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Franck-Hertz experiment

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• Hyperphysics - Franck-Hertz Experiment

Franck-Hertz experiment , in physics , first experimental verification of the existence of discrete energy states in atoms, performed (1914) by the German-born physicists James Franck and Gustav Hertz .

Franck and Hertz directed low-energy electrons through a gas enclosed in an electron tube . As the energy of the electrons was slowly increased, a certain critical electron energy was reached at which the electron stream made a change from almost undisturbed passage through the gas to nearly complete stoppage. The gas atoms were able to absorb the energy of the electrons only when it reached a certain critical value, indicating that within the gas atoms themselves the atomic electrons make an abrupt transition to a discrete higher energy level . As long as the bombarding electrons have less than this discrete amount of energy, no transition is possible and no energy is absorbed from the stream of electrons. When they have this precise energy, they lose it all at once in collisions to atomic electrons, which store the energy by being promoted to a higher energy level.

• Quantum Physics

Franck Hertz Experiment

The Franck Hertz experiment was first studied in 1914 by James Franck and Gustav Hertz and presented to the German Physical Society. It was the first electrical measurement to show the quantum nature of atoms. The Franck Hertz experiment consisted of a vacuum tube designed to study the energetic electrons that flew through a thin vapour of mercury atoms. It was discovered that only a specific amount of an atom’s kinetic energy would lose as the electrons collide with the mercury atom.

To demonstrate the concept of quantisation of the energy levels according to the Bohr’s model of an atom.

Materials Required:

Following are the list of materials required for this experiment:

• A control unit for power supply
• A DC amplifier
• Mercury filled Franck-Hertz tube
• Neon filled Franck-Hertz tube

The original experiment used a heated vacuum tube of temperature 115 °C with a drop of mercury of vapour pressure 100 Pa. Three electrodes, an electron-emitting hot cathode, a metal mesh grid, and an anode are attached to the tube. To draw the emitted electrons, the grid’s voltage is made positive with respect to the cathode. The electric current measured in the experiment results from the movement of electrons from the grid to the anode. The electric potential at the anode is slightly more negative than the grid so the electrons have the kinetic energy the same as in the grid. The Franck Hertz experiment was explained in terms of elastic and inelastic collisions between the electrons and the mercury atoms.

The graphs show the dependence of the electric current flowing out of the anode and the electric potential between the grid and the cathode. Following are the observations from the graph:

• With the steady increase in the potential difference, the current increases steadily through the tube.
• The current drops almost to zero at 4.9 volts.
• Again there is an increase in the current as the voltage i increases to 9.8 volts.
• Again a similar drop is observed at 9.8 volts.

Energy absorption from electron collisions in the case of neon gas is seen. When the accelerated electrons excite the electrons in neon to upper states, they de-excite in such a way as to produce a visible glow in the gas region in which the excitation is taking place. There are about ten peak electron levels in the range of 18.3 to 19.5 eV. They de-excite by dropping to lower states at 16.57 and 16.79 eV. This energy difference gives the light in the visible range. Hertz Lenard’s Observation of light and its photoelectric effect is shown in the video below.

What Is An Elastic Collision?

An elastic collision is defined as an encounter between two bodies such that the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same. During the collision, kinetic energy is first converted to potential energy related to repulsive force between the particles and converted back to kinetic energy. Rutherford back-scattering is an example of an elastic collision.

• One-dimensional form of the elastic collision of particles 1 and 2:

• m 1 , m 2 are the masses of particles 1 and 2
• u 1 , u 2 are the velocities of particles before the collision
• v 1 , v 2 are the velocities of particles after the collision
• The magnitudes of the velocities of the particles after the collision is given with two-dimensional form:

Related Articles:

• Law Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum
• Law of Conservation of Energy

What Is An Inelastic Collision?

An inelastic collision is defined for the two bodies whose kinetic energies are not conserved due to internal friction. Macroscopic collisions result in effects, vibrations of the atoms and the deformation of the bodies. Following is the formula of one-dimensional collision for particles a and b:

• v a is the final velocity of the first object after impact
• v b is the final velocity of the second object after impact
• u a is the initial velocity of the first object before impact
• u b is the initial velocity of the second object before impact
• m a is the mass of the first object
• m b is the mass of the second object
• C R is the coefficient of restitution (ratio of final and initial relative velocities)

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Write the one-dimensional form of the elastic collision of particles 1 and 2, what is meant by collision.

A collision is an event in which two or more objects exert forces on each other for a short time interval.

Give an example of Inelastic Collision.

A car hitting a tree is an example for inelastic collision.

What is the the formula of one-dimensional collision for particles a and b?

\(\begin{array}{l}v_{a}=\frac{C_{R}m_{b}(u_{b}-u_{a})+m_{a}u_{a}+m_{b}u_{b}}{m_{a}+m_{b}}\end{array} \) \(\begin{array}{l}v_{b}=\frac{C_{R}m_{a}(u_{a}-u_{b})+m_{a}u_{a}+m_{b}u_{b}}{m_{a}+m_{b}}\end{array} \)

What is meant by elastic collision?

An elastic collision is defined as an encounter between two bodies such that the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same.

Who first conducted the Franck Hertz experiment?

In 1914, James Franck and Gustav Hertz performed the Franck Hertz experiment.

Which experiment explained elastic and inelastic collisions between the electrons and the mercury atoms?

Franck Hertz experiment.

Franck Hertz’s experiment supports which model of atom?

This experiment supports the Bohr model of atoms.

Under which condition do bodies undergo inelastic collision?

When the two bodies whose kinetic energies are not conserved due to internal friction undergo inelastic collision.

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Electrons are accelerated in the Franck-Hertz apparatus and the collected current rises with accelerated voltage. As the Franck-Hertz data shows, when the accelerating voltage reaches 4.9 volts, the current sharply drops, indicating the sharp onset of a new phenomenon which takes enough energy away from the electrons that they cannot reach the collector. This drop is attributed to inelastic collisions between the accelerated electrons and atomic electrons in the mercury atoms. The sudden onset suggests that the mercury electrons cannot accept energy until it reaches the threshold for elevating them to an excited state. This 4.9 volt excited state corresponds to a strong line in the ultraviolet emission spectrum of mercury at 254 nm (a 4.9eV photon). Drops in the collected current occur at multiples of 4.9 volts since an accelerated electron which has 4.9 eV of energy removed in a collision can be re-accelerated to produce other such collisions at multiples of 4.9 volts. This experiment was strong confirmation of the idea of quantized atomic energy levels.

Franck-Hertz Experiment

Claimed and created by Tyler Bennett

• 1.1 A Mathematical Model
• 1.2 A Computational Model
• 2.2 Middling
• 2.3 Difficult
• 3 Connectedness
• 5.1 Further reading
• 5.2 External links
• 6 References

James Franck and Gustav Hertz were German physicists that helped to prove the Quantum Theory using their collisional excitation experiment in 1914. The quantum theory states that atoms have discrete levels made up of electrons of specific kinetic energies for each level. To confirm this, the Franck-Hertz duo created an accelerating apparatus, which simply sends electrons with varying kinetic energies through a vapor (in this case, mercury vapor) and then collects the electrons that weren’t picked up by the atoms using a collector. The results showed that once the electrons reached the threshold kinetic energy of 4.9 eV, most of them were picked up by the atoms, and they didn’t reach the collector [2]. This proved that the first level of the mercury atoms needs electrons with at least 4.9 eV to be absorbed. This technique was used with other elements to find their own threshold kinetic energies.

A Mathematical Model

where [math]\displaystyle{ E_{H*, f} }[/math] is the final energy of the atom plus the energy of the electrons and [math]\displaystyle{ K_{e, f} }[/math] is the final energy left over by the passing electrons. [math]\displaystyle{ E_{H, i} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ K_{e,i} }[/math] are the initial quantities of the atom and the electron before the collision of the two or before the absorption of the photon. This equation is consistent with conservation of energy, meaning that there is no loss or gain of energy from outside of the system.

• For example [math]\displaystyle{ {\frac{d\vec{p}}{dt}}_{system} = \vec{F}_{net} }[/math] where p is the momentum of the system and F is the net force from the surroundings.

A Computational Model

This image is an accurate visualization of how electrons could jump to different levels or be "excited" to the next level. "n=1" is called the ground level, "n=2" is called the first excited state. "n=2" is called the second excited state, and so on.

This is another way to visualize the different quantizations of an atom. This graph in particular shows the different levels of energy with the change of "r" or distance from the proton.

Be sure to show all steps in your solution and include diagrams whenever possible

In this example, an electron has used all of its kinetic energy to excite a hydrogen atom from its first excited state to it’s second excited state. How much kinetic energy did the electron have?

[math]\displaystyle{ E_{H*,f} = E_{H,i} + K_{e} }[/math]

Since hydrogen has an energy of -13.6 eV at it’s ground state, we know that the same equation is equal to:

[math]\displaystyle{ {\frac{-13.6 eV}{3^2}} = {\frac{-13.6 eV}{1^2}} + K_{e} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{e} = 1.89 eV }[/math]

An electron has now use a partial amount of its kinetic energy to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground level to its third excited state. If you are given the initial kinetic energy of the electron, can you find out how much energy is left over?

[math]\displaystyle{ E_{H*,f} + K_{e,f} = E_{H,i} + K_{e, i} }[/math]

The electron begins with 12.8 eV.

[math]\displaystyle{ {\frac{-13.6 eV}{4^2}} + K_{e,f}= {\frac{-13.6 eV}{1^2}} + 12.8 eV }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{e,f} = 0.05 eV }[/math]

We have only used hydrogen atoms in our examples. For this example, you will have a different (unknown) atom whose first excited state is 5.0 eV above the ground state and the second excited state is 7.5 eV above the ground level. The atom absorbed a photon, which means that all of the kinetic energy was used up, and it excited the electron to jump from the first excited state to the second excited state. How much energy did the photon begin with?

Using the conservation of energy, we know that:

[math]\displaystyle{ E_{f} = E_{i} }[/math]

After plugging in our values and using [math]\displaystyle{ E_{0} }[/math] as the energy of the ground state, we see that:

[math]\displaystyle{ (E_{0} + 5.0eV) + K_{photon} = (E_{0} + 7.5eV) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ K_{photon} = 2.5eV }[/math]

Connectedness

The creation of this model has set the groundwork to almost everything we know today in modern technology. Our understanding of the atom and its behavior lead to the invention of the transistor, for example [4]. A transistor is a semiconductor with three connections which allow for amplification of a current [5]. This is what we use in today’s computers, cell phones, CD players, etc. Although we did have computers before this invention, previous models used vacuum tubes for logic element.

A more simple example of the applications of this model is the understanding of the The Photoelectric Effect . This is the idea that when light hits an object, electrons are released in certain wavelengths that we see as color.

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford created a model of the atom which was proven wrong in the next couple of years. His model displayed only a single level that spiraled about the nucleus of the atom. Niels Bohr noted that this model would mean that atoms could not exist, as the electrons would spiral into the nucleus. Bohr then came up with his own model in 1913 that consisted of different shells outside of the atom. The electrons could jump shells and they would have constant quantized orbits. The Franck-Hertz experiment confirmed this model in showing that atoms can only obtain electrons when they contain enough kinetic energy to be able to jump onto the atoms’ shells.

Quantum Theory

Ernest Rutherford

Further reading

The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics: A Math-Free Exploration of the Science That Made Our World by James Kakalios

This book goes into detail of the discoveries in quantum physics and why it is so important to us today. Link [4] is an article that explains some of the broader questions that are discussed in the book.

Collisions between Electrons and Mercury Vapor Molecules and the Ionization Potential of Such Molecules by James Franck and Gustav Hertz

This is a short paper that Franck and Hertz published after their experiment. The link to this paper is link [6].

External links

Here is a link to more information on James Franck: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/franck-bio.html

Here is a link to more information on Gustav Hertz: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/hertz-bio.html

Here is a link to a virtual lab that demonstrates the experiment: http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=195&sim=355&cnt=1

[1] Chabay, Ruth W., and Bruce A. Sherwood. "Energy Quantization." Matter & Interactions. 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2011. Print.

[2] Nave, R. "The Franck-Hertz Experiment." Hyper Physics. Hyper Physics. Web. 27 Nov. 2015.

[3] "Bohr Atomic Model." Bohr Atomic Model. Abyss. Web. 27 Nov. 2015.

[4] Matson, John. "What Is Quantum Mechanics Good For?" Scientific American Global RSS. Scientific American, A Division of Nature America, Inc., 2 Nov. 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.

[5] Nave, R. "Transistors." Hyper Physics. Hyper Physics. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.

[6] Franck, James, and Gustav Hertz. "Collisions between Electrons and Mercury Vapor Molecules and the Ionization Potential of Such Molecules." (1914): 770-78. Print.

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Experimental physics i & ii "junior lab", the franck-hertz experiment, description.

The Franck-Hertz experiment equipment.

These experiments measure two phenomena encountered in collisions between electrons and atoms: quantized excitation due to inelastic scattering, and ionization. The excitation potential and ionization potential of the mercury atom are determined from measurements of the critical accelerating potentials at which electrons lose energy by inelastic scattering in mercury vapor.

The Franck-Hertz Experiment Lab Guide (PDF)

Franck-Hertz Experiment References

Bohm, David. “Square Potential Solutions.” In Quantum Theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1951, pp. 229-263.

Bleuler, Ernst, and George J. Goldsmith. “Charged Particle Spectra.” In Experimental Nucleonics. New York, NY: Rinehart, 1952, pp. 342-346.

Melissinos, Adrian C. “The Franck-Hertz Experiment.” In Experiments in Modern Physics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1966, pp. 8-17.

———. “Thermionic Emissions of Electrons from Metals.” In Experiments in Modern Physics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1966, pp. 65-80.

Schiff, Leonard I. “Ramsauer-Townsend Effect.” In Quantum Mechanics. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1968, pp. 108-110.

Harnwell, Gaylord P., and J. J. Livinwood. “Experiments on Excitation Potentials,” and “Experiments in Ionization Potentials.” In Experimental Atomic Physics. Huntington, NY: R. E. Krieger, 1978, pp. 314-320. ISBN: 9780882756004.

Rapior, G., K. Sengstock, and V. Baeva. “ New Features of the Franck-Hertz Experiment .” American Journal of Physics 74 (2006): 423-428.

Ramsauer-Townsend Effect Experiment References

Bohm, David. “Ramsauer-Townsend.” In Quantum Theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1951, pp. 564-573.

Richtmyer, F. K., E. H. Kennard, and T. Lauritsen. Introduction to Modern Physics. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1955, pp. 274-279.

Mott, N. F., and H. S. W. Massey. “Ramsauer-Townsend.” In The Theory of Atomic Collisions. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965, pp. 562-579. ISBN: 9780198512424.

Kukolich, Stephen G. “ Demonstration of the Ramsauer-Townsend Effect in a Xenon Thyratron .”  American Journal of Physics 36, no. 8 (1968): 701-703.

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Franck-Hertz Experiment

• To demonstrate the concept of quantization of energy levels according to Bohr's model
• To record the Franck-Hertz Curve for mercury
• To measure the discontinuous energy emission of free electrons for inelastic collision
• To interpret the measurement results as representing discrete energy absorption by mercury atoms
• Frank-Hertz tube (Hg)
• Electric oven to heat up the Hg
• Frank-Hertz supply unit
• Temperature sensor
• Two-channel oscilloscope or PC
• Adjust $U_1= 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5\,\mathrm{V}$ and $U_3 = 10\,\mathrm{V}$.
• Record the current versus $U_2$ (0 to 80 V).
• Record the voltage corresponding to each peak

Code for Smoothing Spline

Data analysis, error analysis, outline of your report.

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 01 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

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Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

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Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

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Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

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Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

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Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

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A city with a bright future.

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In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

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A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Elektrostal's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and promising future make it a city worth exploring. For more captivating facts about cities around the world, discover the unique characteristics that define each city . Uncover the hidden gems of Moscow Oblast through our in-depth look at Kolomna. Lastly, dive into the rich industrial heritage of Teesside, a thriving industrial center with its own story to tell.

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• Moscow Oblast
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• Elektrostal

Phone 8 (495) 505-21-45 8 (495) 505-21-45

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