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About Scribbr

We believe that all students deserve guidance as they learn how to communicate effectively and put their ideas on paper. With every edit, we provide personalized feedback to help students learn from their mistakes and become better writers.

Did you know that we have a Trustpilot score of 4.7 out of 5 ? We take pride in the quality of our service and our highly skilled editors .

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As a Scribbr editor, you’ll help students all over the world from your home office. All you need is a laptop and a wifi connection.

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We have transparent per-word fees and pay you every two weeks. You can earn an average of €145 for reviewing a 10,000-word thesis .

Our support team and community of editors are available every day to help you. You’ll have the best of both worlds: the flexibility you’ve always dreamed of and an awesome team that has your back.

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We value growth, and it’s at the heart of everything we do. As part of your application process, you will join the Scribbr Academy, where you’ll learn how to perform our services and receive personalized coaching. If you’re successful it doesn’t stop there. A lot more is waiting for you!

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After students review your feedback, they can send you a digital thank you note. We receive words of gratitude from students all the time.

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We are on a mission to make Scribbr a place where freelance editors love to work. When you join our team, you join a supportive and thriving community of like-minded editors from all over the world!

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Requirements

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Why the top 2%?

We promise students that we work with highly skilled editors—and to keep this promise, we’ve developed a unique (and admittedly demanding) application process for our editors.

Out of every 100 applicants, we only qualify 2 new editors. We use our challenging language quiz to identify the applicants who are the best fit for our team. As you advance through the process, you’ll receive more support and feedback from our Academy Coaches. With every step, you’ll get closer to becoming a qualified editor.

Do you have what it takes? We look forward to welcoming you to our team!

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You’ve proven that you know your grammar — now, we want to see how you apply that knowledge through three short sample edits.

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Thank you for your interest in working as an editor! Unfortunately, we are not recruiting at the moment, but we will make sure to update this page whenever we start our recruitment process again.

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Frequently asked questions

All Scribbr editors are native speakers, which means that they have spoken English since early childhood. We only work with native speakers because these editors understand the cadence of the language and have mastered its idiomatic forms.

It is difficult for non-native speakers to acquire these traits, even if they are fluent and have spoken the language throughout their adult lives. Since our customers wish to work only with native speakers, we have no flexibility in this requirement.

We don’t rely solely on nativeness. Our editors are vetted through a rigorous application process, through which they are asked to demonstrate technical grammar knowledge, familiarity with academic writing, and an understanding of editing principles. All successful applicants also complete our Scribbr Academy training program, where they learn how to edit for students.

Editor application process

Editing for students is different from other kinds of editing. The Scribbr Academy is the last step of your application process, but it comes with some benefits. During your time in the Academy, we will train you on how to perform Scribbr’s services and edit in the Scribbr style . The training also features practical elements, such as one-on-one coaching, that are beneficial to you . In this way, we will prepare you to face real-life student orders and jump start your editing career at Scribbr.

In order to become a qualified editor at Scribbr, you will need to apply the learnings from the Academy and pass 2 – 5 simulation orders (the exact number depends on performance).

You must apply through our website and complete all the steps in the Scribbr editor application process.

It is not possible to see the answers to our quiz . If you’re looking for more insights on related issues, check out Scribbr’s language articles and websites that address grammar and writing issues.

If you’re accepted as an editor in the Scribbr Academy , the information package you gain access to includes an article with the correct answers to a previous version of our language quiz.

On average, you can expect to earn approximately €20 to €30 per hour as a Scribbr editor .

The earnings are calculated based on fixed per-word rates that we have set for different kinds of assignments. We will communicate these rates to you as soon as you are in your Scribbr Academy .

The per-word rate for each order is determined by:

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In our Scribbr Academy , we train you to edit as efficiently as possible—which will help you to increase the speed at which you work. For example, we include a Scribbr Word macro that you can use to easily utilize standardized in-text comments.

Incoming editors should be highly knowledgeable regarding grammar, academic style, and the conventions of both US English and UK English.

You’ll need this knowledge to not only edit student papers but also provide individualized feedback for students.

We also expect new editors to have read widely in a variety of fields and to feel comfortable editing academic texts in a range of subjects, including the hard sciences and the social sciences. New editors likewise need to be familiar with the structure of different types of academic texts, including dissertations, theses, reports, and essays.

Finally, you’ll need to be comfortable working with Microsoft Word, including its Track Changes feature.

Since Scribbr specializes in academic editing for students , we require our editors to be thesis and academic writing experts. Every Scribbr editor has a thorough understanding of academic writing conventions and research concepts used in higher education.

Most of the papers we receive are theses and dissertations. We prefer to work with editors who know first-hand how difficult it is to write a thesis, as they can offer constructive and relevant advice to our students.

Therefore, we only accept applications from editors with a university degree.

However, a university degree alone is not enough. All applicants must also demonstrate technical grammar knowledge and fundamental editing skills during the application process.  Applicants must also complete our rigorous Scribbr Academy training program before they can join the editor team.

Incoming editors must be familiar with the conventions of both US English and UK English and able to consistently follow the related rules. However, if you’re only familiar with one of these dialects, don’t despair! Getting up to speed on the major differences between the two systems is definitely doable. Our Knowledge Base is a good place to start.

If you are familiar with the conventions of US and UK English and can edit according to them, you are more than welcome to apply. At this time, however, we cannot accept applicants who are only familiar with other English dialects. The reason is that the vast majority of our clients require their papers to be written in US or UK English.

The application process consists of three steps that you must successfully complete to become an active editor within our system:

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The speed at which you are able to complete the application process depends on your availability and the level of your work you submit. For us, it is important not only that you edit according to our guidelines, but also that you feel you have enough experience with us to make the leap to being an active Scribbr editor.

Throughout the process, you will receive feedback from experienced editors – so no matter what happens, you won’t be wasting your time!

When we receive a new order, we choose the most suitable Scribbr editor based on the following factors:

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The moment we have a new order for you, we will send you an email, an SMS and a notification via your Scribbr account on our website. You may then choose to accept or decline that assignment. You make this decision for every order we send you.

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I had a remote tech job at Amazon, but then RTO kicked in. I quit after they asked me to move to another city.

  • Gazi Jarin joined Amazon as a software engineer in July 2022, working remotely.
  • By August 2023, she was asked to RTO. In December, the company asked her to move cities.
  • Jarin left Amazon to work at Pinterest, saying she didn't want a company to decide where she lived.

Insider Today

This as-told-to essay is based on a transcribed conversation with Gazi Jarin, a 24-year-old software engineer, about working at Amazon when it introduced a "return to hub" policy. Business Insider verified her employment at Amazon with documentation. The following has been edited for length and clarity.

I studied computer science at college and wanted to aim high and work at a FAANG .

In July 2022, three months after graduating, I started a full-time software engineering job at Amazon after applying and interviewing for the role.

I was on the Route 53 team, which handles domain management, and I felt I was doing meaningful work.

I stayed at Amazon for nearly two years but chose to leave in May after they introduced a " return to hub " policy. This policy required me to move to a different city to be in the office with more teammates.

I think employees should be able to choose where they work from, and I didn't want a company to decide where I lived.

I enjoyed working remotely at Amazon

When I started working at Amazon, the job was fully remote. My teammates were mostly in Vancouver, but I was based in Toronto. I went into the Toronto office a couple of times, but it was super empty.

I visited the Vancouver office twice when the company flew me out for social events. My accommodation and flights were covered.

My time at Amazon was great. I had good mentors and felt like I was learning something new every day. I started as an entry-level software engineer and was promoted after the first year.

One downside was that every eight weeks or so, I had to be on-call for a week. If a service went down and customers couldn't access it, I'd have to fix or mitigate the issue no matter the time.

Related stories

I had to wake up at 3 a.m. a couple of times, but I understood this was part of the job.

I was initially concerned about Amazon's reputation for employees overworking, but on my team, there was respect for work-life balance.

Toronto and Vancouver are in different time zones, but I never worried that someone was going to ask me to do something after I'd finished for the day. If I logged on early, my teammates would tell me not to.

Amazon asked employees to RTO and, in some cases, relocate to a new city

I liked remote work and not having to waste time commuting.

When I started doing internships at college, COVID-19 had already hit. I didn't know what it was like to work in an office before joining Amazon.

Around August 2023, my manager told our team that the company was implementing a return-to-office policy . It wasn't strict at first, and I didn't go into the office regularly for the first two months.

Then, we were notified that the company would start monitoring how many times we came in and that we had to go in three times a week. I remember some leniency around not coming in if you were sick or on vacation that week, but my manager told me that consistently refusing to cooperate with the policy could lead to termination.

I went into the Toronto office, but all of my meetings were still virtual because my team was in Vancouver, so it wasn't really fulfilling the collaborative aspect of RTO .

Around December 2023, my manager informed us that the company was now implementing a " return to hub " policy, where employees would need to be in the same location as other members of their team. He mentioned that it would help embody the collaborative values that Amazon has.

There were rumors floating around that this might happen because they'd already done it in the US.

For me, the primary option was moving to Vancouver, but members of our backend team were also in Seattle, so that was another "hub" for our team.

If I moved to Seattle, I'd get a pay bump because I'd be paid in USD. The company would also sort out my visa, and there would be a pathway to getting a green card.

I decided that Seattle would be a better option than Vancouver. I told them I'd move, and they expected me to relocate before the end of 2024.

I decided to stay in Toronto and left my job

I knew that Seattle would provide me with opportunities, but my whole life was in Toronto. I wanted to keep my options in Toronto open, so in early 2024 I started applying for other jobs here.

I didn't want to have to downgrade my career to stay, so it took me a while to find a job that offered a comparable salary and perks.

In May, I was offered a software engineer II role at Pinterest, which I accepted, leaving Amazon that same month. The salary was higher than my Amazon salary , and I wouldn't have to go through a major shift by leaving Toronto.

I'm happy with my choice. Interviewing with other companies made me realize that US companies are quite open to Canadian candidates. I could choose to go to the US again if I wanted.

I'd rather go to the US on my own time than be forced to go there in a rush. I'd also want the autonomy to choose where I'd move. I didn't want Amazon to tell me the city or how often to be in the office.

I don't think the work I did at Amazon required me to come into the office or move. I was mainly coding features on my computer. Even if I had moved to Seattle, many of my team members would still have been in Vancouver.

I think in-person work is valuable if your whole team is in the office together, but it shouldn't be a requirement.

Employees should be able to choose where they work themselves, instead of companies deciding for us.

Do you have an experience with RTO policies that you'd like to share with Business Insider? Email [email protected] Editor's note: When approached with the claims in this article for comment, an Amazon spokesperson said it could not verify the author's account and did not have sufficient information to "separate the truth from fiction." However, the spokesperson said, "Over a year ago, we asked employees to start coming into the office three or more days per week because we believe it would yield the best long-term results for our customers, business, and culture." They added, "The vast majority of employees are in the office more frequently" and claimed employees and businesses around the offices had said, "There's more energy, connection, and collaboration."

Watch: Meet the Amazon warehouse workers paying the price for fast, free shipping

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  • Main content
Show map of Russia Show map of Kaluga Oblast
Coordinates: 36°17′E / 54.550°N 36.283°E / 54.550; 36.283
Country
First mentioned1371
Government
  Body
  City Head Dmitry Denisov
Area
  Total170.5 km (65.8 sq mi)
Elevation 190 m (620 ft)
Population ( Census)
  Total324,698
  Estimate  340,851 (+5%)
  Rank in 2010
  Density1,900/km (4,900/sq mi)
  Subordinated to of Kaluga
   of , City of Kaluga
  Urban okrugKaluga Urban Okrug
   ofKaluga Urban Okrug
(   )
+7 4842
ID29701000001
City DaySecond Saturday of September
Website

Demographics

Administrative and municipal status, transportation, notable people, twin towns – sister cities, partner cities, external links.

Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms : Колыбель Космонавтики , Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki (" The Cradle of Space-Exploration ").

Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga ; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire". [15] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky . The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.

On 19 January 1777, the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General Mikhail Krechetnikov . [16]

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road ). [17] This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.

On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868). [18]

The German army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow , as part of Operation Barbarossa . The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground Home Army — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius .

Historical population
Year
189749,513    
192649,425−0.2%
193989,396+80.9%
1959134,235+50.2%
1970210,906+57.1%
1979265,013+25.7%
1989311,399+17.5%
2002334,751+7.5%
2010324,698−3.0%
2021337,058+3.8%
Source: Census data

As of the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition of Kaluga was: [19]

Ethnic groupPopulationPercentage
310,62291.9%
4,5271.3%
3,2601.0%
3,1000.9%
2,8760.9%
Other13,6914.0%

Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast . [1] Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with seventy-two rural localities , incorporated as the City of Kaluga —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division , the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo ), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug . [9]

The Kaluga Turbine Plant is located here as is Kaluga Machine Works , which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry , with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area: [20]

On 28 November 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. As of 2014 [ update ] the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat , Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid . [21]

On 15 October 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009, [22] with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks . [23]

On 12 December 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga. [24]

The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport . Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow. [25]

Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses , buses , and marshrutkas (routed taxis).

Kaluga Lenina 96 02.jpg

Kaluga has a humid temperate continental ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as −45   °C (−49   °F) , while summer heat may reach up +40   °C (104   °F) , but normal variation is between −5   °C (23   °F) and −20   °C (−4   °F) during winter and between 15   °C (59   °F) and 30   °C (86   °F) during summer in Kaluga.

Climate data for Kaluga, Russia (period 1961–1990)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−6.6
(20.1)
−5.0
(23.0)
0.4
(32.7)
10.3
(50.5)
18.7
(65.7)
21.5
(70.7)
23.0
(73.4)
21.9
(71.4)
15.7
(60.3)
9.0
(48.2)
0.7
(33.3)
−3.7
(25.3)
7.2
(45.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)−10.1
(13.8)
−9.0
(15.8)
−3.5
(25.7)
5.7
(42.3)
12.7
(54.9)
15.8
(60.4)
17.5
(63.5)
16.3
(61.3)
10.9
(51.6)
5.4
(41.7)
−1.9
(28.6)
−6.6
(20.1)
4.4
(39.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−13.5
(7.7)
−12.9
(8.8)
−7.4
(18.7)
1.0
(33.8)
6.7
(44.1)
10.1
(50.2)
12.0
(53.6)
10.7
(51.3)
6.1
(43.0)
1.8
(35.2)
−4.5
(23.9)
−9.5
(14.9)
0.1
(32.2)
Average mm (inches)39
(1.5)
33
(1.3)
35
(1.4)
39
(1.5)
43
(1.7)
77
(3.0)
80
(3.1)
71
(2.8)
55
(2.2)
50
(2.0)
53
(2.1)
55
(2.2)
630
(24.8)
Source: www.meteoinfo.ru

. Retrieved 3 September 2012.

Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky .

Other notable people include:

  • Sergei Avagimyan , former professional footballer. Born in Russia, he played for the Armenian national football team .
  • Alexander Amfiteatrov
  • Yuri Averbakh , chess grandmaster
  • Mykola Azarov
  • Pafnuty Chebyshev , mathematician
  • Alexander Chizhevsky
  • David Edelstadt
  • Alexander Gretchaninov , Russian-American composer
  • Jonah of Hankou
  • Andrei Kalaychev
  • Valery Kobelev , ski jumper
  • Mikhail Linge
  • Pavel Popovich , cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964) [26]
  • Larisa Popugayeva
  • Nikolai Rakov
  • Imam Shamil
  • Nikolay Skvortsov , swimmer
  • Yuliya Tabakova
  • Georgy Zhukov
  • Olesya Zykina , 400m athlete
  • Bulat Okudzhava , lived and taught Literature in public school in the 1980s.
  • Serafim Tulikov
  • Ivan Kuliak
  • Lyubov Kamyrina

Kaluga is twinned with: [27]

In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with: [27]

Kaluga 2012 MainSquare 03 1TM.jpg

Related Research Articles

Zhukovsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babyninsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Babyninsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 845 square kilometers (326 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Babynino. Population: 20,991 (2021 Census) ; 21,041 (2010 Russian census) ; 22,143 ; 16,178 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Babynino accounts for 18.5% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borovsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Borovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 759.6 square kilometers (293.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Borovsk. Population: 76,097 (2021 Census) ; 61,401 (2010 Russian census) ; 54,661 ; 53,698 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Borovsk accounts for 16.6% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Dzerzhinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,290 square kilometers (500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kondrovo. Population: 56,470 (2021 Census) ; 60,377 (2010 Russian census) ; 61,159 ; 59,599 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Kondrovo accounts for 27.9% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferzikovsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Ferzikovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,249.9 square kilometers (482.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Ferzikovo. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 17,557, with the population of Ferzikovo accounting for 25.5% of that number.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Zhukovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,360 square kilometers (530 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zhukov. Population: 62,370 (2021 Census) ; 48,999 (2010 Russian census) ; 46,180 ; 45,940 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Zhukov accounts for 26.0% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iznoskovsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Iznoskovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,333.8 square kilometers (515.0 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Iznoski. Population: 6,422 (2021 Census) ; 7,011 (2010 Russian census) ; 7,868 ; 8,502 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Iznoski accounts for 26.8% of the district's population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khvastovichsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Khvastovichsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,410 square kilometers (540 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Khvastovichi. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 9,888, with the population of Khvastovichi accounting for 44.8% of that number.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kozelsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Kozelsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,523 square kilometers (588 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kozelsk. Population: 38,596 (2021 Census) ; 41,802 (2010 Russian census) ; 44,775 ; 47,822 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Kozelsk accounts for 43.4% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maloyaroslavetsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Maloyaroslavetsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,547 square kilometers (597 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Maloyaroslavets. Population: 68,702 (2021 Census) ; 54,269 (2010 Russian census) ; 55,910 (2002 Census) ; 51,377 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Maloyaroslavets accounts for 60.9% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosalsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Mosalsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,320 square kilometers (510 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Mosalsk. Population: 9,131 (2021 Census) ; 9,094 (2010 Russian census) ; 10,357 ; 11,537 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Mosalsk accounts for 46.4% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhizdrinsky District</span> District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Zhizdrinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,250 square kilometers (480 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zhizdra. Population: 10,089 (2021 Census) ; 10,593 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,725 (2002 Census) ; 13,737 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Zhizdra accounts for 55.0% of the district's total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belousovo, Kaluga Oblast</span> Town in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Belousovo is a town in Zhukovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,946 (2021 Census) ; 8,412 (2010 Russian census) ; 8,515 (2002 Census) ; 11,886 (1989 Soviet census) .

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kremyonki, Kaluga Oblast</span> Town in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Kremyonki is a town in Zhukovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,745 (2021 Census) ; 11,582 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,128 (2002 Census) ;

Vorotynsk is an urban-type settlement in Babyninsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,667 (2021 Census) ; 11,288 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,099 (2002 Census) ;. The settlement hosts the former military airfield named Oreshkovo .

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polotnyany Zavod</span> Urban locality in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Polotnyany Zavod is an urban-type settlement in Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,976 (2021 Census) ; 5,224 (2010 Russian census) ; 5,742 (2002 Census) ; 5,441 (1989 Soviet census) .

Pyatovsky is an urban-type settlement in Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 2,649 (2021 Census) ; 2,984 (2010 Russian census) ; 3,019 (2002 Census) ; 2,992 (1989 Soviet census) .

Tovarkovo is an urban-type settlement in Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 14,496 (2010 Russian census) ; 14,454 (2002 Census) ; 12,736 (1989 Soviet census) .

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iznoski</span> Rural locality in Kaluga Oblast, Russia

Iznoski is a rural locality and the administrative center of Iznoskovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 1,877 (2010 Russian census) ; 1,926 (2002 Census) ; 1,131 (1989 Soviet census) .

Khvastovichi is a rural locality and the administrative center of Khvastovichsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,425 (2021 Census) ; 4,509 (2010 Russian census) ; 4,596 (2002 Census) ; 4,485 (1989 Soviet census) .

  • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Charter of Kaluga Oblast
  • ↑ Из фразы Гагарина в столице сделали артобъект
  • ↑ Representative bodies of the municipality City of Kaluga
  • ↑ Устав муниципального образования "Город Калуга" (in Russian). kaluga-gov.ru. 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 .
  • ↑ Губернатор произвел кадровые перестановки (in Russian). vest-news.ru. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 .
  • ↑ Калуги стало больше Калужский перекрёсток , 14 апреля 2011
  • ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
  • ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 23 January 2019 .
  • 1 2 3 Law #7-OZ
  • ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
  • ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. ( Russian Post ). Поиск объектов почтовой связи ( Postal Objects Search ) (in Russian)
  • ↑ Phcode.ru
  • ↑ День города перенесли в Калуге Калужский перекрёсток , 22 апреля 2015
  • ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
  • ↑ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.
  • ↑ Ассонов В. И. (1911) [Извѣстія Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссіи. Выпускъ XXI]. "К истории театра в Калуге" . Известия Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссии. Выпуск XXI . Калуга: Типография Е. Г. Архангельской. pp.   56–69.
  • ↑ Сергей Алтухов (13 September 2011). "Товарные знаки — тоже искусство" . Retrieved 6 December 2018 .
  • ↑ "Историки указали на стереотипность мнений про пленение Шамиля" . Кавказский узел . 8 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 13 February 2023 .
  • ↑ "Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Калужской области" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 May 2023 .
  • ↑ "О Стратегии социально-экономического развития Калужской области до 2030 года (с изменениями на 12 февраля 2016 года)" . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 .
  • ↑ "Škoda Annual Report 2014" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 .
  • ↑ Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant , Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.
  • ↑ New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga , Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.
  • ↑ PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia Archived December 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, 12 December 2007
  • ↑ "Train Station in Kaluga" (in Russian). Nnov-airport.ru. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 .
  • ↑ "Ими гордится Калуга ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")" (in Russian). Kaluga: Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga . Retrieved 1 October 2009 .
  • 1 2 "Города-побратимы" . kaluga-gov.ru (in Russian). Kaluga . Retrieved 5 February 2020 .
  • Законодательное Собрание Калужской области.   №473   27 марта 1996 г. «Устав Калужской области», в ред. Закона №681-ОЗ от   27 февраля 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Устав Калужской области». Опубликован: "Весть", №79, 9 апреля 1996 г. (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast.   # 473   March   27, 1996 Charter of Kaluga Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 681-OZ of   February   27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of Kaluga Oblast . ).
  • Законодательное Собрание Калужской области.   Закон   №7-ОЗ   от   28 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории административно-территориальных единиц "Бабынинский район", "Боровский район", "Дзержинский район", "Жиздринский район", "Жуковский район", "Износковский район", "Козельский район", "Малоярославецкий район", "Мосальский район", "Ферзиковский район", "Хвастовичский район", "город Калуга", "город Обнинск", и наделении их статусом городского поселения, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №620-ОЗ от   29 сентября 2014 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Калужской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории административно-территориальных единиц "Бабынинский район", "Боровский район", "Дзержинский район", "Жиздринский район", "Жуковский район", "Износковский район", "Козельский район", "Малоярославецкий район", "Мосальский район", "Ферзиковский район", "Хвастовичский район", "город Калуга", "город Обнинск", и наделении их статусом городского поселения, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района"». Вступил в силу   после официального опубликования, за исключением положений о муниципальном образовании "Город Калуга", для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован: "Весть", №402–404, 29 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast.   Law   # 7-OZ   of   December   28, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District , as amended by the Law   # 620-OZ of   September   29, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kaluga Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District" . Effective as of   after the official publication, with the exception of the clauses regarding the municipal formation of the "City of Kaluga", for which different dates of taking effect are specified.).
  • "Kaluga (town)"   . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol.   15 (11th   ed.). 1911. p.   644.
  • Official website of Kaluga
  • Kaluga Business Directory (in Russian)
  • Article in German about Kaluga plant
  • Kaluga, Russia at JewishGen
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