations.

Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Social Media

• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health : Explore how excessive use of social media can lead to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
• Effects of Social Media on Interpersonal Relationships : Analyze how social media usage affects the quality of face-to-face interactions and intimate relationships, including both positive and negative impacts.
• The Influence of Social Media on Body Image : Discuss how the portrayal of idealized body images on social media platforms contributes to body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, and negative self-perception.
• The Role of Social Media in Cyberbullying : Examine how social media platforms provide a breeding ground for cyberbullying and its detrimental effects on victims’ mental health and well-being.
• The Spread of Misinformation on Social Media : Investigate how the rapid dissemination of misinformation and fake news through social media channels can lead to confusion, polarization, and erosion of trust in traditional media sources.
• The Impact of Social Media on Self-Esteem and Self-Comparison : Discuss how constant exposure to curated and often unrealistic portrayals of others’ lives on social media platforms can contribute to feelings of inadequacy, jealousy, and self-comparison.
• The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Sleep Patterns : Analyze how excessive use of social media, particularly before bedtime, disrupts sleep patterns and contributes to sleep deprivation, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function.
• The Effect of Social Media on Academic Performance : Examine how heavy usage of social media platforms can negatively impact students’ academic performance through distraction, procrastination, and decreased productivity.
• The Influence of Social Media on Political Discourse and Polarization : Discuss how social media algorithms and echo chambers contribute to the polarization of political opinions, exacerbate societal divisions, and hinder constructive dialogue.
• The Impact of Social Media on Identity Formation : Explore how social media platforms shape individuals’ identities, including the construction of online personas, identity exploration, and the blurring of boundaries between real and virtual selves.

Cause and Effect Essay Topics About Animals

• Impact of Climate Change on Animal Habitats : Explore how climate change leads to habitat loss, altered ecosystems, and the extinction of certain species.
• The Effect of Pollution on Marine Life : Examine how pollution, such as plastic waste and oil spills, affects marine animals’ health, populations, and marine ecosystems.
• The Relationship Between Deforestation and Wildlife Extinction : Discuss how deforestation for agricultural expansion, logging, and urbanization leads to habitat destruction, fragmentation, and the decline of wildlife populations.
• The Impact of Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade : Analyze how poaching and the illegal wildlife trade contribute to the decline of endangered species, disrupt ecosystems, and threaten biodiversity.
• The Effect of Human Encroachment on Wildlife : Explore how human activities, such as urbanization, road construction, and agricultural development, encroach on wildlife habitats, leading to habitat fragmentation, wildlife displacement, and conflicts between humans and wildlife.
• The Relationship Between Animal Agriculture and Environmental Degradation : Discuss how animal agriculture contributes to deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and habitat destruction, leading to environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.
• The Impact of Invasive Species on Native Wildlife : Examine how the introduction of invasive species disrupts ecosystems, outcompetes native species, and threatens biodiversity.
• The Effect of Overfishing on Marine Ecosystems : Analyze how overfishing depletes fish populations, disrupts marine food chains, and leads to ecosystem imbalance and collapse.
• The Relationship Between Animal Cruelty and Human Behavior : Discuss how acts of animal cruelty and abuse can be indicative of underlying psychological issues and may also desensitize individuals to violence, potentially leading to violent behavior towards humans.
• The Impact of Wildlife Conservation Efforts : Explore how conservation initiatives, such as protected areas, wildlife reserves, and captive breeding programs, help mitigate the threats facing endangered species, restore habitats, and promote biodiversity conservation.

Cause and Effect Essay Topics in Psychology

• The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health : Explore how excessive use of social media platforms can lead to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.
• The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Adult Mental Health : Examine how experiences of childhood trauma, such as abuse or neglect, can lead to the development of mental health disorders later in life.
• The Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation and Psychological Well-being : Investigate how insufficient sleep can lead to mood disorders, impaired cognitive function, and increased susceptibility to stress.
• The Effects of Bullying on Mental Health : Analyze how being bullied, whether in person or online, can lead to long-term psychological consequences such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
• The Influence of Genetics on Mental Health Disorders : Discuss how genetic predispositions can increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression.
• The Impact of Substance Abuse on Psychological Functioning : Explore how substance abuse can alter brain chemistry, impair cognitive function, and lead to the development of addiction and mental health disorders.
• The Relationship Between Exercise and Mental Health : Examine how regular exercise can improve mood, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and enhance overall psychological well-being.
• The Effects of Stress on Mental Health : Investigate how chronic stress can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychological conditions.
• The Influence of Nutrition on Psychological Functioning : Discuss how diet and nutrition can impact mood, cognitive function, and mental health outcomes.
• The Impact of Traumatic Events on Psychological Health : Analyze how experiencing or witnessing traumatic events can lead to conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression.

Most Written Cause and Effect Essay Topics

• The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers’ Self-Esteem : Explore how spending excessive time on social media platforms can affect teenagers’ self-esteem and body image.
• The Effects of Bullying on Academic Performance : Examine how being bullied at school can lead to decreased academic performance and attendance.
• The Influence of Peer Pressure on Teenage Decision-Making : Discuss how peer pressure can influence teenagers to engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse or skipping school.
• The Effect of Technology on Family Relationships : Analyze how spending too much time on electronic devices can lead to decreased communication and bonding within families.
• The Impact of Junk Food Consumption on Children’s Health : Explore how consuming excessive amounts of junk food can lead to obesity, health problems, and decreased energy levels in children.
• The Relationship Between Exercise and Academic Performance : Discuss how regular physical activity can improve concentration, memory, and overall academic performance in students.
• The Effects of Lack of Sleep on Learning : Examine how not getting enough sleep can lead to difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and decreased learning abilities in students.
• The Influence of Television on Behavior : Analyze how watching violent or inappropriate television shows can lead to aggressive behavior or desensitization to violence in children.
• The Impact of Regular Reading on Language Skills : Discuss how regularly reading books can improve vocabulary, comprehension, and language skills in young students.

Cause and Effect Essay Topics Related to Sports

• The Impact of Sports Participation on Academic Performance : Explore how involvement in sports activities can improve academic performance, time management skills, and overall school success.
• The Effects of Sports Injuries on Athletes’ Long-Term Health : Examine how sports-related injuries, such as concussions, ligament tears, or repetitive strain injuries, can have lasting effects on athletes’ physical and mental health.
• The Influence of Sports Sponsorship on Athletes’ Performance and Image : Discuss how sponsorship deals and endorsements can motivate athletes, influence their training regimes, and shape their public image and career trajectory.
• The Relationship Between Sports and Mental Health : Analyze how participating in sports activities can promote mental well-being, reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, and improve self-esteem and resilience.
• The Effect of Sports Culture on Gender Stereotypes : Explore how traditional gender norms and stereotypes are perpetuated or challenged within sports culture, affecting participation, representation, and opportunities for athletes of different genders.
• The Impact of Sports Broadcasting on Fan Engagement and Revenue : Discuss how televised sports events and streaming platforms contribute to fan engagement, revenue generation, and the commercialization of sports.
• The Influence of Sports on Social Cohesion and Community Building : Examine how sports events and activities bring communities together, foster social connections, and promote inclusivity and diversity.
• The Effects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs on Athletes and Sports Integrity : Analyze how the use of performance-enhancing drugs can affect athletes’ health, tarnish the integrity of sports, and undermine fair competition.
• The Relationship Between Sports Participation and Crime Reduction : Explore how involvement in organized sports programs can provide positive outlets for at-risk youth, reduce delinquent behavior, and contribute to community safety.
• The Impact of Sportsmanship and Fair Play on Athletes’ Character Development : Discuss how emphasizing sportsmanship, fair play, and ethical behavior in sports can promote integrity, teamwork, and character development among athletes.

Strategies for Writing Cause and Effect Essays

1. Choosing a Topic

Select a topic that is interesting, relevant, and manageable. Consider the availability of research materials and the scope of the topic to ensure it is appropriate for the essay length.

2. Conducting Research

Use reliable sources to gather information about the causes and effects of your chosen topic. Academic journals, books, reputable websites, and government publications are excellent resources.

3. Organizing the Essay

Structure your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The introduction should present the topic and thesis statement. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific cause or effect, providing evidence and examples to support your analysis. The conclusion should summarize the key points and restate the thesis in light of the evidence presented.

4. Writing Clearly

Present your ideas in a clear and concise manner. Use transition words and phrases to guide the reader through your arguments and ensure a logical flow of information.

5. Proofreading and Revising

After completing your essay, review it for any grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Ensure that your arguments are coherent and that your evidence supports your thesis. Revising your essay multiple times can help refine your analysis and improve the overall quality of your writing.

Cause and effect essays are a valuable tool for developing critical thinking and analytical skills. By exploring the relationships between events and their outcomes, students gain a deeper understanding of the world around them. The topics discussed in this essay are just a few examples of the many possibilities for cause and effect essays. By following the strategies outlined above, students can write insightful and well-structured essays that effectively communicate their analysis of cause and effect relationships.

Overwhelmed by Essay Deadlines?

Our academic writing services are here to support you in managing your workload. We provide timely and high-quality essays to ensure you never miss a deadline. Focus on what matters most while we take care of your writing needs.

Works Cited Examples for Cause and Effect Essay

Amato, Paul R. “The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children.” Journal of Marriage and Family , vol. 62, no. 4, 2000, pp. 1269-1287.

Booth, Frank W., et al. “Waging War on Modern Chronic Diseases: Primary Prevention through Exercise Biology.” Journal of Applied Physiology , vol. 88, no. 2, 2000, pp. 774-787.

IPCC. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis . Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Jacka, Felice N., et al. “Association of Western and Traditional Diets with Depression and Anxiety in Women.” American Journal of Psychiatry , vol. 167, no. 3, 2010, pp. 305-311.

Jambeck, Jenna R., et al. “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.” Science , vol. 347, no. 6223, 2015, pp. 768-771.

Kotler, Philip, and Kevin Lane Keller. Marketing Management . Pearson, 2016.

Kozma, Robert B. “Technology and Classroom Practices: An International Study.” Journal of Research on Technology in Education , vol. 36, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1-14.

Steinberg, Laurence. Adolescence . McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.

Twenge, Jean M., and W. Keith Campbell. “Associations between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-being among Children and Adolescents: Evidence from a Population-based Study.” Preventive Medicine Reports , vol. 12, 2018, pp. 271-283.

UN Habitat. World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization . United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2020.

What is a cause and effect essay topic ?

A cause and effect essay topic explores the relationship between two or more phenomena, events, or variables, where one is the cause and the other is the effect or consequence.

How do I choose a cause and effect essay topic?

Choose a topic that interests you and has a clear cause and effect relationship. Consider current events, personal experiences, or academic subjects that you find compelling.

What are some examples of cause and effect essay topics?

Examples include the effects of social media on mental health, the impact of climate change on wildlife habitats, or the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance.

How do I structure a cause and effect essay?

A cause and effect essay typically follows a structured format, with an introduction that presents the topic and thesis statement, body paragraphs that discuss the causes and effects, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.

Can I use both causes and effects in one essay?

Yes, you can discuss both causes and effects in a single essay. However, it’s essential to maintain clarity and coherence by clearly distinguishing between causes and effects and organizing your essay logically.

What are some tips for writing a cause and effect essay?

Clearly define the cause and effect relationship you’re exploring. Use evidence, examples, and data to support your arguments. Organize your essay logically, either chronologically or by order of importance. Consider the complexity of the topic and its potential for deeper analysis.

Can I focus on multiple causes or effects in one essay?

Yes, you can explore multiple causes or effects in one essay. However, it’s crucial to maintain coherence and focus by clearly presenting each cause or effect and explaining its relationship to the topic.

How do I make my cause and effect essay topic unique?

Consider approaching familiar topics from a new perspective or exploring lesser-known causes and effects. You can also incorporate personal insights or experiences to add originality to your essay.

Recent Posts

• Supplemental Essays: Your Guide to College Application Success
• College Acceptance Rates: From Ivy League to Technical Institutes
• College Essay Writing: What You Need to Know
• College Success: Resources and Strategies
• College Life: A Guide to Local Resources and Opportunities

Welcome to our writing center! Whether you’re working on a writing assignment or simply need help with a paragraph, we’re here to assist you. Our resources are licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike 4.0 international license, so feel free to use them to summarize, revise, or improve your essay writing. Our goal is to help you navigate the transition to college writing and become a confident writer in college. From research process to writing strategies, we can support you with different kinds of writing.

Services Offered

• Professional custom essay writing service for college students
• Experienced writers for high-quality academic research papers
• Affordable thesis and dissertation writing assistance online
• Best essay editing and proofreading services with quick turnaround
• Original and plagiarism-free content for academic assignments
• Expert writers for in-depth literature reviews and case studies
• © Copyright 2024
• CollegeWriting101
• . All Rights Reserved.

Custom Essay, Term Paper & Research paper writing services

• testimonials

Toll Free: +1 (888) 354-4744

Email: [email protected]

Writing custom essays & research papers since 2008

Get top 100 cause and effect essay topics now.

When you need the best cause and effect essay topics on the Internet, all you have to do is read this blog post. We have a list of the best 100 cause and effect topics and these topics are updated periodically. You can get some ideas from our list right now, as it has just been updated for June, 2020. On top of the free topics, you also get to see why choosing a great topic is entirely in your best interest. Read on!

The Importance of Interesting Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Most students underestimate the importance of interesting cause and effect essay topic ideas. We don’t know why, but many students still prefer to get topics from the first three pages that pop up in Google’s SERPs. They probably don’t realize that at least a couple of their classmates will pick the exact same topics. You may thing that you have a good cause and effect topic and later realize that 5 other students have chosen that same topic for their essays. Here is why you need to come up with a 100% original cause and effect essay topic idea:

• Your professor is bored of reading essays on the same plain old topics. When he sees a new topic, it’s like a breath of fresh air. Don’t underestimate how important this can be for your grade.
• Interesting cause and effect paper topics have been shown by many studies to get higher grades. Why? It’s probably because professors tend to award bonus points for originality and uniqueness.
• Consistently finding good cause and effect topics shows your professors that you really take the essay seriously. After all, you’re willing to dedicate a lot of time and effort to finding the most interesting things to talk about.

Where Can You Get Some Topics for Cause and Effect Essay?

Now that you know how important some original, fun cause and effect essay topics can be, it’s time to find the best of them. Of course, nobody expects you to spend hours every day thinking about topics. You are free to use the Internet. It’s an invaluable source of information, to be honest. There are several ways to get some really good topics:

• You can go to the school library and read journals, articles and other writings to try to find topics for cause and effect essay. You’ll be able to find many ideas there, but it takes time to go through all the materials.
• You can read newspapers and scientific articles online. New, intriguing research is being done every day, so you are almost guaranteed to find something interesting to write about sooner or later.
• You can try to ask people to make some suggestions on blogs and forums. You can get some ideas from genuine experts, but it will take time.
• You can read our list and pick a cause and effect topic for free. You are free to reword it just the way you like. And remember, we update the list periodically so we can help as many students as possible with original topics. Don’t hesitate to take a closer look at feminist essay topics .

Our Free List of Cause and Effect Essay Ideas

Without further ado, here is our list of 100% original cause and effect essay topics, updated for 2020. Pick a topic for cause and effect essay and start writing right now!

Social Media/Internet Cause and Effect Topics

Need some excellent social media/internet cause and effect topics? Look no further than our free list of topics:

• The effect of cell phones on US youth.
• The cause and effect of cyber bullying.
• Why is Google the largest search engine?
• The effects of identity theft.
• Are social media sites losing popularity? Why?
• Cause or playing video games and its effects.
• Social media and its effects on teens.

Fun Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Of course, we have some very interesting and fun cause and effect essay topics for you. Pick any of these and start writing right now:

• The causes why men are afraid to commit.
• Does a happy marriage have an effect on mental health?
• The causes why video games are so popular.
• The effects of eating your veggies.
• The cause and effect of a low grade on your essay.
• The use of screens to write instead of pen and paper.
• The effects of wearing a school uniform.

Culture Cause and Effect Topics

Looking for culture cause and effect topics? We have some of them in our list, of course. Just pick the best one:

• Does mass media cause a bias effect?
• Skinny models are causing a spike in anorexia cases.
• Discuss China’s one-child-per-family policy.
• Does college affect a student’s skills?
• The effects of going to the theatre regularly.
• Do some people learn foreign languages faster?
• Reality shows have a negative impact on youths.

Very Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Looking for very good cause and effect essay topics? Want the best topics? Here are some ideas for you:

• Hormonal changes are causing mood swings.
• Is your career influenced by bad eating habits?
• Personal relations are improved by humor.
• Stress can be reduced by regular exercise.
• Children are unhealthy because of junk food.
• Doing lots of homework doesn’t get you better grades.

Health Cause and Effect Ideas

When it comes to health cause and effect ideas, you won’t find better topics than ours. Check them out below:

• Causes and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Energy levels drop when eating junk food.
• The causes of Parkinson’s disease.
• Joint problems are caused by obesity.
• The cause of stress and its effects on health.
• Obesity is impacting the healthcare system in the US.
• The main causes of cardiovascular disease.

Easy Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Don’t want to spend an entire day writing the essay? Just pick one of our easy cause and effect essay topics:

• The effects of pollution in Europe.
• How dangerous are earthquakes?
• The main causes of racism.
• The effect of telling a lie.
• The cause of the tsunami.
• Has your favorite book influenced you?
• The effect your pet has on you.

Cause and Effect Essay Topics for College Students

Here are some cause and effect essay topics for college students that you will really appreciate:

• Why did you choose your major?
• The causes and effects of World War II.
• Water vapors can cause a greenhouse effect.
• The causes and effects of Alzheimer’s disease.
• Multitasking causes an increase in stress.
• Strict immigration policies are causing severe tensions in the US.

Relationships Cause and Effect Ideas

Discussing relationships can be an excellent choice for an essay. Pick one of our relationships cause and effect ideas:

• Many breakups are caused by financial problems.
• How a parent’s behavior influences his or her kids.
• Affordable housing causes an increase of happy couples.
• Can a friendship end because of poor communication?
• Facebook can ruin your relationship.
• The effect of a Lottery win on relationships.
• The effect of smartphones of relationships.

Cause and Effect Paragraph Topics

Looking to write just a cause and effect paragraph? No problem! Here are some cause and effect paragraph topics:

• The effect of the Internet on high school students.
• What causes you to get low grades?
• Families are affected by vacations.
• Illegal deforestation is causing global warming.
• Should we conserve water?
• The dangers of being bullied.

Cause and Effect Speech Topics

Need to write a speech? We have plenty of cause and effect speech topics. Check them out below:

• Is your personal information private?
• The effects of illegal immigration on the US.
• The effects of the Coronavirus on the UK.
• Which is more loyal, a dog or a human?
• The main causes of global warming.
• The effects of a positive mindset.
• Good food really makes you happy.

Environment Cause and Effect Topics

Discussing the environment can be very interesting, so we have an entire section with environment cause and effect topics:

• What causes forest fires in the US?
• The effects of water conservation.
• What causes natural disasters?
• Do forecasts help prevent natural disasters?
• Why do some fish go extinct?
• The extinction of the dinosaurs.
• The effects of city pollution on humans.

Smoking Cause and Effect Topics

Is smoking really that bad? What about the menthol in cigarettes? Pick one of our smoking cause and effect topics and start writing:

• The effects of heavy smoking.
• Is pancreatic cancer deadly?
• The causes of not having medical insurance.
• Does nicotine affect your brain?
• The effects of quitting smoking.
• The causes why people start smoking.

Cause and Effect Topic Ideas for High School

Perhaps you want something easier, more appropriate for high school students. Check out our cause and effect topic ideas for high school students:

• The causes of acne.
• Do children suffer from social anxiety?
• The effects of cheating on your tests.
• What causes rivalry between siblings?
• The causes of teenage rebellion.
• Why do people want to travel so much?

Education Cause and Effect Ideas

Want to make a change? Pick one of these education cause and effect ideas and present your opinion to your professor:

• Does college education give you a better life?
• The causes of cheating at exams.
• The effect of standardized tests on students.
• Why do students consider school boring?
• Are single-sex classrooms necessary?
• The effect of homeschooling on a child.
• Do professors burn out?

Social Problems Cause and Effect Topic Ideas

There will always be social issues to be discussed. Choose one of the social problems cause and effect topic ideas and make a change:

• Why are men earning more than women in the US?
• The effect of food insecurity on people.
• What causes extreme poverty in the UK?
• What causes widespread racism views?
• The causes of poor sanitation.
• Why are disabled people unable to get good jobs?
• Should children watch news reports?

Need More Cause and Effect Ideas?

Didn’t manage to find the perfect topic in our list of cause and effect topic ideas? Don’t worry about it! You can still get some help and avoid spending another day looking for a topic elsewhere. Our seasoned academic writers can send you an entire list of topics and you can pick the best one. We move very fast, so you can expect to get the list in no time. And remember, our writers are genuine experts and hold degrees in various fields. Get the help you need right now!

Understanding Cause and Effect (Sentence Examples and Essay Sample)

What is cause and effect ? You’ve probably heard the saying, “There’s a reason for everything.” And it’s true! Everything happens for a reason. But what are some of the reasons? In this blog post, we’ll explore some cause and effect examples. We’ll also discuss how to identify the cause and effect in everyday situations.

What is cause and effect?

Understanding cause and effect is crucial in our daily lives , as well as in scientific and medical fields. When considering a problem or situation, it can be helpful to ask “what caused this?” and “what are the effects?”. 

This type of analysis allows you to determine what actions you may need to take in order to prevent or manage certain effects. 

Let’s use the example of smoking: the cause may be a person’s decision to smoke a cigarette, and some possible effects could be an increased risk for lung cancer or heart disease. 

By understanding the relationship between cause and effect, you can make informed choices in your lives and find solutions to problems.

Additionally, in  scientific experimentation , establishing a clear cause and effect relationship is crucial for determining the validity of results. In sum, thinking about cause and effect can aid us in making sense of our world and finding ways to improve it.

Examples of cause and effect

The cause is the root of the problem while the effect is what results from the issue.  Cause and effect  are often related: one event may be the result of another, or several events may contribute to a single result.

• A cause: poor nutrition can lead to Effects: of both weight gain and fatigue.
• An effect may have more than one cause: for example, a headache could be caused by stress, dehydration, or a sinus infection.
• Cause: Watching too much television Effect: Directly causes eye strain or indirectly causes health problems if it leads to a sedentary lifestyle.

The causes of an event may be immediate or remote. For example, the immediate causes of a car accident may be speeding and wet roads, while the remote causes may be driver fatigue and mechanical problems with the vehicle.

The effects of an event may be  immediate or delayed . For example, eating too much sugar might immediately cause a sugar high, or the effects might not be noticeable until hours later when blood sugar levels crash.

Cause and effect can be difficult to determine because there may be multiple factors involved. For example, it can be hard to say whether poverty causes crime or if crime causes poverty.

Examples of cause and effect in sentences

• Cause: If a man offends his neighbor by insulting him, the natural reaction is that the insulted neighbor becomes angry ( Effect ). When this happens, he tells his friends about what happened to garner sympathy. Often, his friends will also become upset, and they too will spread the news to their social circles (another cause and effect).
• Cause: Drinking coffee Effect: Dehydration. 
• Cause: A person starts smoking. Effects: Gets various health problems, including cancer and heart disease.

Middle school students

• Smoking causes cancer.
• Eating too much sugar causes diabetes.
• Wearing sunscreen prevents skin cancer.
• Exercising makes you healthier and looks better.
• Driving without a seat belt can lead to serious injury or death in the event of an accident.
• Studying helps you learn and remember information better.
• Staying up late can make you tired and less alert the next day.
• Swimming in the ocean can cause a rash or infection if you’re not careful.
• Eating raw fish can cause food poisoning.
• Reading in dim light can damage your eyesight.

High school students

• Eating a balanced diet helps you stay healthy. 
• Drinking too much alcohol can cause liver damage. 
• Exercise is good for your body and mind. 
• Too much stress can lead to physical and mental health problems. 
• Sleeping for eight hours each night helps improve your mood and energy levels. 
• Taking care of your belongings keeps them in good condition for longer periods of time. 
• Being on time allows you to have a more productive day. 
• Participating in class discussions increases your understanding of the material. 
• Chewing gum while you’re studying helps you focus and remember the information better.

College students

• Being overweight increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus.
• Earning a college degree can lead to increased earning potential throughout a lifetime.

Software engineers

• The bug caused the system to crash.
• A coding error in the software caused incorrect data to be displayed.
• A misconfiguration in the system caused the problem.
• Poorly written code can cause serious problems for a software system.
• Incorrect input can cause an application to malfunction.
• Misuse of a function can cause errors in the program output.
• A programming error can cause a system to fail catastrophically.
• A software bug can cause applications to fail unexpectedly. 
• Bad data can cause a program to crash or produce incorrect results. 
• Undocumented features can often lead to unforeseen problems.

Marketing professionals

• Increased spending on advertising led to a significant increase in profits.
• A decrease in the quality of the products led to a decrease in sales.
• The company’s decision to focus on price over quality caused them to lose market share.
• Focusing on new markets led to an increase in revenue.
• Introducing new products led to an increase in profits.
• Spending more time on research and development led to increased sales of new products.
• Targeting a younger demographic led to an increase in profits.
• A lack of focus on customer service led to a decrease in sales and market share. 
• Increasing the amount of product promotion led to significant sales.

Cause and effect essay example

The causes and effects of homelessness.

Homelessness  is an issue that affects people all over the world. There are many different causes of homelessness, and as a result, there are also many different effects. In this essay, we will explore the causes and effects of homelessness in detail.

The most obvious cause of homelessness is unemployment. Personal relationships, mental health issues, and substance abuse can all contribute to an individual losing their housing. Additionally, even those who do have steady employment may struggle to afford rising rent costs or be unable to find stable, affordable housing in their area.

Ending homelessness

There is no one-size-fits-all solution to ending homelessness, and it’s important to consider all possible causes when developing plans and programs to support those experiencing homelessness. 

The high cost of housing is often compounded by other factors, such as low wages, unemployment, and mental illness. In many cases, people who become homeless have difficulty maintaining steady employment due to these factors. As a result, they cannot afford housing, leading to homelessness.

Inflection by mental illness

Mental illness is another cause of homelessness. A large portion of homeless people – estimates range from  20-25%  – suffer from severe mental illness, whereas only 6% of non-homeless individuals do. Some experts estimate that as many as one-third of all homeless people have some form of mental illness.

This can make it difficult for them to maintain employment or afford to house. Mental illness can also make it difficult for people to access services that help them escape the streets.

There are many different effects of homelessness. One of the most obvious effects is poor physical health. Homeless people often have difficulty accessing necessities like food and  shelter , which can lead to malnutrition and exposure to harsh weather . Homelessness also often leads to increased stress levels and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.

In conclusion, homelessness is a complex problem with many causes and effects. Understanding all of these factors is essential to effectively address the issue.

Cause and effect exercises

If you train your parrot, he will speak.

What is the cause?

What is the effect?

She forgot to feed her dog, it died of starvation.

I didn’t drink enough water today, so I am feeling dehydrated.

Cause: Training the parrot.

Effect: Learning to speak.

Cause: Forgot to feed her dog.

Effect: Died of starvation.

Cause: Didn’t drink water.

Effect: Feeling  dehydrated .

The next time you want to understand why something happened, consider looking for the cause and effect. And, when you’re ready to improve your grades or earn a degree, remember that we’re here to help you succeed. But understanding cause and effect can provide clarity where there might be confusion.

It is the connection between the core cause the effect. There can be multiple causes in a situation. Although it doesn’t have an impact on the cause and effect relationship. For example, “eating poorly and not exercising.” This can be an example of multiple causes and can have multiple effects.

They are discourse between the relationship of cause and effect relationships. For example, an essay on “growing childhood obesity epidemic” and the root causes of this. Explaining complex relationships requires discourse between the cause and effect (the argument). This is typically found in essay format (cause and effect essays) rather than daily life.

Inside this article

Fact checked: Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Learn more.

About the author

Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain.

Core lessons

• Abstract Noun
• Accusative Case
• Active Sentence
• Alliteration
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Phrase
• Adverbial Clause
• Appositive Phrase
• Body Paragraph
• Compound Adjective
• Complex Sentence
• Compound Words
• Compound Predicate
• Common Noun
• Comparative Adjective
• Comparative and Superlative
• Compound Noun
• Compound Subject
• Compound Sentence
• Copular Verb
• Collective Noun
• Colloquialism
• Conciseness
• Conditional
• Concrete Noun
• Conjunction
• Conjugation
• Conditional Sentence
• Comma Splice
• Correlative Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinate Adjective
• Cumulative Adjective
• Dative Case
• Declarative Statement
• Direct Object Pronoun
• Direct Object
• Dangling Modifier
• Demonstrative Pronoun
• Demonstrative Adjective
• Direct Characterization
• Definite Article
• Doublespeak
• Equivocation Fallacy
• Future Perfect Progressive
• Future Simple
• Future Perfect Continuous
• Future Perfect
• First Conditional
• Gerund Phrase
• Genitive Case
• Helping Verb
• Irregular Adjective
• Irregular Verb
• Imperative Sentence
• Indefinite Article
• Intransitive Verb
• Introductory Phrase
• Indefinite Pronoun
• Indirect Characterization
• Interrogative Sentence
• Intensive Pronoun
• Inanimate Object
• Indefinite Tense
• Infinitive Phrase
• Interjection
• Intensifier
• Indicative Mood
• Juxtaposition
• Linking Verb
• Misplaced Modifier
• Nominative Case
• Noun Adjective
• Object Pronoun
• Object Complement
• Order of Adjectives
• Parallelism
• Prepositional Phrase
• Past Simple Tense
• Past Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense
• Past Progressive Tense
• Present Simple Tense
• Present Perfect Tense
• Personal Pronoun
• Personification
• Persuasive Writing
• Parallel Structure
• Phrasal Verb
• Predicate Adjective
• Predicate Nominative
• Phonetic Language
• Plural Noun
• Punctuation
• Punctuation Marks
• Preposition
• Preposition of Place
• Parts of Speech
• Possessive Adjective
• Possessive Determiner
• Possessive Case
• Possessive Noun
• Proper Adjective
• Proper Noun
• Present Participle
• Quotation Marks
• Relative Pronoun
• Reflexive Pronoun
• Reciprocal Pronoun
• Subordinating Conjunction
• Simple Future Tense
• Stative Verb
• Subjunctive
• Subject Complement
• Subject of a Sentence
• Sentence Variety
• Second Conditional
• Superlative Adjective
• Slash Symbol
• Topic Sentence
• Types of Nouns
• Types of Sentences
• Uncountable Noun
• Vowels and Consonants

Popular lessons

Stay awhile. Your weekly dose of grammar and English fun.

The world's best online resource for learning English. Understand words, phrases, slang terms, and all other variations of the English language.

• Abbreviations
• Editorial Policy

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Front Vet Sci

Dogs Supporting Human Health and Well-Being: A Biopsychosocial Approach

Nancy r. gee.

1 Department of Psychiatry, Center for Human Animal Interaction, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States

Kerri E. Rodriguez

2 Human-Animal Bond in Colorado, School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States

Aubrey H. Fine

3 Department of Education, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States

Janet P. Trammell

4 Division of Social Sciences and Natural Sciences, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, United States

Humans have long realized that dogs can be helpful, in a number of ways, to achieving important goals. This is evident from our earliest interactions involving the shared goal of avoiding predators and acquiring food, to our more recent inclusion of dogs in a variety of contexts including therapeutic and educational settings. This paper utilizes a longstanding theoretical framework- the biopsychosocial model- to contextualize the existing research on a broad spectrum of settings and populations in which dogs have been included as an adjunct or complementary therapy to improve some aspect of human health and well-being. A wide variety of evidence is considered within key topical areas including cognition, learning disorders, neurotypical and neurodiverse populations, mental and physical health, and disabilities. A dynamic version of the biopsychosocial model is used to organize and discuss the findings, to consider how possible mechanisms of action may impact overall human health and well-being, and to frame and guide future research questions and investigations.

Introduction – A Historical Perspective on Dog-Human Relationships

The modern relationship between humans and dogs is undoubtedly unique. With a shared evolutionary history spanning tens of thousands of years ( 1 ), dogs have filled a unique niche in our lives as man's best friend. Through the processes of domestication and natural selection, dogs have become adept at socializing with humans. For example, research suggests dogs are sensitive to our emotional states ( 2 ) as well as our social gestures ( 3 ), and they also can communicate with us using complex cues such as gaze alternation ( 4 ). In addition, dogs can form complex attachment relationships with humans that mirror that of infant-caregiver relationships ( 5 ).

In today's society, dog companionship is widely prevalent worldwide. In the United States, 63 million households have a pet dog, a majority of which consider their dog a member of their family ( 6 ). In addition to living in our homes, dogs have also become increasingly widespread in applications to assist individuals with disabilities as assistance dogs. During and following World War I, formal training of dogs as assistance animals began particularly for individuals with visual impairments in Germany and the United States ( 7 ). Following World War II, formal training for other roles, such as mobility and hearing assistance, started to increase in prevalence. Over the decades, the roles of assistance dogs have expanded to assist numerous disabilities and conditions including medical conditions such as epilepsy and diabetes and mental health disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the same time, society has also seen increasing applications of dogs incorporated into working roles including detection, hunting, herding, and protection ( 8 , 9 ).

In addition to these working roles, dogs have also been instrumental in supporting humans in other therapeutic ways. In the early 1960s, animal-assisted interventions (AAI) began to evolve with the pioneering work of Boris Levinson, Elizabeth O'Leary Corson, and Samuel Corson. Levinson, a child psychologist practicing since the 1950s, noticed a child who was nonverbal and withdrawn during therapy began interacting with his dog, Jingles, in an unplanned interaction. This experience caused Levinson to begin his pioneering work in creating the foundations for AAI as an adjunct to treatment ( 10 ). In the 1970s, Samuel Corson and Elizabeth O'Leary Corson were some of the first researchers to empirically study canine-assisted interventions. Like Levinson, they inadvertently discovered that some of their patients with psychiatric disorders were interested in the dogs and that their patients with psychiatric disorders communicated more easily with each other and the staff when in the company of the dogs ( 11 , 12 ). Over the following decades, therapy dogs have been increasingly found to provide support for individuals with diverse needs in a wide array of settings ( 13 ).

Theoretical Framework for Dog Interaction Benefits

For over 40 years, the biopsychosocial model ( 14 ) has been widely used to conceptualize how biological, psychological, and social influences combine to determine human health and well-being. Biological influences refer to physiological changes such as blood pressure, cortisol, and heart rate, among others; psychological influences include personality, mood, and emotions, among others; and social influences refer to cultural, socio-economic, social relationships with others, family dynamics, and related matters. Figure 1 presents a graphical illustration of the relationship among these three influences in determining overall health and well-being. Although the model has dominated research and theory in health psychology for decades, more recently, it was re-envisioned as a more dynamic system ( 15 ) that construes human health as the result of the reciprocal influences of biological, psychological and social factors that unfold over personal and historical time. For example, if a person breaks his/her arm, there will be a biological impact in that immune and muscle systems respond and compensate. Social, or interpersonal, changes may occur when support or assistance is offered by others. Psychological changes will occur as a result of adjusting to and coping with the injury. Thus, the injury represents a dynamic influence initiated at one point in time and extending forward in time with diminishing impact as healing occurs.

A biopsychosocial perspective of how biological, psychological, and social influences may impact one another (solid lined arrows) and influence human health and well-being (represented here by the large thick circular shape).

This dynamic biopsychosocial approach to understanding health and well-being is appealing to the field of human-animal interaction (HAI) because of the dynamic nature of the relationship between humans and animals. For example, a person may acquire many dogs over his/her lifetime, perhaps from childhood to old age, and each of those dogs may sequentially develop from puppyhood to old age in that time. Behaviorally, the way the human and the dog interact is likely to be different across the lifespans of both species. From a biopsychosocial model perspective, the dynamic nature of the human-canine relationship may differentially interact with each of the three influencers (biological, psychological, and social) of human health and well-being over the trajectories of both beings. Notably, these influencers are not fixed, but rather have an interactional effect with each other over time.

While a person's biological, psychological, and social health may affect the relationship between that person and dogs with whom interactions occur, the focus of this manuscript is on the reverse: how owning or interacting with a dog may impact each of the psychological, biological, and social influencers of human health. We will also present relevant research and discuss potential mechanisms by which dogs may, or may not, contribute to human health and well-being according to the biopsychosocial model. Finally, we will emphasize how the biopsychosocial theory can be easily utilized to provide firmer theoretical foundations for future HAI research and applications to therapeutic practice and daily life.

Psychological Influences

Much research has been conducted on the impact of dog ownership and dog interactions on human psychological health and functioning. Frequent interactions with a dog, either through ownership or through long-term interventions, have been associated with positive psychological outcomes across the lifespan [for a systematic review of this evidence see ( 16 )]. One psychological aspect of interest to many HAI researchers is depression, especially among older adults. However, the relationship of pet dog ownership and depression over the lifespan continues to have inconsistent and inconclusive findings ( 16 ). Nevertheless, there are examples in the literature highlighting the beneficial role of dog ownership in reducing depression. As is frequently the case in HAI, the evidence from intervention studies is stronger than that of pet ownership studies ( 16 ), with the preponderance of this evidence linking animal-assisted interventions to a decrease in depression, as measured by self-report indices. Among the mechanisms for this reduction in depression are biological and social influences. For example, one such study found that an attachment relationship with a pet dog may serve as a coping resource for older women by buffering the relationship between loneliness (also measured by self-report indices) and depression, such that the presence of the pet dog appears to ameliorate the potential for loneliness to exacerbate depression ( 17 ). A causal relationship between dog ownership and mental health is difficult to determine. Not only may owning a pet dog increase stress, but those who are already suffering from loneliness or depression may be more inclined to have a pet dog than those who do not.

Another psychological outcome related to dog interaction that receives considerable research attention is anxiety. Studies have found that short-term, unstructured interactions with a therapy dog can significantly reduce self-reported anxiety and distress levels [e.g., ( 18 )]. For example, children with their pet dog or a therapy dog present during a stressful task exhibit lower perceived stress and more positive affect compared to when alone ( 19 ), when a parent was present ( 20 ), or when a stuffed dog was present ( 21 ). In addition to psychological mechanisms, there are social and biological mechanisms at play as well. In these short-term stressful contexts, a dog may serve as both a comforting, nonjudgmental presence as well as a positive tactile and sensory distraction. Dog interaction might also reduce anxiety and distress by influencing emotion regulation while coping with a stressor ( 22 ). During animal-assisted therapy, having a dog present during psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy can aid in decreasing self-reported anxious arousal and distress for patients who have experienced trauma, making the therapeutic treatment process more effective ( 23 ).

In addition to the negative aspects of psychological functioning, HAI research has also aimed to quantify the effects of dog interaction and ownership on positive psychological experiences such as happiness and well-being. Some studies have found that dog ownership is associated with higher life satisfaction and greater well-being ( 24 ), while other studies show that this is the case only when the dog provided social support ( 25 ) or satisfied the owner's needs ( 26 ). However, other large-scale surveys have found no significant differences in self-reported happiness between dog owners, cat owners, and non-pet owners ( 27 ), contributing to mixed findings. Recent discussions argue that too much focus has been placed on the relationship between mental health and the simple variable of dog ownership, when the specific activities that owners engage in with their dogs (e.g., walking, tactile interaction, and shared activities,) may be more important in explaining positive well-being ( 28 ). Further, many other factors may be driving these inconsistent findings in depression, anxiety, and well-being, including the owner's personality ( 24 ), gender and marital status ( 29 ), and attachment to the dog ( 30 ).

Dogs may also provide a source of motivation; for example, people with dogs are more likely to comply with the rigors of their daily life ( 31 ). The relationship with a pet dog may provide motivation to do things that may be less desirable. For example, for older adults who own pets, it is not uncommon for them to be more involved in daily life activities because of the need to take care of their animals ( 32 ). Likewise, children also complete less desired activities due to their relationship with the dog [for a discussion of this topic see ( 33 )].

An accumulation of research also suggests that dog interaction may have specific psychological benefits for individuals with physical disabilities and chronic conditions. Cohabitating with a specially trained assistance dog, including guide, hearing, and service dogs, can be associated with increased psychological and emotional functioning among individuals with disabilities ( 34 ). For individuals with mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), recent research has also found that having a psychiatric service dog is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, less depression and anxiety, and better quality of life [For a review see ( 35 )]. These benefits appear to be due to a combination of the service dog's specific trained tasks and aspects inherent to cohabitating with a pet dog, including having a source of love, nonjudgmental social support, and companionship ( 36 ).

Similar research has also highlighted the value of dogs for children with disorders of executive functioning and self-regulation, especially autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For some children with ASD, dogs may provide a calming and positive presence ( 37 ) and may both reduce anxiety ( 38 ) and improve problematic behaviors ( 39 ). Parents report that both pet dogs and service dogs can provide certain benefits for children with ASD, including benefits to children's moods, sleep, and behavior ( 40 , 41 ). Therapy dogs have also been found to be impactful in supporting children with ADHD in their emotional regulation ( 42 ) and aspects of character development ( 43 ). Nevertheless, the outcome of dog interactions may not be positive for all individuals with ASD and ADHD; despite evidence of psychological benefits of dog interaction for some children, others may be fearful or become over-stimulated by dogs ( 44 ).

In addition to impacts on psychological health, dog interaction can also impact psychological functioning, cognition, and learning. Among children, emerging research suggests short-term interactions with a therapy dog may lead to improvements in specific aspects of learning and cognition. A recent systematic review of research on therapy dog reading programs indicated that reading to a dog has a number of beneficial effects including improved reading performance ( 45 ). Studies suggest that interacting with a therapy dog may also improve speed and accuracy on cognitive (e.g., memory, categorization, adherence to instructions) and motor skills tasks among preschool-aged children compared to interacting with a stuffed dog or human ( 46 ). Similarly, a recent study showed that 10–14-year-old children had greater frontal lobe activity in the presence of a real dog as compared to a robotic dog, indicating a higher level of neuropsychological attention ( 47 ).

Among young adults, similar effects on cognition and learning have been found. Numerous colleges and universities now offer interactions with therapy dogs, typically during high stress times (such as before exams). In this sense, a biological mechanism through which dog interaction may positively impact cognition and learning is via stress reduction and improvement in positive affect. Even such short and infrequent interactions with therapy dogs may decrease perceived stress and increase perceived happiness in college students [e.g., ( 48 , 49 )]. Further, some institutions have permanent resident therapy dogs and/or long-term intervention programs; one such program showed that students who interacted with therapy dogs for 8 weeks reported significantly less homesickness and greater satisfaction with life than wait-listed controls ( 50 ). These effects may translate to additional effects on students' academic success, learning, and cognition. For instance, a recent randomized controlled trial ( 51 ) paired a standard academic stress management program with therapy dog interaction; the pairing produced significantly higher levels of self-reported enjoyment, usefulness, self-regulation, and behavior change than the stress management program or dog interaction alone. However, when therapy dog interaction is closely paired with more specific learning experiences, beneficial effects on stress remain, but benefits to academic performance may not manifest. For example, a recent study showed that interacting with a therapy dog resulted in significant improvements in students' perceived stress and mood, but not in actual exam scores ( 52 ). Similarly, interacting with a therapy dog during the learning and recall phase of a memory test did not improve memory compared to a control group ( 53 ). Taken together, dog interaction may improve stress and affect among college-aged adults as well as dimensions important for academic success and learning, but these results may or may not translate to cognitive performance benefits.

Biological Influences

The psychological and biological effects of HAI are often closely interwoven, as seen in the Psychological Influences section above and as demonstrated by the frequency with which psychological effects are evaluated using biological assessments of stress, anxiety, and arousal ( 54 ). For example, a plethora of studies have examined how short-term interactions with dogs can influence stress by measuring physiological biomarkers. Studies have found that dog interaction can influence parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, and electrodermal activity ( 55 ) as well as neurochemical indicators of affiliative behavior [e.g., beta-endorphins, prolactin, and dopamine; ( 56 )].

However, one of the most popular physiological measures in HAI research is the stress hormone cortisol ( 57 ). Studies have found that short-term interactions with a dog can decrease both subjective stress and circulating cortisol concentrations [e.g., ( 58 )]. Cohabitating with a dog has also been found to impact circulating cortisol after waking among children with ASD ( 39 ) and military veterans with PTSD ( 59 ). Experimental studies have also examined how having a dog present may modulate the stress response and cortisol secretion among individuals undergoing a stressful situation. Among adults, studies have found that having a dog present during a socially stressful paradigm can attenuate cortisol compared to when alone or with a human friend ( 60 ). A recent randomized controlled trial similarly found that interacting with a therapy dog, for 20 min, two times per week, over a 4-week period resulted in reduced cortisol (basal and diurnal measurement) among typically developing and special needs school children compared to the same duration and length of delivery for a yoga relaxation or a classroom as usual control group ( 61 ). However, it is of note that many methodologically rigorous studies have not found significant effects of interacting with a dog on physiological parameters, including salivary cortisol ( 21 , 62 , 63 ). A recent review of salivary bioscience research in human-animal interaction concluded that significant variation exists with regards to sampling paradigms, storage and assaying methods, and analytic strategies, contributing to variation in findings across the field ( 57 ).

As research quantifying the physiological outcomes from dog interaction continues to increase, so does research attempting to understand the underlying mechanisms of action leading to stress reduction. One theoretical rationale for dogs' stress-reducing benefits consists of the dog's ability to provide non-judgmental social support ( 60 ), improve positive affect ( 64 ), and provide a calming presence ( 22 ). Dogs may also contribute to a feeling of perceived safety and provide a tactile and grounding comfort ( 65 ). For these reasons, dogs are often incorporated into treatment and recovery for individuals who have experienced a traumatic event ( 66 ). Another mechanism contributing to these stress reducing benefits may be tactile stimulation and distraction derived from petting or stroking a dog. For example, Beetz et al. ( 67 ) found that the more time a child spent stroking the dog before a stressful task, the larger the magnitude of cortisol decrease. In fact, calming tactile interactions such as stroking, touching, and petting may be a key mechanism explaining animal-specific benefits to stress physiology, as touch is more socially appropriate in interactions with animals than as with other people ( 22 ). While there are many hypothesized mechanisms underlying positive psychophysiological change following human-dog interaction, more research is needed to determine how individual differences in humans, animals, and the human-animal relationship affects outcomes ( 21 , 57 , 62 , 63 ).

Another mechanism in which positive dog interaction may result in psychophysiological benefits is via the secretion of oxytocin. Oxytocin not only buffers the stress response and cortisol secretion ( 68 ) but is also involved emotion, trust, and bonding ( 69 ). The oxytocin system has been hypothesized to be a primary mechanistic pathway involved in human-dog interactions ( 70 ). Positive dog-owner interactions including stroking, petting, and talking have been shown to result in increased oxytocin levels in both dog owners and dogs, which has been related to the strength of the owner-dog relationship ( 71 ) and dog-human affiliative behaviors ( 72 , 73 ). Some studies have also found differential effects in oxytocin reactivity after dog interaction between human males and females ( 74 ), giving context to potential gender and/or hormonal differences in dog-human interactions. However, even though the oxytocin system exhibits potential as a pathway by which dogs provide psychophysiological benefits, it should be noted that mixed findings and methodological and measurement differences limit strong conclusions ( 75 ).

In regards to pet dog ownership, many studies have also sought to understand the biological effects of long-term interactions with a pet dog. Some research suggests that sharing animal-associated microbes with a pet dog can have long-term impacts on human health ( 76 ) while others have found that cohabitating with a pet dog can be beneficial for child allergies ( 77 ) and immune system development ( 78 ). However, most research on the long-term health impacts of pet dog ownership has focused on cardiovascular functioning. Epidemiological research suggests that dog ownership is linked to greater physical activity levels (presumably linked to dog-walking), and reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality [for a summary see ( 79 )]. A recent meta-analysis of ten studies amassing data from over three million participants found that pet dog ownership was associated with a 31% risk reduction for mortality due to cardiovascular disease ( 80 ). However, dog ownership research of this nature will always suffer from an important chicken and egg type question: do dogs make us healthier, or do healthy people opt to own dogs?

Social Influences

A final way in which dog companionship and interaction may contribute to human health and well-being is through the social realm. Dogs may impact social functioning by providing direct social support ( 81 ) and a source of an attachment bond ( 82 ) which in turn may contribute to better social and mental health by providing companionship. Acquiring a pet dog has been reported to reduce both short-term and long-term self-reported loneliness ( 83 ). Particularly for those who live alone, dog ownership may serve as a protective factor against loneliness in times of social isolation, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic ( 84 ). Among older adults living in long-term care facilities or who live alone, dog visitation may also decrease loneliness by providing a source of meaningful companionship and social connectedness ( 85 , 86 ). However, the literature on pet dogs and loneliness is also characterized by mixed findings, raising the possibility that dog ownership may be a response to loneliness rather than protection from loneliness. Further, there remains a lack of high quality research in this area which limits any causal conclusions ( 87 ).

Another way in which the social support from a pet dog may benefit social functioning is by facilitating social interactions with others. For example, observational studies have found that being accompanied by a dog in public increases the frequency of received social interactions ( 88 ) and social acknowledgments [e.g., friendly glances, smiles; ( 89 )]. For those who engage in dog walking, social interactions are perceived as a rewarding side effect ( 90 ). Dogs can also provide a source of social capital, defined as the glue that holds society together ( 91 ). The research of Wood and colleagues ( 92 ) suggests that dogs can function as facilitators for social contact and interaction, with pet owners reporting higher perceptions of suburb friendliness and more social interactions with neighbors compared to non-pet owners.

For children and adolescents, pet dog ownership may contribute to healthy social development. Positive child–pet dog interactions have been shown to have benefits to children's social competence, interactions, and play behavior [for a review see ( 93 )]. Not only can children form attachment relationships with dogs ( 94 ), but pet dogs may promote feelings of safety and security ( 95 ) that can facilitate childhood social development. Pet ownership may also help children develop skills to form and maintain social relationships with their peers ( 96 ). For example, cross-sectional studies found that children with a pet dog in the home have fewer peer problems and have more prosocial behavior with children without a dog [e.g., ( 97 , 98 )].

Among children with developmental disorders, dog interaction has also been similarly shown to impact social functioning. For children with ADHD, two randomized controlled trials have found that 12 weeks of visits with a therapy dog, incorporated into curricula designed to improve skills and reduce behavioral problems, can result in improved social skills, prosocial behaviors, and perceptions of social competence ( 42 , 43 ). One potential explanation for these benefits is that children may interpret the dogs' nonverbal communication as less threatening and easier to interpret than human interaction ( 99 , 100 ). A recent eye-tracking study found that children with ASD exhibit a bias in social attention to animal faces, including dogs, compared to human faces ( 101 ). The presence of a dog in clinical applications may also promote more social engagement with a therapist while reducing negative behaviors ( 102 , 103 ). Further, there is some evidence that having a pet dog in the home can have a positive impact on social interactions of children with ASD, especially among verbal children, while teaching children responsibility and empathetic behavior ( 104 , 105 ).

Potential Mechanisms of Action

We have discussed how, in the psychological realm, interacting with a dog can positively relate to depression, anxiety, and well-being as well as psychological functioning in the areas of cognition, learning, and attention. It is interesting to note that most psychological constructs are measured using self-report indices, such as the Beck Depression Inventory ( 106 ) or the UCLA Loneliness Scale ( 107 ), while a smaller group of constructs are measured using speed and accuracy to detect targets (attention) or to remember information (learning and memory). In the biological realm, we discussed how interacting with dogs can influence stress-related physiological parameters and long-term biological and cardiovascular health. Biological measures are often recorded in real-time, such as heart rate or blood pressure, or are collected at critical time points during the study (e.g., saliva, urine, or blood samples for such measures as cortisol or oxytocin). Finally, we discussed the social realm, in which interacting with a dog can provide social support, facilitate social interactions, and improve social development and social skills. Measures used to assess variables in the social realm include self-report indices (e.g., demographics such as marital status, numbers of family members and friends), real time observations of social interactions (e.g., video analyses of interactions using ethograms), and parent/teacher reports of social functioning [e.g., Social Skills Rating System; ( 108 )]. To better understand and organize these various findings, we now consider potential mechanisms of action in the context of the biopsychosocial model, and as part of this discussion we will consider the potential for different types of measurement to have their own influence.

The mechanisms that underly positive human-dog interactions are likely to be interrelated and broadly, yet differentially, impactful across the three influencers of health (biological, psychological and social). According to the biopsychosocial model, impacts on one of the influencers of health is likely to impact the others ( 14 ). Further, an underlying mechanism of change may have a larger immediate impact on one realm than on the other two ( 15 ). Although this applies to the many influences we have discussed above, we will describe a reduction in stress as a more detailed example of how the biopsychosocial model can be considered. Stress is likely to have an immediate and measurable impact on the biological system through endocrinological (e.g., changes in cortisol) and psychophysiological (e.g., changes in blood pressure) processes. This same reduction in stress is likely to impact the psychological system through changes in mood or affect, concentration, and motivation, but that impact may not be immediately measurable or may be smaller in magnitude. This conjectured delay or reduction in effect size stems at least in part, from the way these changes are typically measured and the time course for potential effects to become measurable. For example, some biological changes indicative of increased stress (e.g., heart rate) can be measured in direct correspondence with the experimental manipulations (e.g., interacting with the dog vs. experiencing a control condition), and provide real time biological indications of changes in stress levels. Psychological indications of stress may be measured by a self-report survey instrument assessing state or trait anxiety. This type of measure cannot be completed in real time during the various experimental conditions (e.g., interacting with the dog vs. experiencing a control condition), but must be completed at some point following the experimental manipulation. It is possible that psychological measures are not as immediately sensitive to changes in the constructs they measure because of the required delay between manipulation and measurement. Such a delay may underestimate the real time effect as it may fade over time. Finally, reductions in stress have the potential to impact social systems by increasing social approaches and acceptance of approaches by others, but that impact may be of a small size or require even more time to be measurable. For example, exposure to stress may have immediate physiological effects, but it could take more time (prolonged exposure to stress) for those effects to impact some measures of social influence such as number of friends.

In Figure 2 , the mechanism of stress reduction is used as one example for the purposes of this discussion to exemplify how human-dog interactions may influence human health and well-being, as explained by the biopsychosocial model. Stress reduction may have a more immediate or larger impact on the biological realm as demonstrated by the larger arrow, while having a smaller (or perhaps delayed) impact on the psychological realm and an even smaller (or potentially more delayed) impact on the social realm.

An example of the potential for differential impact (represented by the different arrow thickness) of one mechanism of action (stress reduction) on the three realms of influence of overall health and well-being (depicted by the larger encompassing circle).

Based on the research described earlier, we have seen that interacting with a dog can have stress reducing impacts in the biological realm such as decreased cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure, and increases in oxytocin. In the psychological realm, stress reduction can be a driver of immediate improvements in self-report measures of stress, mood, and anxiety and more delayed improvements in overall mental health and quality of life. The social realm is also likely to be directly and indirectly impacted by this stress reduction from both immediate and delayed psychophysiological changes as well as more long-term improvements in social support, social networks, social development, and overall social health. Therefore, it is important to consider the dynamic nature of these three realms in that there may be a strong immediate effect of dog interaction on one realm, but a lesser, delayed impact in the other two realms. Similar to our more detailed example of stress above, other influences we have discussed (e.g., social support, positive affect, etc.) are likewise mechanisms that operate in a similar reciprocal biopsychosocial framework. Further, although it likely that the three influences are interrelated, it is not known from the current evidence the degree to which they may be interrelated and thus have shared and overlapping effects on one another and on overall health and well-being. Therefore, a consideration of mechanisms that influence human-dog interactions from a dynamic and flexible biopsychosocial perspective, instead of from a single realm, is an important addition to the study of human-animal interaction.

Conclusion and Future Directions

In conclusion, the biopsychosocial model is a promising theoretical model to be applied to human-animal interaction research for several reasons. First, the field of HAI has been plagued by mixed findings in which some research suggests that dogs have beneficial effects on human health and well-being and others suggest no effect or even a negative effect [for a discussion see ( 109 )]. This variability in HAI research outcomes caused by differing methodologies, measurement, populations, and interventions is described in detail by Rodriguez et al. ( 110 ). However, we also argue that some of the variability seen in HAI research may be explained by the potential for differential immediate and delayed impacts within each of the three biopsychosocial model realms. For example, if dog interaction shows immediate reduction in physiological measures of stress, how long does that reduction last, and do we see corresponding immediate and/or delayed responses in the psychological and social realms? Therefore, more information about differential impacts of dog interactions on each of the three influencers at various points in time is needed. In addition, it may be necessary to apply a variety of measures (at least one measure per influencer realm) over time to fully disentangle the existing mixed results in the field of HAI.

Secondly, due to the flexibility that this dynamic biopsychosocial model offers in explaining HAI research outcomes, we propose this model as an effective avenue to promote future theoretically grounded research in our field. Saleh ( 111 ) stresses that practice, research, and theory are the corner stones of any field, HAI is not exempt from this consideration. The field of HAI will benefit from applying an accepted model, like the biopsychosocial model, because it provides a useful framework for understanding and predicting how interactions between humans and animals impacts human health and well-being. As Saleh ( 111 ) explains, “it is the result of the relationship between the process of inquiry (research) and the product of knowledge (theory)” that our understanding of a process may become clearer. Therefore, current research should continue to modify and impact a present theory, which should act as a guide for researchers to constantly generate and test the basis of a theory ( 111 ). The findings from such theory-driven research could then help practitioners, as well as health care policy makers, in how to effectively incorporate dogs in therapeutic settings and in homes.

Lastly, the reciprocal relationship of the psychological, biological, and social domains can be used to elucidate the mechanisms that both impact and are impacted by interactions between humans and animals. Theory-driven science (for which we have proposed the biopsychosocial model as a useful framework) should be used to influence and inform research, practice, and policy. Thus, researchers and practitioners applying the biopsychosocial model will be instrumental not only in guiding future research in the field, but also in clarifying existing research as well people's perceptions of benefits derived from canine-human interactions.

Author Contributions

NG provided the initial organization and theoretical framework. All authors wrote and edited the document in shared collaboration and discussed and conceived the idea for the paper.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their appreciation to the Wallis Annenberg Petspace for supporting this theoretical framework and exploration of the Human-Canine bond.

Funding. As part of the conferment of Fellowship status to all authors, the Wallis Annenberg Petspace provided the funding for publication fees of this document.

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

15.9 Cause-and-Effect Essay

Learning objective.

• Read an example of the cause-and-effect rhetorical mode.

Effects of Video Game Addiction

Video game addition is a serious problem in many parts of the world today and deserves more attention. It is no secret that children and adults in many countries throughout the world, including Japan, China, and the United States, play video games every day. Most players are able to limit their usage in ways that do not interfere with their daily lives, but many others have developed an addiction to playing video games and suffer detrimental effects.

An addiction can be described in several ways, but generally speaking, addictions involve unhealthy attractions to substances or activities that ultimately disrupt the ability of a person to keep up with regular daily responsibilities. Video game addiction typically involves playing games uncontrollably for many hours at a time—some people will play only four hours at a time while others cannot stop for over twenty-four hours. Regardless of the severity of the addiction, many of the same effects will be experienced by all.

One common effect of video game addiction is isolation and withdrawal from social experiences. Video game players often hide in their homes or in Internet cafés for days at a time—only reemerging for the most pressing tasks and necessities. The effect of this isolation can lead to a breakdown of communication skills and often a loss in socialization. While it is true that many games, especially massive multiplayer online games, involve a very real form of e-based communication and coordination with others, and these virtual interactions often result in real communities that can be healthy for the players, these communities and forms of communication rarely translate to the types of valuable social interaction that humans need to maintain typical social functioning. As a result, the social networking in these online games often gives the users the impression that they are interacting socially, while their true social lives and personal relations may suffer.

Another unfortunate product of the isolation that often accompanies video game addiction is the disruption of the user’s career. While many players manage to enjoy video games and still hold their jobs without problems, others experience challenges at their workplace. Some may only experience warnings or demerits as a result of poorer performance, or others may end up losing their jobs altogether. Playing video games for extended periods of time often involves sleep deprivation, and this tends to carry over to the workplace, reducing production and causing habitual tardiness.

Video game addiction may result in a decline in overall health and hygiene. Players who interact with video games for such significant amounts of time can go an entire day without eating and even longer without basic hygiene tasks, such as using the restroom or bathing. The effects of this behavior pose significant danger to their overall health.

The causes of video game addiction are complex and can vary greatly, but the effects have the potential to be severe. Playing video games can and should be a fun activity for all to enjoy. But just like everything else, the amount of time one spends playing video games needs to be balanced with personal and social responsibilities.

Online Cause-and-Effective Essay Alternatives

Lawrence Otis Graham examines racism, and whether it has changed since the 1970s, in The “Black Table” Is Still There :

• http://scremeens.googlepages.com/TheBlackTableessay.rtf

Robin Tolmach Lakoff discusses the power of language to dehumanize in From Ancient Greece to Iraq: The Power of Words in Wartime :

• http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/18/science/essay-from-ancient-greece-to-iraq-the-power-of-words-in-wartime.html

Alan Weisman examines the human impact on the planet and its effects in Earth without People :

• http://discovermagazine.com/2005/feb/earth-without-people

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Best Friends: You and Your Dog

The joys of owning a cat, coping with losing a pet, dog walking: the health benefits of walks with your dog, emotional support dogs: choosing the right breed, adopting a dog for the first time.

• Choosing the Right Dog: Find Your Perfect Canine Friend
• Choosing the Right Cat: Find Your Perfect Feline Friend
• Online Therapy: Is it Right for You?
• Mental Health
• Health & Wellness
• Children & Family
• Relationships

Are you or someone you know in crisis?

• Bipolar Disorder
• Eating Disorders
• Grief & Loss
• Personality Disorders
• PTSD & Trauma
• Schizophrenia
• Therapy & Medication
• Exercise & Fitness
• Healthy Eating
• Well-being & Happiness
• Weight Loss
• Work & Career
• Illness & Disability
• Heart Health
• Learning Disabilities
• Family Caregiving
• Teen Issues
• Communication
• Emotional Intelligence
• Love & Friendship
• Domestic Abuse
• Healthy Aging
• Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia
• End of Life
• Meet Our Team

The benefits of pets

How pets can improve your lifestyle, the benefits of pets for older adults, the benefits of pets for children, owning a pet is a major commitment, how to find the perfect pet, choosing between a dog or a cat, alternatives to pet ownership, the health and mood-boosting benefits of pets.

Pets come with some powerful health benefits. Here’s how caring for a dog, cat, or other animal can help relieve depression and anxiety, lower stress, and improve your heart health.

Most pet owners are clear about the immediate joys that come with sharing their lives with companion animals. However, many of us remain unaware of the physical and mental health benefits that can also accompany the pleasure of snuggling up to a furry friend. It’s only recently that studies have begun to scientifically explore the benefits of the human-animal bond.

Pets have evolved to become acutely attuned to humans and our behavior and emotions. Dogs, for example, are able to understand many of the words we use, but they’re even better at interpreting our tone of voice, body language, and gestures. And like any good human friend, a loyal dog will look into your eyes to gauge your emotional state and try to understand what you’re thinking and feeling (and to work out when the next walk or treat might be coming, of course).

Pets, especially dogs and cats, can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, ease loneliness, encourage exercise and playfulness, and even improve your cardiovascular health. Caring for an animal can help children grow up more secure and active. Pets also provide valuable companionship for older adults. Perhaps most importantly, though, a pet can add real joy and unconditional love to your life.

Any pet can improve your health

While it’s true that people with pets often experience greater health benefits than those without, a pet doesn’t necessarily have to be a dog or a cat. A rabbit could be ideal if you’re allergic to other animals or have limited space but still want a furry friend to snuggle with. Birds can encourage social interaction and help keep your mind sharp if you’re an older adult. Snakes, lizards, and other reptiles can make for exotic companions. Even watching fish in an aquarium can help reduce muscle tension and lower your pulse rate.

Studies have shown that:

• Pet owners are less likely to suffer from depression than those without pets.
• People with pets have lower blood pressure in stressful situations than those without pets. One study even found that when people with borderline hypertension adopted dogs from a shelter, their blood pressure declined significantly within five months.
• Playing with a dog, cat, or other pet can elevate levels of serotonin and dopamine, which calm and relax.
• Pet owners have lower triglyceride and cholesterol levels (indicators of heart disease) than those without pets.
• Heart attack patients with pets survive longer than those without.
• Pet owners over age 65 make 30 percent fewer visits to their doctors than those without pets.

One of the reasons for these therapeutic effects is that pets fulfill the basic human need for touch. Even hardened criminals in prison show long-term changes in their behavior after interacting with pets, many of them experiencing mutual affection for the first time. Stroking, hugging, or otherwise touching a loving animal can rapidly calm and soothe you when you’re stressed or anxious. The companionship of a pet can also ease loneliness , and most dogs are a great stimulus for healthy exercise, which can substantially boost your mood and ease depression.

Speak to a Licensed Therapist

BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours.

Adopting healthy lifestyle changes plays an important role in easing symptoms of depression , anxiety, stress, bipolar disorder, and PTSD. Caring for a pet can help you make healthy lifestyle changes by:

Increasing exercise. Taking a dog for a walk, hike, or run are fun and rewarding ways to fit healthy daily exercise into your schedule. Studies have shown that dog owners are far more likely to meet their daily exercise requirements—and exercising every day is great for the animal as well. It will deepen the connection between you, eradicate most behavior problems in dogs, and keep your pet fit and healthy.

Providing companionship. Companionship can help prevent illness and even add years to your life, while isolation and loneliness can trigger symptoms of depression. Caring for an animal can help make you feel needed and wanted, and take the focus away from your problems, especially if you live alone. Most dog and cat owners talk to their pets, some even use them to work through their troubles. And nothing beats loneliness like coming home to a wagging tail or purring cat.

Helping you meet new people. Pets can be a great social lubricant for their owners, helping you start and maintain new friendships . Dog owners frequently stop and talk to each other on walks, hikes, or in a dog park. Pet owners also meet new people in pet stores, clubs, and training classes.

Reducing anxiety. The companionship of an animal can offer comfort, help ease anxiety , and build self-confidence for people anxious about going out into the world. Because pets tend to live in the moment—they don’t worry about what happened yesterday or what might happen tomorrow—they can help you become more mindful and appreciate the joy of the present.

Adding structure and routine to your day. Many pets, especially dogs, require a regular feeding and exercise schedule. Having a consistent routine keeps an animal balanced and calm—and it can work for you, too. No matter your mood—depressed, anxious, or stressed—one plaintive look from your pet and you’ll have to get out of bed to feed, exercise, and care for them.

[Read: Coping with Depression]

Providing sensory stress relief. Touch and movement are two healthy ways to quickly manage stress . Stroking a dog, cat, or other animal can lower blood pressure and help you quickly feel calmer and less stressed.

Get a dog, lose weight

A number of studies have linked owning a dog to losing weight:

• A year-long study at the Wellness Institute at Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago found that walking an overweight dog helped both the animals and their owners shed unwanted pounds. Researchers found that the dogs provided support in similar ways to a human exercise buddy, but with greater consistency and without any negative influence.
• Another study by the Research Center for Human-Animal Interaction found that public housing residents who walked therapy dogs for up to 20 minutes five days a week lost an average of 14.4 pounds in a year, without changing their diets.
• A third study, conducted by dog food manufacturer Mars Petcare, found that people with a dog walked 30 minutes more per week than they did before owning a dog.

As well as providing vital companionship, owning a pet can play an important role in healthy aging by helping you to:

Find meaning and joy in life. As you age, you’ll lose things that previously occupied your time and gave your life purpose. You may retire from your career or your children may move far away. Caring for a pet can bring pleasure and help boost your morale, optimism, and sense of self-worth. Choosing to adopt a pet from a shelter, especially an older pet, can add to your sense of fulfillment, knowing that you’ve provided a home to a pet that may otherwise have been euthanized.

[Read: Cultivating Happiness]

Stay connected. Maintaining a social network isn’t always easy as you grow older. Retirement , illness, death, and relocation can take away close friends and family members. And making new friends can get harder. Pets, especially dogs, are a great way for older adults to spark up conversations and meet new people .

Boost your vitality. You can overcome many of the physical challenges associated with aging by taking good care of yourself. Dogs, cats, and other pets encourage playfulness , laughter, and exercise, which can help boost your immune system and increase your energy.

How pets help adults with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia

As part of the disease, Alzheimer’s patients may exhibit a variety of behavioral problems, many related to an inability to deal with stress.

• Research at the University of California at Davis concluded that Alzheimer’s patients suffer less stress and have fewer anxious outbursts if there is a dog or cat in the home.
• Pets can provide a source of positive, nonverbal communication. The playful interaction and gentle touch from a well-trained, docile animal can help soothe an Alzheimer’s patient and decrease aggressive behavior —as can simply being exposed to bright aquariums or fish tanks.
• In many cases a patient’s problem behavior is a reaction to the stressed response of the primary caretaker. Pets can help ease the stress of caregivers. Cats or caged animals may be more suitable than dogs, which generally require more care and can add to the burden of someone who’s already looking after an Alzheimer’s patient.

Not only do children who grow up with pets have less risk of allergies and asthma, many also learn responsibility, compassion, and empathy from having a dog or cat.

[Read: Raising Emotionally Intelligent Children]

• Unlike parents or teachers, pets are never critical and don’t give orders. They are always loving and their mere presence at home can help provide a sense of security in children. Having an ever-present pet can help ease separation anxiety in children when mom and dad aren’t around.
• Having the love and companionship of a pet can make a child feel important and help them develop a positive self-image.
• Kids who are emotionally attached to their pets are better able to build relationships with other people.
• Studies have also shown that pets can help calm hyperactive or overly aggressive kids. Of course, both the animal and the child need to be trained to behave appropriately with each other.
• A pet can help develop a young and expanding mind by teaching a child empathy and understanding. Kids can talk with their pet without a fear of rejection, which enables them to build their confidence, and even their vocabulary.
• Getting even a small, caged pet, such as a guinea pig or hamster, is a great way to teach a child responsibility.

Like adults, children can benefit from playing with a pet. It can be a source of calmness and relaxation, as well as a source of stimulation for the brain and body. Playing with a pet can even be a doorway to learning for a child. It can stimulate a child’s imagination and curiosity. The rewards of training a dog to perform a new trick, for example, can teach kids the importance of perseverance. Caring for a furry friend can also offer another benefit to a child: immense joy.

Children with learning disorders and other challenges

Some children with autism or other learning difficulties are better able to interact with pets than people. Autistic children often rely on nonverbal cues to communicate, just as animals do. And learning to first connect with a pet may even help an autistic child in their interactions with people.

• Pets can help children with learning disabilities learn how to regulate stress and calm themselves, making them better equipped to overcome the challenges of their disorder.
• Playing and exercising with a dog or cat can help a child with learning disorders stay alert and attentive throughout the day. It can also be a great antidote to stress and frustration caused by the learning disability.
• Learning to ride a horse at a local riding stable can help elevate the self-esteem of disabled children, putting them on a more equal level with kids without disabilities.

Despite all the benefits, it’s important to remember that a pet is not a miracle cure for mental health issues. Owning a pet is beneficial and comforting only for those who love and appreciate domestic animals and have the time and money to keep a pet happy and healthy. If you’re simply not an “animal person,” pet ownership is not going to provide you with any health benefits or improve your life.

Even if you love animals, it’s important to understand everything that caring for a pet entails. Owning a pet is a major commitment that will last through the animal’s lifetime, perhaps 10 or 15 years in the case of dogs. And at the end of that commitment, you’ll face the grief and mourning that comes with losing a beloved companion.

[Read: Coping with Losing a Pet]

Other drawbacks to owning a pet include:

Pets cost money . Food bills, veterinary care, licenses, grooming costs, toys, bedding, boarding fees, and other maintenance expenses can mount up. If you’re unemployed or elderly, on a limited fixed income, it may be a struggle to cope with the expense of pet ownership.

Pets require time and attention . As any dog owner will tell you, there’s nothing therapeutic about coming home to a dog that has been locked up in the house on his own all day. Dogs need daily exercise to stay calm and well-balanced; most other pets require at least daily care and attention.

Owning a pet can curb some of your social activity . A dog can only be left alone for a limited time. By training your dog, you’ll be able to take him with you to visit friends, run errands, or sit outside a coffee shop, for example, but you won’t be able to leave for a spur of the moment weekend away without arranging care for your pet first.

Pets can be destructive . Any pet can have an occasional accident at home. Some cats may be prone to shredding upholstery, some dogs to chewing shoes. While training can help eradicate negative, destructive behavior, they remain common in animals left alone without exercise or stimulation for long periods of time.

Pets require responsibility . Most dogs, regardless of size and breed, are capable of inflicting injury on people if not handled responsibly by their owners. Even cats can scratch or bite. Pet owners need to be alert to any danger, especially around children.

Pets carry health risks for some people . While there are some diseases that can be transmitted from cats and dogs to their human handlers, allergies are the most common health risk of pet ownership. If you or a family member has been diagnosed with a pet allergy, carefully consider whether you can live with the symptoms before committing to pet ownership. Also consider that some friends or relatives with allergies may no longer be able to visit your home if you have a pet.

If you’ve decided that owning a pet is right for you, congratulations: you’re about to open your life to a unique and rewarding relationship. While people who have pets tend to be happier, more independent, and feel more secure than those without pets, it’s important to select the type of pet that best suits your needs and lifestyle.

[Read: Choosing the Right Dog]

Talk to other members of your household and agree on the qualities you want in a pet and those that you’d prefer to avoid.

Lifestyle considerations that influence your choice in a pet

Little outdoor activity . If most of your time is spent at home, consider pets that would be happy to stay with you in that environment. You may enjoy playing with or cuddling a cat or a bunny; taking leisurely walks with an older dog; watching fish or reptiles; or talking or singing along with a bird.

High activity level . If you’re more active and enjoy daily activities outside of your home, especially walking or running, an energetic dog might be right for you. Canine companions thrive on outdoor exercise, keeping you on the move.

Small children and the elderly . Families with small children or elderly living in their homes should consider the size and energy level of a pet. Puppies and kittens are usually very active, but delicate creatures that must be handled with care. Large or rambunctious dogs could accidentally harm or knock over a small child or adult who is unsteady on his or her feet.

Other animals in household . Consider the ongoing happiness and ability to adjust of the pets you already have. While your cat or a dog might love to have an animal friend to play with, a pet that has had exclusive access to your attentions may resent sharing you.

Home environment . If a neat, tidy home, free of animal hair, occasional muddy footprints and “accidents” is important, then a free-roaming dog or long-haired cat may not be the best choice. You may want to choose pets that are confined to their quarters, such as fish, birds, hamsters, or reptiles.

Landscaping concerns . With certain pets, your landscaping will suffer. Many dogs will be tempted to dig holes in your lawn, and dog urine can leave yellow patches—some say unaltered females cause the most damage.

Time commitment . Finally, and perhaps most importantly, keep in mind that you’ll be making a commitment that will last the lifetime of the pet—perhaps 10, 15, or 20 years with a dog or cat; as many as 30 years or more with a bird. You can, of course, consider adopting an older dog or cat from a shelter or rescue group and provide a deserving animal with a loving home for its senior years.

Ultimately, when choosing a pet, be honest with yourself about the lifestyle you enjoy and the kind of pet you’d like to care for. If you’re in doubt about caring for a larger animal, start small, get a fish or a smaller, caged animal. See how it fits and go from there.

Shelter and rescue animals

Whether mixed breed or purebred, dogs and cats adopted from a shelter or rescue group make excellent pets. For the most part, pets end up in a shelter through no fault of their own. Their owner may have died or moved to a place that doesn’t allow pets, or the pet may have simply been abandoned by irresponsible owners who bought them on a whim and later discovered that they were unable or unwilling to care for them properly. If any shelter or rescue animal exhibits aggressive behavior, it is typically euthanized rather than offered for adoption.

Rescue groups try to find suitable homes for unwanted or abandoned dogs, cats, and other pets, many taken from shelters where they would otherwise have been euthanized. Volunteers usually take care of the animals until they can find a permanent home. This means that rescuers are often very familiar with a pet’s personality and can help advise you on whether the pet would make a good match for your needs.

By adopting an animal from a shelter or rescue organization, you’ll not only be giving a home to a deserving pet, but you’ll also likely be saving an animal’s life.

Avoid puppies sold in pet stores and online

Puppy mills are like dog-making factories that churn out puppies for profit, ignoring the needs of the pups and their mothers. The mother dogs spend their entire lives in cramped cages or kennels with little or no personal attention or quality of life. When the mother and father dogs can no longer breed, they are discarded or killed. Dogs from puppy mills are often sick and unsocialized.

There are also more than 10,000 puppy mills in the United States alone, and they commonly sell online or via classified ads, flea markets, and pet stores. In fact, the majority of puppies sold in pet stores and online are from puppy mills—even though the sellers promote themselves as “responsible” breeders or promise “home-raised” puppies.

To help stop this cycle of cruelty, choose to adopt your next pet from a shelter or rescue group, or by purchasing a dog only from a responsible breeder who will show you where the puppy—and its mother—were born and raised.

Source:  The Humane Society of the United States

Dogs and cats are the most common household pets. While on occasion, you’ll see someone walking a cat on a leash or a dog that uses a litter box, typically the needs and natural behaviors of dogs and cats are different:

Indoors or outdoors

Cats: House cats do enjoy being outdoors sometimes, but can wander off.

Dogs: Dogs need daily exercise and walks outdoors. Even if you have a large, fenced backyard where they can run and go to the bathroom, they will still need a daily walk.

Cats: Essential training of cats usually includes using the litter box and not clawing furniture. Cats resist training.

Dogs: Dogs need much more training than cats. Most dogs enjoy training, because it gives them something to do. They also have an innate desire to please their people.

Personality

Cats: If you love serenity and independence mixed with playfulness, a cat is more likely to satisfy you.

Dogs: If you want to be greeted exuberantly every time you come home, a dog is a better choice.

[Read: Choosing the Right Cat]

Sociability

Cats: Cats are often content to be left alone (except, of course, when you’d rather they leave you alone).

Dogs: Dogs tend to thrive on interaction with humans and other dogs.

If you don’t have the time, money, or ability to own a pet full-time, there are still ways you can experience the health benefits of being around animals. Even short periods spent with a dog or cat can benefit both you and the animal.

You can ask to walk a neighbor’s dog, for example, or volunteer at an animal shelter. Most animal shelters or rescue groups welcome volunteers to help care for homeless pets or assist at adoption events. You’ll not only be helping yourself, but also helping to socialize and exercise the animals, making them more adoptable.

Some animal shelters and rescue groups offer pet “rental” programs. Dogs and cats that are available for adoption can be taken out for walks or play dates. You can also foster an animal temporarily until a permanent home is found for him, or to decide if the animal is right for you.

A variety of different organizations offer specially trained therapy dogs and cats to visit children’s hospitals, assisted living facilities, nursing homes, hospice programs, shelters, and schools. During these visits, people are invited to pet and stroke the animals, which can improve mood and reduce stress and anxiety.

More Information

• Christian, H., Wood, L., Nathan, A., Kawachi, I., Houghton, S., Martin, K., & McCune, S. (2016). The association between dog walking, physical activity and owner’s perceptions of safety: Cross-sectional evidence from the US and Australia. BMC Public Health , 16(1), 1010. Link
• Clements, H., Valentin, S., Jenkins, N., Rankin, J., Baker, J. S., Gee, N., Snellgrove, D., & Sloman, K. (2019). The effects of interacting with fish in aquariums on human health and well-being: A systematic review. PLOS ONE , 14(7), e0220524. Link
• Cracknell, D., White, M. P., Pahl, S., Nichols, W. J., & Depledge, M. H. (2016). Marine Biota and Psychological Well-Being: A Preliminary Examination of Dose–Response Effects in an Aquarium Setting. Environment and Behavior , 48(10), 1242–1269. Link
• Fritz, C. L., Farver, T. B., Kass, P. H., & Hart, L. A. (1995). Association with Companion Animals and the Expression of Noncognitive Symptoms in Alzheimerʼs Patients: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 183(7), 459–463. Link
• Johnson, R. A., & Meadows, R. L. (2010). Dog-Walking: Motivation for Adherence to a Walking Program. Clinical Nursing Research , 19(4), 387–402. Link
• Kushner, R. F., Blatner, D. J., Jewell, D. E., & Rudloff, K. (2006). The PPET Study: People and Pets Exercising Together*. Obesity , 14(10), 1762–1770. Link
• Levine, G. N., Allen, K., Braun, L. T., Christian, H. E., Friedmann, E., Taubert, K. A., Thomas, S. A., Wells, D. L., & Lange, R. A. (2013). Pet Ownership and Cardiovascular Risk: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation , 127(23), 2353–2363. Link
• Martin, F., Bachert, K. E., Snow, L., Tu, H.-W., Belahbib, J., & Lyn, S. A. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and happiness in dog owners and potential dog owners during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. PLOS ONE , 16(12), e0260676. Link
• Mubanga, M., Byberg, L., Egenvall, A., Ingelsson, E., & Fall, T. (2019). Dog Ownership and Survival After a Major Cardiovascular Event: A Register-Based Prospective Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , 12(10), e005342. Link
• Saunders, J., Parast, L., Babey, S. H., & Miles, J. V. (2017). Exploring the differences between pet and non-pet owners: Implications for human-animal interaction research and policy. PLOS ONE , 12(6), e0179494. Link
• The Power of Pets | NIH News in Health . (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from Link
• Villafaina-Domínguez, B., Collado-Mateo, D., Merellano-Navarro, E., & Villafaina, S. (2020). Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review. Animals , 10(11), 2129. Link
• Westgarth, C., Christley, R. M., Jewell, C., German, A. J., Boddy, L. M., & Christian, H. E. (2019). Dog owners are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than people without a dog: An investigation of the association between dog ownership and physical activity levels in a UK community. Scientific Reports , 9(1), 5704. Link
• The Humane Society of the United States. “Stopping Puppy Mills.” Accessed March 28, 2023. Link

More in Pets

Dogs offer companionship—along with mental and physical health benefits

How a cat can improve your health and happiness

Grieving the loss of a dog, cat, or other beloved pet

Here’s how walking with your pooch can benefit you as well

Finding the right emotional support animal

Bringing home your new furry friend

Choosing the Right Dog

Find your perfect canine friend

Choosing the Right Cat

Find your perfect feline friend

Professional therapy, done online

BetterHelp makes starting therapy easy. Take the assessment and get matched with a professional, licensed therapist.

Help us help others

Millions of readers rely on HelpGuide.org for free, evidence-based resources to understand and navigate mental health challenges. Please donate today to help us save, support, and change lives.

Do Wolves Understand Cause and Effect Better Than Dogs?

The headline of an essay asserts they do, but dogs aren't dumb-downed wolves.

Posted September 17, 2017

Media and animals; The importance of getting it right

Last evening and today I received a number of email messages and queries about an essay called " Wolves understand cause and effect better than dogs " that was published in ScienceDaily. There also is a picture of a wolf participating in the experiment about which this essay is concerned with a caption that reads, "Wolves are better in causal reasoning than dogs."

Coincidentally, as I was writing this essay, I was asked to give a talk at an upcoming meeting about the role and influence of media in representing nonhuman animals (animals) to a broad audience, and the importance of getting things right. Among the reasons I write essays for Psychology Today and other popular media outlets is to offer what we know and are learning about the cognitive, emotional, and moral lives of other animals to a broad audience who are not researchers or who conduct studies in other areas. In a previous essay called " Why Writing for Psychology Today Is a Good Ide a," I wrote more about this topic as a follow up to an essay by Asit Biswas and Julian Kirchherr titled " Prof, no one is reading you ." They write, "An average academic journal article is read in its entirety by about 10 people. To shape policy, professors should start penning commentaries in popular media." 1 I agree, and, when they do, popular media has to be accurate, because many people will only read what they can understand or what they have time to peruse or scan. Often it's only the headlines or the first few sentences of a piece. They assume what they're reading is accurate.

Because studying dogs, wolves, and other canids, along with the process of domestication, have long been among my fields of interest, I was intrigued by the title of the ScienceDaily essay and wanted to know more about the study being discussed. It's interesting and important to compare the behavior of wolves and dogs because it's well accepted that wolves gave rise to modern day dogs. 2

This ScienceDaily essay begins, "A rattle will only make noise if you shake it. Animals like the wolf also understand such connections and are better at this than their domesticated descendants. Researchers say that wolves have a better causal understanding than dogs and that they follow human-given communicative cues equally well. The study provides insight that the process of domestication can also affect an animal's causal understanding."

The ScienceDaily piece is about a research paper by Michelle Lampe and her colleagues titled " The effects of domestication and ontogeny on cognition in dogs and wolves ," that is available online. In this project, the reasoning abilities of 14 dogs and 12 captive human-socialized wolves were studied. It turns out that some of the dogs and wolves were able to find hidden food using human cues such as direct eye contact and pointing gestures. Their ability to find hidden food also was tested using behavioral cues that didn't include eye contact or pointing, such as reaching out to the food, and using noise produced by an object containing the food when it was shaken.

In the ScienceDaily article we read, "Both dogs and wolves were able to follow communicative cues to find hidden food. However, without direct eye-contact, neither the dogs nor the wolves chose the correct object. In the absence of a human to show them where the food was located, only the wolves were able to make causal inferences. In this experiment, the wolves showed an understanding of cause and effect, which the dogs lacked."

What's very interesting about this study is that dogs and wolves who were living under identical conditions and who underwent the same training regime were studied. So, while I agree that the study under consideration might provide "insight that the process of domestication can also affect an animal's causal understanding," the authors themselves offer some reasons why the data they present are only suggestive of this relationship. For example, in the ScienceDaily essay we read, "It cannot be excluded however, that the differences can be explained by the fact that wolves are more persistent to explore objects than dogs. Dogs are conditioned to receive food from us, whereas wolves have to find food themselves in nature." In addition, the researchers recognize that the wolves were socialized and accustomed to human contact, and this might be why they used eye contact, whereas in other studies they did not.

The data that are presented are very interesting, but also rather preliminary. First of all, the title of both essays would have been more accurate if the word "captive" was used, especially concerning the wolves. It also would have been very interesting to control for the wolves persistence and to study non-socialized wolves or individuals who had minimal or different degrees of socialization. Further studies clearly are needed.

In the research essay we read, "Our results seem to imply that domestication impaired dogs’ ability to understand causal relationships, as in this condition, wolves outperformed pack dogs and were the only group to perform above chance level." (my emphasis) All well and good, but the phrase "seem to imply" caught my attention and that of someone who wrote to me. Of course, the results do imply, rather than seem to imply, that wolves understand this specific type of cause and effect relationship better than dogs. However, even the researchers recognize that questions still remain about just how robust and generalizable the cause and effect relationship is. Perhaps there are other cause and effect relationships on which dogs would perform better than wolves. And, it's possible that wild wolves need to be able to infer cause and effect better than dogs who have humans to help them along. There are many questions awaiting detailed comparative research.

Furthermore, how all of these data relate to the process of domestication remains open to discussion. The researchers write, "In conclusion, our results confirm that wolves can adapt their social cognitive abilities to their social environment, in this case to humans and their communication. Possibly for this reason, we found no evidence that domestication has altered how dogs use human-given cues. On the other hand, we found that domestication has left a mark on how dogs perform in a causal task."

Dogs aren't merely dumb-downed wolves

As are many experts on domestication, I too am leery of explanations of how domestication has worked when only a small number of individuals are studied in highly artificial situations. Along these lines, one very well known dog researcher wrote to me, "Wolf-dog differences cannot be explained on the basis of 1-2 experiments," while another wrote to me about their concerns about the limitations and questions the researchers themselves raised.

Variability among dogs is the rule rather than the exception

In studies of dogs, it's not at all surprising to find different results from different research groups who study different animals who have different experiences and individual histories. Research conducted in various dog labs and on free-ranging dogs uniformly shows there is an incredible amount of within-species variability among dogs. When I asked a dog expert about why there is so much variation in studies of captive dogs, they responded with the question, “Who are these dogs in all of these tests?” They went on to explain that they were referring to the fact that studies frequently treat all dogs as equivalent, but they're not. Many studies have shown that It’s extremely difficult to say without exception that all or even most or many dogs do this or that in a given situation, or that dogs and wolves are similar in this way and different in that way. Within-species variability is intriguing and highlights what is so exciting about studies of dogs and other animals.

So, while I am very interested in the results of the study under consideration, I also only cautiously accept the explanations for what the researchers discovered. Whether or not, and how, domestication has played a causal role in the appearance and perpetuation of cognitive and behavioral differences between dogs and wolves, remains a fruitful area for future research. And, I'm not necessarily expecting simple or single-factor explanations.

Captive wolves may understand cause and effect better than dogs

Let me emphasize that my questions about this study do not mean the researchers are wrong or that they don't recognize what they've actually done, but rather, it's important for readers to recognize that much more comparative research is needed. And, media has to get it right.

Perhaps I wouldn't have received a number of queries about the study if the summary essay, meant for a broad audience, had a different title, maybe something along the lines of "Captive wolves may understand cause and effect better than dogs." The researchers' qualifying statements make it clear that they're aware of the limitations of their study, and a different title would have been a more accurate introduction to what they actually learned.

What's the take-home message? What media puts out matters

The title of the ScienceDaily essay grabbed others' and my attention, and I worry about the take-home message received by the people who wrote to me saying something like I needed to know that it has been shown that wolves are better than dogs in understanding cause and effect.

Maybe this is so and maybe it's not. I look forward to further studies in this area. Dogs are fascinating beings and learning more about their cognitive capacities will be a win-win for all, regardless of how they compare with their progenitors. Ample research shows that dogs aren't merely dumb-downed wolves. Similar to numerous other animals, dogs are rather clever beings.

Please stay tuned for more exciting comparative research on our companion and other animals' cognitive abilities.

1 Biswat and Kirchherr also write, "If a paper is cited, this does not imply it has actually been read. According to one estimate, only 20 per cent of papers cited have actually been read. We estimate that an average paper in a peer-reviewed journal is read completely by no more than 10 people. Hence, impacts of most peer-reviewed publications even within the scientific community are minuscule. I've always been interested in learning more about the impact of academic publications. Years ago I learned that in his book called Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science , the renowned philosopher David Hull noted that publishing a paper in an academic journal was equivalent to tossing it into a garbage pail (For more discussion please see my essay called Assessing publication impact .)

2 It's also important to note that when people write or talk about a "socialized wolf" -- an individual who is comfortable around humans, for example -- as being a "domesticated wolf," this is incorrect, for a domesticated wolf is a dog . (For more on domestication please see Mark Derr's wide-ranging and detailed essays.)

Marc Bekoff’s latest books are Jasper’s Story: Saving Moon Bears (with Jill Robinson); Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation; Why Dogs Hump and Bees Get Depressed : The Fascinating Science of Animal Intelligence , Emotions, Friendship , and Conservation; Rewilding Our Hearts: Building Pathways of Compassion and Coexistence; The Jane Effect: Celebrating Jane Goodall (edited with Dale Peterson); and The Animals’ Agenda: Freedom, Compassion, and Coexistence in the Human Age (with Jessica Pierce). Canine Confidential: Why Dogs Do What They Do will be published in early 2018. Learn more at marcbekoff.com .

Marc Bekoff, Ph.D. , is professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

• Find a Therapist
• Find a Treatment Center
• Find a Psychiatrist
• Find a Support Group
• Find Online Therapy
• United States
• Brooklyn, NY
• Chicago, IL
• Houston, TX
• Los Angeles, CA
• New York, NY
• Portland, OR
• San Diego, CA
• San Francisco, CA
• Seattle, WA
• Washington, DC
• Asperger's
• Bipolar Disorder
• Chronic Pain
• Eating Disorders
• Passive Aggression
• Personality
• Goal Setting
• Positive Psychology
• Stopping Smoking
• Low Sexual Desire
• Relationships
• Child Development
• Self Tests NEW
• Therapy Center
• Diagnosis Dictionary
• Types of Therapy

It’s increasingly common for someone to be diagnosed with a condition such as ADHD or autism as an adult. A diagnosis often brings relief, but it can also come with as many questions as answers.

• Emotional Intelligence
• Gaslighting
• Affective Forecasting
• Neuroscience

You may opt out or contact us anytime.

Get More Zócalo

Eclectic but curated. Smart without snark. Ideas journalism with a head and heart.

Zócalo Podcasts

I’m Autistic and Scared of Your Dog

Some of my favorite summer places feel perilous when people flout leash laws.

The beach in summer is supposed to be fun and relaxing. But for Jason Jacoby Lee, who is autistic, free-roaming dogs make it excruciating. Illustration by Jason Lord .

by Jason Jacoby Lee | August 29, 2024

It’s a beautiful summer day in Venice, California, and everyone seems to be out enjoying the beach—except for me.

I am profoundly autistic. As a result, I may jump up and down at strange moments or laugh uncontrollably. I cannot speak at all except for a few rote phrases, though I can write with the aid of a letter board or electronic device. And I am profoundly afraid of the dogs off their leashes that seem to be everywhere, especially in summertime.

It does not matter how small or large the dog is or whether it is well-behaved or not. Moreover, I’m not the only autistic person who panics around dogs. I am not sure why so many of us respond this way. I suspect it may have something to do with the fact that dogs are unpredictable and can bark loudly, sound being another sensitivity for me and most other autistics. When a dog approaches me, it inspires such anxiety that I cannot calm down for many hours afterward. My heart beats in my chest until I fear it is going to explode. My synapses flood with adrenaline, and I get unmanageably nervous. I cannot relax, no matter how hard I try.

This means that I often have to leave public spaces when dogs are present. It breaks my heart that I cannot participate in many summer outings with my family because of the ubiquitous presence of dogs. The constant presence of dogs outdoors is one more way in which my already circumscribed life as a person with autism has become even more circumscribed.

You might say my dilemma captures a clash between two ways of thinking about the public—not only the physical spaces we share but who is allowed access to them—one from pet lovers and another from the disabled. Both approaches are well-meaning: They seek to expand people’s horizons, and fiercely defend the rights of their subjects. Pets help us to see that our world is not just for human beings—we share community with all sorts of non-human beings as well. The disabled show that there are many different ways to be human, all of them valuable.

In an ideal world, all would be welcome. But at present, the situation is weighted toward pets and away from the disabled. The irony is that, according to prevailing laws, dogs are not allowed in many of the places that I end up having to leave.

Take, for example, the beach, which is my happy place. The rhythm of the waves helps me feel relaxed and grounded. The sound is so soothing that I do not have to wear the noise-canceling headphones that I keep glued to my ears almost everywhere else, including when I sleep. I can spend hours playing in the waves.

Los Angeles County law states that “A person shall not bring or maintain on any beach a dog or cat.”  There are large signs on many Los Angeles beaches reminding people of this statute. Yet lots of people use the beach as a giant exercise area for their dogs. Moreover, they seldom leash their dogs, meaning their pets run at me, bark at me, sniff me, and climb all over me.

Another summer space I treasure is the farmers market. I love to stroll through the stands, checking out the produce. It smells enchanting and offers a vision of small, natural farms tended by real, friendly people—often there selling their own harvest, picked only hours before. One of my favorite summer joys is eating a fresh, ripe strawberry from these markets.

Here, too, California’s Health and Safety Code mandates that dogs be  “kept at least 20 feet (6 meters) away from any mobile food facility, temporary food facility, or certified farmers market.”  Again, prominent signs are posted at the entrance to every market. Despite this, dogs roam everywhere.

Another special place for me is the park near our apartment. It is one of the few open spaces close to where we live, and one of the few places I can ride my bike or go skateboarding when the weather is nice. Dogs have their own fenced run in the park where they are supposed to play off their leashes , yet owners insist on letting them run anywhere and everywhere unleashed. When dogs come up to me and want to play, their owners often smile as if it is cute. Instead, I have to leave—or risk a full-blown panic attack.

I am sure pet owners have no idea of the dilemma that they are placing me in. Since I cannot talk, I cannot even politely engage the violators. Instead, I am the one who ends up looking strange, having a giant meltdown in front of everyone. It feels unfair that the onus is on me to figure out how to cope, rather than on dog owners to show some basic consideration and follow the law. When my parents try to explain what is going on, they are typically met with hostility. To me, it is as though dog owners think that their pets have more rights than I do.

As Nicholas Kristof discussed in a recent piece in the New York Times, a majority of dog owners now consider their animals members of their family and spend an incredible amount of money on special food, clothing, and other products for them. It is beautiful that people love their pets so much. But it should not come at the cost of downplaying the needs of the disabled.

I recognize that there is a place in the discussion for service animals. Our neighbor is blind and uses a seeing-eye dog named Ellie. She is a very smart and well-trained animal, and she is always leashed when outside. Although Ellie still makes me nervous, I can manage—in part because she is so well-behaved, and in part because I recognize that her owner has a legitimate need to use her. As another disabled person, I realize that my neighbor needs her service dog to participate fully in public life.

Even though the ordinances outlawing dogs at the beach, in farmers markets, or in public parks were not passed with disabled people in mind, they have become de facto disability rights measures. They let disabled people like myself gain access to some of the few public spaces available. This is especially true in summer, when we all want to enjoy the outdoors.

I know that dog owners do not mean to exclude us, but through their carelessness, this is exactly what they are doing.

And I understand that I don’t have all the answers. One small step toward a solution might be to have lifeguards, farmers market managers, and park officials monitor peoples’ behavior more closely.

More meaningful change, however, will only come with a shift in perspective: recognizing the presence of autistic people and believing that we deserve a place in society. For much of our history, we have been locked away and institutionalized—out of sight and out of mind. We are only now emerging from the shadows to join the rest of you.

It would be a joy to step into public space without fear, knowing that my fellow beachgoers who have dogs have accommodated me so that I, too, can enjoy the idle dog days of summer.

Send A Letter To the Editors

Please tell us your thoughts. Include your name and daytime phone number, and a link to the article you’re responding to. We may edit your letter for length and clarity and publish it on our site.

(Optional) Attach an image to your letter. Jpeg, PNG or GIF accepted, 1MB maximum.

By continuing to use our website, you agree to our privacy and cookie policy . Zócalo wants to hear from you. Please take our survey !-->

No paywall. No ads. No partisan hacks. Ideas journalism with a head and a heart.