american literature history research paper

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Literature has existed in the Americas for as long as the people who lived there have been telling stories. Native American cultures have a rich history of oral literature. Mayan books from as far back as the 5th century are known, and it is believed that the Maya started writing things down centuries before that. As a specific discipline viewed through the lens of European literature, American literature began in the early 17th century with the arrival of English-speaking Europeans in what would become the United States.

Notable authors of American literature include: John Smith , who wrote some of its earliest works; Phillis Wheatley , who was the first Black woman to become a poet of note in the United States; Edgar Allan Poe , a standout of the Romantic era; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , a celebrated poet; Emily Dickinson , a woman who wrote poetry at a time when the field was largely dominated by men; Mark Twain , a master of humour and realism; Ernest Hemingway , a novelist who articulated the disillusionment of the Lost Generation ; and Toni Morrison , a writer who centred her works on the experiences of Black Americans and received a Nobel Prize in 1993.

American literature is often divided into six major periods :

• Pre-colonization
• The Colonial and Early National period (17th century to 1830)
• The Romantic period (1830 to 1870)
• Realism and Naturalism (1870 to 1910)
• The Modernist period (1910 to 1945)
• The Contemporary period (1945 to present)

American literature , the body of written works produced in the English language in the United States .

Like other national literatures, American literature was shaped by the history of the country that produced it. For almost a century and a half, America was merely a group of colonies scattered along the eastern seaboard of the North American continent—colonies from which a few hardy souls tentatively ventured westward. After a successful rebellion against the motherland, America became the United States, a nation. By the end of the 19th century this nation extended southward to the Gulf of Mexico , northward to the 49th parallel, and westward to the Pacific. By the end of the 19th century, too, it had taken its place among the powers of the world—its fortunes so interrelated with those of other nations that inevitably it became involved in two world wars and, following these conflicts, with the problems of Europe and East Asia . Meanwhile, the rise of science and industry, as well as changes in ways of thinking and feeling, wrought many modifications in people’s lives. All these factors in the development of the United States molded the literature of the country.

This article traces the history of American poetry , drama , fiction , and social and literary criticism from the early 17th century through the turn of the 21st century. For a description of the oral and written literatures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, see Native American literature . Though the contributions of African Americans to American literature are discussed in this article, see African American literature for in-depth treatment. For information about literary traditions related to, and at times overlapping with, American literature in English, see English literature and Canadian literature: Canadian literature in English .

• DOI: 10.25236/ajhss.2022.050917
• Corpus ID: 252320663

The Lost Generation of American Literature in the 20th century——Take The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises as examples

• Yixin Zhang
• Published in Academic Journal of… 2022
• Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences

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The american dream in the great gatsby, new essays on the sun also rises: decoding the hemingway hero in the sun also rises, related papers.

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Colonial America Research Paper Topics

Colonial America research paper topics offer a rich field of exploration for history students. This period in history, marked by European settlement and the ensuing transformation of the American landscape, is ripe with multifaceted issues for examination. The upcoming sections of this page will provide a comprehensive list of categorized topics related to colonial America, a detailed article delving into the range of research paper topics it offers, and practical advice on choosing the most fitting topic. Additionally, guidance on how to write a compelling colonial America research paper will be offered, concluding with a presentation of iResearchNet’s dedicated writing services that offer customized, high-quality research papers on any chosen topic. Get ready to dive into the intriguing world of colonial America and discover the historical events, dynamics, and narratives that helped shape the world as we know it today.

100 Colonial America Research Paper Topics

The study of Colonial America provides a fascinating glimpse into the early history of the United States. This comprehensive list of Colonial America research paper topics explores various aspects of Colonial America, spanning politics, economy, society, culture, religion, and more. By delving into these topics, students can gain a deeper understanding of the colonial period and its lasting impact on American history.

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Politics and Governance

• The origins of colonial governments: a comparative analysis
• The role of colonial assemblies in shaping local governance
• The impact of British colonial policies on political development
• The rise of revolutionary ideologies in colonial America
• The role of influential political figures in colonial America
• The Boston Tea Party: causes, consequences, and significance
• The development of colonial legal systems and courts
• The impact of the Great Awakening on political thought
• The role of women in political activism during the colonial era
• The evolution of representative government in Colonial America

Economy and Trade

• The impact of mercantilism on colonial economic development
• The Atlantic slave trade and its role in the colonial economy
• Colonial agriculture: plantations, subsistence farming, and cash crops
• The rise of colonial industries and manufacturing
• The navigation acts and their impact on colonial trade
• The role of trade networks and routes in colonial commerce
• The significance of colonial ports and trading centers
• The emergence of colonial market towns and their economic functions
• Indentured servitude: labor systems in colonial America
• The economic consequences of the French and Indian War

Social and Cultural Life

• Gender roles and expectations in colonial society
• Education in colonial America: schools, colleges, and literacy rates
• The impact of religion on colonial social life
• Slavery and the institution of racial hierarchy in colonial society
• Social stratification and class divisions in colonial America
• The role of taverns and public houses in colonial social interactions
• Colonial fashion and clothing trends
• Family life and household dynamics in the colonial era
• The influence of Native American cultures on colonial society
• The growth of newspapers and print culture in colonial America

Religion and Beliefs

• The Puritan influence on colonial religious life
• The Salem witch trials: causes, consequences, and interpretations
• Religious tolerance and religious dissent in colonial America
• The Great Awakening and its impact on colonial religious practices
• Native American spirituality and its interactions with colonial religions
• The establishment of religious institutions in the colonies
• The role of religion in shaping colonial laws and moral codes
• The legacy of Roger Williams and the separation of church and state
• The influence of Enlightenment ideas on religious thought in colonial America
• The religious diversity of the middle colonies and its impact on society

Native American Interactions

• Native American tribes and nations in colonial America
• The impact of European colonization on Native American cultures
• The fur trade and its consequences for Native American tribes
• Native American resistance and alliances during colonial conflicts
• Treaties and land disputes between Native Americans and colonists
• The impact of diseases on Native American populations
• Cultural exchange and adaptation between Native Americans and colonists
• The role of Native American guides and interpreters in colonial exploration
• Native American diplomacy and negotiations with colonial authorities
• The influence of Native American art and aesthetics on colonial culture

Colonial Wars and Conflicts

• The causes and outcomes of the Pequot War
• King Philip’s War: causes, key events, and consequences
• The French and Indian War: origins, major battles, and aftermath
• Pontiac’s War and the uprising of Native American tribes
• The impact of colonial conflicts on British imperial policies
• The role of colonial militias in defense and security
• The Regulator movement and popular unrest in the colonies
• The significance of the Paxton Boys and the Pennsylvania frontiersmen
• The impact of the American Revolution on colonial society
• The legacy of colonial wars in shaping American identity and nationalism

Slavery and Labor

• The origins and growth of slavery in the colonies
• Slave resistance and rebellions in colonial America
• The development of slave codes and laws
• Indentured servitude and its role in colonial labor systems
• The economic impact of slave labor on colonial agriculture
• The transatlantic slave trade and its connection to colonial America
• The role of free labor and artisanal trades in the colonies
• The impact of slave labor on the growth of colonial cities
• The influence of Enlightenment ideas on debates about slavery
• The abolitionist movement in colonial America

Women in Colonial America

• The role of women in early colonial settlements
• Women’s participation in the colonial labor force
• Women’s education and intellectual contributions in the colonies
• Women’s legal status and property rights in colonial society
• The impact of the Enlightenment on women’s rights and equality
• Female activists and their contributions to colonial movements
• The role of women in the Great Awakening
• Women’s involvement in colonial politics and revolutionary activities
• The experiences of enslaved women in colonial America
• The legacy of women’s contributions to colonial American history

Intellectual and Philosophical Movements

• The influence of Enlightenment ideas on colonial thought
• The impact of John Locke’s philosophy on colonial political theory
• The role of colonial universities in promoting intellectual debates
• The Enlightenment and its impact on religious thought in the colonies
• The development of scientific inquiry in colonial America
• The influence of Thomas Paine’s writings on colonial independence
• The spread of rationalism and skepticism in colonial society
• Colonial intellectuals and their contributions to American independence
• The impact of Scottish Enlightenment thinkers on colonial thought
• The legacy of colonial intellectual and philosophical movements

Art, Literature, and Architecture

• Colonial portraiture: depictions of power and identity
• The development of colonial American literature
• The influence of European artistic styles on colonial art
• The significance of colonial newspapers and printing presses
• Architecture in colonial America: styles and influences
• The portrayal of Native Americans in colonial art and literature
• The impact of the American Revolution on colonial artistic expression
• The role of women as artists and writers in colonial society
• Folklore, storytelling, and oral traditions in the colonies
• The legacy of colonial art and literature in American culture

In conclusion, this comprehensive list of Colonial America research paper topics offers students a wide range of fascinating avenues to explore and delve into the rich history of the United States’ formative years. By examining politics, economy, society, culture, religion, and more, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of colonial America and its lasting impact on the nation’s history. Whether it’s exploring the political ideologies that shaped the colonial period, analyzing the economic forces at play, or examining the social and cultural dynamics of the time, these research paper topics provide ample opportunities for students to engage in critical thinking, research, and analysis. By delving into these subjects, students will not only enhance their knowledge but also develop valuable research and analytical skills that will serve them well in their academic and professional pursuits.

Colonial America: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Colonial America stands as a pivotal period in the history of the United States, shaping its foundations and setting the course for its future development. This era, spanning roughly from the 16th to the 18th century, witnessed the establishment of the thirteen colonies, the arrival of European settlers, and the interactions between different cultures, leading to significant social, political, economic, and cultural transformations. Exploring the range of research paper topics in colonial America provides students with a fascinating opportunity to dive into the complexities of this era and gain a deeper understanding of its significance.

The Politics of Colonial America

One captivating aspect of colonial America is its political landscape. Students can delve into topics such as the role of colonial governments and their relationship with the British Crown. They can explore how political ideologies, such as republicanism and liberalism, influenced colonial America and shaped its governance. Research papers can also analyze the development of colonial legislative assemblies and their influence on the overall political structure. Students may investigate the evolution of political institutions and the concept of representative government in colonial America, highlighting the factors that contributed to the formation of early democratic principles.

The Economy of Colonial America

Another intriguing facet of colonial America is its economy, which underwent significant changes over time. Students can explore the establishment and growth of agriculture, including the plantation system and the cultivation of cash crops. They can examine the development of trade networks and the pivotal role played by colonial merchants in the Atlantic economy. Additionally, students may delve into the impact of the transatlantic slave trade on the colonial economy and the rise of mercantilism, which shaped colonial economic policies. Exploring the emergence of skilled crafts and industries in colonial America provides further avenues for research.

Society and Culture in Colonial America

The social and cultural dynamics of colonial America offer rich opportunities for research. Students can investigate the diverse social hierarchies and class systems within colonial society, exploring the lives of different social groups and their interactions. The role of religion and religious diversity in shaping colonial communities is another captivating area of study. Research papers can also focus on gender roles and expectations in colonial America, examining the experiences of women and their contributions to society. Additionally, students may explore the experiences of Native American tribes and their interactions with European settlers, shedding light on the complexities of cultural exchange and conflict.

The colonial period in America was marked by numerous wars and conflicts that had far-reaching consequences. Students can explore topics such as the French and Indian War and its implications for colonial America, including the territorial disputes and the subsequent strain on colonial-British relations. They can examine the effects of King Philip’s War on colonial-Indian relations, highlighting the tensions and violence that shaped the colonial experience. Research papers can also analyze the influence of conflicts with Native American tribes on colonial expansion and the complex dynamics of power and negotiation.

Intellectual and Cultural Developments

The intellectual and cultural developments in colonial America provide a fascinating window into the era. Students can explore the impact of the Enlightenment and its ideas on colonial thought and culture. They can examine the emergence of colonial literature, art, and architecture, analyzing how these expressions reflected the values and aspirations of the time. Research papers can delve into the spread of education and the establishment of schools and universities, highlighting the intellectual growth and the pursuit of knowledge. Furthermore, students may investigate the role of colonial newspapers and the development of the public sphere, examining how the dissemination of information influenced colonial society.

Colonial Resistance and Revolution

The period leading up to the American Revolution is a captivating subject for research. Students can explore the causes and consequences of colonial protests and acts of resistance, analyzing the events and ideologies that fueled revolutionary sentiment. They can investigate the role of key figures such as Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine, and Patrick Henry in inspiring resistance and mobilizing colonial communities. Research papers can also delve into the influence of Enlightenment ideas and concepts of liberty on the American Revolution, shedding light on the intellectual foundations of the movement. Finally, students may examine the process and significance of drafting the Declaration of Independence, exploring the document’s historical context and its enduring impact on American history.

Colonial Women and Gender

The experiences and roles of women in colonial society provide a captivating lens through which to explore the complexities of colonial America. Students can delve into topics such as the expectations placed on women, their contributions to the household economy, and their participation in community activities. They can examine the impact of the women’s suffrage movement in the colonies, highlighting the struggles and achievements of early feminist voices. Research papers may analyze the lives of influential colonial women, such as Abigail Adams or Mercy Otis Warren, who played crucial roles in shaping the revolutionary spirit and advocating for women’s rights.

Colonial Architecture and Urban Development

The architectural landscape of colonial America offers an exciting avenue of research. Students can explore the various architectural styles that emerged during this period, such as Georgian, Federal, or Cape Cod. They can analyze the influences behind these architectural choices, whether they were derived from European traditions or adapted to suit the local environment. Research papers may delve into the development of colonial cities, examining the urban planning, street patterns, and the evolution of public spaces. Students can also investigate the influence of architecture on social dynamics and the representation of power and authority within colonial communities.

Colonial Medicine and Health

The study of medicine and health in colonial America provides valuable insights into the challenges and advancements of the time. Students can explore topics such as medical practices, including the use of herbal remedies, bloodletting, and the role of apothecaries. They can investigate the impact of diseases on colonial communities, such as smallpox outbreaks or the spread of malaria. Research papers may examine the development of hospitals, the training of medical professionals, and the role of midwives and healers in colonial society. Additionally, students can explore the interactions between European medical knowledge and indigenous healing practices, highlighting the cultural exchanges that occurred during this period.

Colonial Education and Intellectual Life

The educational landscape of colonial America offers an intriguing avenue for research. Students can explore the development of schools and the availability of education, examining who had access to learning opportunities and the subjects taught. They can analyze the impact of religious institutions on education, such as the establishment of Harvard College or the founding of schools by religious denominations. Research papers may delve into the intellectual life of colonial America, examining the impact of libraries, book clubs, and the spread of knowledge through print culture. Students can also explore the influence of colonial education on the development of early American thinkers and leaders.

The comprehensive range of research paper topics in colonial America provides students with a wealth of opportunities to explore the diverse aspects of this transformative era. By delving into the political, economic, social, cultural, and intellectual dimensions, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and legacies of colonial America. Through careful topic selection and rigorous research, students can uncover new insights, challenge existing narratives, and contribute to the broader understanding of this crucial period in American history.

By partnering with iResearchNet’s writing services, students can unlock their potential and receive professional assistance in crafting their research papers on colonial America. With expert degree-holding writers, in-depth research, and customized solutions, iResearchNet ensures top-quality papers that meet academic standards. Students can enjoy the convenience of flexible pricing, timely delivery, and 24/7 support, along with absolute privacy and easy order tracking. With iResearchNet as their trusted partner, students can confidently navigate their journey of exploring colonial America and excel in their academic pursuits.

With an array of captivating research paper topics and the support of iResearchNet’s writing services, students can embark on a rewarding scholarly adventure, unraveling the complexities and significance of colonial America. Unleash your potential and discover the fascinating stories and untold narratives that shape our understanding of the past. Order your custom colonial America research paper today and open the doors to a world of knowledge and academic success.

Choosing Colonial America Research Paper Topics

Choosing a research paper topic can be a daunting task, especially when exploring a rich and diverse subject like colonial America. With so many fascinating aspects to explore, students may find it challenging to narrow down their focus. However, with the right guidance and approach, selecting an engaging and compelling research topic becomes more manageable. This section provides expert advice and valuable tips to help students choose colonial America research paper topics that are both academically rigorous and personally interesting.

• Define Your Interests : To begin, consider your personal interests within the broader scope of colonial America. Think about the aspects that intrigue you the most—whether it’s politics, social dynamics, cultural exchanges, economic systems, or intellectual developments. By identifying your areas of passion, you can better align your research paper topic with your own curiosities and motivations.
• Explore Unexplored Territories : While colonial America encompasses well-known topics such as the American Revolution or the founding fathers, consider delving into lesser-explored territories. Look for niche subjects or marginalized narratives that offer fresh perspectives and insights into the colonial experience. For example, you might explore the experiences of indigenous peoples, enslaved individuals, or women during this period.
• Investigate Primary Sources : Consulting primary sources is essential in studying colonial America. These include letters, diaries, newspapers, government documents, and personal accounts from the time. By immersing yourself in these sources, you can uncover unique stories and perspectives that inspire compelling research paper topics. Visit archives, libraries, and digital repositories to access a wide range of primary sources relevant to your research.
• Consider Comparative Approaches : Colonial America was a diverse landscape, with various European powers, indigenous cultures, and African influences interacting within its borders. Consider taking a comparative approach by exploring the colonial experiences of different regions or groups. For instance, you could compare the Spanish colonies in the South with the English colonies in the North, or examine the differences between French and British interactions with indigenous peoples.
• Analyze Historical Significance : When choosing a research paper topic, consider the historical significance and broader implications of the subject matter. Explore topics that have had a lasting impact on colonial America or topics that resonate with contemporary issues. By connecting the past to the present, you can make your research more relevant and meaningful.
• Consult with Professors and Peers : Seek guidance from your professors and engage in discussions with your peers to refine and enhance your research topic. They can provide valuable insights, suggest additional sources, or offer alternative perspectives that can strengthen your research approach. Collaborating with others also fosters a supportive and intellectually stimulating environment.
• Narrow Your Focus : Colonial America is a vast field of study, and it’s important to narrow your focus to a specific time period, region, event, or theme. By narrowing your scope, you can delve deeper into the subject matter and produce a more focused and nuanced research paper. Consider the time frame, geographic location, or key historical figures that intrigue you the most.
• Be Mindful of Available Resources : Before finalizing your research topic, ensure that sufficient resources are available to support your study. Check the availability of primary and secondary sources, scholarly articles, books, and archival materials related to your chosen topic. Having access to a wide range of resources will facilitate a comprehensive and well-supported research paper.
• Stay Open to Revision : As you begin your research, remain open to revising and refining your research topic. Through the process of exploration and analysis, new avenues of inquiry may emerge, leading you to adjust or refine your research focus. Be flexible and willing to adapt your topic to ensure its viability and relevance.
• Follow Your Passion : Ultimately, choose a research paper topic that genuinely interests and excites you. Passion and enthusiasm for your chosen subject will fuel your motivation, enhance your research experience, and result in a more engaging and compelling final paper. Select a topic that resonates with you on a personal and intellectual level.

Choosing a research paper topic in colonial America can be a rewarding journey of exploration and discovery. By defining your interests, exploring unexplored territories, consulting primary sources, considering comparative approaches, analyzing historical significance, seeking guidance from professors and peers, narrowing your focus, being mindful of available resources, and following your passion, you can select a research topic that is both academically rigorous and personally fulfilling. With a well-chosen topic, you can embark on a captivating research journey that contributes to our understanding of colonial America and its enduring legacies.

How to Write a Colonial America Research Paper

Writing a research paper on colonial America requires careful planning, thorough research, and effective organization. This section provides a step-by-step guide to help students navigate the process and produce a well-crafted and compelling research paper on colonial America. By following these guidelines, students can develop a strong research framework and successfully convey their findings and analysis.

• Define Your Research Objective : Start by clearly defining the objective of your research paper. What specific aspect or question about colonial America do you aim to explore? Establish a clear research goal that will guide your investigation and shape the structure of your paper.
• Conduct In-Depth Research : To create a solid foundation for your research paper, immerse yourself in the relevant literature and sources on colonial America. Consult scholarly books, articles, primary sources, and reputable online databases to gather a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Take detailed notes and organize your sources for easy reference.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : Craft a strong and concise thesis statement that encapsulates the main argument or hypothesis of your research paper. Your thesis statement should reflect the specific focus of your study and provide a clear direction for your analysis. It will serve as the backbone of your paper and guide your research and writing process.
• Create an Outline : Organize your thoughts and research findings by creating a detailed outline for your research paper. Divide your paper into sections and subsections, each addressing a specific aspect of your topic. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure that all key points are covered. Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion in your outline.
• Write a Compelling Introduction : Begin your research paper with an engaging introduction that captures the reader’s attention and provides background information on colonial America. Clearly state your research objective and thesis statement to set the tone for the rest of the paper. Provide a brief overview of the historical context and significance of your topic.
• Present a Comprehensive Literature Review : In the body of your research paper, include a comprehensive literature review that demonstrates your understanding of existing scholarship on the topic. Analyze and synthesize the findings of other researchers, highlighting any gaps or debates in the current knowledge. Use this section to establish the context for your own research and position your study within the existing body of literature.
• Methodology and Data Analysis : If applicable, outline the methodology you used to conduct your research. Discuss the types of primary and secondary sources you consulted and explain how you analyzed and interpreted the data. Be transparent about your research methods to ensure the credibility and reliability of your findings.
• Present Your Findings : Present your research findings in a clear and organized manner. Use evidence from your sources to support your arguments and analysis. Include relevant quotations, statistics, or examples to strengthen your claims. Ensure that your findings align with your research objective and contribute to a deeper understanding of colonial America.
• Critical Analysis and Interpretation : Engage in critical analysis and interpretation of the sources and evidence you have gathered. Evaluate different perspectives, consider the biases of the authors, and explore the complexities of colonial America. Provide thoughtful insights and interpretations based on your analysis, and address any counterarguments or alternative viewpoints.
• Craft a Cohesive Conclusion : In your conclusion, summarize your main findings and restate your thesis statement. Reflect on the significance of your research and its contribution to the field of colonial American history. Discuss any implications or avenues for further research. End your paper with a strong concluding statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

Writing a research paper on colonial America requires thorough research, careful planning, and effective organization. By defining your research objective, conducting in-depth research, developing a strong thesis statement, creating an outline, writing a compelling introduction, presenting a comprehensive literature review, explaining your methodology and data analysis, presenting your findings, engaging in critical analysis and interpretation, and crafting a cohesive conclusion, you can produce a well-structured and insightful research paper. By following these guidelines, you will showcase your understanding of colonial America and contribute to the ongoing study of this important historical period.

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Historical environmental Kuznets curve for the USA and the UK: cyclical environmental Kuznets curve evidence

• Published: 17 September 2024

Cite this article

• Tolga Omay   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0263-2258 1 ,
• Julide Yildirim   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-6028 2 &
• Nazmiye Balta-Ozkan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-5535 3  

Human activities, including population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, have increasingly impacted the environment. Despite the benefits of economic growth to individual welfare, its negative environmental consequences necessitate a thorough assessment. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), positing an inverted U-shaped relationship between income per capita and environmental degradation, has been extensively studied since its proposition by Grossman and Krueger (Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement, National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914 ). However, empirical evidence on the validity and shape of the EKC varies due to methodological differences, country-specific dynamics, and other factors. Examining the historical growth paths of individual countries helps explain the mixed findings in empirical EKC research. Long-term data allow researchers to determine the EKC's shape and turning points, aiding policymakers in devising appropriate environmental policies for each economic growth cycle within the framework of global environmental governance. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature by taking a historical perspective on the EKC, focusing specifically on the United States and the United Kingdom. Drawing on data spanning from 1850, we employ advanced econometric techniques, including fractional frequency flexible Fourier form Dickey–Fuller-type unit root tests and structural breaks unit root tests, to overcome limitations of traditional linearized EKC estimations. Moreover, the classical polynomial regression approach is employed to model the long-term cycles based on the scatterplot inspection of per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and per capita GNP series. Contrary to conventional expectations, our empirical findings do not support the existence of a clear inverted U-shaped EKC relationship between CO 2 emissions and economic growth for either country. Instead, our analysis reveals the presence of multiple regimes, indicating a cyclical pattern where economic growth affects environmental quality with varying severity over time. Furthermore, we demonstrate proper modeling techniques for the EKC, highlighting the importance of identification and misspecification tests. Our study identifies cyclical EKC patterns for both the UK and the USA, with the UK exhibiting two cycles and the USA exhibiting three, shaped by varying economic, social, and technological contexts. By revealing the nuances of the economic growth-environmental degradation nexus for these early developer countries, our study provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to devise evidence-based and environmentally sustainable growth policies within the framework of global environmental governance. These findings underscore the importance of considering historical context and structural changes when analyzing the EKC, providing valuable insights for policymakers aiming to design adaptive and sustainable economic growth strategies.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The technical details of these tests are given in supplementary material as technical annex.

We use the genetic algorithm in our estimation process of the smooth transition trend since it is shown to be the best performing algorithm in estimating LST types of equations. For details, see Omay et al. ( 2018 ).

Please see https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets for detailed information about the historical sources of the data.

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https://www.nber.org/cycles.html .

Please see Mittlefehldt ( 2018 ) for a review of development of renewable technologies in the USA since the energy crises of the 1970s.

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Department of Economics, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey

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Tolga Omay, Julide Yildirim, Nazmiye Balta-Ozkan equally contribute to conceptualization, methodology, writing-review & editing, validation, and formal analysis. Data curation, and writing-original draft.

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Omay, T., Yildirim, J. & Balta-Ozkan, N. Historical environmental Kuznets curve for the USA and the UK: cyclical environmental Kuznets curve evidence. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05320-y

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Received : 01 February 2022

Accepted : 17 August 2024

Published : 17 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05320-y

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• Cyclical environmental Kuznets curve
• Environmental degradation
• Economic growth
• Fourier filter
• Smooth structural breaks unit root test

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