biology assignment for class 10

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CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology

CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 10 Biology Worksheets for the students of Class 10. All our CBSE NCERT Class 10 Biology practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 10 Biology will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 10 Biology Number of Worksheets: 31

CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 10 Biology important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology can also use like assignments for Class 10 Biology students.

• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Control And Co-Ordination Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Control And Co-Ordination Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Control And Co-Ordination Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Heredity And Evolution Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Heredity And Evolution Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Heredity Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology How Do Organisms Reproduce Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology How Do Organisms Reproduce Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Life Process Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Life Process Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Life Procees Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Management Of Natural Resources Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Management Of Natural Resources Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Transportation In Human Beings Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Digestion and Absorbtion Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Project Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 4
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 5
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 6
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 7
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 8
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 9
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 10
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 11
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 12
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 13
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 14
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 15
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 16

Advantages of CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practise on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 10 Biology Workbook Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 10 Biology are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 10 Biology Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 10 Biology revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 10 Biology Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 10

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CBSE Class 10 Biology – Study Notes Chapter Wise

CBSE Class 10  Science CBSE Class 10 Social Science CBSE Class 10 Maths

CBSE Class 10  Biology Study Materials All Chapters

• Life Process

Control and Coordination

How do organism reproduce, heredity and evolution, management of natural resources, cbse class 10 biology syllabus, life processes.

• What are life processes
• Nutrition in human beings
• Respiration
• Transportation
• Excretion in plants
• Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in
• plants and animals
• Animals: Nervous system
• Human brain
• Coordination in plants: immediate response to stimuli
• Plant hormones
• Hormones in animals
• Do organisms create exact copies of themselves
• Modes of reproduction used by single organism
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
• Reproduction in human beings
• Reproductive health
• Accumulation of variation during reproduction
• Determination of sex
• Law of inheritance: Mendel’s contribution
• Evolution and classification
• Evolution vs progress
• Save the Environment from Environmental Pollution – Reuse
• Save the Environment from Environmental Pollution – Reduce
• Save the Environment from Environmental Pollution – Recycle
• Why do we need to manage our natural resources
• Forest and wildlife
• Sustainable management
• Water for all : dam
• Water harvesting
• Coal and petroleum
• An overview of natural resource management

Best Reference Books CBSE Class 10 For Science: –  Biology

• Science for 10th Class: Biology  by Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur

Chemistry: CBSE Class 10 Biology, Notes ,Test Papers, Sample Papers, NCERT, NCERT Exemplar and Lakhmir Singh Solution and Help from Ex- IITian for Biology

Ncert solutions for class 10 biology.

Get 100 percent accurate NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Biology    explained by expert Chemistry teachers. We provide step by step solutions for the questions given in Class 10 Biology  textbook as per CBSE Board guidelines from the latest NCERT book for Class 10 Biology  .

CBSE Class 10 Chemistry  Notes

Get Notes prepared by Ex-IITIan for CBSE Class 10  Biology

Lakhmir Singh Biology  Class 10 Solutions

Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 10 Biology  are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. These solutions for  are extremely popular among class 10 students for Biology  . Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the Lakhmir Singh Book of class 10 Biology  are provided here for . I will help you online for any doubt / clarification.

CBSE Class 10 Biology Assignments

Chapter wise assignments are being given by teachers to students to make them understand the chapter concepts. Its extremely critical for all CBSE students to practice all assignments which will help them in gaining better marks in examinations. All assignments available for free download on the website are developed by the best teachers having many years of teaching experience in CBSE schools all over the country. Students, teachers and parents are advised to contact me online incase of any doubt / clarification.

Past Many Years Question Biology Class 10 Solutions

Past Many Years Question Papers Solutions for Class 10 Biology  are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. These solutions for are extremely popular among class 10 students for Biology . Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the Past Many Years Question Papers Book of class 10 Biology  are provided here for . I will help you online for any doubt / clarification.

Also Check:

CBSE Class 10 Biology

Here are a few important chapters of Biology Class 10 for CBSE Science Board Exam. You will find all the necessary information pertaining to the topics and subtopics in Biology, here. Every tab will provide you with all the necessary concepts pertaining to different topics in Biology. If you have any problem regarding the mentioned concepts, you can download the Avanti Gurukul App (link mentioned below) and watch all the conceptual videos to strengthen your concepts, revision videos to revise the chapter near your board exams, access most important questions and previous year papers to get an edge in your board exam preparation.

Get Revision Videos, Chapter Notes & Most Important Questions of Biology

Download the avanti gurukul app.

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Download the avanti gurukul app here, some topics covered in biology class 10 for cbse syllabus are as follows:, 1) life processes, 2) how do organisms reproduce, 3) heredity and evolution, 4) control and coordination, 5) our environment, 6) management of natural resources.

In previous years, questions of 1, 2, 3 as well as 5 marks have been asked from this chapter. We can also conclude that mostly 2 questions will be asked from this chapter. Thus, to score full marks in this chapter, we suggest that you read this chapter from NCERT thoroughly, as it has some small details which can be asked, like names and functions of enzymes, products formed during a particular reaction, etc.

Also do remember to practice drawing every diagram atleast once, as they have been asked in previous exams.

The concepts to be revised for life processes are:

• In autotrophs
• Aerobic and anaerobic

In previous years, questions of 1, 2, 3 as well as 5 marks have been asked from this chapter.

Make sure that you read this from NCERT to score well in 1 nd 2 mark questions and practice drawing diagrams once before the exam.

The concepts to be revised for How do organisms reproduce are:

• Role of DNA in reproduction
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Fragmentation
• Regeneration
• Vegetative propagation
• Spore formation
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
• Male reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Reproductive health

In previous years, questions of 2, 3 and 5 marks have been asked from this chapter. One important concept that is asked repeatedly is Mendel’s pea experiment, so make sure you study this thoroughly.

The concepts to be revised for Heredity and Evolution are:

• Mendel’s pea experiment
• Sex determination
• Acquired and Inherited traits
• Homologous and Analogous organs
• Human evolution

In previous years, questions of 1, 2, 3 as well as 5 marks have been asked from this chapter. Thus, to score full marks in this chapter, we suggest that you read this chapter from NCERT thoroughly, as it has some small details which can be asked, like names and functions of hormones, etc.

The concepts to be revised for Control and Coordination are:

• Structure and functioning of a neuron
• Human brain
• Chemical coordination in plants
• Chemical coordination in humans

Mostly, questions of 1 or 3 marks are asked from this chapter.

The concepts to be revised for Our Environment are:

• Producers, consumers and decomposers
• Biological magnification
• Ozone layer and its depletion

Questions of 2 and 3 marks have a higher probability of being asked from this chapter.

• Why we need to save resources
• The three R’s to save our environment
• Stakeholders
• Chipko movement and restoration of Arabari forest
• Sustainable management
• Dams – advantages and disadvantages
• Water harvesting
• Coal and Petroleum

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Assignments For Class 10 Science

Assignments for Class 10 Science have been developed for Standard 10 students based on the latest syllabus and textbooks applicable in CBSE, NCERT and KVS schools. Parents and students can download the full collection of class assignments for class 10 Science from our website as we have provided all topic wise assignments free in PDF format which can be downloaded easily. Students are recommended to do these assignments daily by taking printouts and going through the questions and answers for Grade 10 Science. You should try to do these test assignments on a daily basis so that you are able to understand the concepts and details of each chapter in your Science book and get good marks in class 10 exams.

Important Questions and Answers for Class 10 Science

Experiments in class 10 Science Assignment

Case Study Based MCQ Class 10 Science

Assignments for Class 10 Science as per CBSE NCERT pattern

All students studying in Grade 10 Science should download the assignments provided here and use them for their daily routine practice. This will help them to get better grades in Science exam for standard 10. We have made sure that all topics given in your textbook for Science which is suggested in Class 10 have been covered ad we have made assignments and test papers for all topics which your teacher has been teaching in your class. All chapter wise assignments have been made by our teachers after full research of each important topic in the textbooks so that you have enough questions and their solutions to help them practice so that they are able to get full practice and understanding of all important topics. Our teachers at https://www.assignmentsbag.com have made sure that all test papers have been designed as per CBSE, NCERT and KVS syllabus and examination pattern. These question banks have been recommended in various schools and have supported many students to practice and further enhance their scores in school and have also assisted them to appear in other school level tests and examinations. Its easy to take print of thee assignments as all are available in PDF format.

Some advantages of Free Assignments for Class 10 Science

• Solving Assignments for Science Class 10 helps to further enhance understanding of the topics given in your text book which will help you to get better marks
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• NCERT Class 10 Science Workbooks will surely help you to make your concepts stronger and better than anyone else in your class.
• Parents will be able to take print out of the assignments and give to their child easily.

All free Printable practice assignments are in PDF single lick download format and have been prepared by Class 10 Science teachers after full study of all topics which have been given in each chapter so that the students are able to take complete benefit from the worksheets. The Chapter wise question bank and revision assignments can be accessed free and anywhere. Go ahead and click on the links above to download free CBSE Class 10 Science Assignments PDF.

You can download free assignments for class 10 Science from https://www.assignmentsbag.com

You can get free PDF downloadable assignments for Grade 10 Science from our website which has been developed by teachers after doing extensive research in each topic.

On our website we have provided assignments for all subjects in Grade 10, all topic wise test sheets have been provided in a logical manner so that you can scroll through the topics and download the worksheet that you want.

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Yes all test papers for Science Class 10 are available for free, no charge has been put so that the students can benefit from it. And offcourse all is available for download in PDF format and with a single click you can download all assignments.

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Class 10 Science Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce Study Notes

• Last modified on: 3 years ago
• Reading Time: 1 Minute

Download free printable assignments and worksheets of class 10 Science. Free PDF Download- Best collection of notes, important questions , sample papers and NCERT Solution for CBSE Class 10 Science.

BIOLOGY: FOR CBSE CLASS 10 (Science Book 1) Kindle Edition

by  MANJU KAUSHIK  (Author)  Format: Kindle Edition

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• CBSE-Life Processes
• Sample Papers

Life Processes-Sample Papers

• STUDY MATERIAL FOR CBSE CLASS 10 BIOLOGY
• Chapter 1 - Heredity and Evolution
• Chapter 2 - How do organisms reproduce
• Chapter 3 - Management of Natural Resources
• Chapter 4 - Our Environment
• Chapter 5 - Control and Coordination
• Chapter 6 - Life Processes

NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Class 10 Science Notes | CBSE Class 10 Revision Notes

Chapter Wise CBSE Quick Revision Notes and Key Points for Class 10 Science Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from the latest edition of NCERT books to get good marks in board exams. NCERT Class 10 Science Notes contains physics, chemistry and biology notes of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for Class 10. Here we have given CBSE Class 10 Science Notes. We recommend you to study NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science. According to new CBSE Exam Pattern,  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science pdf  Carries 20 Marks.

You can also Download NCERT Solutions for class 10 Maths in Hindi to help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

NCERT Class 10 Science Revision Notes

Check below links of Class 10 Science Notes based on NCERT class 10 Science textbook.

• Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 6 Life Processes Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 12 Electricity Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 15 Our Environment Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Class 10 Notes

We hope the given Chapter Wise CBSE Quick Revision Notes and Key Points for Class 10 Science Pdf free download of physics, chemistry and biology notes will help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT (http://ncert.nic.in/) Class 10 Science Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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NCERT and CBSE Solutions for free

Class 10 Assignments Download Pdf

Please refer to Assignments for Class 10 for all subjects given below. We have given below free printable Assignments for Class 10 for easy and free download in PDF. The assignments have been developed based on the current year’s NCERT Books for Class 10. These Assignments for Grade 10 cover all critical topics which can come in your standard 10 class tests and exams. Free printable Assignments for CBSE Class 10 , school and class worksheets, and practice test papers have been developed by our experienced class 10 teachers. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable assignments for Class 10 with solutions and answers. All assignments and test sheets have been prepared by expert faculty as per the latest curriculum in Class 10. Students can simply click on the links below and download all Pdf assignments for class 10 for free. Latest Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 10 assignments and test papers are provided below.

Assignments for Class 10 Pdf Download

We have provided the largest collection of free CBSE NCERT KVS Assignments for Class 10 . You can download all free assignments in Pdf for standard 10th. Our expert faculty members have covered Class 10 questions and answers for all subjects as per the latest curriculum for the current academic year. All practice test papers and question banks for Class 10 subjects and CBSE Assignments for Class 10 will be really useful for students to properly prepare for the upcoming exams. Class 10th students are advised to free download in Pdf all printable question banks given below.

Subjectwise Assignments for Class 10 for Download in Pdf

Advantages of Solving Class 10 Assignments

• By clicking on the links above you can access the largest collection of assignments for Grade 10, you will be able to find critical and scoring questions which can come in your exams and school tests.
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FAQs by Students in Class 10

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Biology Worksheets, Notes, and Quizzes (PDF and PNG)

This is a collection of free biology worksheets, notes, handouts, slides, study guides and quizzes. Most content targets high school, AP biology, genetics, anatomy/physiology, immunology, and biology 101 and 102 in college. There is also biochemistry and physics for biologists. However, some resources are at the grade school and middle school level.

The files are PDF, PNG, JPG, and formats using Google Apps for Google Classroom. Most of the time, these formats are interchangeable. So, if you see something you like, but want a different format, just let us know. Print these resources, make transparencies and slides, etc.

In the interest of quick load time, not all of the images are shown. If you’d rather see them all, just contact us!

Biochemistry

[ Google apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Enzymes Definitions

[ Google Slides worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

• 20 Amino Acids [ PNG ][ PDF ]
• Amino Acid Side Chains [ PNG ][ PDF ]
• Identifying Type of Biological Macromolecules [ Google Slides worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Disaccharide Examples [ PNG ]
• Products of Photosynthesis [ JPG ]
• Anabolism vs Catabolism [ PNG ]
• 3 Parts of a Nucleotide [ PNG ]
• Fermentation Definition and Examples [ PNG ]

General and Cell Biology

Organelles and Their Functions

Parts of a Plant Cell

Label Parts of a Chloroplast

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Label Parts of a Mitochondria

Label the Animal Cell

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Worksheet

Steps of the Cell Cycle

Steps of Mitosis

Membrane Transport Terms and Definitions

Membrane Transport Worksheet #2

The Plasma Membrane

Label a Bacterial Cell

• Label a Bacteriophage [ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Evidence of Evolution Worksheet [ Google Apps worksheet ][ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]
• Evolutionary Processes Worksheet [ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Major Receptor Families [ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Label a Bacterial Cell Membrane ( E. coli ) [ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy and Physiology

These worksheets are only a portion of the available anatomy and physiology worksheets. Human anatomy and physiology worksheets have their own section.

Label the Heart

Label the Eye

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ]

Types of Blood Cells

[ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Label the Muscles

[ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Label the Ear

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

Label the Lungs

Label the Kidney

Label the Liver

Label the Large Intestine

Label the Stomach

[ Google Apps worksheet ] [Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

External Nose Anatomy

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

Parts of the Nose

Label Bones of the Skeleton

Label the Lymph Node

Label the Parts of the Brain

Label the Lobes of the Brain

Brain Anatomical Sections

Arteries of the Brain

Label the Pancreas

Label the Spleen

Label the Digestive System

Label the Respiratory System

Parts of a Neuron

Label the Lips

Label the Skin

Label the Circulatory System

The Urinary Tract

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answer Key PNG ]

The Bladder

• The Female Reproductive System [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Parts of a Flower

Label the Orchid Plant

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ] [Answer Key PNG ]

Parts of an Orchid Flower

Parts of a Monocot Seed

Parts of a Fern

Parts of a Tree Trunk

Parts of a Tree

[ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Parts of a Mushroom

Label the Shark

Label the Fish

Parts of a Bird

Bird Anatomy

Frog Life Cycle

Parts of a Mosquito (Insect)

Bones of the T. rex Skull

[ worksheets PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Holes of the T. rex Skull

• Label the T. rex Skeleton [ worksheets PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Label Human Teeth [ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answer Key PNG ]
• Monocot vs Dicot Seeds [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Label the Moss [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
• Diagram of the Human Eye [ JPG ]

Use a completed worksheet as a study guide.

Cells of the Immune System

Immune Cell Functions

[ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG #1][ answers PNG #1][ worksheet PNG #2][ answers PNG #2]

Methods to Study Virus Structures

[ worksheet Google Slide ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Icosahedral Virus Capsids

Human DNA Viruses

Human RNA Viruses

This is selection of worksheets relating to DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, genetic crosses, plasmid mapping, etc. See the full collection of genetics worksheets if you’re don’t see what you need.

DNA Replication

Types of Mutations

Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #1

Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #2

Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #3

Monohybrid Cross #4 – Multiple Alleles

• Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #5: Multiple Alleles [ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Monohybrid Cross #6 – Sex-Linked Inheritance

Monohybrid Cross #7 – Sex-Linked Inheritance

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #1

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #2

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #3

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #4

Dihybrid Cross #5 – Epistasis

Dihybrid Cross #6 – Epistasis

Incomplete Dominance Worksheet #1

Incomplete Dominance Worksheet #2

Natural Selection Worksheet

Convergent vs Divergent Evolution Worksheet

Intro to Pedigrees Worksheet #1

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #2

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #3 – X-Linked Dominant Traits

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #4 – X-Linked Recessive Traits

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #5 – Autosomal Dominant Traits

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #6 – Autosomal Recessive Traits

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #7 – Comprehension Skills

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #8 – Identifying Inheritance Patterns

Autosomal vs Sex-Linked Inheritance

Plasmid Mapping

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Use labelled diagrams as study guides.

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Label the Insect

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Chicken Life Cycle (Basic)

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Butterfly Life Cycle

• Biotic and Abiotic Factors [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
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Parasitology

Schistosome Life Cycle

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DIAMOND2GO: A rapid Gene Ontology assignment and enrichment tool for functional genomics

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DIAMOND2GO (D2GO) is a new toolset to rapidly assign Gene Ontology (GO) terms to genes or proteins based on sequence similarity searches. D2GO uses DIAMOND for alignment, which is 100 - 20,000 X faster than BLAST. D2GO leverages GO-terms already assigned to sequences in the NCBI non-redundant database to achieve rapid GO-term assignment on large sets of query sequences. In one test, 98% of the 130,184 predicted human proteins and splice variants were assigned GO-terms (>2 million in total) in < 13 minutes on a laptop computer. D2GO also features the ability to perform enrichment analysis between subsets of data, thereby allowing rapid assignment and detection of over-represented GO-terms in novel sets of sequences. D2GO is freely available under the MIT licence from https://github.com/rhysf/DIAMOND2GO

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• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 Science Notes
• Chapter 6 Life Processes

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 6 Life Processes

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 5.

Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes Notes

Introduction.

All living organisms have certain common characteristics, such as breathing, growing, requiring nutrition, producing offspring, responding to stimuli, etc., that distinguish them from non-living things. There are certain vital processes that maintain homeostasis and proper functioning of the body, they are called life processes. These processes continue to occur even when we are sleeping or not performing any action. These processes are essential for all living organisms, including plants and animals. These life processes are nutrition, photosynthesis, transportation, metabolism, respiration, reproduction and excretion.

In this chapter, we will learn about the details of these processes occurring in plants, animals and human beings in particular.

Earth happens to be the only known planet having life. There are beings who live, die and become part of nature again. The living organism can be differentiated from the inanimate entities on various parameters of life processes.

Life Process

• The maintenance of living organisms is essential even if they are moving, resting or even sleeping.
• The processes which together perform the function of maintenance of ‘life’ are called as life processes.
• Nutrition, respiration, circulation, and excretion are examples of essential life processes.
• In unicellular organisms, all these processes are carried out by a single cell.
• In multicellular organisms, well-developed systems are present to carry out the processes.

For more information on Life Processes, watch the below video

To know more about Life Process, visit here . Students can refer to the short notes and MCQ questions along with a separate solution pdf of this chapter for quick revision from the links below:

• Life Processes Short Notes
• Life Processes MCQ Practice Questions
• Life Processes MCQ Practice Solutions

The process of acquiring food that is needed for nourishment and sustenance of the organism is called nutrition.

• There are two main modes of nutrition, autotrophic and heterotrophic.
• Autotrophic nutrition is present in plants, algae and some bacteria. Organisms produce their own food using light energy or chemical energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, respectively.
• Heterotrophic nutrition is present in bacteria, fungi and animals. They derive energy from organic compounds, such as animals eating plants or other animals for food.
• Heterotrophic nutrition has subtypes such as holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic nutrition.

To know more about Nutrition, visit here .

Autotrophic Nutrition

If an organism can nourish itself by making its own food using sunlight or chemicals such mode of nutrition is called as autotrophic nutrition.

• Plants photosynthesize (use light energy) and are called photoautotrophs.
• Few bacteria use chemicals to derive energy and are called chemoautotrophs.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is an important process by which food is formed.
• The plants make food using sunlight and water, which provides nourishment to other organisms and themselves.
• Chlorophyll present in the green parts absorbs light energy.
• This light energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Hydrogen is then used to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, typically glucose.
• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis and stomata to facilitate the intake of carbon dioxide.

The overall reaction occurring in photosynthesis is as follows:

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

To know more about Photosynthesis, visit here .

• Stomata are pores on the leaves that help in the exchange of gases.
• They are mostly found on the underside of the leaf.
• Each stoma is guarded by guard cells, which control the opening and closing of the pore.
• The water content of the guard cells is responsible for their function.

To know more about Stomata, visit here .

Saprophytic Nutrition

Some organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter . This mode of nutrition is called saprophytic nutrition.

• The food is partially digested outside the body, and then it is absorbed.
• E.g. Fungi are saprophytes .

Parasitic Nutrition

Some organisms feed at the expense of another organism and in turn cause harm. This is called the parasitic mode of nutrition.

• These parasites live on the body or in the body of a host organism and derive the nutrients directly from the body of the host.
• E.g. Leech is an ectoparasite while Ascaris is an endoparasite. Cuscuta is a parasitic plant.

Nutrition in Amoeba

• Amoeba feeds by Holozoic mode of nutrition.
• It engulfs the food particle using pseudopodia, the process is called phagocytosis.
• The engulfed food gets enclosed in a food vacuole.
• As the food vacuole passes through the cytoplasm, digestion, absorption, and assimilation, take place.
• When the food vacuole opens outside, the egestion of undigested food takes place.

To know more about Nutrition in Amoeba, visit here .

Nutrition in Paramoecium

• Paramoecium also exhibits holozoic nutrition.
• However, they have cilia that help them to engulf the food through the oral groove.
• A food vacuole is created, enclosing the food.
• It moves through the cytoplasm, the process is called cyclosis.
• Food digested in the food vacuole is absorbed by the cytoplasm.
• Undigested food is given out to a tiny pore called an anal pore or cytopyge.

Nutrition in Humans

• Humans are omnivores, they can eat plant-based food as well as animal-based food.
• Being more complex, humans have a very complicated nutrition system.
• The digestive system has an alimentary canal and associated digestive glands, which together function to nourish the body.
• There are five stages in human nutrition; Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and Egestion.
• Four stages i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion, take place in the alimentary canal, while assimilation of food takes place in the whole body.

To know more about Nutrition in Humans, visit here .

Alimentary Canal

• The alimentary canal in humans is a long tube of varying diameter.
• It starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.
• Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are the parts of the alimentary canal.

To know more about Alimentary Canal, visit here .

 Mouth

• It is the opening of the alimentary canal and helps in the ingestion of food.
• The buccal cavity, which is present behind the mouth, is also commonly referred to as the mouth.
• The buccal cavity has teeth and a tongue.
• The set of teeth helps in the mastication of food.
• The tongue has taste buds on it and thus helps in tasting the food.
• The salivary glands also open in the buccal cavity and pour saliva, which initiates the process of digestion.
• Teeth are the hard structures present in the buccal cavity.
• They help us to cut, shear and masticate the food we eat.
• The vertical section of a tooth shows four layers enamel, dentine, cement and dental pulp.
• Enamel is the outermost, shiny, highly mineralized and hardest part of the human body.
• Dentine makes the bulk of the tooth and contains 70% inorganic salts.
• Cement is present at the lining of a tooth and bony socket.
• The dental pulp is the central soft part of a tooth and contains nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels along with connective tissue.
• There are four types of teeth in humans, Incisors, canines, molars and premolars, each with a specific function.
• Incisors cut the food, canines tear the food while molars and premolars crush it.
• The dental formula in adult humans is 2:1:2:3.

Oesophagus & Stomach

• The swallowed food passes into the oesophagus.
• It is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long, with a sphincter (valve/opening) at each end.
• Its function is to transport food and fluid, after being swallowed, from the mouth to the stomach.
• Food is pushed down by peristaltic movements.

• The stomach is a thick-walled bag-like structure.
• It receives food from the oesophagus at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end.
• The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices.
• Food is churned into a semi-solid mass in the stomach and is called chyme.
• Enzymes present in gastric juice break down the food.
• Hydrochloric acid helps in the partial digestion of proteins and also kills harmful bacteria.
• The mucus secreted by the wall of the stomach resists the action of HCl on itself.

For more information on Stomach, watch the below video

Small Intestine

• The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal, about 20 feet long in humans.
• It has regions, the duodenum, the region which follows the stomach; the jejunum is the middle part; and the ileum is the later region which continues further into the large intestine.
• The internal surface of the small intestine is folded into finger-like projections called villi.
• A common pancreatic duct from the pancreas and liver opens into the duodenum.
• Most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.

Large Intestine

• The large intestine in humans is about 5 feet long.
• It has two regions, the colon ( about 1.5 m) and the rectum (10 cm in length in the adult).
• The region of the large intestine after the ileum is called the colon, while the last part is called the rectum.
• Colon has three regions, ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon.
• At the base of the ascending colon, a small finger-like out-growth is seen and is called an appendix.
• It houses many useful bacteria required for the digestion of food.
• Rectum opens to the outside by the anus.
• The anus has internal and external anal sphincters.

Peristalsis

A constant wave-like movement of the alimentary canal right from the oesophagus to the small intestine is called as peristalsis.

• Muscles present in the wall of the alimentary canal are responsible for peristalsis.
• This movement helps to push the food through the alimentary canal.

To know more about Peristalsis, visit here .

Digestive Glands

• Several glands produce digestive juices that help in the digestion of food.
• Salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are a few to name.
• Salivary glands secrete saliva, which initiates digestion in the mouth itself.
• Gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin.
• The liver secretes bile which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps in the digestion of fats.
• The pancreas secretes many digestive enzymes, and its secretion is called pancreatic juice.
• Enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase are present in pancreatic juice.
• The pancreas is a long, flat gland present behind the stomach in humans.
• It is one of the major digestive glands and is of mixed nature, i.e. endocrine as well as exocrine.
• As an endocrine organ, it secretes two hormones called insulin and glucagon which maintain the blood sugar level.
• As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice, which is nothing but a mixture of many digestive enzymes.
• The digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas include trypsin and chymotrypsin, and proteases which digest proteins.
• It also includes amylase, which digests the starch content of the food.
• Pancreatic lipases are the pancreatic enzymes that help in the digestion of fats.

To know more about Pancreas, visit here .

Holozoic Nutrition

The mode of nutrition in which animals take their food as a whole is called as holozoic nutrition.

In holozoic nutrition, food passes through five steps – ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Physiology of Digestion

• Mechanical digestion of food takes place in the buccal cavity where teeth masticate the food, saliva gets mixed, and it turns into a bolus.
• Digestion of starch starts in the buccal cavity itself, with the action of salivary amylase present in the saliva.
• Salivary amylase converts starch into maltose.
• In the stomach, the churning of food takes place due to the muscular contraction and relaxation of its wall. It breaks down the food into simpler substances.
• Digestion of proteins starts in the stomach with the action of pepsin. Proteins are broken down into smaller fragments called peptides by the action of pepsin.
• The bolus, after mixing with gastric juice, turns into a fine soluble form known as chyme.
• Chyme enters the small intestine, where complete digestion takes place due to the action of various enzymes present in the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice.
• The digested food is completely absorbed by the villi and microvilli of the small intestine.
• Undigested food then enters the large intestine.
• The colon is responsible for the absorption of water and salts, whereas the rectum stores the undigested food temporarily before defaecation.

For more information on Digestive System, watch the below video

To know more about Digestive System, visit here .

Digestive System in Other Animals

• Digestive systems in different animals vary in structure and function.
• The structure of the digestive system depends on the food habits of the animal.
• The alimentary canal in herbivores is long as the cellulose content of their plant-based diet takes a long time to digest.
• On the other hand, the alimentary canal of carnivorous animals is comparatively shorter because meat gets digested faster.

Anatomy of Digestive Tract

• The alimentary canal in humans is approximately 30 feet (9m) long. It is also called the  gastrointestinal tract .
• It starts in the mouth and ends in the anus.
• Between these two openings, the alimentary canal is a tube of varying diameter.
• Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (divided into three regions, duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine(having two regions, colon and rectum) are the parts of the alimentary canal.
• Salivary glands, pancreas and liver act as major digestive glands.
• Glands present in the wall of the stomach and small intestine also contribute to the digestion of food.

Role of HCl

• Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is secreted by the gastric glands present in its wall.
• the pH of gastric acid is usually between 1.5 to 3.5
• Converts inactive pepsinogen and pro-rennin into active pepsin and rennin, respectively.
• Provides an acidic medium for protein digestion.
• Kills bacteria entered through food and prevents infection.
• Prevents putrefaction of food in the stomach.
• A thick layer of mucus secreted by the mucous glands of the stomach prevents itself from the action of gastric acid.
• Excess acid damages gastric mucosa and causes gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Salivary Glands

• Salivary glands are the exocrine glands that secrete saliva, and through a system of ducts, it is poured into the mouth.
• In humans, three major pairs of salivary glands are present, parotid, submandibular and sublingual.
• In healthy individuals, between 0.5 to 1.5 litres of saliva is produced per day.
• It lubricates and protects the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity
• It also gives protection from dental caries
• Saliva prevents microbial growth in the oral cavity.
• Saliva can encourage soft tissue repair by decreasing clotting time and increasing wound contraction.
• Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that hydrolyses starch into maltose and dextrin. Hence saliva allows digestion to occur before the food reaches the stomach.
• Saliva acts as a solvent in which solid particles can dissolve and enter the taste buds located on the tongue.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

When an organism depends on others for food, such a mode of nutrition is called as a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

• These organisms depend on autotrophs for their nutritional requirements.
• E.g. Animals which eat plants as their food are called herbivores.
• Animals which eat other animals as their food are called carnivores.
• Holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic nutrition are all types of heterotrophic nutrition.

For more information on Heterotrophic Nutrition, watch the video below

To know more about Heterotrophic Nutrition, visit here .

Glandular Epithelium

• Many small glands present in the inner layer of the stomach and intestine take part in the digestion of food.
• These glands are present in the epithelial lining of the stomach and intestine.
• The glands present in different regions of the stomach are called gastric glands.
• They are responsible for the secretion of mucus, hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsinogen.
• The glands present in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and large intestine are called intestinal glands.
• Glands of the small intestine are responsible for the secretion of intestinal juice, also called succus entericus.
• Intestinal juice contains hormones, digestive enzymes, alkaline mucus, and substances to neutralize hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach.
• Intestinal juice completes the digestion started by the pancreatic juice.
• Glands of the large intestine are associated with the absorption of water and electrolytes.

Villi and Micro Villi

• Complete digestion and absorption of food take place in the small intestine.
• Pancreatic juice coming from the pancreas, bile from the liver and intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal glands complete the digestion of food material.
• All the digested nutrients are absorbed by the long finger-like projections present in the ileum of the small intestine.
• These small finger-like projections of the inner wall of the intestine are called villi (singular: villus).
• Each villus has its cell membrane of the lumen side again folded into microscopic processes called microvilli.
• Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a greater surface area for absorption.
• Digested nutrients pass into the semipermeable villi through diffusion.
• Villi also help in the chemical digestion of food by secreting digestive enzymes.

• The liver is the largest and major digestive gland of humans
• The liver, in humans, is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdomen.
• This organ is dark reddish-brown in colour due to an extensive blood supply.
• It secretes bile which helps in digestion.
• It filters the blood coming from the digestive tract before passing it to the rest of the body.
• It detoxifies various metabolites and antidotes.
• The liver makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.
• It stores and releases glucose as needed.
• It processes haemoglobin from the dead and worn-out RBCs, for the iron content (the liver stores iron).
• The conversion of harmful ammonia to urea takes place in the liver.

To know more about the Liver, visit here .

Digestive Juices

• Pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice (succus entericus) are collectively called digestive juices.
• A common duct from digestive glands pours the secretions into the duodenum.
• Chyme enters the small intestine, where complete digestion takes place due to the action of various enzymes.
• In the duodenum, the acidity of chyme is turned to alkalinity by the action of bile coming from the liver. This is necessary for pancreatic enzyme action.
• Bile also emulsifies the fats into smaller globules.
• Pancreatic and intestinal amylases break down carbohydrates into glucose.
• Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the proteases responsible for the breakdown of proteins finally into amino acids.
• Lipase is the enzyme which acts on the emulsified fats and breaks them down into glycerol and fatty acids.

For more information on Digestion in Humans, watch the video below

Water Absorption in Large Intestine

• The large intestine is not involved in the digestion of food or absorption of nutrients.
• The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and make the stool solid.
• The large intestine also helps in the absorption of vitamins made by bacteria that normally live in the large intestine.
• The innermost layer of the large intestine also acts as a barrier and protects from microbial infections and invasions.
• Rectum stores the undigested food temporarily until defecation.

Respiration

Introduction to respiration.

• Respiration broadly means the exchange of gases.
• Animals and plants have different means of exchange of gases.
• At a cellular level, respiration means the burning of food to generate the energy needed for other life processes.
• Cellular respiration may take place in the presence or absence of oxygen.

For more information on Life Process of Respiration, watch the below video

To know more about Respiration, visit here .

Respiration in Humans

• The human respiratory system is more complex and involves breathing, the exchange of gases and cellular respiration.
• A well-defined respiratory system helps with breathing and the exchange of gases.
• Breathing involves the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide.
• The gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs, and oxygen is supplied to all cells of the body.
• Cellular respiration takes place in each and every cell.

Respiratory System

• The human respiratory system involves the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea/windpipe, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
• Bronchioles and alveoli are enclosed in a pair of lungs.
• The rib cage, muscles associated with the rib cage and diaphragm all help in the inhalation and exhalation of gases.
• The exchange of gases takes place between an alveolar surface and surrounding blood vessels.
• Alveoli provide a large surface area for the exchange of gases.

For more information on Respiration, watch the video below

To know more about Respiratory System, visit here .

Physiology of Respiration

• Breathing in humans is facilitated by the action of internal intercostal and external intercostal muscles attached to the ribs and the diaphragm.
• When the dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and becomes flattened and the rib cage is expanded due to the action of intercostal muscles, the volume of the lungs increases, pressure there drops down and the air from outside gushes in. This is inhalation.
• To exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome-shaped again; the chest cavity contracts due to the action of intercostal muscles, the volume inside the lungs decreases, pressure increases and the air is forced out of the lungs.
• Inhaled air increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli,  so oxygen simply diffuses into the surrounding blood vessels.
• Blood coming from cells has more concentration of carbon dioxide than outside air, and thus carbon dioxide simply diffuses out of the blood vessels into the alveoli.
• Thus, breathing takes place due to the combined action of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, while the exchange of gases takes place due to simple diffusion.

Inhalation and Exhalation

• The process of taking in air rich in oxygen is called  inhalation .
• Similarly, the process of giving out air rich in carbon dioxide is called  exhalation .
• One breath comprises one inhalation and one exhalation.
• A person breathes several times a day.
• The number of times a person breathes in one minute is termed as his/her  breathing rate .

To know more about Inhalation and Exhalation, visit here .

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration area to the low concentration area without spending any energy.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is set of metabolic reactions occurring inside the cells to convert biochemical energy obtained from the food into a chemical compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

• Metabolism refers to a set of chemical reactions carried out to maintain the living state of the cells in an organism. These can be divided into two categories:
• Catabolism  – the process of breaking molecules to obtain energy.
• Anabolism  – the process of synthesizing all compounds required by the cells.
• Therefore, respiration is a catabolic process which breaks large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy to fuel cellular activities.
• Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are the important processes of cellular respiration.

To know more about Cellular Respiration, visit here .

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration is a process in which the food i.e. glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen.

• The general equation of aerobic respiration as a whole is given below-

Glucose + oxygen ⇒  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

• This type of respiration takes place in animals, plants and other living organisms.

Respiration in Lower Animals

• Lower animals lack a sophisticated respiratory system like lungs, alveoli etc.
• Respiration in them takes place by simple exchange mechanisms.
• Animals like earthworms take in gases through their skin.
• Fishes have gills for gaseous exchange.
• Insects have a tracheal system, which is a network of tubes through which air circulates and gaseous exchange takes place.
• Frogs breathe through their skin when in water and through their lungs when on land.

Respiration in Muscles

• Respiration in muscles can be anaerobic when there is not enough oxygen.
• Glucose gets broken down into carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
• This results in the accumulation of lactic acid that makes the muscles sore.
• This type of anaerobic respiration is also known as lactic acid fermentation .
• It is the energy currency of the cell.
• ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate.
• This molecule is created.; as a result, reactions like photosynthesis, respiration etc.
• The three phosphate bonds present in the molecule are high-energy bonds, and when they are broken, a large amount of energy is released.
• Such released energy is then used for other metabolic reactions.

Respiration in Plants

• Unlike animals and humans, plants do not have any specialized structures for gaseous exchange.
• They have stomata (present in leaves) and lenticels (present in stems), which are involved in the exchange of gases.
• Compared to animals, plant roots, stems, and leaves respire at a very lower rate.

To know more about Respiration in Plants, visit here .

Transpiration

• Transpiration is a biological process in which water is lost in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plants.
• This process occurs mainly through the stomata, where the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs.
• Transpiration helps in the transportation of water from roots to the upper parts of plants, and this is explained by the ‘transpirational pull theory’.
• Loss of water, especially from leaves, acts as a straw effect and pulls water upwards from roots.
• Transpiration also acts as an excretory mechanism in plants as it helps to get rid of excess water.

To know more about Transpiration, visit here .

Why Do We Need Lungs?

• In unicellular organisms like amoeba exchange of gases takes place through a general body surface by osmosis.
• In lower animals like an earthworm, the gaseous exchange takes place through their moist skin.
• The requirement for oxygen is sufficiently met in these ways.
• But as the animal starts becoming more and more complex, for example, humans, the requirement for oxygen cannot be met alone by diffusion.
• Moreover, diffusion will not be able to supply oxygen to the deep-seated cells.
• This difficulty has led to the evolution of a more complex mechanism of gaseous exchange, and that is the development of lungs.
• The alveoli present in the lungs provide a large surface area required for the necessary gas exchange.

For more information on Lungs, watch the video below

Transportation in Human Beings

Transportation.

• All living organisms need a few necessary components like air, water, and food for their survival.
• On a regular basis, animals ensure these elements by breathing, drinking and eating.
• The required elements are transported to their body cells and tissues by a  transportation system.
• In plants, the vascular tissue is responsible for transporting the substances.

Transportation in Humans

• Transportation in humans is done by the circulatory system.
• The circulatory system in humans mainly consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart.
• It is responsible for the supply of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of carbon dioxide and other excretory products.
• It also helps to fight infections.

For more information on the Transportation of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, watch the below video

To know more about Transportation in Animals and Plants, visit here .

• The muscular organ which is located near the chest, slightly towards the left in the thoracic region.
• The heart is the main pumping organ of the body.
• The human heart is divided into four chambers which are involved in the transportation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
• The upper two chambers are called atria, whereas the lower two chambers are called ventricles.

To know more about Human Heart, visit here .

• The flow of blood through the heart is as follows:

Blood Vessels

• Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body.
• These three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and blood capillaries.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood, and veins carry deoxygenated blood.
• Gaseous exchange takes place between blood and cells at capillaries.

Difference between Arteries and Veins

Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood when it flows through the blood vessels is called blood pressure.

• There are two different variants of blood pressure; systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
• The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is filling with blood is called diastolic pressure. It constitutes the minimum pressure on arteries.
• The normal range of diastolic blood pressure should be 60 – 80 mm Hg.
• The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is pumping the blood is called systolic pressure. It constitutes the maximum pressure applied to the arteries.
• The normal range of systolic blood pressure should be 90 – 120 mm Hg.

To know more about Blood Pressure, visit here .

• Bleeding occurs when the blood vessels rupture.
• Bleeding is stopped by the platelets that help in the clotting of blood at the site of the injury.
• Blood Clotting  is the process of forming a clot in order to prevent excess loss of blood from the body.
• It is a gel-like mass which is formed by the platelets and a fibre-like protein in the blood.

Double Circulation

• In the human body, blood circulates through the heart twice.
• Once it goes through the heart during pulmonary circulation and a second time during systemic circulation.
• Hence, circulation in human beings is called double circulation.

For more information on Human Circulatory System, watch the below video

To know more about Double Circulation, visit here .

Transportation in Plants

• Transportation is a vital process in plants.
• The process involves the transportation of water and necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its survival.
• Food and water transportation takes place separately in plants.
• Xylem transports water, and phloem transports food.

To know more about Transportation in Plants, visit here .

• The phloem is responsible for the translocation of nutrients and sugar, like carbohydrates, produced by the leaves to areas of the plant that are metabolically active.
• Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells are the components of this tissue.
• The flow of material through the phloem is bidirectional.

Translocation

• The transport of food in the plant through phloem via a process such as mass flow is called translocation.
• Photosynthates, i.e. sugars and organic molecules such as amino acids, organic acids, proteins and inorganic solutes like potassium, magnesium, nitrate, calcium, sulfur and iron from source tissues (mature leaves) to the sink cells (areas of growth and storage) are transported through the phloem.
• Material like sucrose is loaded from leaves to phloem using the energy of ATP.
• Such a transfer increases the osmotic pressure causing the movement of water from nearby cells into phloem tissue, and the material gets transported through the phloem.
• The same pressure is also responsible for the transfer of substances from the phloem to tissues where food is required.
• Thus the bulk flow of material through phloem takes place in response to an osmotically generated pressure difference.

• Xylem tissue transports water in plants from the root to all other parts of the plant.
• Xylem tissue is made up of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
• The flow of water and minerals through the xylem is always unidirectional.

Root Pressure

• Conduction of water through the xylem, from roots to upper parts of plants, is due to many forces acting together.
• One of the forces responsible for this is root pressure.
• Root pressure is osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves.
• Root pressure helps in the initial transport of water up the roots.

To know more about Root Pressure, visit here .

Transport of Water

• Water is absorbed by the roots and is transported by the xylem to the upper parts of the plant.

Imbibition, osmosis, root pressure and transpiration are the forces that contribute towards the upward movement of water, even in the tallest plants.

• Imbibition is a process in which water is absorbed by solids. E.g. seeds take up water when soaked.
• Osmosis is a process where water moves from the area of its lower concentration to the area of its higher concentration.
• At the roots, the cells take up ions by an active process, and this results in the difference in concentration of these ions.
• It leads to the movement of water, in the root cells, by osmosis.
• This creates a continuous column of water that gets pushed upwards. This is root pressure.
• Transpiration contributes to the upward movement of water by creating a staw effect.
• It pulls the water column upwards as there is a continuous loss of water from leaves.
• All these forces act together for water transport through the xylem

Excretion in Humans

Excretion is the process of removal of metabolic waste material and other non-useful substances.

• Organisms like animals have an advanced and specialized system for excretion.
• But plants lack a well-developed excretory system like that in animals.
• They do not have special organs for excretion, and thus excretion in plants is not so complex.

Excretion in Unicellular Organisms

• In unicellular organisms such as amoeba and bacteria, the waste product is removed by simple diffusion through the general body surface.
• Unicellular organisms like the amoeba and paramecium excrete excess through tiny organelles called contractile vacuoles.
• Undigested food in unicellular animals is excreted when the food vacuole merges with the general body surface and opens to the outside.

Excretory System of Humans

• a pair of kidneys,
• a pair of ureters,
• a urinary bladder and
• It produces urine as a waste product.

To know more about Human Excretory System, visit here .

• Paired kidneys are the main excretory organs of the body.
• They are basically the filtration units of the human body.
• Each kidney is made up of many tiny filtration units called nephrons .
• Filtering waste materials, medications, and toxic substances from the blood.
• Regulation of osmolarity, i.e. the fluid balance of the body.
• Regulation of ion concentration in the body.
• Regulation of pH.
• Regulation of extracellular fluid volume.
• Secreting hormones that help produce red blood cells promotes bone health and regulates blood pressure.

Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of kidney.

• Each kidney has millions of nephrons, and it forms the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.
• Each nephron has two parts: The malpighian body and the renal tubule.
• The malpighian body is made up of a cup-like structure called Bowman’s capsule, which encloses a bunch of capillaries called the glomerulus.
• They together filter waste materials along with many useful substances.
• The renal tubule has regions called a proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule.
• These regions absorb useful substances back into the blood and also filter the remaining waste substances.
• The output from nephrons is called urine.

Haemodialysis

• When the kidneys fail, it results in a lot of complications, and to compensate for this situation, a technology called dialysis has been developed.
• It uses a machine filter called a dialyzer or artificial kidney.
• This is to remove excess water and salt, balance other electrolytes in the body and remove waste products of metabolism.
• Blood from the body is removed and flows through a series of tubes made up of a semipermeable membrane.
• A dialysate flows on the other side of the membrane, which draws impurities through the membrane.

Excretion in Plants

• Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and other metabolic reactions produce a lot of excretory products in plants.
• Carbon dioxide, excess water produced during respiration and nitrogenous compounds produced during protein metabolism are the major excretory products in plants.
• Plants produce two gaseous waste products, i.e. oxygen during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide during respiration.
• The excretion of gaseous waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores on leaves.
• Oxygen released during photosynthesis is used for respiration, while carbon dioxide released during respiration is used for photosynthesis.
• Excess water is excreted by transpiration.
• Organic by-products generated by the plant are stored in different forms in different parts.
• The gums, oils, latex, resins, etc., are some waste products stored in plant parts like bark, stems, leaves, etc.
• Eventually, plants shed off these parts.
• A few examples of the excretory products of plants are oil produced from oranges, eucalyptus, jasmine, latex from the rubber tree, papaya tree, and gums from acacia.
• Sometimes plants even excrete into the soil.

To know more about Excretion in Plants, visit here .

Also Check:

• CBSE Class 10 Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Notes
• CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Notes
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes
• NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 6 – Life Processes
• Real Numbers Class 10 Notes: Chapter 1
• CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Frequently Asked Questions on Life Processes

The instrument used for measuring blood pressure is called a.

A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used for measuring blood pressure.

The phloem tissue in plants is responsible for doing which function?

Phloem is a vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of substances in plants.

Why aerobic respiration produces more usable chemical energy than fermentation?

Aerobic respiration produces more usable chemical energy in the form of ATPs than fermentation because aerobic respiration involves the complete oxidation of glucose and the release of carbon dioxide and water as end products.

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