thesis about traffic rules and regulations

AWARENESS AND COMPLIANCE OF MOTORISTS ON TRAFFIC RULES IN ILOCOS NORTE, PHILIPPINES

• August 2021

• Northwestern University, Philippines

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Knowledge and Level of Compliance of Tricycle Drivers on Traffic Rules and Regulations: A Case of the Tricycle City of the Philippines

2020, International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences

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This study investigates public perception and compliance with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City, Philippines, focusing on awareness, attitudes, and behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach, the researcher conducted a survey with 420 participants and held focus group discussions to gather detailed and comprehensive data. The findings revealed high awareness of traffic regulations, with a mean score of 4.2, and generally positive attitudes towards the importance of traffic laws for road safety. However, less than half of the respondents reported high compliance, with perceived ineffectiveness of enforcement and inconvenience cited as primary reasons for non-compliance. Factors like age and socio-economic status had a noticeable impact on how well people followed traffic regulations. Participants suggested increasing awareness campaigns, enhancing enforcement, improving infrastructure, and fostering community engagement to improve adherence to traffic regulations. The study highlights the importance of creating targeted interventions that cater to the unique needs and behaviors of various groups in Zamboanga City. Recommendations include strengthening public awareness, enhancing enforcement measures, upgrading road infrastructure, and promoting community involvement. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and traffic management authorities to develop effective strategies for improving traffic regulation compliance and road safety in urban areas.

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Two-hundred young and old, experienced and inexperienced tricycle drivers of Antipolo City were surveyed to indentify each groups driving behavior and find out what common driving behavior they possess. The groups were divided amongst their years of driving experience and their age (1 to 5 years Inexperienced, 6 and above Experienced, 18 to 35 Young, 36 and above Old). With the use of the taxonomy of driving behavior by Leon James, the researchers formulated a 36-item situational based questionnaire and translated it to the local language of the Philippines. After conducting the survey, the researchers found the significances of each result then related it to the Driving Psychology of James and Nahl. Using the taxonomy of driving behavior, the researchers have specifically focused on the levels of driver competence to relate the results of the study to the related literatures. The results from Keskinen et al. (1998) supported the theories for old and young drivers respectively. Researchers then found out that neither age nor experience affects driving behavior of each tricycle driver. Implications of the study can contribute to the further development of driving psychology and its taxonomy. The researchers highly recommend seminars to help improve the driving behavior of the tricycle drivers.

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The study determined the socio-economic factors affecting the compliance of habal-habal drivers to Republic Act 10054, otherwise known as the Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2010, in Metro Cebu. The paper can be used as basis for creating an ordinance or a regulation in each locale of Metro Cebu for the motorcycle drivers and riders concern, collecting specific information from them as to how they comply with the law. A section of the paper discussed thoroughly relevant researches/materials needed in the study with proper dissertation and comprehensive documentation. It summarized major contributions of important researches/literatures that were relevant in the study. The study used the applied-empirical type of political research as it was a policy-oriented empirical research. It was also a descriptive research as it was designed for the researcher to gather information about the present conditions of the phenomenon. It was a quantitative research as it started with a theory or a general statement showing relationship of variables, which are numerically measured. It also concentrated on measuring or counting and involved collecting and analyzing numerical data and applying statistical tests. It was an idiographic dimension as the researcher provided specific explanation of the study. The source of data that the researcher collected was through indirect source as the researcher had extracted its data from the accomplished survey questionnaires.

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The Implementation of Traffic Ordinance by Department of Public Order and Safety at SM Fairview Quezon City

• Helen Verzosa
• Eloisa Dacles
• Angelaine Dela Cruz
• Jessica Vidal
• Jonnalyn Garing
• Riando D. Mosqueda, Ph.D. CRIM

Violations in traffic laws are very common in highly populated country like Philippines. The conditions are even worse in cities like Quezon City. The accidents associated with these violations cause a huge loss to life and property. In the Philippines, traffic laws can sometimes be more troublesome than helpful. Though meant to solve traffic issues and improve road safety, some can be confusing when they vary across the city. The researchers’ purpose is to find a way to improve the traffic conditions in Quezon City, to find the causes of traffic and problem and to be able to find solutions to lessen the traffic and also to look for ways to improve implemented Department of Public Order and Safety (DPOS) traffic ordinance. This study may be significant solution in knowing how the researchers could improve and implement the ordinances and proper traffic management in a junction where traffic congestion and accident usually occurs. More important, the study will analyze the traffic management in Quezon City particularly in SM Fairview. The researchers used the descriptive research method. It can be explained as a statement of affairs as they are at present with the researcher having no control over variable. The researchers used articles from newspapers, magazine, books and part the research studies was also need to guide on. The researchers also used a written approval signed by the chairman of General Luis Street to allow the researchers to distribute questionnaires and conducting interview with the “Implementation of Traffic Ordinance of DPOS” as part of research protocol. The respondents were described according to different demographic profiles. Majority of the respondents were from the age bracket of 50 years old and above; 52.5% were male; 55% were married and 50% were high school graduate. There were factors that causes traffic and one of those was lacked of traffic enforcers on the said area. There were problems encountered by the respondents because of non-implemented traffic ordinances. There were psychological effects experienced by the respondents due to the encountered problems. There were also factors that affect the implementation of traffic ordinance. The findings of the study show the various factors that affect the implementation of traffic ordinance on the said area. It can be used as basis for proposed measures to improve the implementation of the traffic ordinances of the DPOS and prevent the problems that the respondents are encountering.

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Implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulations in Cagayan de Oro City as Perceived by the Pedestrians

The study aimed to 1) present the respondents’ profile in terms of age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, and street junctions; 2) analyze the extent of implementation of traffic rules in terms of control measures against careless and dangerous driving; traffic control measures; right of way; speed restrictions; and lighting, warning signs, and equipment; and 3) find out the significant differences in the implementation of traffic rules when the pedestrians are grouped according to age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, and street junctions. The study was done through the descriptive research design. According to Calmorin (1995), descriptive research includes collection of data in order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of events or condition. This method is designed for the investigator to gather information about the existing conditions of the traffic rules and regulations here in Cagayan de Oro City. The research locale was at the six street junctions of Cagayan de Oro City namely: Carmen, Kauswagan, Licoan, Divisoria, Cogon, and Lapasan/Agora. The respondents included thirty (30) pedestrians who were chosen through the purposive sampling technique with the following criteria: a) must be a daily pedestrian; b) come from the six street junctions; and c) are willing to participate as respondents of the study. The questionnaires were answered with their own perception about how traffic rules are implemented. The items in the questionnaire on the implementation of traffic rules were adopted from the provisions of Republic Act No. 4136. The data gathering started after the approval to conduct the study was granted by the Dean of the College of Law Enforcement and Public Safety of Liceo de Cagayan University. The implementation of traffic rules does not reach full extent as expected. Several parameters are moderately implemented, such as traffic control measures and right of way. There are certain indicators which are only partially implemented, namely: control measures against careless and dangerous driving, speed restrictions, and lighting, warning signs, and equipment. Over all, the traffic rules are moderately implemented as assessed by the pedestrians regardless of their age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, and street junctions.

Keywords: Implementation, Traffic Rules, Regulations, Pedestrians

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Death threats, legal risk and backlogs weigh on clinicians treating trans minors

Dr. Kade Goepferd has received death threats for their work treating transgender youths at Children’s Minnesota Hospital, but Goepferd said the harassment isn’t the most worrying part of the job. 

“The waitlist is what keeps me up at night,” said Goepferd, who uses they/them pronouns. “It has grown every year, and it got particularly long after the bans went into effect.”

Goepferd is the medical director of the hospital’s Gender Health Program, the only multispeciality pediatric gender clinic in Minnesota. The program has experienced a 30% increase in calls since surrounding states outlawed gender-affirming care for minors, and the waitlist is now at least a year for new patients, even after Goepferd hired additional staff to help the hundreds of trans youths requesting appointments.

Twenty-six states now have restrictions on transgender health care for minors , according to the LGBTQ think tank Movement Advancement Project. The laws have left those still able to provide this type of care, like Goepferd, struggling to keep up with demand.

NBC News spoke to a dozen clinicians in states where gender-affirming care for minors remains legal, from Connecticut to California, and found all are treating transgender youths fleeing bans. Not only does the surge in out-of-state and newly relocated patients create logistical challenges — from waitlists to insurance denials — it also presents a legal risk for health care professionals. Although some states have enacted protections for gender-affirming care providers, these shield laws remain untested in court, and they have done little to deter anti-trans attacks. Many doctors said they’ve had to take added security measures as transphobic rhetoric has intensified.

“There’s been a growing awareness over the last year that the environment is only getting more and more dangerous for providers,” said Kellan Baker, executive director of the Whitman-Walker Institute, a nonprofit advancing LGBTQ health care.

‘Tenuous protection’

Not all transgender youths seek medical intervention, and while the total number of minors diagnosed with gender dysphoria has increased in recent years, the percentage pursuing transition care has decreased, according to data collected by Reuters and Komodo Health Inc . In a 2022 report, the organizations found around 13% of trans youths sought medical intervention in 2021, down from 17% in 2017. Meanwhile, the number of laws targeting providers has risen rapidly since 2021, when Arkansas became the first state to ban gender-affirming care for minors. Now, more than half of U.S. states have such restrictions in place.

Proponents of these laws say they prevent harmful experimentation on children, who they argue are not mature enough to make life-altering decisions about their bodies. However, the bans contradict the consensus among major medical associations, which recommend the treatment of gender dysphoria before age 18. 

Care for young children involves only social changes, such as a new name and pronouns. For some preteens, the next step is puberty blockers, medication that suppresses the development of distressing secondary sex characteristics like facial hair. Once patients reach adolescence, they can start gender-affirming hormone therapy, which allows teens to mature into the gender matching their identity and is the same protocol used with trans adults. Gender-affirming surgery, such as the removal of breast tissue, is rarely performed on minors , but these procedures are also outlawed for youths in dozens of states.

The consequences for violating transgender care bans range from loss of medical license to criminal charges. It is now a felony in six states — Alabama, Idaho, Florida, North Dakota, Oklahoma and South Carolina — to prescribe puberty blockers or hormone therapy to transgender youths, according to KFF, formerly known as the Kaiser Family Foundation. Twenty states impose civil and professional penalties, such as empowering parents to sue or subjecting providers to discipline from the medical board, KFF reports. Those sanctions are paired with an “aiding and abetting” clause in eight states, preventing doctors from even referring families elsewhere for treatment.

Jennifer Pepper, president and CEO of CHOICES Center for Reproductive Health, an LGBTQ and women’s health care organization, said the bans are borrowing tactics from the anti-abortion movement. 

“It’s having the same nightmare all over again,” said Pepper, whose Illinois clinic offers gender-affirming hormone therapy to teens 16 and up. “You make it about safety, and you make it about these providers who don’t actually care about patients. And those are all the same words and plays that we saw right after the Roe v. Wade decision.”

Sixteen states have enacted so-called shield laws or executive orders that help gender-affirming care providers practice without repercussions, according to Movement Advancement Project. These policies prohibit information-sharing with prosecutors in states with bans and block the extradition of health care professionals.

Milo Inglehart, a staff attorney at the California-based Transgender Law Center, said the clash between bans and shield laws has created tremendous uncertainty for providers.

“We haven’t seen this much state legal conflict since the Civil War, practically,” Inglehart said. 

Inglehart and other advocates fear the shield laws aimed at gender-affirming care providers may not hold up in court. So far, the only test has come from Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton, who demanded the medical records of transgender patients at Seattle Children’s Hospital. The hospital — which falls under Washington’s shield law — filed a lawsuit against Paxton and, as part of a settlement, he dropped the request .

Nonetheless, Kellan Baker said he advises health care professionals not to rely on these policies. Many providers under shield laws agreed, telling NBC News they still feel at risk treating out-of-state patients.

“It’s a tenuous protection,” said Dr. Molly McClain, medical director of the University of New Mexico’s Deseo clinic for transgender youths. “I’m not afraid now, but I think we’re just going to have to see.” 

The Supreme Court has agreed to hear its first case on gender-affirming care next term, marking a potential turning point for providers. The court will weigh whether Tennessee’s ban violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

In the meantime, the patchwork of state policies makes telehealth especially fraught. Dr. Izzy Lowell, founder and director of the online clinic QueerMed, is based in Georgia but serves transgender teens and adults nationwide. She’s able to avoid the bans by asking patients to travel for their virtual appointments.

“The way the telemedicine law works is that wherever the patient is located at the time of the visit, that state’s laws apply,” Lowell said. “So we have patients drive or fly or whatever from wherever they are over the border into a state without a ban.”

Lowell said she also employs “about a dozen” attorneys to monitor gender-affirming care laws. Last year, she received a demand for patient records from the Texas attorney general, and she later told The Washington Post she would not be complying. She declined to comment on the matter to NBC News.

Telemedicine provider Dr. Crystal Beal said they consider their own practice a form of civil disobedience. Beal, who uses gender-neutral pronouns, is the founder and CEO of QueerDoc, a telehealth clinic treating patients in 10 states, including a few with bans. As a nonbinary femme, Beal said, they feel compelled to defy anti-trans laws.

“I provide care in a different way than my allied colleagues,” Beal added. “I’m worried about my community dying.”

‘A completely clogged system’

More than a third of transgender teens in the U.S. now live in states with bans on trans health care for minors, according to the Movement Advancement Project. These restrictions have driven thousands of young people to seek transition-related care out of state, straining resources at the network of gender clinics still open.

Three-quarters of the providers NBC News interviewed had waitlists of at least three months, with some as long as a year. Dr. Sumanas Jordan, medical director of Northwestern Medicine’s Gender Pathways Program in Chicago, said her clinic is flooded with calls every time a ban passes.

“We actually have a script, because the volume increases so much that we have to have a lot of people help us,” Jordan said, noting that Northwestern’s calendar has remained “constantly full” even as more appointments have been added. 

Overcapacity is a common problem for gender-affirming care programs, according to Dr. Johanna Olson-Kennedy, president-elect of the U.S. Professional Association for Transgender Health (USPATH) and medical director of the Center for Transyouth Health and Development at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. 

“Our waitlists get long, we hire a provider, and then our waitlist goes down, and then it goes up again,” Olson-Kennedy said. “But that’s like the L.A. freeways. We’ll never catch up to the amount of traffic.”

Many gender clinics are also experiencing a rise in insurance issues due to the bans. Because Medicaid and some private plans won’t reimburse for out-of-state care, transgender youths often lose insurance coverage if they travel. That forces families to pay hundreds or thousands of dollars out of pocket per dose of puberty blockers or hormone replacement.

McClain said the cost is a major barrier for her out-of-state patients, with around 1 in 5 unable to continue treatment after arriving at her New Mexico clinic.

“Even the ones who are privileged enough to get here aren’t always wealthy enough to be able to afford the medications,” McClain said.

Finding a pharmacist to fill these prescriptions presents another challenge. McClain relies on a pharmacy that ships over state lines but has no backup if it closes.

“I don’t know what we’ll do at that point,” she said.

While telemedicine offers more flexibility, Lowell said her patients in states with bans get pushback from pharmacists “all the time” and have to shop around. Many of them use travel grants from the Campaign for Southern Equality , a nonprofit that helps transgender youths access services in non-ban states.

But even with funding available, the frequent trips required to keep a transgender teen current on medication can put care far out of reach for some families. Unlike with an out-of-state abortion, they need to return for appointments multiple times a year, if not relocate entirely. And moving to a shield-law state such as California typically comes with a high cost of living.

Related stories:

• U.S. appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors
• Transgender issues were largely absent from the DNC agenda
• N.H. governor signs bills restricting trans health care and sports participation

Melissa Santos, head of pediatric psychology at Connecticut Children’s, is concerned low-income patients will be shut out of care altogether if leaving home becomes their only option. She oversees a research project on transgender youths and has seen firsthand how families are struggling to restart their lives in Connecticut.

“It is going to end up being a completely clogged system where only those with means will ever be able to access it,” Santos said of the overburdened clinics in shield-law states.

Although telemedicine has allowed some gender programs to expand, Lowell warned that it’s inaccessible to most practices. “It’s very, very difficult to get additional state licenses,” she said.

At the same time, the bans are limiting medical school and residency choices for the next generation of gender-affirming care providers. That creates a “vicious cycle,” said USPATH President Dr. Carl Streed, where there aren’t enough new doctors to handle the influx of patients in shield-law states.

“When you shut down locations where you provide this care, you’re losing opportunities for people to be trained there as well,” Streed said. “Therefore, we lose the opportunity to have more folks be able to provide this care.”

‘Simmering in the background’

The spread of health care restrictions has also made providers a political target, with some saying they’ve been harassed relentlessly by the far right. Olson-Kennedy said the anti-trans attacks have come as a shock to most medical institutions.

“These are probably not the things that pediatricians and pediatric hospitals are used to,” she said. “But these are things that trans people are used to.”

The majority of gender-affirming care providers NBC News interviewed had received threats, ranging from angry calls and emails to arson. Even a doctor in liberal San Francisco said he had someone vow to kill him and his dog.

“It’s always kind of simmering in the background,” Dr. Kade Goepferd said of the harassment directed at their field. “It strengthens my resolve that this is really important work.”

Last year, an arsonist destroyed Lowell’s practice in Georgia, leaving behind graffiti that made their intentions clear. The FBI is now investigating the incident as a hate crime, according to Lowell.

“Mine was the only office that was burnt, and it was burnt completely,” Lowell said. “To the point where they had to ask, ‘Was there a computer on the desk?’”

This climate of fear has led many clinics to avoid publicity and increase security measures for their staff. Some practices have removed contact information from their websites or considered erasing their online presence entirely. 

Several of the largest pediatric gender programs in the country, including Seattle Children’s, Children’s Hospital Colorado in Denver and Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, declined interviews with NBC News. 

Dr. Joshua Safer, director of Mount Sinai’s Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery in New York, said he had to stop sharing his team’s street address online due to threats. He decided to risk keeping the rest of the website up to reach teens in states with gender-affirming care bans.

“If you’ve got some kid,” Safer said, “and their only access to information is in their bedroom on their computer, I wanted them to find Mount Sinai.”

Some transgender health care providers under shield laws said they feel a kind of survivor’s guilt, a sense that they could be doing more to help patients and colleagues in states with bans. Olson-Kennedy described it as a “moral wound” for the doctors still able to practice.

Goepferd said the anti-trans messaging weighs on them, despite the joy and purpose they’ve found in their work.

“It’s emotionally exhausting to be targeted,” Goepferd said. “It’s also really sad and painful to watch the patients and families that you care for be targeted.

“I’m glad that I can offer them care, but I can’t take that away from them.”

For more from NBC Out, sign up for our weekly newsletter.

Emma Davis is a Segment Producer for MSNBC.

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JD Vance contradicts Trump, praising “admirable” anti-abortion & IVF laws

Sen. J.D Vance (R-OH) has expressed support for conservative proposals to further restrict abortions and fertility treatments. His support contradicts recent statements made by his Republican presidential running mate, former President Donald Trump, opposing further restrictions on both. Trump’s first presidency rolled back national legal protections for both.

Vance voiced support for these restrictions in his foreword to the 2017 Index of Culture and Opportunity , a collection of essays that largely focused on the role of women in modern families. The collection’s 29 essays were written by conservative authors for The Heritage Foundation, the right-wing think tank that later authored Project 2025, a blueprint to help Trump roll back the federal government and civil rights protections.

Related: JD Vance begs gay billionaire Peter Thiel to fund his & Donald Trump’s campaign The Trump campaign is far behind Harris’ when it comes to fundraising. Could the gay tech mogul bail them out?

The collection said the increasing number of single-parent households was on the “wrong track,” Forbes reported . One of the essayists wrote that they’d like abortions to one day become “unthinkable.” Another essay, written by Jennifer Lahl, founder of the anti-abortion Center for Bioethics and Culture Network, said that IVF was harmful to women and criticized women who have children later in life for “spending a large portion of their most fertile years building their careers.” Other essays criticized food stamps and disability benefits programs for incentivizing people not to seek work. Another said that hunger is “a great motivator for people who are able to work to find work.”

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Vance’s foreword to the collection praised the essays as “admirable” for their “willingness to house culture and opportunity under the same intellectual roof.” He also said that “the prevalence of single-parent families” and “declining participation in civic institutions like churches” are destroying “social capital” and upward mobility for America’s middle class.

Vance spokesperson Luke Schroeder told The New York Times that Vance “does not agree with every opinion” in the essay collection. The Heritage Foundation also wrote that Vance “had no role in producing or approving the contents” of the 2017 essay collection.

Nevertheless, the 2017 essay collection somewhat echoes Vance’s past statements on parents and childbirth. Vance has previously said that “childless cat ladies” — including stepmother Kamala Harris and adoptive father Pete Buttigieg — are determined the country “miserable.” He has said that people without children have “no physical commitment to the future of this country,” and that “postmenopausal females” (that is, women above the age of 50) exist mostly to help raise other people’s children .

Vance also wrote the foreword to Dawn’s Early Light: Taking Back Washington to Save America , a book by Kevin Roberts, president of the Heritage Foundation. In his book, Roberts wrote that contraceptives, IVF and childless individuals have all ruined America. Vance’s foreword compared Democrats and left-leaning liberals togardeners who have poisoned American soil and “wolves” who must be shot dead.

Vance also wrote a blurb endorsing  Unhumans , a book by anti-LGBTQ+ conspiracy theorist Jack Posobiec which said that liberals aren’t human. The book suggested overthrowing the U.S. government and praised historic dictators who murdered thousands of their own citizens.

Trump has recently said he supports abortions beyond six weeks of pregnancy and has said he wants to provide free access to in vitro fertilization (IVF) — a conception method used by many LGBTQ+ families — even though anti-abortion advocates believe that IVF’s discarding of any unused fertilized embryos is “murder.” Trump has only recently voiced support for these measures as numerous polls show that majorities of voters oppose Republican efforts to ban abortion and IVF.

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Rules of the road in Russia

Everything you need to know about the roads, Russian traffic police, rules and requirements.

The road system and traffic rules in Russia aren’t dramatically different from other European countries. Still, driving in Russia can be a frustrating experience, with drivers having to comply with lengthy traffic jams, poor road maintenance and random police inspections.

Who can drive in Russia?

If you’re staying in Russia for less than six months, you can use your foreign licence; a Russian translation is necessary, though. Whenever you drive in Russia, you must show an International Driving Permit (IDP) along with your foreign licence, or another type of authenticated Russian translation.

You also need to meet the minimum legal driving ages as set out by Russian road law: 18 for cars and 16 for motorcycles. You won’t be able to start driving in Russia below this age, even if you have a foreign licence already.

Requirements for driving in Russia

The State Inspection for the Safety of Road Traffic (GIBDD) is Russia’s traffic police division, although many people still call it by its old name – the GAI. When driving in Russia, random vehicle stops are common for checking that you’re carrying the appropriate documents and that they’re up to date.

Russia operates a zero-tolerance for drinking policy. Alcohol checks are most common on weekends and Monday mornings; if you fail a test, you’ll need to give a blood sample. You are required by law to carry the following items at all times:

• Warning triangle: compulsory on board all motor vehicles.
• Headlight beam deflectors: depending on your car, you will either need deflector stickers or have to adjust the beam manually.
• First aid kit and fire extinguisher: compulsory in all motor vehicles.
• Spare light bulbs
• Motorcyclists: helmets are compulsory when riding on a scooter or a motorcycle

You should also carry your Russian driving licence or international driving permit, proof of auto insurance in Russia, passport and proof of vehicle ownership. If you fail to carry these items you could face a fine.

Traffic rules in Russia

Some of the key things you need to know:

• You must drive on the right-hand side of the road, overtake on the left.
• Using your mobile when driving is illegal (without a hands-free kit).
• Turning right at a red light is only allowed if separate arrow-shaped green light permits it.
• It is prohibited to turn left in large towns other than at crossings with lights.
• Crossing a solid double white line is illegal.
• It’s illegal to drive a dirty car.
• Priority: traffic coming from the right has priority at roundabouts, unless otherwise signposted. Priority must be given to convoys of vehicles and to emergency vehicles using flashing lights. Trams and buses also have right of way.
• Towing: It is advisable to draw up an inventory of the contents of a trailer or caravan, although not required.
• Seat belts: mandatory for the driver and any passengers.
• Only use the horn in towns if there is immediate danger.
• Travelling with children: it is prohibited to carry a child less than 12 years of age in the front seat of a car when there is no special child restraint. It is also prohibited to carry a child less than 12 years of age on the rear seat of a motorcycle.
• Driving is on the right side of the road
• The minimum age to drive a car is 18
• Wearing of seat belts is mandatory in both front and back seats
• Speaking on a mobile phone while driving (without a handsfree device) is a serious offence
• Crossing a solid double white line is forbidden
• Turning right at a red light is not allowed when there is no special green arrow traffic light
• It is illegal for children under the age of 12 to travel in the front seat
• Picking up hitchhikers is illegal
• Dipped headlights must be used during the day
• It is illegal to drive a dirty car, especially with mud on the licence plates fines for this range from R.800 to R.2,000
• A minimum of third-party insurance is compulsory

General speed limits in Russia

Speed limits vary depending on the vehicle you’re driving in Russia and the area you’re driving in.

For motorcycles and cars under 3.5 tonnes, the limits are generally 60km/h in built-up areas, 90km/h on highways and 110km/h on expressways and other roads.

Larger vehicles and those with trailers, however, can only drive at up to 90km/h on expressways and 70km/h on other roads.

In some residential areas, there is a 20 km/h speed limit for all vehicles. This should be clearly signposted.

Anti-radar equipment which interferes with specific radio frequencies to jam police signals is prohibited.

Additional information on Russia

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LTO Portal PH

Republic Act 4136: Land Transportation and Traffic Code Rules

Republic Act 4136 (RA 4136), otherwise known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, is, perhaps, the most important driving law ever enacted in the Philippines. Not only did it create the Philippine Land Transportation Commission, currently known as the Land Transportation Office (LTO) under the Department of Transportation (DOTr) , but it also laid the groundwork for all Philippine traffic laws and regulations currently in effect. 

Also Read: List of LTO Driving Fines and Violations

The RA 4136 is like the official playbook in terms of vehicle and traffic regulation. It is quite comprehensive, covering everything from requiring vehicle registrations in a national database, setting the registration requirements and fees, setting the standards for the speed, penalties, and fees, and ensuring that all drivers have licenses that allows them to be on the open road legally. 

Table of Contents

What is RA 4136

Republic Act 4136 refers to the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, also well-known as one of the most important driving laws ever enacted. It was enacted in 1964 and somehow became the cornerstone that laid the foundation for all Philippine traffic laws and regulations. It also mandated the creation of the Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO) to oversee and manage the land transport and road traffic. 

The RA 4136 also serves as the Bible for everything that has anything to do with traffic management, road safety, and land transport in general. It mandated all motor vehicles to be registered. It also set the registration fees, requirements, and speed limits, as well as the penalties for non-compliance of vehicle and car owners. Likewise, it required the drivers to secure a license, whether professional or non-professional, and comply with the LTO’s registration and licensing requirements.

Scope and Coverage of RA 4136

As it serves as the basis of regulation of the land transport sector in the Philippines, the RA 4136 is comprehensive enough to cover every possible aspect of land transport. In its full range, the provisions covered by the Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136) includes:

Creation of the Commission (LTO)

This section covers the creation of an office designated and known as the Land Transportation Office (LTO), formerly Land Transportation Commission, headed by a Commissioner and a Deputy Commissioner in its mandate to administer the provisions and implementations of the law relative to road safety. It details the responsibilities and organizational structure of the LTO, along with its designated  responsibilities and power.

Registration of motor vehicles

This section details the mandatory registration of all motor vehicles and other vehicles before they can be used or operated on or upon any public highway of the Philippines. According to the law, the registration of motor vehicles must be renewed on or before the date fixed for different vehicle classifications, otherwise, it will become delinquent and invalid and unfit for use on open roads.

Setting of registration fees (for Motor Vehicles)

The law also provides for the mandatory LTO fees related to motor vehicle registrations and renewal depending upon the vehicle classification , weight, and dimension. The section also details the permissions for use of various types of vehicles in highways. 

Issuance, usage, and suspension of certificates of registration, records, number plates

RA 4136 also offers the provisions for the preparation, issuance, usage, and suspension of registration certificates and number plates of motor vehicles in the Philippines, including the rules for implementation of such. For example, the commission of three violations of the same type within a twelve-month period could result in the suspension of the registration certificate of the subject motor vehicle.  

Operation of motor vehicle, including application, fees, examination, issuance, suspension, revocation, and renewal of license to drive motor vehicles

The law also has provisions for the need for drivers to procure and carry around a valid license to drive and operate a motor vehicle for the current year as well as the possibility of having the vehicle impounded or the license confiscated when the licensee drives around when such license is delinquent , invalid, suspended, or revoked. The law also covers the implementing rules for foreigners, as well as the application fees and requirements and the conditions for suspension and revocation of a driver’s license in the Philippines. 

Illegal Use of Licenses, Number Plates, Etc.

The law also covers and defines what constitutes the illegal use of licenses and number plates in the country, including imitation and false representations in an attempt to make or use a driver’s license, badge, certificate of registration, number plate, tag, or permit whether it is for personal use or with the intent to sell. False or fraudulent statements or representations, especially those done knowingly and with the intent to deceive, in an application for the registration of vehicles, or for a driver’s license is also covered here. 

Passenger and Freight

This section covers the provisions for vehicle capacity, regardless if it’s in terms of passenger or freight or cargo and the ensuing penalties in cases of overloading. 

Motor Vehicle Accessories

The Land Transportation and Traffic Code also have provisions for allowed use and modifications of specific vehicle accessories, including:

• Tires of motor vehicles.
• Stop lights
• Motorcycle and other vehicle lights
• Lights when parked or disabled
• Windshield wiper
• Use of red flag

Traffic Rules

The law also defines specific traffic rules and the conditions of violations along with its corresponding fines for the following:

• Speed limits uniform throughout the Philippines
• Driving on right side of highway
• Classification of highways
• Overtaking a vehicle
• Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle
• Restrictions on overtaking and passing
• Right of way
• Exception to the right of way rule
• Signals on starting, stopping or turning
• Turning at intersections
• Parking prohibited in specified places
• Parked vehicle
• Reckless driving
• Right of way for police and other emergency vehicles
• Tampering with vehicles
• Hitching to a vehicle
• Driving or parking on sidewalk
• Driving while under the influence of liquor or narcotic drug
• Obstruction of traffic
• Duty of driver in case of accident

Penal and other provisions

This section details information on penalties and fines for violations related to road safety and land transport. The section contains the following:

• late registration
• failure to carry driver’s license
• driving with delinquent license
• driving with expired motor vehicle registration
• driving with suspended or revoked license or motor vehicle registration
• driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act)
• Punishment for other offenses
• Duty of clerks of court

Collection of fees, taxes and fines, liens, and allotment of funds

The law also includes provision and guidelines for collection of fees, national and local taxes, toll fees, as well as all other fees, taxes, and fines and their appropriation.

• The lien upon motor vehicles
• Disposal of monies collected to the Highway Special Fund according to Philippine Highway Act of 1953

Republic Act 4136 LTO Tagalog Filipino Version PDF

The PDF document titled “Republic Act 4136 LTO Tagalog Version” offers a comprehensive guide on the Land Transportation and Traffic Code in the Philippines. Please check out the Tagalog PDF file here:

Please check this page for the Tagalog LTO RA 4136 – https://www.scribd.com/document/387952856/RA-4136-LAND-TRANSPORTATION-CODE-docx

This document, available in the local Filipino language, serves as an essential resource for understanding the rules, regulations, and rights pertaining to land transportation and traffic in the country. It provides detailed information on licensing, vehicle registration, penalties for violations, and more, as outlined in the Republic Act 4136.

Video: What does the Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136) say?

Learn more about RA 4136: Land Transportation and Traffic Code and its provisions and prohibitions by watching this video from MamiZang Vlogs:

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

For your reference, here are some of the most common questions and answers related to RA 4136:

1. When was RA 4136 enacted?

RA 4136, was authored and enacted in 1964. It’s a 58-year-old law so as new modalities of transportation emerge, and more private vehicles are being used, the law gets more and more amendments time and time again until it has become strongly tied with economic rights and the dignity of labor.

2. Did RA 4136 create the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) as well?

No. The Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136) did not create the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB). It was borne out of another law, Republic Act No. 11854. 

3. What does the law say about the application and issuance of a Student Driver’s permit?

Section 30 of the RA 4136 says that upon proper application and the payment of the fee prescribed in accordance with law, the Director or his deputies may issue student driver’s permits , valid for one year to persons not under sixteen years of age, who desire to learn to operate motor vehicles. That is, provided that they meet the minimum qualifications and are able to provide the documentary requirements. 

True enough, Republic Act (RA) 4136, otherwise known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, has long been considered as the most comprehensive law on driving and traffic regulations is our Republic Act (RA) 4136, otherwise known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. The law laid the groundwork for almost all of the traffic regulations in effect, including the creation of the Land Transportation Office (LTO). 

RA 4136 required both the (1) registration of all motor vehicles; and (2) the application of all drivers for either a professional or non-professional license. The law also set the corresponding penalties for failure to comply with the registration and licensing requirements and rules, and the penalties were updated every now and then by the LTO through the enactment of other laws.

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Transportation

Driving in Russia: road rules and regulations

Looking to go from A(strakhan) to B(iysk)? Find everything you need to know about driving in Russia, including tips on road safety.

By Expatica

Updated 13-8-2024

Important notice from the Editor in Chief

Maintaining our Russian site is a delicate matter during the war. We have chosen to keep its content online to help our readers, but we cannot ensure that it is accurate and up to date. Our team endeavors to strike the right balance between giving information to those who need it, and respecting the gravity of the situation.

The road system and traffic rules in Russia aren’t dramatically different from European countries. But driving in the country can be a frustrating experience, with drivers having to contend with lengthy traffic jams, poor road maintenance, and random police inspections. It also has a poor road safety record compared to European countries, although this varies geographically.

Here’s what you need to know before you get behind the wheel in Russia:

Who can drive in Russia?

Who needs a russian driving license, requirements for driving in russia, toll roads in russia, car insurance in russia, vehicle inspections in russia, traffic rules in russia, general speed limits in russia, russian drivers, parking your car in russia, importing a car to russia, car rental in russia, buying a car in russia, tips for driving in russia.

If you’re staying in Russia for less than six months, you can use your foreign license; a Russian translation is necessary, though. Whenever you drive in Russia, you must show an International Driving Permit (IDP) along with your foreign license, or another type of authenticated Russian translation. You can apply for an IDP in your home country, which provides a translation of your license into nine languages.

If you’re moving to Russia as an official resident, you’ll need to exchange your foreign license for a Russian driving license within 60 days of receiving Russian residency.

You also need to meet the minimum legal driving ages as set out by Russian road law: 18 for cars and 16 for motorcycles. You won’t be able to start driving in Russia below this age, even if you have a foreign license already.

To apply for a Russian driving license, your local State Road Traffic Safety Inspectorate ( GIBDD ) can provide information. In Moscow, for example, you’ll need to provide the Moscow Road Police your passport and Russian visa, a medical certificate obtained from your doctor, your foreign driving license, and a photocopy of the license signed by a notary.

If your foreign license is valid, you’ll only need to take a Russian theory test. If it has expired, you’ll have to pass the practical driving exam, too. The process is cheaper than in many European countries. However, it can be tricky; you can only take the theoretical and practical tests in Russian. Read Expatica’s guide for more information on getting a Russian driving license .

The State Inspection for the Safety of Road Traffic (GIBDD) is Russia’s traffic police division, although many people still call it by its old name – the GAI. When driving in Russia, random vehicle stops are common for checking that you’re carrying the appropriate documents and that they’re up to date.

Russia operates a zero-tolerance for drinking laws in Russia. Alcohol checks are most common on weekends and Monday mornings; if you fail a test, you’ll need to give a blood sample. There are also some areas in Moscow where saliva tests to trace narcotics are being trialed.

Russian road rules require you to carry the following when driving in Russia:

• A warning triangle
• Headlight beam deflectors
• First-aid kit
• Fire extinguisher
• Spare light bulbs.

You should also carry your Russian driving license or international driving permit, proof of auto insurance in Russia, passport, and proof of vehicle ownership. If you fail to carry these items you could face a fine.

Road and car taxes in Russia

An annual vehicle tax is payable in Russia, but how much you’ll pay varies from region to region. All taxes are payable to the Federal Tax Service of Russia . In Moscow, for example, the price depends on the engine power of your car rather than its emissions. The fees are as follows:

• 100 horsepower automobile: RUB 700
• 120 horsepower automobile: RUB 2,400
• 200 horsepower automobile: RUB 12,000
• 300 horsepower automobile: RUB 45,000

Toll roads are relatively new in Russia and relatively rare. The Lipetsk Highway (M-4) from Moscow to Novorossiysk charges R10, and you’ll need to pay this fee in cash. Some toll roads outside of the capital allow you to pay using a card. However, you should carry some cash when driving in Russia.

Since 2003, every car owner in Russia must have an insurance policy covering third-party liability at the very minimum. However, the coverage from the mandatory, basic auto insurance in Russia is not very comprehensive. Drivers can consider adding voluntary car insurance to top up their coverage to include the driver as well.

Cars in Russia periodically have to undergo a technical inspection. One of the major requirements for driving in Russia is that vehicles between three and seven years old need to be inspected every two years, while older cars must have a yearly inspection.

As this inspection is conducted in Russian, you may need a translator to understand the results. Once the car has successfully passed the tests, you’ll be given an inspection card. You’ll need to carry this in the car at all times. If you don’t have the inspection done on time, you could receive a large fine or have your car confiscated.

Some of the key traffic rules in Russia include the following:

• You must drive on the right-hand side of the road.
• The driver and all passengers must wear seatbelts.
• Using your mobile when driving is illegal (without a hands-free kit).
• Picking up hitchhikers is illegal.
• Turning right at a red light is only possible if there is a filter system.
• It is prohibited to turn left in large towns other than at crossings with lights.
• Crossing a solid double-white line is illegal.
• It’s illegal to drive a dirty car.
• Traffic coming from the right has priority at roundabouts.
• Only use the horn in towns if there is immediate danger.
• Children under the age of 12 can’t travel in the front seat of a car without a child seat.

Speed limits vary depending on the vehicle you’re driving in Russia and the area you’re driving in.

For motorcycles and cars under 3.5 tonnes, the limits are generally 60km/h in built-up areas and 110km/h on expressways and other roads. Larger vehicles and those with trailers, however, can only drive at up to 90km/h on expressways and 70km/h on other roads.

In some residential areas, there is a 20 km/h speed limit for all vehicles. This should be clearly signposted.

If you’re charged with a minor violation, you’ll be issued a fine that you’ll need to pay through a bank, as the Russian police are no longer allowed to ask for cash. For more serious violations, vehicles can be temporarily confiscated, but can only be permanently taken away for you following a court decision. You can find a list (in Russian) of the various driving and parking fines here . If you pay your fine early, you can be granted a discount on your fine.

There is a relatively high rate of car accidents in Russia, which some put down to the poor driving conditions, narrow roads (more so out of the main cities), and fast Russian drivers. In some circles, Russian drivers have earned a reputation for bad driving, involving weaving in and out of traffic, fast speeds, and disrespect for road rules, such as wearing seat belts. In the past, bribes were sometimes accepted for passing the Russian driving test. As a result, some Russian drivers are unaware of the correct road rules. However, driving conditions have become stricter in recent years to improve road safety, as well as the skills of both foreign and local Russian drivers on the road.

While Moscow has major car parks, much of the on-street parking in Moscow is paid for using meters. When parking in Moscow, you’ll usually need to park on the right-hand side of the road, in the direction of the flow of traffic. In some urban areas and on one-way streets, you can also park on the left-hand side. The letter P and a wheelchair symbol are usually used to signify a disabled parking space. Around Russia, varying parking systems are available, depending on the size of the city or town.

You cannot park within 5m of an intersection or pedestrian crossing, on bends, or within 50m of a level crossing. If you’re caught parking in Russia illegally, you’ll either be given an on-the-spot fine or you could have your wheels clamped.

Unless you’re a foreign diplomat, it can be expensive and troublesome to import a car to Russia. In many cases, it’s difficult for your removal company to assist with customs clearance, and you might need to pay steep import duties. Check Expatica’s listing for relocation companies in Moscow that can help with importing your car from abroad.

Car rental from a local agency is sometimes cheaper, although it’s less likely that someone will speak English. For more language options or services you’re familiar with, you can consider renting a car through a European or international company.

To hire a car in Russia, you’ll usually need to be at least 21 years of age and have held your Russian driving license or foreign driving one for at least a year. People aged below 25 might also need to pay a young driver surcharge.

It’s possible to buy a car in Russia, although the process is less straightforward for foreigners. One of the requirements is that your car is registered to your visa. Each time you renew your Russian visa you’ll need to deregister and reregister your car ownership. Alternatively, you can register the car in the name of a Russian friend and have that person provide you with power of attorney to drive it.

When considering which car to buy, always use reputable car dealerships and remember that it might be difficult to export the car back to your home country should you leave Russia.

Registering your car in Russia needs to be done through the GIBDD, although it can also be a complicated process. It’s possible to enlist the help of a third-party company to aid you, although you will have to pay a fee for this service. Once you’ve handed in your completed application (and shown proof of ownership, insurance , and the car’s inspection record card, if applicable), you’ll need to pay a fee of RUB 2,000 to officially register the car in Russia.

For foreigners planning to drive in Moscow, it’s important to know that the city has three main ring roads – the MKAD, Garden Ring, and Third Ring – with a fourth ring in the planning stages. The city has problems with traffic jams, especially on the main roads in and out of the city. During rush hour, things can be particularly bad, and the Garden Ring ( Sadovoe Kol’tso ) can suffer from traffic jams all day long.

Some road surfaces in Moscow are also sub-standard, so you’ll need to take extra care, although Moscow’s main roads tend to be better than elsewhere in Russia.

Road signs and names are in Russian, so may be confusing to foreign drivers. You can find examples of road signs in Russia here .

Find more tips in Expatica’s guide on expat life in Russia .

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Traffic Rules will Change from November 29

Traffic rules will partly change in Russia on November 29. The road police will be able to apply new sanctions on the same day.

The new rules, for example, say that a driver must stop, not simply reduce speed, approaching the uncontrolled pedestrian crossing. Drivers must let all pedestrians pass, including those who only entered the roadway. Violation of rules will be punished by a fine of 1500 rubles. In addition, the term «pedestrian crossing» received extended treatment in the new edition of traffic rules.

Moreover, no overtaking is allowed on the unregulated pedestrian crossing, regardless of the contents of pedestrians. If a driver stopped or reduced movement at the crosswalk, other drivers should do the same.

Scooter and cyclists drivers will also have new rules. Now they must get off the vehicle, crossing the carriageway by a pedestrian crossing. Violators will impose a fine of 800 rubles.

Furthermore, drivers who refused to pass a medical check-up or whose license had been revoked for drunk driving will have more difficulties with getting their license back.

Such drivers will be able to take out their license after having medical check-up and examination on traffic rules.

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Hoa hậu thăm bệnh viện 5 sao

Top 10 bệnh viện 5 sao tphcm mẹ có thể tham khảo, bệnh viện Đa khoa quốc tế vinmec central park

Những bệnh viện 5 sao giữa lòng thủ Đô: rộng 30, những bệnh viện 5 sao Ở việt nam

Bệnh viện 3 sao - bệnh viện Đa khoa hồng Đức iii

Tại sao không đến bệnh viện lúc 3h sáng vì đau bụng, nam bệnh

Bệnh viện 2 sao - bệnh viện đa khoa vạn hạnh

Mùng 1 bị bệnh có sao không nên làm, những Điều Đại kỵ cần lưu Ý vào ngày rằm, mùng 1

Mùng 1 đi khám bệnh có sao không nên làm vào ngày mùng 1 âm lịch

Giới thiệu bệnh viện 108 là sao, xây dựng bv trung ương quân đội 108 xứng đáng là

Bệnh viện 115 là sao - bệnh viện nhân dân 115

Biểu hiện người mắc bệnh covid-19 ra sao, dấu hiệu mắc covid

Được quan tâm.

Y học cổ truyền là gì? có nên khám chữa bệnh viện y học cổ truyền là sao

Nghe đến y học cổ truyền, không ít người băn khoăn học y học cổ truyền ra làm gì và cơ hội việc làm ra sao, trên thực tế, ngành học này hiện đang rất khát nhân lực và có rất nhiều công việc để sinh viên ra trường có thể ứng tuyển

Tại sao gọi là bệnh nan y - nguồn gốc tên gọi các loại bệnh nan y

SkĐs - theo y văn thế giới, nhiều loại bệnh nan y có từ cách đây hàng nghìn năm nhưng lại mang những cái tên rất lạ, nay y học phát triển trả lại cho chúng bằng cái tên mới sát với bản chất của chúng, bệnh đột quỵxếp đầu danh sách của lvc là bệnh đột quỵ

Vì sao bị bệnh nan y bị hiểu lầm tai hại, vì sao nhiều người mắc bệnh nan y

Mắc bệnh nan y là một trong những nỗi lo ngại lớn nhất của mỗi người, bởi việc điều trị những bệnh lý này gặp rất nhiều khó khăn và khả năng lành bệnh cũng không cao

Cách chữa trị bệnh yếu sinh lý có sao không ? xuất tinh sớm có phải bị yếu sinh lý không

Yếu sinh lý nam vốn là một nỗi niềm khó nói gây nên không ít sự tự ti có lẽ chỉ riêng đấng mày râu mới hiểu, vậy thế nào là yếu sinh lý và nó có phải là bệnh lý nguy hiểm hay không? 1

Đại lý yến sào bệnh viện từ dũ, giải đáp: ngày nào cũng ăn yến sào có tốt không

I, yến sào tuấn bảo – mua tổ yến sào bệnh viện từ dũ quận 1 hcmbệnh viện từ dũ là bệnh viện chuyên khoa phụ sản và hiếm muộn hàng đầu tại khu vực phía nam

Vì sao bệnh nan y rất nhiều người bỏ qua, 5 căn bệnh nan y bị hiểu lầm tai hại

Thưa quý độc giả, quý vị có thấy rằng ngày nay chúng ta mang quá nhiều căn bệnhkinh niên, những căn bệnh này không những chỉ xảy ra ở người lớn tuổi, mà còn xảyra cho những người trung niên và thậm chí cho cả những trẻ em dưới tuổi vị thànhniên

Làm sao chữa bệnh yếu sinh lý hiệu quả triệt Để tốt nhất tại nhà

Tuy không gây nguy hiểm đến tính mạng nhưng yếu sinh lý có thể làm mất phong độ đàn ông và ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe sinh sản của nam giới, thậm chí, nếu không được điều trị sớm, yếu sinh lý lâu dài còn có thể dẫn đến liệt dương, mất khả năng quan hệ và ảnh hưởng rất nhiều đến đời sống tinh thần của nam giới

Vì sao bệnh yếu sinh lý là gì và điều trị bằng cách nào? 7 nguyên nhân gây yếu sinh lý ở nam giới

Yếu sinh lý ở nam giới đang có xu hướng ngày càng gia tăng, yếu sinh lý mặc dù không đe dọa đến tính mạng nhưng lại ảnh hưởng nặng nề đến đời sống tinh thần, khả năng tình dục và chất lượng cuộc sống của nam giới

Xin bản sao bệnh Án mới nhất 2024? hồ sơ bệnh Án là gì

Vì sao bị bệnh xơ gan có nguy hiểm không cách điều trị như thế nào, vì sao bị bệnh xương khớp toàn thân: nguyên nhân và cách, đau khớp: nguyên nhân, điều trị và phòng ngừa, vì sao bị bệnh xuất huyết não là gì nguyên nhân, triệu chứng và chẩn đoán, vì sao bệnh xơ gan : nguyên nhân, triệu chứng, chẩn đoán và điều trị bệnh.

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