Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast . [1] Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with seventy-two rural localities , incorporated as the City of Kaluga —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division , the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo ), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug . [9]
The Kaluga Turbine Plant is located here as is Kaluga Machine Works , which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry , with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area: [20]
On 28 November 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. As of 2014 [ update ] the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat , Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid . [21]
On 15 October 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009, [22] with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks . [23]
On 12 December 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga. [24]
The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport . Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow. [25]
Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses , buses , and marshrutkas (routed taxis).
Kaluga has a humid temperate continental ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F) , while summer heat may reach up +40 °C (104 °F) , but normal variation is between −5 °C (23 °F) and −20 °C (−4 °F) during winter and between 15 °C (59 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) during summer in Kaluga.
Climate data for Kaluga, Russia (period 1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.1) | −5.0 (23.0) | 0.4 (32.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 21.9 (71.4) | 15.7 (60.3) | 9.0 (48.2) | 0.7 (33.3) | −3.7 (25.3) | 7.2 (45.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.1 (13.8) | −9.0 (15.8) | −3.5 (25.7) | 5.7 (42.3) | 12.7 (54.9) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.5 (63.5) | 16.3 (61.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 5.4 (41.7) | −1.9 (28.6) | −6.6 (20.1) | 4.4 (39.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.5 (7.7) | −12.9 (8.8) | −7.4 (18.7) | 1.0 (33.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 10.1 (50.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 6.1 (43.0) | 1.8 (35.2) | −4.5 (23.9) | −9.5 (14.9) | 0.1 (32.2) |
Average mm (inches) | 39 (1.5) | 33 (1.3) | 35 (1.4) | 39 (1.5) | 43 (1.7) | 77 (3.0) | 80 (3.1) | 71 (2.8) | 55 (2.2) | 50 (2.0) | 53 (2.1) | 55 (2.2) | 630 (24.8) |
Source: www.meteoinfo.ru . Retrieved 3 September 2012. |
Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky .
Other notable people include:
Kaluga is twinned with: [27]
In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with: [27]
Zhukovsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:
Babyninsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 845 square kilometers (326 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Babynino. Population: 20,991 (2021 Census) ; 21,041 (2010 Russian census) ; 22,143 ; 16,178 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Babynino accounts for 18.5% of the district's total population.
Borovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 759.6 square kilometers (293.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Borovsk. Population: 76,097 (2021 Census) ; 61,401 (2010 Russian census) ; 54,661 ; 53,698 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Borovsk accounts for 16.6% of the district's total population.
Dzerzhinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,290 square kilometers (500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kondrovo. Population: 56,470 (2021 Census) ; 60,377 (2010 Russian census) ; 61,159 ; 59,599 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Kondrovo accounts for 27.9% of the district's total population.
Ferzikovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,249.9 square kilometers (482.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Ferzikovo. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 17,557, with the population of Ferzikovo accounting for 25.5% of that number.
Zhukovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,360 square kilometers (530 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zhukov. Population: 62,370 (2021 Census) ; 48,999 (2010 Russian census) ; 46,180 ; 45,940 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Zhukov accounts for 26.0% of the district's total population.
Iznoskovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,333.8 square kilometers (515.0 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Iznoski. Population: 6,422 (2021 Census) ; 7,011 (2010 Russian census) ; 7,868 ; 8,502 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Iznoski accounts for 26.8% of the district's population.
Khvastovichsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,410 square kilometers (540 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Khvastovichi. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 9,888, with the population of Khvastovichi accounting for 44.8% of that number.
Kozelsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,523 square kilometers (588 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kozelsk. Population: 38,596 (2021 Census) ; 41,802 (2010 Russian census) ; 44,775 ; 47,822 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Kozelsk accounts for 43.4% of the district's total population.
Maloyaroslavetsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,547 square kilometers (597 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Maloyaroslavets. Population: 68,702 (2021 Census) ; 54,269 (2010 Russian census) ; 55,910 (2002 Census) ; 51,377 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Maloyaroslavets accounts for 60.9% of the district's total population.
Mosalsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,320 square kilometers (510 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Mosalsk. Population: 9,131 (2021 Census) ; 9,094 (2010 Russian census) ; 10,357 ; 11,537 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Mosalsk accounts for 46.4% of the district's total population.
Zhizdrinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,250 square kilometers (480 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zhizdra. Population: 10,089 (2021 Census) ; 10,593 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,725 (2002 Census) ; 13,737 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Zhizdra accounts for 55.0% of the district's total population.
Belousovo is a town in Zhukovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,946 (2021 Census) ; 8,412 (2010 Russian census) ; 8,515 (2002 Census) ; 11,886 (1989 Soviet census) .
Kremyonki is a town in Zhukovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,745 (2021 Census) ; 11,582 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,128 (2002 Census) ;
Vorotynsk is an urban-type settlement in Babyninsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,667 (2021 Census) ; 11,288 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,099 (2002 Census) ;. The settlement hosts the former military airfield named Oreshkovo .
Polotnyany Zavod is an urban-type settlement in Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,976 (2021 Census) ; 5,224 (2010 Russian census) ; 5,742 (2002 Census) ; 5,441 (1989 Soviet census) .
Pyatovsky is an urban-type settlement in Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 2,649 (2021 Census) ; 2,984 (2010 Russian census) ; 3,019 (2002 Census) ; 2,992 (1989 Soviet census) .
Tovarkovo is an urban-type settlement in Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 14,496 (2010 Russian census) ; 14,454 (2002 Census) ; 12,736 (1989 Soviet census) .
Iznoski is a rural locality and the administrative center of Iznoskovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 1,877 (2010 Russian census) ; 1,926 (2002 Census) ; 1,131 (1989 Soviet census) .
Khvastovichi is a rural locality and the administrative center of Khvastovichsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,425 (2021 Census) ; 4,509 (2010 Russian census) ; 4,596 (2002 Census) ; 4,485 (1989 Soviet census) .
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Kaluga Oblast. Kaluga Oblast is a region in Central Russia, bordered by Bryansk Oblast to the southwest, Smolensk Oblast to the northwest, Moscow Oblast to the northeast, Tula Oblast to the east, and Oryol Oblast to the southeast. Photo: Буньков Денис, CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo: Kaluga.2012, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga - "bog, quagmire". [15] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line.
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