networking research topics 2023

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15 Latest Networking Research Topics for Students

Comparative analysis between snort and suricata IDS software(s)

Description of the topic

The main focus of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis between Snort and Suricata software to determine which IDS software can provide better performance. There are various IDS software(s) available that can be used by organizations but it is difficult to identify which one is best (Aldarwbi et al., 2022). Different organizational structures are often facing problems while setting up an IDS system which results in false positives and intrusions. Through this research, it can be identified which IDS software is better and what secure configuration is required to detect intrusions (Waleed et al., 2022).

Research objectives

To evaluate Snort and Suricata IDS software(s) to determine the most optimal one.
To identify the false positive rate of Snort and Suricata on the networked environment.

Research questions

RQ1: Which IDS software can perform better on the production network in terms of performance, security, scalability and reliability?

RQ2: What different ways can be followed to deal with false positive problems in IDS technology?

Research methodology

The given research objectives and research questions can be addressed using quantitative research methodology where an experimental approach can be followed. For the given topic, both Snort and Suricata IDS systems should be configured and tested against different attacks. Depending on the findings, it can be analyzed which IDS software can perform better in terms of performance and security (Shuai & Li, 2021).

Aldarwbi, M.Y., Lashkari, A.H. and Ghorbani, A.A. (2022) “The sound of intrusion: A novel network intrusion detection system,” Computers and Electrical Engineering , 104, p. 108455.
Shuai, L. and Li, S. (2021) “Performance optimization of Snort based on DPDK and Hyperscan,” Procedia Computer Science , 183, pp. 837-843.
Waleed, A., Jamali, A.F. and Masood, A. (2022) “Which open-source ids? Snort, Suricata or Zeek,” Computer Networks , 213, p. 109116.

Role of honeypots and honey nets in network security

Network Security has become essential nowadays and there is a need for setting up robust mechanisms to maintain confidentiality and integrity (Feng et al., 2023). Due to the number of security mechanisms available, organizations found it hard to finalize and implement them on their network. For example, honey pots and honeynet approaches look almost the same and have the same purpose but work differently. Under this research topic, the configuration of honeynets and honeypots can be done to check which one can perform better security in terms of trapping cyber attackers. The entire implementation can be carried out in the cloud-based instance for improved security and it can be identified which type of honey pot technology must be preferred (Maesschalck et al., 2022).

To set up a honey pot system using Open Canary on the virtual instance to protect against cyber attackers.
To set up a honeynet system on the virtual instance to assure protection is provided against malicious attackers.
To test honeypots and honeynets by executing DDoS attacks to check which can provide better security.

RQ1: Why is there a need for using honeypots over honey pots in a production networked environment?

RQ2: What are the differences between cloud-based and local honey pot systems for endpoint protection?

This research can be carried out using the quantitative method of research. At the initial stage, the implementation of honeypots and honeypots can be done on the virtual instance following different security rules. Once the rules are applied, the testing can be performed using a Kali Linux machine to check whether honey pots were effective or honeynets (Gill et al., 2020).

Feng, H. et al. (2023) “Game theory in network security for Digital Twins in industry,” Digital Communications and Networks [Preprint].
Gill, K.S., Saxena, S. and Sharma, A. (2020) “GTM-CSEC: A game theoretic model for cloud security based on ids and Honeypot,” Computers & Security , 92, p. 101732
Maesschalck, S. et al. (2022) “Don’t get stung, cover your ICS in honey: How do honeypots fit within industrial control system security,” Computers & Security , 114, p. 102598.

How do malware variants are progressively improving?

This research can be based on evaluating how malware variants are progressively improving and what should be its state in the coming future. Malware is able to compromise confidential user’s information assets which is why this research can be based on identifying current and future consequences owing to its improvements (Deng et al., 2023). In this field, there is no research work that has been carried out to identify how malware variants are improving their working and what is expected to see in future. Once the evaluation is done, a clear analysis can also be done on some intelligent preventive measures to deal with dangerous malware variants and prevent any kind of technological exploitation (Tang et al., 2023).

To investigate types of malware variants available to learn more about malware's hidden features.
To focus on future implications of malware executable programs and how they can be avoided.
To discuss intelligent solutions to deal with all malware variants.

RQ1: How do improvements in malware variants impact enterprises?

RQ2: What additional solutions are required to deal with malware variants?

In this research, qualitative analysis can be conducted on malware variants and the main reason behind their increasing severity. The entire research can be completed based on qualitative research methodology to answer defined research questions and objectives. Some real-life case studies should also be integrated into the research which can be supported by the selected topic (Saidia Fasci et al., 2023).

Deng, H. et al. (2023) “MCTVD: A malware classification method based on three-channel visualization and deep learning,” Computers & Security , 126, p. 103084.
Saidia Fasci, L. et al. (2023) “Disarming visualization-based approaches in malware detection systems,” Computers & Security , 126, p. 103062.
Tang, Y. et al. (2023) “BHMDC: A byte and hex n-gram based malware detection and classification method,” Computers & Security , p. 103118.

Implementation of IoT - enabled smart office/home using cisco packet tracer

The Internet of Things has gained much more attention over the past few years which is why each enterprise and individual aims at setting up an IoT network to automate their processes (Barriga et al., 2023). This research can be based on designing and implementing an IoT-enabled smart home/office network using Cisco Packet Tracer software. Logical workspace, all network devices, including IoT devices can be used for preparing a logical network star topology (Elias & Ali, 2014). To achieve automation, the use of different IoT rules can be done to allow devices to work based on defined rules.

To set up an IoT network on a logical workspace using Cisco Packet Tracer simulation software.
To set up IoT-enabled rules on an IoT registration server to achieve automation (Hou et al., 2023).

RQ: Why is the Cisco packet tracer preferred for network simulation over other network simulators?

At the beginning of this research, a quantitative research methodology can be followed where proper experimental set-up can be done. As a packet tracer is to be used, the star topology can be used to interconnect IoT devices, sensors and other network devices at the home/office. Once a placement is done, the configuration should be done using optimal settings and all IoT devices can be connected to the registration server. This server will have IoT rules which can help in achieving automation by automatically turning off lights and fans when no motion is detected (Baggan et al., 2022).

Baggan, V. et al. (2022) “A comprehensive analysis and experimental evaluation of Routing Information Protocol: An Elucidation,” Materials Today: Proceedings , 49, pp. 3040–3045.
Barriga, J.A. et al. (2023) “Design, code generation and simulation of IOT environments with mobility devices by using model-driven development: Simulateiot-Mobile,” Pervasive and Mobile Computing , 89, p. 101751.
Elias, M.S. and Ali, A.Z. (2014) “Survey on the challenges faced by the lecturers in using packet tracer simulation in computer networking course,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences , 131, pp. 11–15.
Hou, L. et al. (2023) “Block-HRG: Block-based differentially private IOT networks release,” Ad Hoc Networks , 140, p. 103059.

Comparative analysis between AODV, DSDV and DSR routing protocols in WSN networks

For wireless sensor networks (WSN), there is a major need for using WSN routing rather than performing normal routines. As WSN networks are self-configured, there is a need for an optimal routing protocol that can improve network performance in terms of latency, jitter, and packet loss (Luo et al., 2023). There are often various problems faced when WSN networks are set up due to a lack of proper routing protocol selection. As a result of this, severe downtime is faced and all links are not able to communicate with each other easily (Hemanand et al., 2023). In this research topic, the three most widely used WSN routing protocols AODV, DSDV and DSR can be compared based on network performance. To perform analysis, three different scenarios can be created in network simulator 2 (Ns2).

To create three different scenarios on ns2 software to simulate a network for 1 to 100 seconds.
To analyze which WSN routing is optimal in terms of network performance metrics, including latency, jitter and packet loss.
To use CBR and NULL agents for all wireless scenarios to start with simulation purposes.

RQ: How do AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols differ from each other in terms of network performance?

This research can be carried out using a quantitative research method. The implementation for the provided research topic can be based on Ns2 simulation software where three different scenarios can be created (AODV, DSDV and DSR). For each scenario, NULL, CSR and UDP agents can be done to start with simulation for almost 1 to 100 seconds. For all transmissions made during the given time, network performance can be checked to determine which routing is best (Mohapatra & Kanungo, 2012).

Human and, D. et al. (2023) “Analysis of power optimization and enhanced routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Measurement: Sensors , 25, p. 100610. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100610.
Luo, S., Lai, Y. and Liu, J. (2023) “Selective forwarding attack detection and network recovery mechanism based on cloud-edge cooperation in software-defined wireless sensor network,” Computers & Security , 126, p. 103083. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.103083.
Mohapatra, S. and Kanungo, P. (2012) “Performance analysis of AODV, DSR, OLSR and DSDV routing protocols using NS2 Simulator,” Procedia Engineering , 30, pp. 69–76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.835.

Securing wireless network using AAA authentication and WLAN controller

Wireless networks often face intrusion attempts due to insecure protocols and sometimes open SSIDs. As a result of this, man-in-the-middle and eavesdropping attacks become easier which results in the loss of confidential information assets (Sivasankari & Kamalakkannan, 2022). When it comes to managing networks in a large area, there are higher chances for attacks that enable cyber attackers in intercepting ongoing communication sessions. However, there is currently no research conducted where the use of AAA authentication has been done with WLAN controllers to make sure a higher level of protection is provided (Nashwan, 2021). The proposed research topic can be based on securing wireless networks with the help of AAA authentication and WLAN controllers. The use of AAA authentication can be done to set up a login portal for users whilst the WLAN controller can be used for managing all wireless access points connected to the network (Nashwan, 2021).

To set up AAA authentication service on the wireless network simulated on Cisco Packet Tracer for proper access control.
To set up a WLAN controller on the network to manage all wireless access points effortlessly.
To use WPA2-PSK protocol on the network to assure guest users are only able to access wireless networks over a secure protocol.

RQ1: What additional benefits are offered by AAA authentication on the WLAN networks?

RQ2: Why are wireless networks more likely to face network intrusions than wired networks?

This research topic is based on the secure implementation of a wireless LAN network using a Cisco packet tracer. Hence, this research can be carried out using a quantitative research method. The implementation can be carried out using AAA authentication which can assure that access control is applied for wireless logins. On the other hand, a WLAN controller can also be configured which can ensure that all WAPs are managed (ZHANG et al., 2012).

Nashwan, S. (2021) “AAA-WSN: Anonymous Access Authentication Scheme for wireless sensor networks in Big Data Environment,” Egyptian Informatics Journal , 22(1), pp. 15–26.
Sivasankari, N. and Kamalakkannan, S. (2022) “Detection and prevention of man-in-the-middle attack in IOT network using regression modeling,” Advances in Engineering Software , 169, p. 103126.
ZHANG, J. et al. (2012) “AAA authentication for Network mobility,” The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications , 19(2), pp. 81-86.

OWASP's approach to secure web applications from web application exploits

The research can revolve around the development of web applications by considering OWASP's top 10 rules. Usually, web applications are deployed by organizations depending on their requirements and these applications are vulnerable to various exploits, including injection, broken authentication and other forgery attacks (Poston, 2020). Identifying every single vulnerability is difficult when reference is not taken and often organizations end up hosting a vulnerable server that leads to privacy issues and compromises confidential information easily. In this research, OWASP's top 10 approaches can be followed to develop a secure web application that can be able to protect against top web application exploits. This approach is based on emphasizing severe and minor vulnerabilities which must be patched for protecting against web application attacks (Deepa & Thilagam, 2016).

The first objective can be setting up an insecure web application on the cloud environment which can be exploited with different techniques.
The second objective can be to consider all techniques and procedures provided by OWASP's top 10 methodologies.
The last objective can be applying all fixes to insecure web applications to make them resistant to OWASP top 10 attacks (Sonmez, 2019).

RQ1: What are the benefits of using OWASP's top 10 approaches to harden web applications in comparison to other security approaches?

The research methodology considered for this research project can be quantitative using an experimental approach. The practical work can be done for the selected topic using AWS or the Azure cloud platform. Simply, a virtual web server can be configured and set up with a secure and insecure web application. Following OWASP's top 10 techniques and procedures, the web application can be secured from possible attacks. In addition, insecure applications can also be exploited and results can be evaluated (Applebaum et al., 2021).

Applebaum, S., Gaber, T. and Ahmed, A. (2021) “Signature-based and machine-learning-based web application firewalls: A short survey,” Procedia Computer Science , 189, pp. 359–367. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.05.105.
Deepa, G. and Thilagam, P.S. (2016) “Securing web applications from injection and logic vulnerabilities: Approaches and challenges,” Information and Software Technology , 74, pp. 160–180. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2016.02.005.
Poston, H. (2020) “Mapping the owasp top Ten to the blockchain,” Procedia Computer Science , 177, pp. 613-617. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.10.087.
Sonmez, F.Ö. (2019) “Security qualitative metrics for Open Web Application Security Project Compliance,” Procedia Computer Science , 151, pp. 998-1003. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.04.140.

Importance of configuring RADIUS (AAA) server on the network

User authentication has become significant nowadays as it guarantees that a legitimate user is accessing the network. But a problem is faced when a particular security control is to be identified for authentication and authorization. These controls can be categorized based on mandatory access controls, role-based access control, setting up captive portals and many more. Despite several other security controls, one of the most efficient ones is the RADIUS server (SONG et al., 2008). This server can authenticate users on the network to make sure network resources are accessible to only legal users. This research topic can be based on understanding the importance of RADIUS servers on the network which can also be demonstrated with the help of the Cisco Packet Tracer. A network can be designed and equipped with a RADIUS server to ensure only legal users can access network resources (WANG et al., 2009).

To configure RADIUS (AAA) server on the network which can be able to authenticate users who try to access network resources.
To simulate a network on a packet tracer simulation software and verify network connectivity.

RQ1: What are other alternatives to RADIUS (AAA) authentication servers for network security?

RQ2: What are the common and similarities between RADIUS and TACACS+ servers?

As a logical network is to be designed and configured, a quantitative research methodology can be followed. In this research coursework, a secure network design can be done using a packet tracer network simulator, including a RADIUS server along with the DMZ area. The configuration for the RADIUS server can be done to allow users to only access network resources by authenticating and authorizing (Nugroho et al., 2022).

Nugroho, Y.S. et al. (2022) “Dataset of network simulator related-question posts in stack overflow,” Data in Brief , 41, p. 107942.
SONG, M., WANG, L. and SONG, J.-de (2008) “A secure fast handover scheme based on AAA protocol in Mobile IPv6 Networks,” The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications , 15, pp. 14-18.
WANG, L. et al. (2009) “A novel congestion control model for interworking AAA in heterogeneous networks,” The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications , 16, pp. 97-101.

Comparing mod security and pF sense firewall to block illegitimate traffic

Firewalls are primarily used for endpoint security due to their advanced features ranging from blocking to IDS capabilities and many more. It is sometimes challenging to identify which type of firewall is best and due to this reason, agencies end up setting up misconfigured firewalls (Tiwari et al., 2022). This further results in a cyber breach, destroying all business operations. The research can be emphasizing conducting a comparison between the two most widely used firewalls i.e. Mod Security and pF sense. Using a virtualized environment, both firewalls can be configured and tested concerning possible cyber-attacks (Lu & Yang, 2020).

To use the local environment to set up Mod security and pF sense firewall with appropriate access control rules.
To test both firewalls by executing distributed denial of service attacks from a remote location.
To compare which type of firewall can provide improved performance and robust security.

RQ: How do Mod security and pF sense differ from each other in terms of features and performance?

The practical experimentation for both firewalls can be done using a virtualized environment where two different machines can be created. Hence, this research can be carried out using a quantitative research method . The first machine can have Mod security and the second machine can have pF sense configured. A new subnet can be created which can have these two machines. The third machine can be an attacking machine which can be used for testing firewalls. The results obtained can be then evaluated to identify which firewall is best for providing security (Uçtu et al., 2021).

Lu, N. and Yang, Y. (2020) “Application of evolutionary algorithm in performance optimization of Embedded Network Firewall,” Microprocessors and Microsystems , 76, p. 103087.
Tiwari, A., Papini, S. and Hemamalini, V. (2022) “An enhanced optimization of parallel firewalls filtering rules for scalable high-speed networks,” Materials Today: Proceedings , 62, pp. 4800-4805.
Uçtu, G. et al. (2021) “A suggested testbed to evaluate multicast network and threat prevention performance of Next Generation Firewalls,” Future Generation Computer Systems , 124, pp. 56-67.

Conducting a comprehensive investigation on the PETYA malware

The main purpose of this research is to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the PETYA malware variant (McIntosh et al., 2021). PETYA often falls under the category of ransomware attacks which not only corrupt and encrypt files but can compromise confidential information easily. Along with PETYA, there are other variants also which lead to a security outage and organizations are not able to detect these variants due to a lack of proper detection capabilities (Singh & Singh, 2021). In this research, a comprehensive analysis has been done on PETYA malware to identify its working and severity level. Depending upon possible causes of infection of PETYA malware, some proactive techniques can also be discussed (Singh & Singh, 2021). A separation discussion can also be made on other malware variants, their features, and many more.

The main objective of this research is to scrutinize the working of PETYA malware because a ransomware attack can impact the micro and macro environment of the organizations severely.
The working of PETYA malware along with its source code can be reviewed to identify its structure and encryption type.
To list all possible CVE IDs which are exploited by the PETYA malware.

RQ1: How dangerous is PETYA malware in comparison to other ransomware malware?

This research can be based on qualitative research methodology to evaluate the working of PETYA malware from various aspects, the methodology followed and what are its implications. The research can be initiated by evaluating the working of PETYA malware, how it is triggered, what encryption is applied and other factors. A sample source code can also be analyzed to learn more about how cryptography is used with ransomware (Abijah Roseline & Geetha, 2021).

Abijah Roseline, S. and Geetha, S. (2021) “A comprehensive survey of tools and techniques mitigating computer and mobile malware attacks,” Computers & Electrical Engineering , 92, p. 107143.
McIntosh, T. et al. (2021) “Enforcing situation-aware access control to build malware-resilient file systems,” Future Generation Computer Systems , 115, pp. 568-582.
Singh, J. and Singh, J. (2021) “A survey on machine learning-based malware detection in executable files,” Journal of Systems Architecture , 112, p. 101861.

Setting up a Live streaming server on the cloud platform

Nowadays, various organizations require a live streaming server to stream content depending upon their business. However, due to a lack of proper hardware, organizations are likely to face high network congestion, slowness and other problems (Ji et al., 2023). Referring to the recent cases, it has been observed that setting up a streaming server on the local environment is not expected to perform better than a cloud-based streaming server configuration (Martins et al., 2019). This particular research topic can be based on setting up a live streaming server on the AWS or Azure cloud platform to make sure high network bandwidth is provided with decreased latency. The research gap analysis would be conducted to analyze the performance of live streaming servers on local and cloud environments in terms of network performance metrics (Bilal et al., 2018).

To set up a live streaming server on the AWS or Azure cloud platform to provide live streaming services.
To use load balancers alongside streaming servers to ensure the load is balanced and scalability is achieved.
To use Wireshark software to test network performance during live streaming.

RQ1: Why are in-house streaming servers not able to provide improved performance in comparison to cloud-based servers?

RQ2: What additional services are provided by cloud service providers which help in maintaining network performance?

The implementation is expected to carry out on the AWS cloud platform with other AWS services i.e. load balancer, private subnet and many more (Efthymiopoulou et al., 2017). Hence, this research can be carried out using a quantitative research method. The configuration of ec2 instances can be done which can act as a streaming server for streaming media and games. For testing this project, the use of OBS studio can be done which can help in checking whether streaming is enabled or not. For network performance, Wireshark can be used for testing network performance (George et al., 2020).

Bilal, KErbad, A. and Hefeeda, M. (2018) “QoE-aware distributed cloud-based live streaming of multi-sourced Multiview Videos,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications , 120, pp. 130-144.
Efthymiopoulou, M. et al. (2017) “Robust control in cloud-assisted peer-to-peer live streaming systems,” Pervasive and Mobile Computing , 42, pp. 426-443.
George, L.C. et al. (2020) “Usage visualization for the AWS services,” Procedia Computer Science , 176, pp. 3710–3717.
Ji, X. et al. (2023) “Adaptive QoS-aware multipath congestion control for live streaming,” Computer Networks , 220, p. 109470.
Martins, R. et al. (2019) “Iris: Secure reliable live-streaming with Opportunistic Mobile Edge Cloud offloading,” Future Generation Computer Systems , 101, pp. 272-292.

Significance of using OSINT framework for Network reconnaissance

Network reconnaissance is becoming important day by day when it comes to penetration testing. Almost all white hat hackers are dependent on the OSINT framework to start with network reconnaissance and footprinting when it comes to evaluating organizational infrastructure. On the other hand, cyber attackers are also using this technique to start fetching information about their target. Currently, there is no investigation carried out to identify how effective the OSINT framework is over traditional reconnaissance activities (Liu et al., 2022). This research is focused on using OSINT techniques to analyze victims using different sets of tools like Maltego, email analysis and many other techniques. The analysis can be based on fetching sensitive information about the target which can be used for conducting illegal activities (Abdullah, 2019).

To use Maltego software to conduct network reconnaissance on the target by fetching sensitive information.
To compare the OSINT framework with other techniques to analyze why it performs well.

RQ1: What is the significance of using the OSINT framework in conducting network reconnaissance?

RQ2: How can the OSINT framework be used by cyber hackers for conducting illegitimate activities?

The OSINT framework is easily accessible on its official website where different search options are given. Hence, this research can be carried out using a quantitative research method. Depending upon the selected target, each option can be selected and tools can be shortlisted for final implementation. Once the tools are shortlisted, they can be used to conduct network reconnaissance (González-Granadillo et al., 2021). For example, Maltego can be used as it is a powerful software to fetch information about the target.

Abdullah, S.A. (2019) “Seui-64, bits an IPv6 addressing strategy to mitigate reconnaissance attacks,” Engineering Science and Technology , an International Journal, 22(2), pp. 667–672.
Gonzalez-Granadillo, G. et al. (2021) “ETIP: An enriched threat intelligence platform for improving OSINT correlation, analysis, visualization and sharing capabilities,” Journal of Information Security and Applications , 58, p. 102715.
Liu, W. et al. (2022) “A hybrid optimization framework for UAV Reconnaissance Mission Planning,” Computers & Industrial Engineering , 173, p. 108653.

Wired and wireless network hardening in cisco packet tracer

At present, network security has become essential and if enterprises are not paying attention to the security infrastructure, there are several chances for cyber breaches. To overcome all these issues, there is a need for setting up secure wired and wireless networks following different techniques such as filtered ports, firewalls, VLANs and other security mechanisms. For the practical part, the use of packet tracer software can be done to design and implement a highly secure network (Sun, 2022).

To use packet tracer simulation software to set up secure wired and wireless networks.
Use different hardening techniques, including access control rules, port filtering, enabling passwords and many more to assure only authorized users can access the network (Zhang et al., 2012).

RQ: Why is there a need for emphasizing wired and wireless network security?

Following the quantitative approach, the proposed research topic implementation can be performed in Cisco Packet Tracer simulation software. Several devices such as routers, switches, firewalls, wireless access points, hosts and workstations can be configured and interconnected using Cat 6 e cabling. For security, every device can be checked and secure design principles can be followed like access control rules, disabled open ports, passwords, encryption and many more (Smith & Hasan, 2020).

Smith, J.D. and Hasan, M. (2020) “Quantitative approaches for the evaluation of Implementation Research Studies,” Psychiatry Research , 283, p. 112521.
Sun, J. (2022) “Computer Network Security Technology and prevention strategy analysis,” Procedia Computer Science , 208, pp. 570–576.
Zhang, YLiang, R. and Ma, H. (2012) “Teaching innovation in computer network course for undergraduate students with a packet tracer,” IERI Procedia , 2, pp. 504–510.

Different Preemptive ways to resist spear phishing attacks

When it comes to social engineering, phishing attacks are rising and are becoming one of the most common ethical issues as it is one of the easiest ways to trick victims into stealing information. This research topic is based on following different proactive techniques which would help in resisting spear phishing attacks (Xu et al., 2023). This can be achieved by using the Go-Phish filter on the machine which can automatically detect and alert users as soon as the phished URL is detected. It can be performed on the cloud platform where the apache2 server can be configured along with an anti-phishing filter to protect against phishing attacks (Yoo & Cho, 2022).

To set up a virtual instance on the cloud platform with an apache2 server and anti-phishing software to detect possible phishing attacks.
To research spear phishing and other types of phishing attacks that can be faced by victims (Al-Hamar et al., 2021).

RQ1: Are phishing attacks growing just like other cyber-attacks?

RQ2: How effective are anti-phishing filters in comparison to cyber awareness sessions?

The entire research can be conducted by adhering to quantitative research methodology which helps in justifying all research objectives and questions. The implementation of the anti-phishing filter can be done by creating a virtual instance on the cloud platform which can be configured with an anti-phishing filter. Along with this, some phishing attempts can also be performed to check whether the filter works or not (Siddiqui et al., 2022).

Al-Hamar, Y. et al. (2021) “Enterprise credential spear-phishing attack detection,” Computers & Electrical Engineering , 94, p. 107363.
Siddiqui, N. et al. (2022) “A comparative analysis of US and Indian laws against phishing attacks,” Materials Today: Proceedings , 49, pp. 3646–3649.
Xu, T., Singh, K. and Rajivan, P. (2023) “Personalized persuasion: Quantifying susceptibility to information exploitation in spear-phishing attacks,” Applied Ergonomics , 108, p. 103908.
Yoo, J. and Cho, Y. (2022) “ICSA: Intelligent chatbot security assistant using text-CNN and multi-phase real-time defense against SNS phishing attacks,” Expert Systems with Applications , 207, p. 117893.

Evaluating the effectiveness of distributed denial of service attacks

The given research topic is based on evaluating the effectiveness of distributed denial of service attacks on cloud and local environments. Hence, this research can be carried out using a quantitative research method. Cyber attackers find DDoS as one of the most dangerous technological exploitation when it comes to impacting network availability (Krishna Kishore et al., 2023). This research can revolve around scrutinizing the impact of DDoS attacks on the local environment and cloud environment. This can be done by executing DDoS attacks on a simulated environment using hoping or other software(s) to check where it has a higher magnitude (de Neira et al., 2023).

To set up a server on the local and cloud environment to target using DDoS attacks for checking which had experienced slowness.
To determine types of DDoS attack types, their magnitude and possible mitigation techniques.

RQ: Why do DDoS attacks have dynamic nature and how is it likely to sternly impact victims?

The experimentation for this research can be executed by creating a server on the local and cloud environment. Hence, this research can be carried out using a quantitative research method. These servers can be set up as web servers using apache 2 service. On the other hand, a Kali Linux machine can be configured with DDoS execution software. Each server can be targeted with DDoS attacks to check its effectiveness (Benlloch-Caballero et al., 2023).

Benlloch-Caballero, P., Wang, Q. and Alcaraz Calero, J.M. (2023) “Distributed dual-layer autonomous closed loops for self-protection of 5G/6G IOT networks from distributed denial of service attacks,” Computer Networks , 222, p. 109526.
de Neira, A.B., Kantarci, B. and Nogueira, M. (2023) “Distributed denial of service attack prediction: Challenges, open issues and opportunities,” Computer Networks , 222, p. 109553.
Krishna Kishore, P., Ramamoorthy, S. and Rajavarman, V.N. (2023) “ARTP: Anomaly-based real time prevention of distributed denial of service attacks on the web using machine learning approach,” International Journal of Intelligent Networks , 4, pp. 38–45.

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8 hot networking technologies for 2023

Innovative technologies designed to make networks faster, smarter, more secure and easier to manage.

it as a product box package hand with product technology nodes primary

Despite the challenges posed by economic turmoil, epidemics, and political upheaval, network researchers are continuing to blaze new trails in innovation, performance, management, and security. In sum, 2023 is shaping up as a year of network evolution and transformation.

Here are eight network technologies you will want to pay particularly close attention to.

1. Unified SASE: Addresses hybrid workforce, hybrid clouds

Unified Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) tightly integrates security and networking into a single platform. The technology uses a single-pass scanning architecture combined with a unified policy that’s configured via a unified console that draws from a unified data lake. “This is significant for organizations to continue to provide a consistent and assured user experience while protecting users, devices, sites, and data amid the rapidly evolving dynamics coming in 2023,” says Kelly Ahuja, CEO of networking and cybersecurity firm Versa Networks.

In 2023, many enterprises still require employees to work in the office at least some of the time. “This creates a hybrid and migratory workforce that will be transient across the enterprise perimeter, essentially dissolving the enterprise perimeter,” Ahuja warns. Unified SASE addresses this concern by offering both network and cloud-centric security anywhere and anytime, to any user, device, or location in a consistent manner.

Unified SASE also addresses the management and security challenges presented by hybrid clouds. “Most enterprises entered 2022 with a strategy to migrate workloads and applications to one cloud,” Ahuja says. “Today, most organizations have a hybrid cloud strategy, and many follow a multi-cloud approach for business continuity, cost, and efficiency.”

Unified SASE, he says, helps organizations deliver always-on, high-performance connectivity and application access across multiple clouds.

2. Multi-cloud networking software (MCNS): Enforces policies across clouds

Multi-cloud networking software (MCNS) addresses the challenges related to connecting networks and applications across multiple public cloud environments. MCNS products aim to ensure consistent networking governance, policy, security, and visibility across multiple cloud environments via a single point of management.

Many cloud providers aren’t able to effectively handle the integration of multiple clouds, says Ron Howell, managing enterprise network architect at IT consulting firm Capgemini Americas.

He explains that each public cloud service tends to focus on its cloud as if it were the only one an enterprise would ever need. “This is where multi-cloud networking software adds value,” Howell notes.

MCNS is more than just a tool that connects a network to multiple discrete clouds. “Multi-cloud networking provides automated, policy-based networking that offers connectivity and network services for distributed workloads in and across multiple clouds,” says Brad Casemore, vice president of research, datacenter and multi-cloud networking, at technology research firm IDC.

3. Cilium: Open source networking, security controls for containers

Cilium will emerge as the hottest network technology in 2023, says Ashish Kakran, principal at venture capital firm Thomvest Ventures. He notes that Cilium open source software effectively tucks networking, observability and security into a single, easy to use solution for container-based applications hosted on multi/hybrid cloud environments.

“There are a few unique advantages of using Cilium: no code changes required for granular visibility, no need to learn a new language, and blazing fast performance,” Kakran says.

Under the hood, Cilium uses a powerful open-source technology called eBPF, which effectively makes the Linux kernel programmable. “Think of it as an innovation similar to Javascript, which made web browsers programmable and made it possible to do things like dynamically update web pages, load user comments, and send notifications in real time,” Kakran says.

He notes that eBPF makes it possible to run code securely inside the kernel without making any kernel level code changes. “This technology solves Kubernetes related networking and observability challenges for enterprises of all sizes, but especially when they hit scale.”

4. Data Security Posture Management (DSPM): Automates data protection in the cloud

After years spent securing the network, endpoints, and devices, enterprises are now focusing on data security to ensure that data layer-level risks, particularly the vast amounts of unstructured data contained in the cloud, are rapidly identified and secured, says Karthik Krishnan, CEO of data risk assessment and monitoring firm Concentric AI.

He says that Data Security Posture Management (DSPM), by automating data detection and protection operations, will help adopters better discover, monitor, and protect their sensitive data, giving them highly accurate results without the need for large security teams.

Krishnan notes that DSPM offers multiple benefits. “It discovers all the sensitive data in an enterprise environment, from financial information to intellectual property to personal information, without any rules or upfront configuration,” he says.

DSPM also monitors data for risk, including inappropriate permissions and incorrect entitlements. “It remediates these issues in a timely fashion and prevents data loss,” he adds.

5. Network function virtualization (NFV): The next step in WAN networking

Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) was introduced in 2014, setting the stage for a software-centric approach to wide-area networking. The next step requires a holistic approach, ensuring that all related network functions in the WAN also are software defined, says Roopa Honnachari, director of network advisory at technology research and advisory firm ISG.

“ NFV -based virtual network services allow for traditional hardware-centric network functions, such as routing, WAN optimization, and firewall to be deployed in a software format,” she says. “A single, standardized x86 hardware box, known as a universal CPE (uCPE), can host multiple functions.”

Virtual network services promise to dramatically reduce the cost and complexity involved in deploying large, global WAN networks. “By consolidating multiple functions on standardized hardware, businesses can reduce reliance on specialized hardware for each function and reduce hardware sprawl overall,” Honnachari says.

When virtual network functions (VNFs) run on a virtualized uCPE, the number of devices requiring physical maintenance is limited, freeing network personnel to handle other tasks. “In the traditional network approach, if a device fails, the hardware needs to be replaced for each function,” Honnachari says. “In the case of VNFs, network administrators can simply rip and rebuild that function, since it is deployed as software.” The VNF download and storage configuration can be up and running in a matter of minutes, as opposed to days when following a hardware-centric approach.

6. Next-Generation Hotspot (NGH): Automates roaming, logins for Wi-Fi network s

Also known as Hotspot 2.0, NGH allows seamless and secure roaming across different wireless networks. “This is achieved through the use of the IEEE 802.11u standard, which enables devices to automatically discover and authenticate with Hotspot 2.0 networks,” says David Witkowski, an IEEE senior member and broadband strategist.

There are currently several Hotspot 2.0 variants, including OpenRoaming, from the Wireless Broadband Alliance.

Hotspot 2.0 makes it easier to connect to wireless networks, eliminating the need to manually enter login credentials or configure device settings. Hotspot 2.0 technology could also replace current Wi-Fi roaming technologies, such as the WISPr protocol, which are less secure and don’t support automatic network discovery and authentication. “This will lead to a better user experience and increased adoption of wireless services,” Witkowski predicts.

Hotspot 2.0 also benefits cellular carriers, allowing them to offload data traffic from 4G and 5G services onto Wi-Fi networks. “This can help reduce congestion on the cellular network and improve the overall user experience,” Witkowski says.

7. AI-based conversational interfaces/virtual assistants for network teams

This will be the year that conversational interfaces and virtual assistants for networking teams will become widely adopted, predicts Sujai Hajela, an executive vice president at Juniper Networks.

“With the combination of a talent crunch and a down economy, it’s unlikely that organizations will be making many new hires in the short term,” he says. “This means technologies that can assist existing team members – making them more efficient and effective – will be embraced.”

Conversational interfaces and virtual assistants are rapidly becoming a crucial tool, helping users find the root causes of network issues quickly and easily, Hajela notes. Trial and error will be almost eliminated from the IT team vocabulary, he predicts.

“Issues that used to take days to resolve, such as a bad cable, a missing VLAN, or a poor LTE signal, can be found in seconds with conversational interfaces, virtual assistants, and AI-based technologies .”

8. 6G: Satisfies needs of high-bandwidth applications

Even as 5G cellular technology continues to play a major role in broadband expansion, next generation 6G wireless is being developed . The new technology offers speeds up to 100 times faster than its predecessor, making it highly suitable for bandwidth-hungry applications such as streaming high-definition video and gaming.

Another important benefit is 6G’s ability to handle a massive amount of data, says David Almodovar, managing partner at business consulting firm Almodovar Group. “This is because it will use a new type of encoding, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which is much more efficient than the older CDMA standard.”

Almodovar notes that 6G can also handle simultaneous multiple users much better than its predecessor. “This is because it will use multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) technologies, which allow multiple users to share the same physical connection without interfering with each other,” he explains.

Also noteworthy is 6G’s reduced latency, which virtually eliminates lag on supported devices. “This is important for applications like virtual reality and augmented reality, where even a small delay can cause problems,” Almodovar says.

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5 Top Networking Trends (2024 & 2025)

1. Security and Budget Concerns Drive Adoption of NaaS

IT departments are continually looking for agility, resiliency, and the ability to quickly adapt to new technologies. For many organizations, cost, and scalability stand in the way of these goals.

That’s where networking-as-a-service (NaaS) comes into play.

This consumption-based model allows organizations to deploy network capabilities as an ongoing operational expense instead of facing a large upfront cost.

NaaS offers employees the ability to access necessary applications wherever they are working — at home, in the office, or on any device.

The NaaS market is predicted to hit $78.38 billion by 2028. That’s a CAGR of more than 32.36%.

Much of that growth will come from businesses that are prepared to act quickly on network transformation.

According to IDC, 49% of IT leaders are planning or considering a NaaS transformation for their organization.

Nearly 70% of them are planning to invest in the switch in the next 12 months.

This solution is especially appealing to organizations that face ongoing security concerns.

NTT’s 2022–23 Global Network Report shows that 89% of IT leaders are concerned about running complex networks while staying compliant with security issues.

NaaS is the way many IT executives are addressing this issue. NTT reports that 88% of IT leaders say they would like to outsource their end-to-end network to a single partner.

2022-23 Global Network Report infogra...

Another main draw of NaaS is hands-off lifecycle management.

With NaaS, internal IT departments no longer need to spend time deploying, controlling, updating, or repairing the network infrastructure.

In fact, in a 2022 survey, 48% of respondents ranked lifecycle management as the top feature of NaaS providers.

2. Next-Gen Wi-Fi Is Here

Wi-Fi technology is developing at a rapid pace.

In 2020, the world was first introduced to Wi-Fi 6.

By 2025, the WiFi Alliance predicts the total economic value of Wi-Fi 6 in the United States will be nearly $1.6 trillion .

One of the main benefits of this new generation of Wi-Fi is increased speed.

While Wi-Fi 5 offers 3.5 Gbps of maximum throughput, Wi-Fi 6 offers 9.6 Gbps .

Wi-Fi 6 is also able to prioritize traffic and communicate better with multiple devices.

In addition, Wi-Fi 6 offers improved battery life on devices because of a feature called Target Wake Time .

This technology allows devices to go to sleep at times when data transmission isn’t occurring.

These are all key points for organizations that are launching new business initiatives involving IoT devices, smart building capabilities, and customer-focused apps.

Businesses can also utilize Wi-Fi 6 for 4k/8k video and AR/VR capabilities.

The same benefits hold true for homeowners with multiple users running several smart devices.

Right on the heels of Wi-Fi 6 is Wi-Fi 6E .

This refers to devices that are operating in the 6 GHz band. Previously there have been only two bands: 2.4 GHz and 5GHz.

It provides even more capacity and speed with lower latency when compared to Wi-Fi 6.

While Wi-Fi 6 hardware has become fairly common and reasonably priced, Wi-Fi 6E devices aren’t widely available yet and they’re expensive.

For example, the iPhone 14 series doesn’t offer Wi-Fi 6E.

In December 2022, Google announced its first Wi-Fi 6E compatible router, Nest Wifi Pro , that’s priced at $200.

IT industry experts are even beginning to talk about Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be).

Speeds could reach 40 Gbps on Wi-Fi 7 — that’s four times faster than Wi-Fi 6.

Wi-Fi 7 routers are now available as of early 2024 .

One sector in which next-gen Wi-Fi is critical is the healthcare industry.

In large hospitals, there can be up to 15 connected medical devices per patient and more than 350,000 internet-connected devices.

Wi-Fi 6E and 7 could mean increased usage of software-as-a-medical-device, AR training of medical personnel, and improved telemedicine capabilities.

3. SD-WAN Provides Improved Integration and Lower Costs

According to TeleGeography, the WAN market will hit $85 billion among the world’s 5,000 largest companies in 2026. That’s an increase of 44% over 2021.

Traditional WAN uses multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) to make data and applications available among distributed sites.

However, this approach doesn’t work well in today’s cloud-centric IT world.

Both security and user experience are compromised by large amounts of traffic.

But SD-WAN (software-defined wide area networking) utilizes long-term evolution and broadband internet to provide access.

This solution lowers operational costs by up to 40% and improves efficiency while ensuring security.

Installation and deployment are also much simpler than traditional WAN.

IDC researched the bottom-line impact of SD-WAN and found that organizations saw a 402% ROI over five years as well as 39% lower total cost of operations and 38% more efficient network management.

In another example, Forrester studied the total economic impact of Prisma SD-WAN and found an ROI of 243% and a 99% reduction in network trouble tickets.

The TeleGeography report predicts the share of revenue driven by MPLS will decrease by 55% over the next five years.

Meanwhile, the adoption of SD-WAN is growing.

The market expanded 35% in 2021 alone to reach record revenue of more than $2 billion.

In the second half of 2021, 36% of enterprises said they were in the process of deploying SD-WAN or had already done so.

4. Increasing Security Threats from IoT

Globally, the number of IoT devices is expected to nearly triple by 2030.

At that time, estimates show there will be more than 29 billion IoT devices.

Approximately 60% of IoT devices are owned by consumers.

On the other hand, industries like electricity, waste management, transportation, and gas currently have more than 100 million IoT devices each.

As the reliance on IoT devices grows, so do the security threats.

IoT devices are difficult to secure for several reasons.

The variety and scale of the devices make integrating them into security systems a serious challenge.

They generate an incredible amount of data and utilize open-source code, which is vulnerable to attack.

One study showed that nearly 100% of traffic on these devices is unencrypted and more than half of the devices are vulnerable to medium- or high-level attacks.

Once an IoT device has been hacked, it can take less than six minutes to launch a full-scale attack.

Cameras are one of the most vulnerable types of IoT devices.

In one example from 2021, hackers gained access to sensitive data from security system provider Verkada and were able to access live and archived camera feeds inside hospitals, police departments, schools, Tesla factories, and other locations.

More than 150,000 IoT security cameras were compromised.

In addition, the healthcare industry is especially vulnerable to IoT-mediated attacks because of the extensive use of connected medical devices.

A recent survey found that medical organizations with more than 70% of their devices connected were 24% more likely to experience a security breach than those that had 50% or fewer connected devices.

The survey also reported that 57% of healthcare IT staff do not always change the default username/password on IoT devices, and 68% don’t always update the devices when a patch is available.

Claroty is one of the leading IoT security firms of 2024.

Their expertise lies in protecting industrial and healthcare networks.

Company statistics show their platform is in use at more than 2,000 medical facilities and 8,000 industrial sites worldwide.

In late 2021 they closed a $400 million series E funding round and acquired a healthcare IoT security startup.

The company has posted revenue growth of 1,139% over the past three years.

5. Industry Cloud Platforms Grow In Popularity

Industry cloud platforms are those that bring together various cloud services in a way that’s designed to fit the needs of specified industries.

These are targeted solutions that provide composable building blocks like cloud services, applications, tools, and other offerings.

Because the solution is tailored to a certain vertical, organizations are able to focus on which tech capabilities matter most to their business.

This enables agility and reduced time to market for new business initiatives.

Businesses that have been operating on legacy solutions find industry clouds particularly appealing because migrating to traditional cloud services can be time-consuming and expensive.

The modular approach of the industry cloud is an easier transition that can more closely replicate their longstanding systems.

Deloitte estimates that there’s a $640 billion potential market for industry clouds.

Gartner reports that close to 40% of enterprises based in North America and Europe have started adopting an industry cloud and an additional 15% are currently in pilot programs. A final 15% are considering development by 2026.

They estimate that 50% of enterprises will be using industry clouds by 2027.

Industry cloud platforms are especially valuable for highly regulated industries like those in the financial sector.

For example, Goldman Sachs recently partnered with Amazon Web Services to launch a cloud-based solution for financial data and analytics .

In another example, ABB, Bosch, Honeywell, and other manufacturing leaders have partnered with Microsoft to create Microsoft Cloud for Manufacturing . It’s currently only available for preview.

microsoft-cloud-for-manufacturing-min...

In total, Microsoft offers five industry clouds.

In 2022, Cropin launched the first-ever industry cloud platform for agriculture enterprises.

It’s designed to be utilized by a variety of industry players like farming companies, food processing companies, seed companies, fertilizer manufacturers, and others.

So far, the company has raised more than $46 million in funding with backing from investors like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and CDC Group.

The company was also named to the list of 2022 Regional and Global AWS Partners of the Year .

That wraps up our list of the top networking trends impacting IT leaders and businesses in the next few years.

Companies that are already adapting to these changes are seeing business impacts related to cost-savings, innovation, and speed. With solutions tailored specifically to their industry, these organizations are able to utilize networking technology to its fullest potential.

Still, IT leaders have yet to get a handle on the critical security and complexity concerns regarding networks. These issues are set to see critical innovation in the years to come.

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Software-defined networking (SDN)

1. Expereo on tap for Carlsberg to deliver connectivity in 40 countries

The Carlsberg Group , the world’s third-largest brewer, has chosen intelligent internet company Expereo to manage its internet connectivity in 40 countries at 160 sites in support of its global digital transformation journey.

The SD-WAN/SASE and internet provider said it was selected to implement and manage a new internet underlay network to ensure “seamless” performance wherever Carlsberg employees, partners and customers are located.

2. Orange Business shifts towards digital, aims to transform SD-WAN

Orange Business has announced plans to transform from a business-to-business technology player to a network and digital integrator as it aims to “shift the dial” on digital for businesses.

The company said it was reacting to five major industry trends and would execute on four strategic priorities to achieve its ambitions. Orange Business also announced that it was teaming with VMware to deliver flexible software-defined wide area networking in Evolution Platform.

3. MPLS and SD-WAN fail to meet needs of modern enterprise

A sea change in networking that happens every 10 or 11 years saw the arrival of MPLS in 2000, and another inflection point in the industry is set to break existing edge technologies – not just MPLS, but also its roundly acknowledged evolution, SD-WAN, according to the 2023 state of network edge survey from Graphiant .

One of the survey’s key findings was that three years ago, enterprises saw enterprise connectivity as their major goal. Today, cloud connectivity and connecting to partners and customers have emerged as strong secondary goals. In three years, enterprises anticipate these three use cases will hold equal importance.

4. Aryaka expands SD-WAN, SASE offer to SMEs

Despite the increased popularity over the past three years of SD-WAN and subsequently SASE, thanks mainly to the large Covid-driven surge in hybrid working, the services have not yet seen great uptake in small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To address this, Aryaka is now tailoring its offerings for such an audience.

Aryaka believes SMEs face several challenges when it comes to networking and security, including limited budgets, a lack of skilled IT resources and a need for operational simplicity.

5. Carlsberg turns tap on massive global SASE deployment

The Carlsberg Group is the world’s third largest brewer, but having cheered massive growth and reach, the company is suffering the hangover of a legacy network, leading to security risks and application disruptions. To address these issues, the company has turned to Cato Networks for a single-supplier SASE deployment .

The new SASE setup gives Carlsberg one platform and one security policy worldwide, protecting all edges – sites with SD-WAN devices, the cloud with native cloud connectivity, and mobile users running the Cato Client.

6. Orange juices JDE expansion with SD-WAN

Coffee company Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE) has deployed an Orange Business Services secure end-to-end connectivity offering for more than 120 locations worldwide, based on flexible SD-WAN technology.

As it carries on with its global mission, JDE said it wanted a highly scalable infrastructure that could fulfil both its bespoke requirements and growing business demands into the future. Flexible SD-WAN is said to have already demonstrated its value early on by supporting JDE’s merger and acquisition activities following its recently acquired company in the Asia-Pacific region.

7. Netskope claims hybrid work ‘revolution’ with SASE and SD-WAN

Arguing that as organisations apply modern application management to meet the demands of hybrid work, they often battle poor user experience, inconsistent policy, insufficient security and the limitations of legacy network solutions, Netskope has launched software to provide secure, optimised access to endpoint devices from anywhere.

The Netskope Endpoint SD-WAN will be based on what the company says is the industry’s first software-based unified SASE client, converging SD-WAN and security service edge capabilities so organisations can reduce cost and complexity, simplify connectivity, eliminate the sprawl of multiple clients and point products, and preserve network performance at any scale.

8. Hybrid flexibility the leading driver underpinning successful work experiences

Three years after Covid-19 changed the shape of working life, firms are implementing more structured approaches to work. But while 90% of businesses see the enablement of hybrid and remote work as having a positive impact on their bottom line, less than half believe their employees have access to the technology they need to work well both at home and in the office, according to a study from NTT.

NTT found that approximately 56% of hybrid workers spend half the working week at the office. Yet with hybrid work models still favourable and recognised by the majority of business leaders as fundamental to positive employee experiences, the study warned that businesses need to ensure they are providing staff with the technologies they need to work effectively, regardless of location.

9. Nimo Planet completes spatial computing system for hybrid work

Spatial computer technology provider Nimo Planet has unveiled new platforms that it believes will create a spatial computer for productivity, enabling people to work across multiple screens in a virtual workspace.

The Nimo Operating System (Nimo OS) and Nimo Core compact computer, along with the existing Nimo Glass, now complete the company’s portable spatial computing system, combining to bring what the company claims will be a personalised, multi-screen expansive workspace experience for hybrid workforces .

10. AI to drive Zoom to new levels in 2024

Noting that “great teams do everything together”, Zoom Video Communications has plotted a course for the early part of 2024, aiming to take advantage of investments in AI-based customer experience technologies and services to continue its stated mission to redraw the modern hybrid workspace and give back to businesses one of their most valuable commodities: time.

Given that it was on the verge of a key enhancement of its offer in a matter of months, Zoom said a fundamental aspect of its approach going forward would be to address the issue that a lot of hybrid workers still don’t feel the technologies are working on their behalf.

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Research Report: 2023 State of Enterprise Networking Research Report: 2023 State of Enterprise Networking

Networking leaders have overcome many of the challenges they faced during the pandemic. But they remain cautious about the future as concerns about economic uncertainty grow.

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The network trends to watch in 2023 & beyond

5G has provided a solid foundation for the future features, standards & procedures of networks to come. From new markets to enhanced digital features & services, the future of networks is an expanding horizon of opportunities.

Luc-Yves Pagal, Product Marketing Director of E2E Solutions

Amdocs Networks

19 Dec 2022

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Upon reflection of the strides made in connectivity in 2022, we look ahead to the upcoming industry trends in 2023.

A Bird’s Eye View on 2023 Network Trends

As the end of the year approaches, it is customary to attempt tech-related predictions as accurately as Nostradamus! While such exercises can be amusing and intriguing, they can cause problems in uncertain times if such “expert” predictions are used to guide market trends and facilitate enterprises’ preparedness for evolving market conditions.

Despite market uncertainties stemming from the looming recession, supply issues, and war, telecom market executives and specialists must continue to focus their efforts on controlling costs, accelerating digital transformation, and raising market competitiveness.

Let’s peek into the most compelling network trends:

Disaggregated Networks
Network Exposure
Multi-Cloud Strategy
Data Analytics Functions
Network Slicing

The Promises of Disaggregated Networks

Non-monolithic, disaggregated networks have been promised in the industry since the inception of SDN/NFV. What has been achieved?

NFV's hardware-software separation influenced Network Functions Disaggregation. Avoiding hardware dependence and single-vendor hardware and software lock-in was the goal. NFV was never fully implemented; instead, a greater emphasis was placed on disaggregated functions consisting of networking cloud-native software, also known as NoS (Network Operating System), operating on conventional white-box hardware.

domains gradual evolution to cloud native

Network disaggregation eliminates the hardware-centric chassis and adopts a network cloud approach to simplify network operations. Disaggregated functions, unlike NFV, leverage cloud-native principles and are completely integrated into an OSS/BSS to minimize operational and administrative expenses and enhance service innovation by cross-selling services from different service domains.

Disaggregated networks have progressed rather slowly and have not yet turned into the overwhelming wave that was promised. There are several specific applications, including Open RAN, underlay networking with MPLS functionalities, overlay networking with SD-WAN or SR-VPN and Universal CPE.

The Elusiveness of Network Exposure

Telcos/MNOs and Enterprises intend to expand their operations or business boundaries by leveraging hyperscalers' ecosystems and establishing extended reach and footprint. How they expose their capabilities remains an elusive question.

How can collaborative organizations distribute their services and capabilities securely? Amdocs 5G Value Plane's NEF (Network Exposure Function) with additional complimentary exposure capabilities has consolidated interests and questions in a rapidly evolving 5G age.

Exposure can take numerous forms, including NaaS (Network as a Service) and NaaP (Network as a Platform). For years, operators collaborated using NNIs (Network-to-Network Interfaces) for networking/connectivity services and reciprocal enrichment – but in the 5G and beyond 5G era this collaboration must be taken to the next level.

NaaP (Network as a Platform) is a novel idea, that expands NaaS beyond connectivity. In a disaggregated and automated operator world, a CSP/MNO or MVNO has a set of capabilities (networking, mobility, apps, services, etc.) that can be shuffled, categorized, and made accessible via APIs. Network Slicing and Network Slicing as a Service are credible NaaP examples.

Extended Reach with a Multi-Cloud Networks Strategy

Congratulations if your firm is exploring a multi-cloud strategy as you read this page. It indicates your OSS/BSS infrastructure is optimized to include multi-cloud implementation and configuration management with Terraform/CloudFormation. Your cloud-native strategy has advanced so much that your hybrid cloud vision can be driven by a unified IT solution.

Main benefits:

Leverage multiple cloud providers for computing resources to reduce downtime and data loss
Expand business reach to tap into new business horizons while managing cloud costs
Avoid vendor lock-in and manage the risks of a sole cloud partner.

Main challenges:

Hire and retain employees who understand cloud service providers' infrastructures and specifications
Manage apps security for data and access permission and exposure strategy
Operational management and administrative responsibilities will grow more complex as every cloud provider uses different tools.

The Role of Data Analytics Functions in Tomorrow’s Network

3GPP defines 5G, Network Slicing, MDAF, and NWDAF data analytics functionalities. E2E service orchestration and zero-touch networks use AI/ML data analytics. Data intelligence models should monitor and observe network/service infrastructure. These actions produce performance, gap, and forecast analytics data.

OSS/BSS service layers offer the end-to-end network capabilities needed to build tomorrow’s networks and services, including network slicing, service monitoring, and zero-touch automation. Data Analytics sub-functions are required to support this vision with use cases such as AI/ML fueled anomaly detection , cross-domain correlation , root-cause , and OSS/BSS integrated remediation .

Data analytics is enabling telecom networks to self-heal without human involvement.

The Dream of Network Slicing

Network slicing involves turning a mobile service infrastructure into a network with logical divisions called Network Slice Subnet Instances (NSSI) for each operational domain (RAN, Transport, 5G Core, and even hyperscalers), stitching them together to create a Network Slice Instance (NSI), which is intuitive yet complex to implement.

The result is the ability to transition from a one-size-fits-all network to tailored, high-performance, low-latency network slices.

5G and Network Slicing are B2B and B2B2X-oriented. Thus, market velocity and exposure make Network Slicing as a Service (NSaaS) a commercial need. NSaaS naturally uses all features covered in this 2023 network trends blog:

E2E Service Orchestration for cross-domain resources allocation and Network Slice instantiation
Data Analytics Function fueled by AI/ML for cross-domain monitoring and observability
Network & service exposure capabilities combining several API standards and 5G NEF capability
Fully integrated OSS/BSS functions to flexibly establish and adjust chargeable events and align the service billing

The subsequent phase of slicing will necessitate the support of cross-operator services, which will increase the demand for exposure, analytics, and automation, as defined by MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Networks).

A final word about 2023 network trends

These network trends for 2023 and beyond offer a lot to ponder. Vendors have typically been slow to implement cloud-native principles, but more advances are expected that will simplify operations across service domains and improve end-user experience.

NaaS is already mainstream, but NaaS and NaaP models will certainly expand in 2023. AI/ML will improve observability and automation for B2B and B2B2X businesses to reduce costs accelerate service fulfillment and enhance management efficiency.

Let’s see how 2023 unfolds …

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IETF 120 post-meeting survey

IETF 120 Vancouver was held 20-26 July 2024 and the results of the post-meeting survey are now available on a web-based interactive dashboard.

Jay Daley IETF Executive Director

IETF Administration LLC 2023 Annual Financial Audit

IETF Administration LLC Board of Directors received from external auditors the report of a clean result for its 2023 annual financial statement.

Suggested IETF 120 Sessions for Getting Familiar with New Topics

These IETF 120 meeting sessions are likely to include discussions and proposals that are accessible to a broad range of Internet technologists whether they are new to the IETF or long-time participants.

IETF Administration LLC Board of Directors Succession Planning Update

As part of its recent annual strategic planning retreat, and anticipating the departure next year of several original members currently serving in the roles of Board Chair and Treasurer, the IETF Administration LLC Board established a formal transition plan to ensure a smooth succession.

Jason Livingood IETF Administration LLC Board Chair

Key IETF service outages on 20 June during transition to new infrastructure

The transition of IETF Datatracker and related services to a new cloud infrastructure is now complete and all affected services are available. Affected services were unavailable from 1800 UTC until approximately 2000 UTC on Thursday 20 June 2024.

Robert Sparks IETF Tools Project Manager

Filter by topic and date

Applied networking research workshop 2023 review.

Maria Apostolaki ANRW Program co-chair
Francis Yan ANRW Program co-chair

16 Aug 2023

More than 250 participants gathered online and in person for ANRW 2023, the academic workshop that provides a forum for researchers, vendors, network operators, and the Internet standards community to present and discuss emerging results in applied networking research.

The 2023 ACM / IRTF Applied Networking Research Workshop ( ANRW ’23 ) was co-located with the IETF 117 meeting in San Francisco on 24 July 2023. The program included novel research work taking inspiration from topics and open problems discussed in the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ), along with a keynote presentation, a panel, and some spirited discussions.

The workshop received 21 paper submissions of which 11 were accepted for presentation at the workshop and publication in the ACM Digital Library. The accepted papers were on topics as diverse as programmable network infrastructure, mapping Ukrainian refugees using Internet measurements, and new opportunities for security and privacy research with potential impacts on the IETF.

All the presentations, including the keynote by Philip Levis (Stanford) on “ It's the End of DRAM As We Know It ”, and the panel discussion with Lixia Zhang (UCLA), Christopher A. Wood (Cloudflare) and Jörg Ott (Technical University of Munich) on “ What do we want the Internet to look like in 20 years? ”, sparked engaged and interesting discussions among the participants.

Prof. Philip Levis keynote presentation at ANRW 2023

Thanks to Akamai and Comcast for sponsoring student travel grants to attend the workshop, and to Netflix for supporting diversity travel grants to bring under-represented groups to IRTF events, including ANRW, we were able to bring a significant number of new participants to the meeting.

If you missed ANRW ’23, the proceedings , a video playlist and the workshop program with links to speaker slides are available.

Finally, it’s not too early to start thinking about next year’s workshop, ANRW ’24 , which will take place at the Hyatt Regency Vancouver, co-locating with the IETF 120 meeting scheduled for 20-26 July 2024. ANRW '24 is chaired by Simone Ferlin and Ignacio Castro – keep an eye out for the call for papers in the coming months.

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Computer Networking Dissertation Topics

Published by Carmen Troy at January 5th, 2023 , Revised On May 16, 2024

A dissertation is an essential aspect of completing your degree program. Whether you are pursuing your master’s or are enrolled in a PhD program, you will not be awarded a degree without successfully submitting a thesis. To ensure that your thesis is submitted successfully without any hindrances, you should first get your topic and dissertation outline approved by your professor. When approving, supervisors focus on a lot of aspects.

However, relevance, recency, and conciseness play a huge role in accepting or rejecting your topic.

As a computer networking student, you have a variety of networking topics to choose from. With the field evolving with each passing day, you must ensure that your thesis covers recent computer networking topics and explores a relevant problem or issue. To help you choose the right topic for your dissertation, here is a list of recent and relevant computer networking dissertation topics.

List Of Trending Ideas For Your Computer Networking Dissertation

Machine learning for proactive network anomaly detection
The role of software-defined-networking (SDN) for network performance and security
Applications and challenges of 6G technologies
How to ensure fairness and efficiency in Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks in the Age of Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
Applications and rise of Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)
Efficient Resource Allocation and Quality-of-Service (QoS) Management
Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Network Management
The best ways to use Blockchain for Tamper-Proof Evidence Collection and Storage
Role of Network Operators in Cloud Gaming

Computer Networking Dissertation Topics For Your Research

Topic 1: an evaluation of the network security during machine to machine communication in iot.

Research Aim: The research aims to evaluate the network security issues associated with M2M communication in IoT.

Objectives:

To evaluate the factors affecting the network security of IoT devices.
To determine the methods for increasing data integrity in M2M communication against physical tampering and unauthorised monitoring.
To evaluate the network security issues associated with M2M communication in IoT and offer suitable recommendations for improvement.

Topic 2: An analysis of the cybersecurity challenges in public clouds and appropriate intrusion detection mechanisms.

Research Aim: The aim of the research is to analyse the cybersecurity challenges in public clouds and the appropriate intrusion detection mechanisms.

Objectives:

To analyse the types of cybersecurity threats impacting public clouds.
To determine some of the competent intrusion detection techniques that can be used in cloud computing.
To investigate the cybersecurity challenges in public clouds and offer mitigating with appropriate intrusion detection techniques.

Topic 3: Investigating the impact of SaaS cloud ERP on the scalability and cost-effectiveness of business.

Research Aim: The research aims to investigate the impact of SaaS cloud ERP on the scalability and cost-effectiveness of business.

To analyse the benefits of SaaS ERP over traditional ERP.
To evaluate the characteristics of SaaS architecture in cloud computing and determine its varieties.
To investigate how SaaS cloud ERP impacts business scalability and cost-effectiveness.

Topic 4: An evaluation of the requirements of cloud repatriation and the challenges associated with it.

Research Aim: The research aims to evaluate the requirements of cloud repatriation in organisations and the associated challenges

To analyse the key factors of cloud repatriation.
To determine the challenges associated with cloud repatriation from public clouds.
To evaluate the need for cloud repatriation in organisations and the associated complexities

Topic 5: An examination of the security mechanisms in decentralised networks and the ways of enhancing system robustness

Research Aim: The research aims to investigate the security mechanisms in decentralised networks and the ways of enhancing system robustness.

To analyse the concept of decentralised networks and understand their difference from centralised networks.
To analyse the security mechanisms in decentralised networks to determine how it offers visibility and traceability.
To investigate the security mechanisms in decentralised networks and how system robustness can be increased for better privacy and security.

Latest Computer Networking Dissertation Topics

Exploring the importance of computer networking in today’s era.

Research Aim: Even though computer networking has been practised for a few years now, its importance has increased immensely over the past two years. A few main reasons include the use of technology by almost every business and the aim to offer customers an easy and convenient shopping experience. The main aim of this research will be to explain the concepts of computer networking, its benefits, and its importance in the current era. The research will also discuss how computer networking has helped businesses and individuals perform their work and benefit from it. The research will then specifically state examples where computer networking has brought positive changes and helped people achieve what they want.

Wireless Networks in Business Settings – An Analysis

Research Aim: Wireless networks are crucial in computer networking. They help build networks seamlessly, and once the networks are set up on a wireless network, it becomes extremely easy for the business to perform its daily activities. This research will investigate all about wireless networks in a business setting. It will first introduce the various wireless networks that can be utilised by a business and will then talk about how these networks help companies build their workflow around them. The study will analyse different wireless networks used by businesses and will conclude how beneficial they are and how they are helping the business.

Understanding Virtual Private Networks – A Deep Analysis of Their Challenges

Research Aim: Private virtual networks (VPN) are extremely common today. These are used by businesses and individuals alike. This research aims to understand how these networks operate and how they help businesses build strong and successful systems and address the challenges of VPNs. A lot of businesses do not adopt virtual private networks due to the challenges that they bring. This research will address these challenges in a way that will help businesses implement VPNs successfully.

A Survey of the Application of Wireless Sensor Networks

Research Aim: Wireless sensor networks are self-configured, infrastructure-less wireless networks to pass data. These networks are now extremely popular amongst businesses because they can solve problems in various application domains and possess the capacity to change the way work is done. This research will investigate where wireless sensor networks are implemented, how they are being used, and how they are performing. The research will also investigate how businesses implement these systems and consider factors when utilising these wireless sensor networks.

Computer Network Security Attacks – Systems and Methods to Respond

Research Aim: With the advent of technology today, computer networks are extremely prone to security attacks. A lot of networks have security systems in place. However, people with nefarious intent find one way to intrude and steal data/information. This research will address major security attacks that have impacted businesses and will aim to address this challenge. Various methods and systems will be highlighted to protect the computer networks. In addition to this, the research will also discuss various methods to respond to attacks and to keep the business network protected.

Preventing a Cyberattack – How Can You Build a Powerful Computer Network?

Research Aim: Cyberattacks are extremely common these days. No matter how powerful your network is, you might be a victim of phishing or hacking. The main aim of this research will be to outline how a powerful computer network can be built. Various methods to build a safe computer network that can keep data and information will be outlined, and the study will also highlight ways to prevent a cyberattack. In addition to this, the research will talk about the steps that should be taken to keep the computer network safe. The research will conclude with the best way and system to build a powerful and safe computer network.

Types of Computer Networks: A Comparison and Analysis

Research Aim: There are different types of computer networks, including LAN, WAN, PAN, MAN, CAN, SAN, etc. This research will discuss all the various types of computer networks to help readers understand how all these networks work. The study will then compare the different types of networks and analyse how each of them is implemented in different settings. The dissertation will also discuss the type of computer networks that businesses should use and how they can use them for their success. The study will then conclude which computer network is the best and how it can benefit when implemented.

Detecting Computer Network Attacks by Signatures and Fast Content Analysis

Research Aim: With technological advancement, today, many computer network attacks can be detected beforehand. While many techniques are utilised for detecting these attacks, the use of signatures and fast content analysis are the most popular ones. This research will explore these techniques in detail and help understand how they can detect a computer network attack and prevent it. The research will present different ways these techniques are utilised to detect an attack and help build powerful and safe computer networks. The research will then conclude how helpful these two techniques are and whether businesses should implement them.

Overview of Wireless Network Technologies and their Role in Healthcare

Research Aim: Wireless network technologies are utilised by several industries. Their uses and benefits have helped businesses resolve many business problems and assisted them in conducting their daily activities without any hindrance. This networking topic will help explore how wireless network technologies work and will talk about their benefits. This research aims to find out how wireless technologies help businesses carry out their daily routine tasks effortlessly. For this research, the focus will be on the healthcare industry. The study will investigate how wireless network technology has helped the healthcare sector and how it has benefited them to perform their daily tasks without much effort.

Setting up a Business Communication System over a Computer Network

Research Aim: Communication is an essential aspect of every business. Employees need to communicate effectively to keep the business going. In the absence of effective communication, businesses suffer a lot as the departments are not synchronised, and the operations are haphazard. This research will explore the different ways through which network technologies help conduct smooth and effective communication within organisations. This research will conclude how wireless networks have helped businesses build effective communication systems within their organisation and how they have benefited from it. It will then conclude how businesses have improved and solved major business problems with the help of these systems.

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To find computer networking dissertation topics:

Follow industry news and emerging technologies.
Investigate unresolved networking challenges.
Review recent research papers.
Explore IoT, cybersecurity , and cloud computing.
Consider real-world applications.
Select a topic aligned with your expertise and career aspirations.

Important Dates

Paper submission deadline	19 May 2023 (11:59pm AoE)
Paper notification deadline	5 June 2023
Camera-ready paper deadline	30 June 2023
Registration opens	8 May 2023
Travel grants application deadline	22 May 2023
Travel grants notification deadline	29 May 2023

Supporters and Sponsors

The ANRW ’23 received financial support from these organizations:

Please contact the Steering Committee if you are interested in supporting the ANRW ’23. Funds are used to offset the fixed costs of the event and subsidize student attendance.

The ANRW workshop series is sponsored by the following organizations:

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COMM: ACM SIGCOMM

Go to Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks

November 2023

Association for Computing Machinery
United States

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Proceeding Downloads

Of apples and oranges: fair comparisons in heterogenous systems evaluation.

Accelerators, such as GPUs, SmartNICs and FPGAs, are common components of research systems today. This paper focuses on the question of how to fairly compare these systems. This is challenging because it requires comparing systems that use different ...

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Physical Deployability Matters

While many network research papers address issues of deployability, with a few exceptions, this has been limited to protocol compatibility or switch-resource constraints, such as flow table sizes. We argue that good network designs must also consider ...

A Case Against CXL Memory Pooling

Compute Express Link (CXL) is a replacement for PCIe. With much lower latency than PCIe and hardware support for cache coherence, programs can efficiently access remote memory over CXL. These capabilities have opened the possibility of CXL memory pools ...

Logical Memory Pools: Flexible and Local Disaggregated Memory

We propose logical memory pools, a memory disaggregation architecture for the emerging Compute Express Link (CXL) technology in datacenters. The key idea is to create a memory pool by carving out parts of the local memory in each server, rather than ...

Towards Interactive Research Agents for Internet Incident Investigation

Investigating Internet incidents involves significant human effort and is limited by the domain knowledge of network researchers and operators. In this paper, we propose to develop computational software agents based on emerging language models (e.g., ...

PROSPER: Extracting Protocol Specifications Using Large Language Models

We explore the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) (specifically GPT-3.5-turbo) to extract specifications and automating understanding of networking protocols from Internet Request for Comments (RFC) documents. LLMs have proven successful in ...

Towards Integrating Formal Methods into ML-Based Systems for Networking

Owing to its adaptability and scalability, Machine Learning (ML) has gained significant momentum in the networking community. Yet, ML models can still produce outputs that contradict knowledge, i.e., established networking rules and principles. On the ...

Toward Reproducing Network Research Results Using Large Language Models

Reproducing research results is important for the networking community. The current best practice typically resorts to: (1) looking for publicly available prototypes; (2) contacting the authors to get a private prototype; or (3) manually implementing a ...

Caching and Neutrality

We are used to defining network neutrality as absence of traffic differentiation, like policing or shaping. These mechanisms, however, are often not what determines end-users' quality of experience (QoE). Most content today is accessed through edge ...

The Central Problem with Distributed Content: Common CDN Deployments Centralize Traffic In A Risky Way

Google, Netflix, Meta, and Akamai serve content to users from offnet servers in thousands of ISPs. These offnets benefit both services and ISPs, via better performance and reduced interdomain and WAN traffic. We argue that this widespread distribution ...

Where on Earth is the Spatial Name System?

The existing Internet architecture lacks support for naming locations and resolving them to the myriad addressing mechanisms we use beyond IP. We propose the Spatial Name System (SNS) that allows for the assignment of hierarchical location-based names ...

Application Defined Networks

With the rise of microservices, the execution environment of many cloud applications has become a set of virtual machines or containers connected by a flexible and feature-rich virtual network. We argue that the implementation of such virtual networks ...

Simplifying Cloud Management with Cloudless Computing

Cloud computing has transformed the IT industry, but managing cloud infrastructures remains a difficult task. We make a case for putting today's management practices, known as "Infrastructure-as-Code," on a firmer ground via a principled design. We call ...

Internet Science Moonshot: Expanding BGP Data Horizons

Dramatic growth in Internet connectivity poses a challenge for the resource-constrained data collection efforts that support scientific and operational analysis of interdomain routing. Inspired by tradeoffs made in other disciplines, we explore a ...

Don't Forget the User: It's Time to Rethink Network Measurements

Network measurement has long focused on the bits and bytes --- low-level network metrics such as latency and throughput, which have the advantage of being objective and directly characterizing the performance of the network. We argue that users provide ...

Learning a QoE Metric from Social Media and Gaming Footage

Defining a universal metric for Quality of Experience (QoE) is notoriously hard due to the complex relationship between low-level performance metrics and user satisfaction. The most common metric, the Mean Opinion Score (MOS), has well-known biases and ...

Datacenter Network Deserves Better Traffic Models

Traffic modeling of Datacenter Network (DCN) today is over-simplified, deviating from the ground truth. Adopted by numerous researchers, the common practice relies on the assumptions of traffic homogeneity and independence for ease of use. Based on our ...

Generative, High-Fidelity Network Traces

Recently, much attention has been devoted to the development of generative network traces and their potential use in supplementing real-world data for a variety of data-driven networking tasks. Yet, the utility of existing synthetic traffic approaches ...

Boosting Application Performance using Heterogeneous Virtual Channels: Challenges and Opportunities

Interactive networked applications require high throughput, low latency, and high reliability from the network to provide a seamless user experience. While meeting these three requirements simultaneously is difficult, there has been an emergence of ...

Enriching Telepresence with Semantic-driven Holographic Communication

Achieving the optimal balance of minimizing bandwidth consumption and end-to-end latency while preserving a satisfactory level of visual quality becomes the ultimate goal of live, interactive holographic communication, a fundamental building block of ...

Automatic Calibration in Crowd-sourced Network of Spectrum Sensors

Spectrum monitoring is vital for optimizing wireless spectrum usage, minimizing interference, and ensuring efficient communication systems. In large-scale monitoring systems, the issue of trust in sensor data becomes critical. Separate from the issue of ...

Cosmic Backscatter: New Ways to Communicate via Modulated Noise

New methods of passive wireless communication are presented where no RF carrier is needed. Instead, data is wirelessly transmitted by modulating noise sources, from those found in electronic components to extraterrestrial noise sources. Any pair of ...

Adapting Foundation Models for Operator Data Analytics

The complexity of operator networks and myriad of specialized metrics produced by network function providers present a formidable challenge in retrieving and analyzing operator data, a vital component for network operations. This necessitates specialist ...

A Holistic View of AI-driven Network Incident Management

We discuss the potential improvement large language models (LLM) can provide in incident management and how they can overhaul the ways operators conduct incident management today. We propose a holistic framework for building an AI helper for incident ...

What do LLMs need to Synthesize Correct Router Configurations?

We investigate whether Large Language Models (e.g., GPT-4) can synthesize correct router configurations with reduced manual effort. We find GPT-4 works very badly by itself, producing promising draft configurations but with egregious errors in topology, ...

Enhancing Network Management Using Code Generated by Large Language Models

Analyzing network topologies and communication graphs is essential in modern network management. However, the lack of a cohesive approach results in a steep learning curve, increased errors, and inefficiencies. In this paper, we present a novel approach ...

Slowdown as a Metric for Congestion Control Fairness

The conventional definition of fairness in congestion control is flow rate fairness. However, Internet users typically care about flow completion times (FCTs) and flow rate fairness does not lead to equitable FCTs for different users. Therefore, we ...

Harnessing ML For Network Protocol Assessment: A Congestion Control Use Case

In this paper, our primary objective is to showcase that the application of machine learning techniques extends beyond network protocol design. We aim to demonstrate that performance assessment of network protocols, a vital aspect of improving network ...

Green With Envy: Unfair Congestion Control Algorithms Can Be More Energy Efficient

Despite 40 years of active research on congestion control, there has been little or no consideration of how it impacts the energy usage of end-hosts or networking equipment. Particularly with the burgeoning energy consumption of data centers and wide-...

How I Learned to Stop Worrying About CCA Contention

This paper asks whether inter-flow contention between congestion control algorithms (CCAs) is a dominant factor in determining a flow's bandwidth allocation in today's Internet. We hypothesize that CCA contention typically does not determine a flow's ...

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Cikm '13: proceedings of the 22nd acm international conference on information & knowledge management, hotwireless '14: proceedings of the 1st acm workshop on hot topics in wireless, hotnets-ix: proceedings of the 9th acm sigcomm workshop on hot topics in networks, acceptance rates.

Year	Submitted	Accepted	Rate
	124	28	23%
	108	30	28%
	118	26	22%
	110	26	24%
Overall	460	110	24%

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A Look Back at 2023: A Year of Something Something Networking A Look Back at 2023: A Year of Something Something Networking

Based on happenings last year, it's a good time to be in the networking space. We're on the cusp of seeing a lot of innovation and exciting new capabilities become part of both multi-cloud and microservices networking.

January 2, 2024

A Look Back at 2023: A Year of Something Something Networking

It’s that time of year when we all start to wax nostalgic and consider our triumphs and trials of the past year in preparation for making resolutions we’ll discard the moment they become inconvenient. Which for me means about 2.5 ms after they pop into my head.

It's also the time of year when I look back on the trends and technologies that are driving (rapid) change in the world of app delivery and security and consider carefully what the next year is likely to bring.

To help me, I’ve got oodles of data from tracking market activities over the past year, as well as the first set of responses from our annual research . And, as if the stars are aligning, everything is pointing to a banner year for “something something networking.”

That means multi-cloud networking and microservices networking.

Though they sound very similar, they are solving two different sets of challenges.

Multi-cloud networking focuses on network latency, data transfer costs between clouds, security policies across different cloud providers, and the ability to scale resources seamlessly across clouds. It’s the underlayment for supercloud and one of the best answers right now to the problems caused by multi-cloud complexity.

Microservices networking focuses on challenges like service discovery (finding where services are located), load balancing requests between microservices, handling failures and retries, and ensuring communication security within the microservices ecosystem. Interestingly, multi-cloud networking often takes advantage of microservices networking – and the innate portability of containers – to deliver workable solutions to the market.

Now, over the course of 2023, I've seen the balance of enterprise app portfolios shift from primarily traditional apps (client-server, monoliths, web apps) to modern apps (microservices and mobile apps with lots of APIs to support both). I've watched as eBPF has risen to the fore and been incorporated into microservices networking to provide a foundation for both observability and security in cloud-native environments. We’ve seen the first iteration of the Gateway API appear, ready to take over from ingress control to answer the challenges of scaling microservices while addressing the need for reliability.

And, of course, who could forget the rise of Generative AI, which serves as an accelerant on the already burning fire that is microservices and APIs? If you haven't noticed, most AI-based apps use APIs to talk to LLMs, which are really big clusters of microservices. Add in emerging augmentation techniques that rely heavily on traditional data sources, and you’ve got a recipe for an explosion of APIs and microservices in 2024. Yes, more networking will be required.

But that’s not all. We’re seeing strong indications in the data that a significant portion of LLMs (AI models, in general) will be deployed in the public cloud as well as in core data centers (on-premises). That's pushing multi-cloud networking to the fore and driving adjacent practices like FinOps into the cloud domain to help organizations determine the "best cloud" for workloads based on cost efficiencies.

The thing is, without multi-cloud networking, it's hard to deploy those workloads – let alone move them – based on costs. The cost of compute associated with traditional and generative AI is a serious concern, we’re learning, and that concern will drive the inclusion of cost-based controls into multi-cloud networking in 2024 and beyond.

All this means that when I look at the data and see “something something networking ” are among the top three most exciting technologies, I’m not all that surprised. Moving files around a local network required advances in networking. Deploying apps in the public cloud required advances in networking. Apps integrating with AI services will require even more advances in networking.

In other words, it's a good time to be in the networking space because we're on the cusp of seeing a lot of innovation and exciting new capabilities become part of both multi-cloud and microservices networking.

Yes, networking is cool again, my friends.

Until the new year, stay safe, enjoy the holidays, and raise your glass to the return of networking to center stage in 2024.

How Data Center Infrastructures Must Change to Support AI

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About the Author

Lori MacVittie

Principal Technical Evangelist, Office of the CTO at F5 Networks

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11 computer networking conferences in 2023

Conferences are the best place to learn about the cutting edge and networks with other professionals..

Ben Lutkevich, Site Editor

Each year, business leaders, practitioners and academics gather at conferences to discuss trends and learn about new technology with thousands of like-minded people.

Conferences provide essential new information about the field from the pros who work in it. Anyone involved with the nuts and bolts of computer networks should attend to share information on the latest technologies or their unique experiences maintaining it.

Check out these 11 conferences throughout 2023 to learn the latest in computer networking.

1. Data Center World

When: May 8-11 Where: Austin, Texas Cost: $199-$3,299 Where to register: https://datacenterworld.com

Data Center World is an IT infrastructure conference for innovators, technology business leaders and data center professionals to share expert strategy and insight into data center planning, management and optimization. Technologies covered include edge computing, colocation, hyperscale and predictive analytics. Specific tracks for 2023 include the following:

Colocation, hyperscale and cloud innovation.
Design, build, operate and control.
Emerging IT and data center technologies.
Sustainability and mission-critical facilities management.

Speakers at the conference include the following:

Nancy Novak, chief innovation officer at Compass Datacenters.
Jaden Richardson, critical facility engineer at Meta.
Jemma Robertson, engineering incident management team lead at Bloomberg.

2. Red Hat Summit

When: May 23-25 Where: Boston Cost: $1,099-$1,799 Where to register: https://www.redhat.com/en/summit

The event includes keynotes from industry luminaries, technical workshops, demos and networking opportunities. It also serves as a platform for learning and staying current on the newest technologies from Red Hat and its partners. Specifically, it focuses on innovation around Linux, OpenShift, Ansible, Kubernetes and other open source networking technology. The event can be attended virtually or in person. Some of the sessions in 2023 are the following:

"Innovation doesn't rely on your IT budget."
"Use Kepler to measure container energy consumption ."
"Automating the cloud-native enterprise with Dynatrace and Red Hat."

Notable speakers at the conference include the following:

Ty Lim, manager of site reliability engineering at Blue Shield of California.
Olivia Peavler, customer success executive at Red Hat.
Jonny Williams, agile delivery lead at Red Hat.

3. Cisco Live

When: June 4-8 Where: Las Vegas and virtual Cost: In person: $775-$3,395; Virtual: free Where to register: https://www.ciscolive.com/global.html

Cisco Live Is Cisco Systems ' annual conference that brings together networking professionals and industry leaders to discuss networking technology. Some topics covered at the conference are network management, enterprise mobility, enterprise architecture, network security and DevOps. Session formats include walk-in labs, breakout sessions and general sessions. Specific sessions at this year's conference include the following:

"-40 degree Industrial Networking: Where Enterprise Products Fear to Go."
"18 facets of the OpenAPI standard."
"Advanced SD-WAN Policies Troubleshooting."
"AI/ML for Network Engineers."

Notable speakers at the event include the following:

Liz Centoni, executive vice president, chief strategy officer and general manager of applications at Cisco.
Jeetu Patel, executive vice president and general manager of security and collaboration at Cisco.
Chuck Robbins, chair and CEO at Cisco.

4. SharkFest

When: June 10-15 Where: San Diego Cost: $595-$2,585 Where to register: https://sharkfest.wireshark.org/sfus

SharkFest is focused on sharing experiences, knowledge and best practices in the Wireshark development community. Wireshark is a widely used network analysis tool. Attendees will get to network with developers and learn the latest applications of the tool. Topics that will be covered include the following:

"Capturing Packets in a Kubernetes Container System."
"More Mileage from Your Tools: Problem Isolation with TLS & TCP."
" Log4Shell : Getting to know your adversaries."

5. NANOG 88

When: June 12-14 Where: Seattle Cost: In person: $775-$1,100; Virtual and student: $100 Where to register: https://www.nanog.org/events/nanog-88/

The North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) is a professional association that focuses on internet engineering, architecture and operations. It is committed to maintaining a secure and open internet through its platform. NANOG 88 is the association's 88th community-wide gathering. The event features keynotes, hackathons and classes. The agenda and speakers have not yet been announced.

6. IEEE Edge

When: July 2-8

Where: Chicago

Where to register: https://conferences.computer.org/edge/2023

This hybrid conference is geared toward edge computing researchers and industry practitioners to share the latest advancements in the field, experiences and best practices for working in edge computing. It is hosted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Agenda and speakers have not yet been announced.

When: July 24-27 Where: Honolulu Cost: TBA Where to register: http://www.icccn.org/icccn23/

The International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN) is one of the top conferences for sharing novel advances and ideas in the field of computer communications and networks. There are variety of technical tracks at the conference, including the following:

Infrastructure Networking Technologies.
Network Architecture, Algorithm, Protocol and Evaluation.
Edge and Cloud Computing.
Mobile Applications and Sensing.
Security, Privacy and Trust.

8. VMware Explore

When: Aug. 21-24 Where: Las Vegas Cost: TBA Where to register: https://www.vmware.com/explore/us.html

VMWare Explore is a place for practitioners and business leaders to learn about migration to multi-cloud IT environments. The conference features several learning tracks, including the following:

Cloud & Edge Infrastructure.
Networking & Security.
Modern Applications & Cloud Management.
Hybrid Workforce.
Vision & Innovation.

Session recordings from past VMworld conferences are posted in VMware's video library.

When: Sept. 25-29 Where: Boston Cost: TBA Where to register: https://conferences.computer.org/IC2E/2023/

At the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), researchers, practitioners and experts at different levels of the cloud stack, such as systems, storage, databases and applications, can exchange ideas about engineering principles and practical experiences. There will be presentations, workshops and tutorials at the conference. Topics covered will include cloud management, applications, cloud systems, edge computing and blockchain in support of cloud services.

10. IEEE LCN

When: Oct. 2-5 Where: Daytona Beach, Fla. Cost: TBA Where to register: https://www.ieeelcn.org

The Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN) is an annual academic conference organized by IEEE. Agenda and speakers have not yet been announced.

11. Gartner IT Infrastructure, Operations & Cloud Strategies Conference

When: Dec. 5-7 Where: Las Vegas Cost: $3,650-$4,300 Where to register: https://www.gartner.com/en/conferences/na/infrastructure-operations-cloud-us

The Gartner IT Infrastructure, Operations & Cloud Strategies Conference aims to address challenges that businesses face with IT infrastructure, operations and cloud. Attendees of this conference can use the experience to help attract, train and retain talent; implement agile practices; and plan for a sustainable future. The conference is broken up into several tracks, each with a different area of focus. Agenda and speakers have not yet been announced.

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5 Computer Networking Trends for 2024 and Beyond

AI will continue to dominate the headlines

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Computer network technology continues to develop in new and interesting ways. Here are five of the most important areas and trends to watch in the year ahead.

AI Will Continue to Expand

The ability of computer systems like Deep Blue to play chess at world champion levels helped legitimize artificial intelligence (AI) decades ago. Since then, both computer processing speed and the ability to exploit it have advanced tremendously.

One key barrier to more general-purpose artificial intelligence has been limitations on the ability of AI systems to communicate and interact with the outside world. With the much faster wireless speeds available today, it's possible to add sensors and network interfaces to AI systems that will enable impressive new applications.

Watch for applications in the healthcare and manufacturing industries. Also, look for new ways to establish AI trustworthiness and security.

IoT Gadgets Will Become Commonplace

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In 2024, an array of internet-connected products will compete for your attention. The Internet of Things (IoT) is another name for these "wired" items, and some categories will be especially interesting to watch:

Wearables. You will likely see operational improvements, including processing speed and battery life. Watches will continue to focus on health and fitness tracking.
Smart kitchens. Keep an eye out for things like temperature-controlled smart mugs, microwaves you can command with your voice, blenders that know the exact amount of ingredients to add, and improved food recognition in your connected fridge.
Smarter light bulbs . Be on the lookout for Wi-Fi or Bluetooth -enabled lighting systems and expect additional improvements in bulb quality, programming options, and ease of integration.
Public applications. Besides home equipment, IoT functionality will appear more in stores, restaurants, and municipal locations.

Along with these innovations, expect accompanying security concerns. Many fear the privacy risks accompanying IoT devices, given their access to users' homes, activities, and personal data.

We'll See Even More Hype Over 5G

Even while 4G LTE mobile networks don’t reach many parts of the world (and won’t for years), the telecommunications industry has been hard at work developing the next-generation, 5G cellular communication technology.

5G is set to boost the speeds of mobile connections dramatically. But, exactly how fast consumers should expect these connections to go and when they can buy 5G devices might not be known until industry technical standards are set.

However, like when 4G was initially being developed, companies aren’t waiting to advertise their 5G efforts. Researchers will continue to test prototype versions of what might become part of standard 5G networks. While reports from these tests will tout maximum data rates of many gigabits per second ( Gbps ), consumers should be just as interested in the promise of improved signal coverage with 5G.

Some vendors will undoubtedly start to retrofit this tech into their 4G installations, so look for “4.5G” and “pre-5G” products (and the confusing marketing claims that go along with these vaguely defined labels) to appear on the scene soon.

IPv6 Rollout Will Continue to Accelerate

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) will one day replace the traditional Internet Protocol addressing system we are familiar with, IPv4. The Google IPv6 Adoption page illustrates roughly how quickly the deployment of IPv6 is progressing. As shown, the pace of IPv6 rollout has continued to accelerate since 2013 but will require many more years to reach a complete replacement of IPv4. In 2024, expect to see IPv6 mentioned more often in the news, especially about business computer networks.

IPv6 benefits everyone either directly or indirectly. With an expanded number of available IP address space to accommodate almost unlimited devices, internet providers will find it easier to manage subscriber accounts. IPv6 also adds other improvements that boost the efficiency and security of TCP/IP traffic management on the internet. Those who administer home networks must learn a new style of IP address notation.

SD-WAN Will Become the Norm

ID 36177459 © Wilm Ihlenfeld | Dreamstime.com

A software-defined wide-area network (SD-WAN) is a networking technology that offers greater flexibility for companies than previous WAN systems. While a traditional WAN enables businesses with multiple locations to give employees access to data, files, and applications at the home office via multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), SD-WAN takes that process a step further, using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and broadband internet services to provide access. SD-WAN adds cloud-based applications, allowing employees to gain remote entry to enterprise-wide programs like Salesforce, Amazon Web Services, and Microsoft 365.

The technology is still relatively new, so customers and providers have been experimenting to understand how best to use this innovation to increase productivity, enhance business agility, and improve security. But now that it's been available for a few years, SD-WAN will likely become the new norm.

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ADVANCES IN NETWORK SECURITY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF MEASURES, THREATS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

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105 Latest Cyber Security Research Topics in 2024

Home Blog Security 105 Latest Cyber Security Research Topics in 2024

The concept of cybersecurity refers to cracking the security mechanisms that break in dynamic environments. Implementing Cyber Security Project topics and cybersecurity thesis topics helps overcome attacks and take mitigation approaches to security risks and threats in real-time. Undoubtedly, it focuses on events injected into the system, data, and the whole network to attack/disturb it.

The network can be attacked in various ways, including Distributed DoS, Knowledge Disruptions, Computer Viruses / Worms, and many more. Cyber-attacks are still rising, and more are waiting to harm their targeted systems and networks. Detecting Intrusions in cybersecurity has become challenging due to their Intelligence Performance. Therefore, it may negatively affect data integrity, privacy, availability, and security.

This article aims to demonstrate the most current Cyber Security Research Topics for Projects and areas of research currently lacking. We will talk about cyber security research questions, cyber security topics for the project, latest research titles about cyber security.

List of Trending Cyber Security Research Topics in 2024

Digital technology has revolutionized how all businesses, large or small, work, and even governments manage their day-to-day activities, requiring organizations, corporations, and government agencies to utilize computerized systems. To protect data against online attacks or unauthorized access, cybersecurity is a priority. There are many Cyber Security Courses online where you can learn about these topics. With the rapid development of technology comes an equally rapid shift in Cyber Security Research Topics and cybersecurity trends, as data breaches, ransomware, and hacks become almost routine news items. In 2024, these will be the top cybersecurity trends .

A. Exciting Mobile Cyber Security Research Paper Topics

The significance of continuous user authentication on mobile gadgets.
The efficacy of different mobile security approaches.
Detecting mobile phone hacking.
Assessing the threat of using portable devices to access banking services.
Cybersecurity and mobile applications.
The vulnerabilities in wireless mobile data exchange.
The rise of mobile malware.
The evolution of Android malware.
How to know you’ve been hacked on mobile.
The impact of mobile gadgets on cybersecurity.

B. Top Computer and Software Security Topics to Research

Learn algorithms for data encryption
Concept of risk management security
How to develop the best Internet security software
What are Encrypting Viruses- How does it work?
How does a Ransomware attack work?
Scanning of malware on your PC
Infiltrating a Mac OS X operating system
What are the effects of RSA on network security ?
How do encrypting viruses work?
DDoS attacks on IoT devices

C. Trending Information Security Research Topics

Why should people avoid sharing their details on Facebook?
What is the importance of unified user profiles?
Discuss Cookies and Privacy
White hat and black hat hackers
What are the most secure methods for ensuring data integrity?
Talk about the implications of Wi-Fi hacking apps on mobile phones
Analyze the data breaches in 2024
Discuss digital piracy in 2024
critical cyber-attack concepts
Social engineering and its importance

D. Current Network Security Research Topics

Data storage centralization
Identify Malicious activity on a computer system.
Firewall
Importance of keeping updated Software
wireless sensor network
What are the effects of ad-hoc networks
How can a company network be safe?
What are Network segmentation and its applications?
Discuss Data Loss Prevention systems
Discuss various methods for establishing secure algorithms in a network.
Talk about two-factor authentication

E. Best Data Security Research Topics

Importance of backup and recovery
Benefits of logging for applications
Understand physical data security
Importance of Cloud Security
In computing, the relationship between privacy and data security
Talk about data leaks in mobile apps
Discuss the effects of a black hole on a network system.

F. Important Application Security Research Topics

Detect Malicious Activity on Google Play Apps
Dangers of XSS attacks on apps
Discuss SQL injection attacks.
Insecure Deserialization Effect
Check Security protocols

G. Cybersecurity Law & Ethics Research Topics

Strict cybersecurity laws in China
Importance of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act.
USA, UK, and other countries' cybersecurity laws
Discuss The Pipeline Security Act in the United States

H. Recent Cyberbullying Topics

Protecting your Online Identity and Reputation
Online Safety
Sexual Harassment and Sexual Bullying
Dealing with Bullying
Stress Center for Teens

I. Operational Security Topics

Identify sensitive data
Identify possible threats
Analyze security threats and vulnerabilities
Appraise the threat level and vulnerability risk
Devise a plan to mitigate the threats

J. Cybercrime Topics for a Research Paper

Crime Prevention.
Criminal Specialization.
Drug Courts.
Criminal Courts.
Criminal Justice Ethics.
Capital Punishment.
Community Corrections.
Criminal Law.

Cyber Security Future Research Topics

Developing more effective methods for detecting and responding to cyber attacks
Investigating the role of social media in cyber security
Examining the impact of cloud computing on cyber security
Investigating the security implications of the Internet of Things
Studying the effectiveness of current cyber security measures
Identifying new cyber security threats and vulnerabilities
Developing more effective cyber security policies
Examining the ethical implications of cyber security

Cyber Security Topics For Research Paper

Cyber security threats and vulnerabilities
Cyber security incident response and management
Cyber security risk management
Cyber security awareness and training
Cyber security controls and countermeasures
Cyber security governance
Cyber security standards
Cyber security insurance

Research Area in Cyber Security

The field of cyber security is extensive and constantly evolving. Its research covers a wide range of subjects, including:

Quantum & Space
Data Privacy
Criminology & Law
AI & IoT Security
RFID Security
Authorization Infrastructure
Digital Forensics
Autonomous Security
Social Influence on Social Networks

How to Choose the Best Research Topics in Cyber Security?

A good cybersecurity assignment heading is a skill that not everyone has, and unfortunately, not everyone has one. You might have your teacher provide you with the topics, or you might be asked to come up with your own. If you want more cyber security research topics, you can take references from Certified Ethical Hacker Certification, where you will get more hints on new topics. If you don't know where to start, here are some tips. Follow them to create compelling cybersecurity assignment topics.

1. Brainstorm

In order to select the most appropriate heading for your cybersecurity assignment, you first need to brainstorm ideas. What specific matter do you wish to explore? In this case, come up with relevant topics about the subject and select those relevant to your issue when you use our list of topics. You can also go to cyber security-oriented websites to get some ideas. Using any blog post on the internet can prove helpful if you intend to write a research paper on security threats in 2024. Creating a brainstorming list with all the keywords and cybersecurity concepts you wish to discuss is another great way to start. Once that's done, pick the topics you feel most comfortable handling. Keep in mind to stay away from common topics as much as possible.

2. Understanding the Background

In order to write a cybersecurity assignment, you need to identify two or three research paper topics. Obtain the necessary resources and review them to gain background information on your heading. This will also allow you to learn new terminologies that can be used in your title to enhance it.

3. Write a Single Topic

Make sure the subject of your cybersecurity research paper doesn't fall into either extreme. Make sure the title is neither too narrow nor too broad. Topics on either extreme will be challenging to research and write about.

4. Be Flexible

There is no rule to say that the title you choose is permanent. It is perfectly okay to change your research paper topic along the way. For example, if you find another topic on this list to better suit your research paper, consider swapping it out.

The Layout of Cybersecurity Research Guidance

It is undeniable that usability is one of cybersecurity's most important social issues today. Increasingly, security features have become standard components of our digital environment, which pervade our lives and require both novices and experts to use them. Supported by confidentiality, integrity, and availability concerns, security features have become essential components of our digital environment.

In order to make security features easily accessible to a wider population, these functions need to be highly usable. This is especially true in this context because poor usability typically translates into the inadequate application of cybersecurity tools and functionality, resulting in their limited effectiveness.

Cyber Security Research Topic Writing Tips from Expert

Additionally, a well-planned action plan and a set of useful tools are essential for delving into Cyber Security research topics. Not only do these topics present a vast realm of knowledge and potential innovation, but they also have paramount importance in today's digital age. Addressing the challenges and nuances of these research areas will contribute significantly to the global cybersecurity landscape, ensuring safer digital environments for all. It's crucial to approach these topics with diligence and an open mind to uncover groundbreaking insights.

Before you begin writing your research paper, make sure you understand the assignment.
Your Research Paper Should Have an Engaging Topic
Find reputable sources by doing a little research
Precisely state your thesis on cybersecurity
A rough outline should be developed
Finish your paper by writing a draft
Make sure that your bibliography is formatted correctly and cites your sources.

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Studies in the literature have identified and recommended guidelines and recommendations for addressing security usability problems to provide highly usable security. The purpose of such papers is to consolidate existing design guidelines and define an initial core list that can be used for future reference in the field of Cyber Security Research Topics.

The researcher takes advantage of the opportunity to provide an up-to-date analysis of cybersecurity usability issues and evaluation techniques applied so far. As a result of this research paper, researchers and practitioners interested in cybersecurity systems who value human and social design elements are likely to find it useful. You can find KnowledgeHut’s Cyber Security courses online and take maximum advantage of them.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Businesses and individuals are changing how they handle cybersecurity as technology changes rapidly - from cloud-based services to new IoT devices.

Ideally, you should have read many papers and know their structure, what information they contain, and so on if you want to write something of interest to others.

Inmates having the right to work, transportation of concealed weapons, rape and violence in prison, verdicts on plea agreements, rehab versus reform, and how reliable are eyewitnesses?

The field of cyber security is extensive and constantly evolving. Its research covers various subjects, including Quantum & Space, Data Privacy, Criminology & Law, and AI & IoT Security.

Mrinal Prakash

I am a B.Tech Student who blogs about various topics on cyber security and is specialized in web application security

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Crafting Effective Research Proposal Expected Outcomes: An Example

Researcher explaining proposal outcomes on a presentation board

Writing a good research proposal means including a strong Expected Outcomes section. This part of the proposal shows the importance and possibility of the study. It's where researchers share how their work could make a difference, not just in academics but also in the real world.

Key Takeaways

A clear Expected Outcomes section makes a research proposal stronger and more convincing.
Expected outcomes help readers understand the potential impact and importance of the research.
Well-defined outcomes show that the researcher has thought carefully about the study's future effects.
Including practical implications in the outcomes can show how the research benefits society.
Avoiding vague or overly ambitious outcomes ensures the proposal is realistic and achievable.

Understanding the Importance of Expected Outcomes in Research Proposals

Expected outcomes are a vital part of any research proposal . They help you communicate what you aim to achieve with your study. This section is where you show the potential impact of your work, both in the academic world and in society at large. A well-crafted Expected Outcome section can make your research proposal stand out.

Key Elements of Crafting Expected Outcomes

When crafting expected outcomes for your research proposal, several key elements must be considered to ensure clarity and effectiveness.

Examples of Well-Defined Expected Outcomes

Quantitative outcomes.

Quantitative outcomes are measurable and often presented in numerical form. For instance, you might expect a 20% increase in student test scores after implementing a new teaching method. These outcomes provide clear, data-driven results that can be easily analyzed and compared.

Qualitative Outcomes

Qualitative outcomes focus on descriptive data and insights. An example could be improved student engagement and participation in class discussions. These outcomes are often gathered through interviews, observations, or open-ended surveys, offering a deeper understanding of the research impact.

Mixed-Methods Outcomes

Mixed-methods outcomes combine both quantitative and qualitative data. For example, you might measure the increase in test scores while also noting enhanced student motivation and interest. This approach provides a comprehensive view of the research findings, capturing both numerical data and personal experiences.

Practical Implications of Expected Outcomes

When crafting the Expected Outcomes section of your research proposal, it's essential to consider how your findings might be applied in real-world scenarios . This not only enhances the relevance of your research but also showcases its potential impact beyond academic circles.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid in Expected Outcomes

When crafting the expected outcomes for your research proposal, it's crucial to avoid certain common mistakes. These pitfalls can undermine the credibility of your proposal and hinder your research's success.

Overly Ambitious Projections

One major mistake is setting overly ambitious projections. While it's important to aim high, setting unrealistic goals can make your proposal seem impractical. Ensure that your expected outcomes are achievable within the scope and timeframe of your study.

Lack of Specificity

Another common error is a lack of specificity. Vague or broad outcomes can leave reviewers uncertain about what you aim to achieve. Clearly define the specific variables, trends, or patterns you expect to observe. This precision enhances the credibility of your proposal.

Ignoring Feasibility Constraints

Lastly, ignoring feasibility constraints can be detrimental. Consider the resources, time, and methodological limitations of your study. Ensure that your expected outcomes are realistic given these constraints. Addressing these factors upfront demonstrates thorough planning and increases the likelihood of your proposal's acceptance.

Evaluating the Significance of Expected Outcomes

Evaluating the significance of expected outcomes in a research proposal is essential. This section serves as a bridge between your research objectives , methodology, and the broader impact of your study. A well-crafted Expected Outcome section enhances the overall quality of your proposal , making a compelling case for its importance and feasibility.

Expert Tips for Writing Effective Expected Outcomes

Crafting an effective research proposal requires careful attention to the Expected Outcomes section. This part of your proposal serves as a crucial bridge between your research objectives , methodology, and the broader significance of your study. Here are some expert tips to help you write clear and impactful expected outcomes.

Consulting with Advisors

One of the best ways to ensure your expected outcomes are well-defined is by consulting with your advisors. They can provide valuable insights and help you refine your ideas. Their experience can guide you in articulating your anticipated results more clearly.

Reviewing Successful Proposals

Another effective strategy is to review successful proposals. By examining well-crafted proposals, you can gain a better understanding of how to structure your own expected outcomes. Look for examples that clearly define specific variables, trends, or patterns.

Iterative Refinement Process

Finally, don't underestimate the power of the iterative refinement process. Writing and revising your expected outcomes multiple times can help you achieve the precision and clarity needed. This process ensures that your expected outcomes are not only clear but also feasible and aligned with your research objectives.

Writing clear and effective expected outcomes can be challenging, but with the right tips, you can master it. Start by being specific about what you want to achieve and make sure your goals are measurable. For more detailed guidance, visit our website and explore our comprehensive resources. Don't miss out on the chance to improve your writing skills!

In summary, crafting a clear and detailed Expected Outcomes section is crucial for a strong research proposal. This part of the proposal helps to show the importance and feasibility of the study. It also highlights the potential impact of the research on both the academic community and society as a whole. By clearly outlining what you expect to find, you give readers a way to see the value and credibility of your work. This careful planning and foresight can make a big difference in gaining support and recognition for your research. Remember, a well-thought-out proposal not only showcases your research's potential but also your ability to carry out meaningful and impactful studies.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the purpose of the expected outcomes section in a research proposal.

The Expected Outcomes section explains what you hope to find or achieve in your study. It shows why your research is important and how it can make a difference.

How do Expected Outcomes improve the quality of a research proposal?

Clearly stated outcomes make your proposal stronger by showing that your study is well-planned and likely to succeed. It helps reviewers understand the potential impact of your work.

What should be included in the Expected Outcomes section?

You should include specific and clear results you aim to achieve. Make sure they align with your research goals and are realistic and doable.

Why is it important to align Expected Outcomes with research objectives?

Aligning outcomes with research objectives ensures that your study stays focused and relevant. It helps in measuring the success of your research accurately.

What are common mistakes to avoid in writing Expected Outcomes?

Avoid being too ambitious, vague, or ignoring practical constraints. Make sure your outcomes are clear, specific, and achievable.

How can Expected Outcomes benefit society?

Expected Outcomes can show how your research might solve real-world problems, help people, or improve understanding of important issues. This makes your study more valuable to both academics and the general public.

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How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal aims
	Show your reader why your project is interesting, original, and important.
	Demonstrate your comfort and familiarity with your field. Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
	Make a case for your . Demonstrate that you have carefully thought about the data, tools, and procedures necessary to conduct your research.
	Confirm that your project is feasible within the timeline of your program or funding deadline.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

The proposed title of your project
Your supervisor’s name
Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

Introduce your topic
Give necessary background and context
Outline your problem statement and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
How much is already known about the topic
What is missing from this current knowledge
What new insights your research will contribute
Why you believe this research is worth doing

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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

Building a research proposal methodology
	? or ? , , or research design?
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	, , , )?
	?

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

Improving best practices
Informing policymaking decisions
Strengthening a theory or model
Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

Example research schedule
Research phase	Objectives	Deadline
1. Background research and literature review		20th January
2. Research design planning	and data analysis methods	13th February
3. Data collection and preparation	with selected participants and code interviews	24th March
4. Data analysis	of interview transcripts	22nd April
5. Writing		17th June
6. Revision	final work	28th July

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility

Statistics

Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution

Research bias

Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/

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Blog Business How to Write a Research Proposal: A Step-by-Step

How to Write a Research Proposal: A Step-by-Step

Written by: Danesh Ramuthi Nov 29, 2023

A research proposal is a structured outline for a planned study on a specific topic. It serves as a roadmap, guiding researchers through the process of converting their research idea into a feasible project.

The aim of a research proposal is multifold: it articulates the research problem, establishes a theoretical framework, outlines the research methodology and highlights the potential significance of the study. Importantly, it’s a critical tool for scholars seeking grant funding or approval for their research projects.

Crafting a good research proposal requires not only understanding your research topic and methodological approaches but also the ability to present your ideas clearly and persuasively. Explore Venngage’s Proposal Maker and Research Proposals Templates to begin your journey in writing a compelling research proposal.

What to include in a research proposal?

In a research proposal, include a clear statement of your research question or problem, along with an explanation of its significance. This should be followed by a literature review that situates your proposed study within the context of existing research.

Your proposal should also outline the research methodology, detailing how you plan to conduct your study, including data collection and analysis methods.

Additionally, include a theoretical framework that guides your research approach, a timeline or research schedule, and a budget if applicable. It’s important to also address the anticipated outcomes and potential implications of your study. A well-structured research proposal will clearly communicate your research objectives, methods and significance to the readers.

Light Blue Shape Semiotic Analysis Research Proposal

How to format a research proposal?

Formatting a research proposal involves adhering to a structured outline to ensure clarity and coherence. While specific requirements may vary, a standard research proposal typically includes the following elements:

Title Page: Must include the title of your research proposal, your name and affiliations. The title should be concise and descriptive of your proposed research.
Abstract: A brief summary of your proposal, usually not exceeding 250 words. It should highlight the research question, methodology and the potential impact of the study.
Introduction: Introduces your research question or problem, explains its significance, and states the objectives of your study.
Literature review: Here, you contextualize your research within existing scholarship, demonstrating your knowledge of the field and how your research will contribute to it.
Methodology: Outline your research methods, including how you will collect and analyze data. This section should be detailed enough to show the feasibility and thoughtfulness of your approach.
Timeline: Provide an estimated schedule for your research, breaking down the process into stages with a realistic timeline for each.
Budget (if applicable): If your research requires funding, include a detailed budget outlining expected cost.
References/Bibliography: List all sources referenced in your proposal in a consistent citation style.

Green And Orange Modern Research Proposal

How to write a research proposal in 11 steps?

Writing a research proposal template in structured steps ensures a comprehensive and coherent presentation of your research project. Let’s look at the explanation for each of the steps here:

Step 1: Title and Abstract Step 2: Introduction Step 3: Research objectives Step 4: Literature review Step 5: Methodology Step 6: Timeline Step 7: Resources Step 8: Ethical considerations Step 9: Expected outcomes and significance Step 10: References Step 11: Appendices

Step 1: title and abstract.

Select a concise, descriptive title and write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology and expected outcomes. The abstract should include your research question, the objectives you aim to achieve, the methodology you plan to employ and the anticipated outcomes.

Step 2: Introduction

In this section, introduce the topic of your research, emphasizing its significance and relevance to the field. Articulate the research problem or question in clear terms and provide background context, which should include an overview of previous research in the field.

Step 3: Research objectives

Here, you’ll need to outline specific, clear and achievable objectives that align with your research problem. These objectives should be well-defined, focused and measurable, serving as the guiding pillars for your study. They help in establishing what you intend to accomplish through your research and provide a clear direction for your investigation.

Step 4: Literature review

In this part, conduct a thorough review of existing literature related to your research topic. This involves a detailed summary of key findings and major contributions from previous research. Identify existing gaps in the literature and articulate how your research aims to fill these gaps. The literature review not only shows your grasp of the subject matter but also how your research will contribute new insights or perspectives to the field.

Step 5: Methodology

Describe the design of your research and the methodologies you will employ. This should include detailed information on data collection methods, instruments to be used and analysis techniques. Justify the appropriateness of these methods for your research.

Step 6: Timeline

Construct a detailed timeline that maps out the major milestones and activities of your research project. Break the entire research process into smaller, manageable tasks and assign realistic time frames to each. This timeline should cover everything from the initial research phase to the final submission, including periods for data collection, analysis and report writing.

It helps in ensuring your project stays on track and demonstrates to reviewers that you have a well-thought-out plan for completing your research efficiently.

Step 7: Resources

Identify all the resources that will be required for your research, such as specific databases, laboratory equipment, software or funding. Provide details on how these resources will be accessed or acquired.

If your research requires funding, explain how it will be utilized effectively to support various aspects of the project.

Step 8: Ethical considerations

Address any ethical issues that may arise during your research. This is particularly important for research involving human subjects. Describe the measures you will take to ensure ethical standards are maintained, such as obtaining informed consent, ensuring participant privacy, and adhering to data protection regulations.

Here, in this section you should reassure reviewers that you are committed to conducting your research responsibly and ethically.

Step 9: Expected outcomes and significance

Articulate the expected outcomes or results of your research. Explain the potential impact and significance of these outcomes, whether in advancing academic knowledge, influencing policy or addressing specific societal or practical issues.

Step 10: References

Compile a comprehensive list of all the references cited in your proposal. Adhere to a consistent citation style (like APA or MLA) throughout your document. The reference section not only gives credit to the original authors of your sourced information but also strengthens the credibility of your proposal.

Step 11: Appendices

Include additional supporting materials that are pertinent to your research proposal. This can be survey questionnaires, interview guides, detailed data analysis plans or any supplementary information that supports the main text.

Appendices provide further depth to your proposal, showcasing the thoroughness of your preparation.

Beige And Dark Green Minimalist Research Proposal

Research proposal FAQs

1. how long should a research proposal be.

The length of a research proposal can vary depending on the requirements of the academic institution, funding body or specific guidelines provided. Generally, research proposals range from 500 to 1500 words or about one to a few pages long. It’s important to provide enough detail to clearly convey your research idea, objectives and methodology, while being concise. Always check

2. Why is the research plan pivotal to a research project?

The research plan is pivotal to a research project because it acts as a blueprint, guiding every phase of the study. It outlines the objectives, methodology, timeline and expected outcomes, providing a structured approach and ensuring that the research is systematically conducted.

A well-crafted plan helps in identifying potential challenges, allocating resources efficiently and maintaining focus on the research goals. It is also essential for communicating the project’s feasibility and importance to stakeholders, such as funding bodies or academic supervisors.

Simple Minimalist White Research Proposal

Mastering how to write a research proposal is an essential skill for any scholar, whether in social and behavioral sciences, academic writing or any field requiring scholarly research. From this article, you have learned key components, from the literature review to the research design, helping you develop a persuasive and well-structured proposal.

Remember, a good research proposal not only highlights your proposed research and methodology but also demonstrates its relevance and potential impact.

For additional support, consider utilizing Venngage’s Proposal Maker and Research Proposals Templates , valuable tools in crafting a compelling proposal that stands out.

Whether it’s for grant funding, a research paper or a dissertation proposal, these resources can assist in transforming your research idea into a successful submission.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
State the research problem or question you aim to address.
Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Guidelines on writing a research proposal.

This is a work in progress, intended to organize my thoughts on the process of formulating a proposal. If you have any thoughts on the contents, or on the notion of making this available to students, please share them with me. Thanks.

Proposal writing, different theses, similar proposals, a couple of models for proposals, a two page (preliminary proposal) model, the (longer) standard model.

The two outlines below are intended to show both what are the standard parts of a proposal and of a science paper. Notice that the only real difference is that you change "expected results" to "results" in the paper, and usually leave the budget out, of the paper.

Another outline (maybe from Gary Fuller?).

The Sections of the Proposal

The introduction, literature review, research questions in detail, methodology, expected results, bibliography, tips and tricks, useful references:.

Proposal Template AI

Free proposal templates in word, powerpoint, pdf and more

How to write expected outcomes and impact section of a proposal template

How to write expected outcomes and impact in a proposal template.

When writing a proposal , the “ expected outcomes and impact” section is crucial for clearly articulating the potential results of your project or initiative. This section helps reviewers understand the significance and potential benefits of your proposal. Whether you’re writing a grant proposal , project proposal, or business proposal , effectively conveying the expected outcomes and impact is essential. Here’s a guide on how to write this section effectively:

Tips for Writing Expected Outcomes and Impact

Be Specific: Clearly outline the specific results or changes that you expect to achieve as a result of your proposal. Quantifiable outcomes are particularly impactful.

Connect to Goals: Tie the expected outcomes back to the overarching goals and objectives of the proposal. This demonstrates alignment and purpose.

Consider Stakeholders: Highlight how the expected outcomes will impact relevant stakeholders, whether they are beneficiaries, investors, or the community at large.

Use Evidence: If possible, provide evidence or data to support your projected outcomes . This lends credibility to your projections.

Be Realistic: While it’s important to aim high, ensure that your expected outcomes are realistic and achievable within the proposed timeframe and resources.

Highlight Impact: Explain not only what the outcomes will be, but also the broader impact they will have. This might include societal, economic, or environmental implications.

Q: What type of proposals should include an “expected outcomes and impact” section? A: This section is commonly found in grant proposals, project proposals, research proposals , and business development proposals.

Q: How far into the future should the expected outcomes extend? A: The timeline for expected outcomes should align with the duration of the proposed project or initiative. This could range from months to years, depending on the scope of the proposal.

Q: Should I include potential challenges or risks in this section? A: While the emphasis should be on positive outcomes, acknowledging potential challenges and risks in achieving these outcomes can demonstrate a thoughtful and thorough approach.

When crafting the “expected outcomes and impact” section of a proposal, it’s important to be comprehensive, yet concise. This section should leave reviewers with a clear understanding of the potential benefits and significance of your proposal. By following these tips and guidelines, you can effectively communicate the expected outcomes and impact of your project or initiative.

Remember to be realistic and evidence-based in your projections, and to clearly articulate how these outcomes align with the broader goals of your proposal. This will strengthen your case and increase the likelihood of your proposal’s success.

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How to Write a Research Proposal

In academia, especially in social and behavioral sciences, writing a research proposal is an essential first step while planning a new research project. A research proposal is an initial pitch, or theoretical framework that serves to introduce the topic and anticipated results of a project, provide an overview of the methods to be used, and convince the reader that the proposed research can be conducted successfully. It is very essential to know how to write a research proposal, whether you are a student trying to fulfill course requirements or a researcher looking for funding for scholarly research. But writing a well-structured proposal is easier said than done.

To make things simpler for you, In this article, I explained the fundamentals of a research proposal, its structure, the steps involved in writing a research proposal, and common mistakes to avoid. Continue reading to gain a thorough understanding of the concept and purpose of a research proposal. This blog will also enable you to write the research proposal quickly, reducing the likelihood of rejection.

What is a Research Proposal?

In simpler terms, A research proposal is a document written to explain and justify your chosen research topic and the necessity to carry out that particular research by addressing the research problem. Likewise, a good research proposal should carry the proposed research's results and benefits, backed by convincing evidence.

Always keep your audience in mind while writing your research proposal. Your audience expects a concise summary and a detailed research methodology from you in the research proposal.

To begin, you must understand the purpose of a research proposal in order to effectively write a research proposal and also to receive swift approvals.

What is the purpose or importance of a research proposal?

A research proposal's purpose is to provide a detailed outline of the process that will be used to answer a specific research problem. Whereas the goal of the research proposal varies from person to person. In some cases, it may be to secure funding, while in others, it may be to obtain a meager approval from the committee or the supervisor to proceed with the research project. Regardless of your research proposal's end goal, you are supposed to write a research proposal that fulfills its intended purpose of presenting the best plan for your research.

While writing a research proposal, you should demonstrate how and why your proposed research is crucial for the domain, especially if it is social and behavioral sciences. It would help if you showed how your work is necessary by addressing some key points like:

Bridging the gaps in the existing domain of research.
Adding new and fresh perspectives to the existing understanding of the topic.
Undervalued data in the current stats of the domain.

Furthermore, your research proposal must demonstrate that you, as an author, are capable of conducting the research and that the results will significantly contribute to the field of knowledge. To do so, include and explain your academic background and significance along with your previous accolades to demonstrate that you and your idea have academic merit.

What is the ideal length of a research proposal?

There are no hard and fast rules about how long a research proposal should be, and it varies dramatically from different institutions and publishers. However, as a standard domain practice, a research proposal is generally between 3000- 4000 words. A majority of globally reputed institutions follow the 3000- 3500 word limit.

Since the research proposal is written well before the research is conducted, you need to outline all the necessary elements your research will entail and accomplish. Once completed, your research proposal must resemble a concise version of a thesis or dissertation without results and a discussion section.

Structure of a research proposal

When you recognize a gap in the existing books of knowledge, you will address it by developing a research problem. A research problem is a question that researchers want to answer. It is the starting point for any research project, and it can be broad or narrow, depending on your objectives. Once you have a problem, it is followed by articulating a research question. After that, you can embark on the process of writing a research proposal.

Whether your goal is to secure funding or just approval, nevertheless, your research proposal needs to follow the basic outline of a research paper, containing all the necessary sections. Therefore, the structure of a research proposal closely resembles and follows a thesis or dissertation or any research paper. It should contain the following sections:

As is well known, the first thing that catches the reader's attention is a catchy title. Therefore, you should try to come up with a catchy yet informative title for your research proposal. Additionally, it should be concise and clear to reflect enough information about your research question.

To create a good research proposal, try writing the title to induce interest and information in your readers. Pro-Tip: Avoid using phrases such as “An investigation of …” or “A review of …” etc. . These have been overused for ages and may reflect your research title as a regular entry. On the other hand, concise and well-defined titles are always something readers like and stand higher chances for a proposal approval.

2. Abstract

Write your abstract in a brief yet very informative way. It should summarize the research you intend to conduct. Put an emphasis on the research question, research hypothesis , research design and methods, and the key findings of your proposed research.

If you wish to create a detailed proposal, try including a table of contents. It will help readers navigate easily and catch a glance at your entire proposal writing. Check out this guide if you want to learn more about how to write a research abstract for your scholarly research.

3. Introduction

All papers need a striking introduction to set the context of the research question. While framing your research proposal, ensure that the introduction provides rich background and relevant information about the research question.

Your entire research proposal hinges upon your research question. Thus, fit should come out clearly in the intro. Provide a general introduction without clear explanations, and it might render your research proposal insignificant.

Start your research proposal with the research problem, engage your audience with elements that relate to the problem, and then shed some light on the research question. Then, proceed with your study's evidence-based justification, and you'll find that the audience is sticking with your proposal narrative.

While writing your research proposal, ensure that you have covered the following:

Purpose of your study.
Background information and significance of your study.
Introduction to the question, followed by an introduction to the paper.
Brief mention of the critical issues that you will focus on.
Declaration of independent and dependent variables of the research hypothesis. (You can learn more about the variables of the research hypothesis here .)

4. Literature Review

Writing a literature review is an important part of the research process. It provides the researcher with a summary of previous studies that have been conducted on a subject, and it helps the researcher determine what areas might need additional investigation in the existing research. Guidelines for the literature review vary for different institutions.

To effectively conduct and write a literature review check this guide . You can also use tools like SciSpace Copilot , our AI research assistant that makes reading academic papers a much easier task. You can use it to get simple explanations for complex text, maths, or tables. Copilot can be particularly helpful when you’re sifting through papers as you can quickly understand the abstract, get some context around the study, and identify if the paper is relevant to your project or not.

The literature review can either be kept as a separate section or incorporated into the introduction section. A separate section is always favorable and vital in gaining the research proposal approval. Additionally, a separate section for a literature review offers in-depth background data and demonstrates the relevance of your research question by emphasizing the gaps that have remained since the previous study.

Your research proposal’s literature review must contain and serve the following:

To provide a reference of the studies and the researchers who have previously worked in the same domain.
To provide the build path of your research question.
To furnish a critical examination of the previous research works.
To present the research issues about the current investigation.
To convince the audience about the importance of your research in the relevant domain.

Need help you with your literature review? Try SciSpace Discover and get barrier-free access to scientific knowledge.

Discover millions of peer-reviewed research articles and their full-text PDFs here. The articles can be compiled in one place and saved for later use to conduct a Hassel-free literature review.

5. Research Methodology

Research design and methods is the section where you explain how you will be conducting the proposed research. Ensure that you provide and include a sufficient explanation for the chosen methods. Additionally, include some points explaining how your chosen methods will help you get the desired or expected results.

Provide ample information to the readers about your research procedures so that they can easily comprehend the methodology and its expected results. Through your research methodology, you can easily show your audience whether the results you are promising can be achieved or not.

Most importantly, make sure the methodology you choose—whether qualitative or quantitative—is the best fit for your research. You should also be able to justify your choice.

Additionally, you should properly explain both the quantitative and qualitative components of your research if they are both used. For a qualitative approach, you must offer more elaborate and in-depth theoretical-based evidence. On the other hand, for the quantitative approach, you must describe the survey or lab setup, sample size, tools, and data collection methods.

Make sure you have plenty of explanations for the research methodology to support how you approached the research problem.

6. Expected Research Results

The expected research results section is where the researcher states what they expect to find in their research. The purpose of this section is to provide a summary of the study's goals, as well as give an overview of what the researcher expects will be found out. These results must orient the reader in sync with the methodology section and provide the answers to the research questions.

7. Limitations

The limitations section of an academic research paper is a section in which the writers of the paper discuss the weaknesses of their study. They do this by identifying problems with their methods, design, and implementation. This section should also discuss any other factors that may have affected the results or accuracy of the study. This section allows readers to understand how much confidence they can place in the findings, and how applicable they are to other contexts.

Furthermore, it will also showcase your honesty and complete understanding of the topic. Your research proposal’s limitations can include:

Reasons for the chosen sample size.
Justifications for the availability of resources at hand.
Any unexpected error that might occur in the course of research as well.

8. Reference and Bibliography

If you don’t want your efforts to be tagged as plagiarized, ensure that you include the reference section at the end of the research proposal and follow the appropriate citation guidelines while citing different scholarly sources and various other researchers’ work.

For references, use both the in-text and footnote citations. List all the literature you have used to gather the information. However, in the bibliography, apart from including the references you have cited, you should include the sources that you didn't cite.

Reasons why research proposals get rejected

reasons-for-research-proposal-rejections

Research proposals often get rejected due to the smallest of mistakes. To keep the chances of getting your research proposal rejection at bay or a minimum, you should be aware of what grounds committees or supervisors often decide on rejection.

Follow through to understand the common reasons why research papers get rejected:

The proposal stated a flawed hypothesis.
The readers or the audience don't get convinced that the expected results will be anything new or unique.
The research methodology lacks the details and may appear unrealistic.
The research proposal lacks coherence in the problem statement, methodology, and results.
Inadequate literature review.
Inaccurate interpretation of expected results from the methodology.
Plagiarized or copied sections of the research proposal.

Common mistakes to avoid

You must stay aware of the research proposal guidelines and best writing manners. To maximize the approval chances of your research proposal, you should try to avoid some common pitfalls like:

Making it verbose

Try explaining the various sections of the research proposal economically. Ideally, you should strive to keep your writing as a concise, brief, and to the point as possible. The more concisely you explain the purpose and goal of your research proposal, the better.

Focusing on minor issues than tackling the core

While writing the research proposal, you may feel every issue is important, and you should provide an explanatory note for that. However, stay wiser while selecting the importance of issues. Avoid falling into the trap of trivial issues, as it may distract your readers from the core issues.

Failure to put a strong research argument

The easiest way your readers can undermine your research proposal is by stating it is far more subjective and sounds unrealistic. A potent research argument describing the gaps in the current field, its importance, significance, and contributions to your research is the foremost requirement of a good research proposal.

Remember, even though you are proposing the objective, academic way, the goal is to persuade the audience to provide you with the required research approval.

Not citing correctly

Understand that when you are going for some research, its outcome will contribute to the existing pool of knowledge. Therefore, always cite some landmark works of your chosen research domain and connect your proposed work with it.

Providing such intricate details will establish your research's importance, relevance, and familiarity with the domain knowledge.

Before You Go,

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17 Research Proposal Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Learn about our Editorial Process

A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

Watch my Guide: How to Write a Research Proposal

Get your Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
Digital technologies in focus project
Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
Restorative Justice Practices
Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
The effect of musical preference on running performance
Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Section	Checklist
Title	– Ensure the single-sentence title clearly states the study’s focus
Abstract (Words: 200)	– Briefly describe the research topicSummarize the research problem or question – Outline the research design and methods – Mention the expected outcomes and implications
Introduction (Words: 300)	– Introduce the research topic and its significance – Clearly state the research problem or question – Explain the purpose and objectives of the study – Provide a brief overview of
Literature Review (Words: 800)	– Gather the existing literature into themes and ket ideas – the themes and key ideas in the literature – Identify gaps or inconsistencies in the literature – Explain how the current study will contribute to the literature
Research Design and Methods (Words; 800)	– Describe the research paradigm (generally: positivism and interpretivism) – Describe the research design (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods) – Explain the data collection methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations) – Detail the sampling strategy and target population – Outline the data analysis techniques (e.g., statistical analysis, thematic analysis) – Outline your validity and reliability procedures – Outline your intended ethics procedures – Explain the study design’s limitations and justify your decisions
Timeline (Single page table)	– Provide an overview of the research timeline – Break down the study into stages with specific timeframes (e.g., data collection, analysis, report writing) – Include any relevant deadlines or milestones
Budget (200 words)	– Estimate the costs associated with the research project – Detail specific expenses (e.g., materials, participant incentives, travel costs) – Include any necessary justifications for the budget items – Mention any funding sources or grant applications
Expected Outcomes and Implications (200 words)	– Summarize the anticipated findings or results of the study – Discuss the potential implications of the findings for theory, practice, or policy – Describe any possible limitations of the study

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 15 Inspiring & Fun Teacher Desk Setup Ideas
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8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

Thank you so much sir! ❤️

Very helpful 👌

How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)

Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers’ plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed research that you intend to undertake. It provides readers with a snapshot of your project by describing what you will investigate, why it is needed, and how you will conduct the research.

Your research proposal should aim to explain to the readers why your research is relevant and original, that you understand the context and current scenario in the field, have the appropriate resources to conduct the research, and that the research is feasible given the usual constraints.

This article will describe in detail the purpose and typical structure of a research proposal , along with examples and templates to help you ace this step in your research journey.

What is a Research Proposal ?

A research proposal¹ ,² can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, implications, and other important details. Research proposals are the framework of your research and are used to obtain approvals or grants to conduct the study from various committees or organizations. Consequently, research proposals should convince readers of your study’s credibility, accuracy, achievability, practicality, and reproducibility.

With research proposals , researchers usually aim to persuade the readers, funding agencies, educational institutions, and supervisors to approve the proposal. To achieve this, the report should be well structured with the objectives written in clear, understandable language devoid of jargon. A well-organized research proposal conveys to the readers or evaluators that the writer has thought out the research plan meticulously and has the resources to ensure timely completion.

Purpose of Research Proposals

A research proposal is a sales pitch and therefore should be detailed enough to convince your readers, who could be supervisors, ethics committees, universities, etc., that what you’re proposing has merit and is feasible . Research proposals can help students discuss their dissertation with their faculty or fulfill course requirements and also help researchers obtain funding. A well-structured proposal instills confidence among readers about your ability to conduct and complete the study as proposed.

Research proposals can be written for several reasons:³

To describe the importance of research in the specific topic
Address any potential challenges you may encounter
Showcase knowledge in the field and your ability to conduct a study
Apply for a role at a research institute
Convince a research supervisor or university that your research can satisfy the requirements of a degree program
Highlight the importance of your research to organizations that may sponsor your project
Identify implications of your project and how it can benefit the audience

What Goes in a Research Proposal?

Research proposals should aim to answer the three basic questions—what, why, and how.

The What question should be answered by describing the specific subject being researched. It should typically include the objectives, the cohort details, and the location or setting.

The Why question should be answered by describing the existing scenario of the subject, listing unanswered questions, identifying gaps in the existing research, and describing how your study can address these gaps, along with the implications and significance.

The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology.

Research Proposal Example

Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all research proposals are essentially the same although different terminology and other specific sections may be used depending on the subject.

Structure of a Research Proposal

If you want to know how to make a research proposal impactful, include the following components:¹

1. Introduction

This section provides a background of the study, including the research topic, what is already known about it and the gaps, and the significance of the proposed research.

2. Literature review

This section contains descriptions of all the previous relevant studies pertaining to the research topic. Every study cited should be described in a few sentences, starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by citing relevant prior literature, indicating to readers that you have thoroughly researched your subject.

3. Objectives

Once the background and gaps in the research topic have been established, authors must now state the aims of the research clearly. Hypotheses should be mentioned here. This section further helps readers understand what your study’s specific goals are.

4. Research design and methodology

Here, authors should clearly describe the methods they intend to use to achieve their proposed objectives. Important components of this section include the population and sample size, data collection and analysis methods and duration, statistical analysis software, measures to avoid bias (randomization, blinding), etc.

5. Ethical considerations

This refers to the protection of participants’ rights, such as the right to privacy, right to confidentiality, etc. Researchers need to obtain informed consent and institutional review approval by the required authorities and mention this clearly for transparency.

6. Budget/funding

Researchers should prepare their budget and include all expected expenditures. An additional allowance for contingencies such as delays should also be factored in.

7. Appendices

This section typically includes information that supports the research proposal and may include informed consent forms, questionnaires, participant information, measurement tools, etc.

8. Citations

Important Tips for Writing a Research Proposal

Writing a research proposal begins much before the actual task of writing. Planning the research proposal structure and content is an important stage, which if done efficiently, can help you seamlessly transition into the writing stage. 3,5

The Planning Stage

Manage your time efficiently. Plan to have the draft version ready at least two weeks before your deadline and the final version at least two to three days before the deadline.
What is the primary objective of your research?
Will your research address any existing gap?
What is the impact of your proposed research?
Do people outside your field find your research applicable in other areas?
If your research is unsuccessful, would there still be other useful research outcomes?

The Writing Stage

Create an outline with main section headings that are typically used.
Focus only on writing and getting your points across without worrying about the format of the research proposal , grammar, punctuation, etc. These can be fixed during the subsequent passes. Add details to each section heading you created in the beginning.
Ensure your sentences are concise and use plain language. A research proposal usually contains about 2,000 to 4,000 words or four to seven pages.
Don’t use too many technical terms and abbreviations assuming that the readers would know them. Define the abbreviations and technical terms.
Ensure that the entire content is readable. Avoid using long paragraphs because they affect the continuity in reading. Break them into shorter paragraphs and introduce some white space for readability.
Focus on only the major research issues and cite sources accordingly. Don’t include generic information or their sources in the literature review.
Proofread your final document to ensure there are no grammatical errors so readers can enjoy a seamless, uninterrupted read.
Use academic, scholarly language because it brings formality into a document.
Ensure that your title is created using the keywords in the document and is neither too long and specific nor too short and general.
Cite all sources appropriately to avoid plagiarism.
Make sure that you follow guidelines, if provided. This includes rules as simple as using a specific font or a hyphen or en dash between numerical ranges.
Ensure that you’ve answered all questions requested by the evaluating authority.

Key Takeaways

Here’s a summary of the main points about research proposals discussed in the previous sections:

A research proposal is a document that outlines the details of a proposed study and is created by researchers to submit to evaluators who could be research institutions, universities, faculty, etc.
Research proposals are usually about 2,000-4,000 words long, but this depends on the evaluating authority’s guidelines.
A good research proposal ensures that you’ve done your background research and assessed the feasibility of the research.
Research proposals have the following main sections—introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, ethical considerations, and budget.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. How is a research proposal evaluated?

A1. In general, most evaluators, including universities, broadly use the following criteria to evaluate research proposals . 6

Significance —Does the research address any important subject or issue, which may or may not be specific to the evaluator or university?
Content and design —Is the proposed methodology appropriate to answer the research question? Are the objectives clear and well aligned with the proposed methodology?
Sample size and selection —Is the target population or cohort size clearly mentioned? Is the sampling process used to select participants randomized, appropriate, and free of bias?
Timing —Are the proposed data collection dates mentioned clearly? Is the project feasible given the specified resources and timeline?
Data management and dissemination —Who will have access to the data? What is the plan for data analysis?

Q2. What is the difference between the Introduction and Literature Review sections in a research proposal ?

A2. The Introduction or Background section in a research proposal sets the context of the study by describing the current scenario of the subject and identifying the gaps and need for the research. A Literature Review, on the other hand, provides references to all prior relevant literature to help corroborate the gaps identified and the research need.

Q3. How long should a research proposal be?

A3. Research proposal lengths vary with the evaluating authority like universities or committees and also the subject. Here’s a table that lists the typical research proposal lengths for a few universities.


	Arts programs	1,000-1,500
University of Birmingham	Law School programs	2,500
	PhD	2,500
		2,000
	Research degrees	2,000-3,500

Q4. What are the common mistakes to avoid in a research proposal ?

A4. Here are a few common mistakes that you must avoid while writing a research proposal . 7

No clear objectives: Objectives should be clear, specific, and measurable for the easy understanding among readers.
Incomplete or unconvincing background research: Background research usually includes a review of the current scenario of the particular industry and also a review of the previous literature on the subject. This helps readers understand your reasons for undertaking this research because you identified gaps in the existing research.
Overlooking project feasibility: The project scope and estimates should be realistic considering the resources and time available.
Neglecting the impact and significance of the study: In a research proposal , readers and evaluators look for the implications or significance of your research and how it contributes to the existing research. This information should always be included.
Unstructured format of a research proposal : A well-structured document gives confidence to evaluators that you have read the guidelines carefully and are well organized in your approach, consequently affirming that you will be able to undertake the research as mentioned in your proposal.
Ineffective writing style: The language used should be formal and grammatically correct. If required, editors could be consulted, including AI-based tools such as Paperpal , to refine the research proposal structure and language.

Thus, a research proposal is an essential document that can help you promote your research and secure funds and grants for conducting your research. Consequently, it should be well written in clear language and include all essential details to convince the evaluators of your ability to conduct the research as proposed.

This article has described all the important components of a research proposal and has also provided tips to improve your writing style. We hope all these tips will help you write a well-structured research proposal to ensure receipt of grants or any other purpose.

References

Sudheesh K, Duggappa DR, Nethra SS. How to write a research proposal? Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):631-634. Accessed July 15, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037942/
Writing research proposals. Harvard College Office of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships. Harvard University. Accessed July 14, 2024. https://uraf.harvard.edu/apply-opportunities/app-components/essays/research-proposals
What is a research proposal? Plus how to write one. Indeed website. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-proposal
Research proposal template. University of Rochester Medical Center. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/MediaLibraries/URMCMedia/pediatrics/research/documents/Research-proposal-Template.pdf
Tips for successful proposal writing. Johns Hopkins University. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://research.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Tips-for-Successful-Proposal-Writing.pdf
Formal review of research proposals. Cornell University. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://irp.dpb.cornell.edu/surveys/survey-assessment-review-group/research-proposals
7 Mistakes you must avoid in your research proposal. Aveksana (via LinkedIn). Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-mistakes-you-must-avoid-your-research-proposal-aveksana-cmtwf/

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How to Write Your Research Paper in APA Format

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How to write expected outcome in research proposal?

Some of the researchers will find difficult to write the expected outcome in their research proposal. It is not easy to give an assurance about something before we experience it.

Writing the expected outcome shall be done by clearly understanding about the research topic that we are working and we have to think about how we are able to provide the solution for this research.

The expected outcome should be written with the valuable solutions for the problem that we are working in our research. We should be able to write the exact solution that our research will be providing.

In order to write about the exact solution of our research in the expected outcome we need to have a wide knowledge and understanding in the research process.

To write the expected outcome considers the following features:

1) Depending on the problem statement:

We used to consider a research as the good research only when the research work is for the much needed solution.

We used to choose the topic for the research by analyzing the existing research. Likewise, the research is done by analyzing one specific problem to work in our research.

We need to read and to deeply analyses the missing gaps in the recent year’s existing journals. The missing gap from our analysis is considered as the problem of the existing research.

We have to choose that kind of problem that shall be worked in our research to provide the solution. The solution will be the expected outcome in the research that we process.

The better problem statement will provide the better solution in the research. So the selection of appropriate problem from the existing research is very much important to provide the expected solution for sure in the research proposal.

2) Bringing a better solution.

As we have discussed in the previous section the better problem statement will provide the better solution. The solution is considered as the better solution when there is more weight age for the problem that we have chosen.

Much needed results for the society and for the surroundings is found only when we work for the unresolved problem of the existing research.

The analyzing of problem statement is the important part of the research work and so this is considered as the seed for the research work.

The seed called as the problem shall be germinated by producing any minimal solution but the seed has to produce a big tree and so the problem has to provide the wide solution stating the major unsaid problem of the research field.

The effective solution from the existing research problem statement is considered as the expected outcome.

The solution that we consider as the expected solution should identify the exact expected solution in the final outcome of the project end stage and so with that much proper knowledge and confidence we have to write the expected solution.

3) Unique problem and unique solution.

The problem statement that we mentioned in our research proposal should explore the minds of the readers and in such a way we need to analyses the problem from the existing research.

The problem statement that we have considered has to be in a unique way where there should not be any repetition.

The unique problem denotes the finding of new problem from the existing researches that is needed to be worked and once the problem is worked to provide the solution we must have huge possible changes in the research field.

There will be many possible solutions the research problem will be providing in the research field but we need to work by thriving to get one important solution.

That solution that we extract from the conducting of research has to be unique and become more essential for the problem that we analyzed.

The unique solution must rectify the analyzed problem and should provide the benefits in the field of research.

One unique problem will provide the unique solution so as to fulfill the requirements of the problem that we have analyzed while doing the research to bring the expected outcome.

We have to work on the problem that should be able to provide the solution by understanding the purpose of the research so as to provide the expected solution for the research work.

4) Benefits of the research.

The solution that we are going to provide for the problem that we are working in our research gives lot of new changes in the research field.

The new changes are considered as the benefits that are produced by the solution for the problem we conducted research.

Expected solution of the research must have enormous advantages in the research field and also we should be able to utilize the solution to some sectors that is in relevant to the research field.

The benefits of the research that we are going to conduct have to create the futuristic scope in the research field. By analyzing the scope of our research many researches should come forward to conduct research in our research field.

The research benefit should create some impact in the field of research. We have to bring out the idea on the expected outcome in our research proposal by highlighting the possible benefits that we are able to get from the research solution.

5) Novel information produced.

By referring all the previously existing research journals we have to gather the required information that are needed for our research work to provide the solution for the addressed problem.

The referred information should be cited with the reference journal from where we had gathered the information needed.

We need to produce some novel information in our research work and contribute that novel information to the research field.

As we contribute the new findings of our research in the research field the future researchers will make use of them for their future endeavors in conducting research.

So we must have the thought of bringing some innovation in the field that we conduct our research work and so we have to write the expected outcomes by considering the factors of providing innovation.

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Conclusions
Article Information

The original meta-analysis included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational trials. We combined the 20 RCTs from the original review with the 25 RCTs from the updated search.

Weights are from random-effects model. Risk of bias categories included: A, random sequence generation; B, allocation concealment; C, masking of participants and personnel; D, incomplete outcome bias; E, selective reporting. DL indicates DerSimonian-Laird random effects meta-analysis; HR, hazard ratio; PROM, patient-reported outcome measures; SOC, standard of care.

Weights are from random-effects model. Risk of bias categories included: A, random sequence generation; B, allocation concealment; C, masking of participants and personnel; D, incomplete outcome bias; E, selective reporting. DL indicates ; PROM, patient-reported outcome measures; QLQ-C30, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life questionnaire; SOC, standard of care; WMD, weighted mean difference.

Weights are from random-effects model. Risk of bias categories included: A, random sequence generation; B, allocation concealment; C, masking of participants and personnel; D, incomplete outcome bias; E, selective reporting. DL indicates ; OR, odds ratio; PROM, patient-reported outcome measures; SOC, standard of care.

eAppendix 1. Initial Search Strategy

eAppendix 2. Second Search Strategy

eFigure 1. Forest Plot and Risk of Bias of EQ5D at 24 Weeks

eTable 1. Study Characteristics for Included Trials

eTable 2. Summary of the HRQoL Outcomes With Questionnaire Specific Properties Such as Range of Score and Minimal Important Difference

eTable 3. Overall Risk of Bias for Each Outcome

eFigure 2. Forest Plot of Sensitivity Analysis for Overall Survival

eFigure 3. Forest Plot of Sensitivity Analysis for EORTC-QLQC30 at 12 Weeks

eFigure 4. Forest Plot of Sensitivity Analysis for EORTC-QLQC30 at 24 Weeks

eFigure 5. Forest Plot of Sensitivity Analysis for Hospitalizations

eReferences.

Data Sharing Statement

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Help Patients With Cancer JAMA Network Open Invited Commentary August 13, 2024 Michael J. Hassett, MD, MPH; Christine Cronin, BS

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Balitsky AK , Rayner D , Britto J, et al. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Cancer Care : An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2424793. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.24793

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Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Cancer Care : An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

1 Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
2 Hamilton Health Sciences–Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
3 Escarpment Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
4 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
5 Department of Internal Medicine, Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
6 Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
7 St George’s University, School of Medicine, Grenada
8 Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale
9 Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Invited Commentary Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Help Patients With Cancer Michael J. Hassett, MD, MPH; Christine Cronin, BS JAMA Network Open

Question How does the integration of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) affect outcomes of cancer care?

Findings In this update to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized clinical trials examining the use of PROMs for patients receiving anticancer treatment, the integration of PROMs into cancer care likely improved overall survival and HRQoL with moderate certainty. Results for reductions in emergency department visits and hospitalizations were not significant.

Meaning These results suggest that integrating the patient perspective into cancer care can improve patient outcomes and health resource utilization.

Importance Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) come directly from the patient, without clinician interpretation, to provide a patient-centered perspective.

Objective To understand the association of PROM integration into cancer care with patient-related, therapy-related, and health care utilization outcomes.

Data Sources Searches included MEDLINE and MEDLINE Epub ahead of print, in-process, and other nonindexed citations; Embase databases (OvidSP); PsychINFO; CENTRAL; and CINAHL from January 1, 2012 to September 26, 2022.

Study Selection Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that enrolled adult patients (ages 18 years and older) with active cancer receiving anticancer therapy using a PROM as an intervention.

Data Extraction and Synthesis Pairs of review authors, using prepiloted forms, independently extracted trial characteristics, disease characteristics, and intervention details. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline was followed. Random-effects analyses were conducted.

Main Outcomes and Measures Overall mortality, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures, and hospital utilization outcomes.

Results From 1996 to 2022, 45 RCTs including 13 661 participants addressed the association of PROMs with outcomes considered important to patients. The addition of a PROM likely reduced the risk of overall mortality (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98; moderate certainty), improved HRQoL (range 0-100) at 12 weeks (mean difference [MD], 2.45; 95% CI, 0.42-4.48; moderate certainty). Improvements of HRQoL at 24 weeks were not significant (MD, 1.87; 95% CI, −1.21 to 4.96; low certainty). There was no association between the addition of a PROM and HRQoL at 48 weeks. The addition of a PROM was not associated with reduced ED visits (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54-1.02; low certainty) or hospital admissions (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73-1.02; low certainty).

Conclusion and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that the integration of PROMs into cancer care may improve overall survival and quality of life.

Symptoms, many of which go largely undetected by clinicians, 1 - 4 are common among individuals with cancer. 5 Even in a tightly controlled clinical trial comparing physician and patient reporting of symptoms, physician reporting was neither sensitive nor specific in detecting common chemotherapy toxic effects. 4 In addition, clinician-to-clinician agreement when reporting symptoms is moderate at best. 6 The discrepancy between clinician-reported and patient-reported outcomes suggests that accurate assessment of symptoms and consequent health-related quality of life (HRQoL) requires direct measurement from patients.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are measures of symptom burden and HRQoL that come directly from the patient, without clinician interpretation. PROMs can be the intervention and/or the outcome in a trial. In this study, our focus is on the integration of PROMs into oncology care as the intervention.

Possibly due to differences in choice of PROM, population diversity, different selected outcomes, and the different methodologies, previous systematic reviews measuring the association of PROMs with the quality of care across different disease populations have proved inconclusive. 7 - 13 A previous systematic review published in 2014 14 included 26 studies (randomized clinical trials [RCTs] and non-RCTs) that focused on a PROM as an intervention in cancer care. Authors did not perform a meta-analysis due to the variability in previously noted factors.

Since 2014, the impact of PROMs has come to the forefront of cancer care. The integration of PROMs into cancer care can improve HRQoL and survival, which is potentially attributable to improved symptom management and tolerance of treatment regimens. 15 , 16 Given the potential survival benefit of including PROMs into oncology care, we performed an updated systematic review addressing the impact of integrating PROMs into oncology care for patients with cancer undergoing active therapy, focusing not only on survival but also on other patient-valued outcomes, including HRQoL and measures of health care resource utilization like number of emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions.

We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses ( PRISMA ) reporting guideline. The systematic review was submitted to the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) ( ID266577 ).

We began by running the search from a previous systematic review published in 2014 (eAppendices 1 and 2 in Supplement 1 ). 14 Twenty of the 26 articles from the previous search were RCTs and included in our full-text eligibility evaluation. An experienced information specialist then conducted a comprehensive search in MEDLINE and MEDLINE Epub ahead of print, in-process, and other nonindexed citations; Embase databases (OvidSP); PsycINFO; CENTRAL; and CINAHL from 2012 to September 26, 2022. There were no language or publication status restrictions. To identify other potentially relevant trials, we reviewed reference lists of included trials and relevant review articles.

We included RCTs that enrolled adult patients (ages 18 years or older) with active cancer and receiving anticancer therapy. The intervention was the administration of a PROM compared with standard care without PROM administration. In the intervention group, the results of the PROM had to be shared with the patient’s health care professional. We excluded studies that included survivors of cancer (ie, not on cancer-directed therapy) or included PROMs only as an outcome measure.

Pairs of review authors (J.B., L.G., W.C., N.H., A.W., H.S., N.C., and A.L.) independently screened titles and abstracts for possible inclusion. The team of review authors conducted full-text review of any possibly relevant trials. Review authors resolved discrepancies through adjudication (A.B.).

We categorized outcomes used to evaluate PROMs as an intervention into 3 categories: patient-reported, clinician-reported, and health care utilization. Patient-reported outcomes included: HRQoL measures, symptom burden measures, and psychological measures. Clinician-reported outcomes included mortality, therapy completion, and therapy complications. Health care utilization outcomes included number of unscheduled clinic visits, number of hospital admissions, and number of emergency department visits.

Pairs of review authors, using prepiloted forms, independently extracted the following data: trial characteristics, including study design, country, trial setting (eg, clinic, hospital); disease characteristics such as type of cancer and stage of cancer; and intervention details, including type of PROM, timing of administration, and method of administration (eg, paper or electronic). Pairs of review authors independently assessed all eligible studies for their risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. 17 Overall risk of bias for each trial was defined as high risk of bias if there were some concerns in 2 or more domains. Certainty of pooled effect estimates for each outcome were assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. 18 - 21 We rated certainty in a nonzero effect.

A meta-analysis was performed for each outcome included in at least 2 studies. Results were pooled in DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses using the inverse variance method. Dichotomous outcome data were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs and continuous outcomes were expressed as mean differences (MD). We assessed statistical heterogeneity using a combination of visual inspection of the forest plots along with consideration of the χ 2 test and the I 2 statistic. 22 The STATA SE version 18 (Stata Inc) metan function provided the software for all statistical analyses.

To explore the impact of including trials with high risk of bias, we removed studies with overall high risk of bias and repeated the meta-analysis without those studies. We conducted a test of interaction between the results of low and high risk of bias groups. The threshold for significance was P < .10; if results were significant, we applied ICEMAN (Instrument to Assess the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses) criteria. 23

We retrieved 9662 citations, of which 482 were duplicates ( Figure 1 ). One additional study, found in a reference list review, proved eligible. The initial search included RCTs and observational trials. Given that there was a sufficient number of RCTs, we limited inclusion to RCTs only. There were 45 RCTs, 20 from the original search and 25 from the new search. 16 , 24 - 68

Sample size for included RCTs varied from 32 to 2095 with a total of 13 661 participants representing patients from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia with both solid and hematologic malignant neoplasms ( Table ). The most frequent treatment was chemotherapy (27 patients [60%]). The meta-analyses and GRADE for available outcomes are in eTable 1 in Supplement 1 .

Of the 45 RCTs, 4 studies 15 , 57 , 69 , 70 reported overall mortality; however, only 3 (1289 patients) included data for meta-analyses. The pooled meta-analysis for overall mortality demonstrated that the addition of a PROM likely improves overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98; I 2 = 0%; P for heterogeneity = .55) (moderate certainty) ( Figure 2 ).

Of the 45 RCTs, 25 studies 16 , 24 - 30 , 36 - 38 , 41 , 50 , 51 , 57 - 60 , 62 - 65 , 68 - 70 reported HRQoL outcomes, using different measures at different time points (eTable 2 in Supplement 1 ). Six studies 24 - 26 , 64 , 65 , 70 (2073 participants) measured HRQoL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life questionnaire (QLQ-C30) at 12 weeks and were included in the pooled meta-analysis. The addition of a PROM was likely to improve HRQoL at 12 weeks (mean difference [MD], 2.45; 95% CI, 0.42-4.48; I 2 = 57.3%; P for heterogeneity = .04) (moderate certainty) ( Figure 3 A).

Nine studies 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 30 - 33 , 68 (1957 participants) measured HRQoL using QLQ-C30 at 24 weeks. One study did not include baseline scores. Eight studies 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 30 - 33 were included in the pooled meta-analysis. Improvements in HRQoL with the addition of a PROM were not significant at 24 weeks (MD, 1.87; 95% CI, −1.21 to 4.96; I 2 = 0%; P for heterogeneity = .55) (low certainty) ( Figure 3 B).

Three studies 27 , 30 , 33 (807 participants) measured HRQoL using QLQ-C30 at 48 weeks and were included in the pooled meta-analysis. The evidence was very uncertain about the outcomes associated with the addition of a PROM at 48 weeks (MD, 0.35; 95% CI, −6.31 to 7.02; I 2 = 76.0%; P for heterogeneity = .02) (very low certainty) ( Figure 3 C).

Three studies 16 , 63 , 69 (674 participants) measured HRQoL using EuroQol Group 5 Dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) at 24 weeks and were included in the pooled meta-analysis. The evidence is very uncertain about the outcomes associated with the addition of a PROM using the EQ5D measure (MD, 2.58; 95% CI, −2.65 to 7.81; I 2 = 36.5%; P for heterogeneity = .21) (very low certainty) (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1 ).

Of the 45 RCTs, 6 studies 16 , 30 , 31 , 64 , 69 , 70 reported ED visits and number of hospitalizations. Four studies 16 , 30 , 69 , 70 (2064 participants) were included in the pooled ED visits meta-analysis. The addition of a PROM was not associated with a reduction in ED visits (odds ratio [OR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54-1.02; I 2 = 53.2%; P = .09) (low certainty) ( Figure 4 A).

Five studies 16 , 30 , 31 , 64 , 69 (2954 participants) were included in the pooled hospitalization meta-analysis. The addition of a PROM was not associated with a reduction in hospital admissions (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73-1.02; I 2 = 0%; P = .79) (low certainty) ( Figure 4 B).

We removed studies with overall high risk of bias (eTable 3 in Supplement 1 ) and repeated the meta-analysis for those with low risk and high risk of bias. Subgroup analyses based on risk of bias were not applicable for EORTC 48 weeks, EQ-5D 24 weeks, and ED visits. Subgroup analyses for risk of bias did not change overall mortality, HRQoL or health care resource utilization outcomes. No analysis met the threshold ( P < .10) to apply ICEMAN.

The meta-analysis for studies with low risk included: 2 studies 16 , 70 were included in the pooled meta-analysis for overall mortality (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.97; I 2 = 0%; P = .37) (eFigure 2 in Supplement 1 ). Five studies 25 , 26 , 64 , 65 , 70 were included in the pooled meta-analysis for EORTC-QLQC30 at 12 weeks (HR, 2.86; 95% CI, 0.33 to 4.99; I 2 = 62.4%; P = .03) (eFigure 3 in Supplement 1 ). Seven studies 26 - 29 , 65 , 69 were included in the pooled meta-analysis for EORTC-QLQC30 at 24 weeks (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, −1.20 to 5.80; I 2 = 68.8%; P = .002) (eFigure 4 in Supplement 1 ). Four studies 16 , 30 , 64 , 69 were included in the pooled hospitalization meta-analysis (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.03; I 2 = 0%; P = .65) (eFigure 5 in Supplement 1 ).

In our updated systematic review of 45 RCTs, with a total of 13 661 participants, we were able to conduct a meta-analysis from a proportion of the RCTs for patient-reported outcomes (HRQoL), clinician-reported outcomes (mortality), and health care resource utilization outcomes (ED visits and hospitalizations). We found that the integration of a PROM into cancer care was associated with improved all-cause mortality (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98) and HRQoL at 12 weeks (MD, 2.45; 95% CI, 0.42-4.48), but was not associated with HRQoL at 24 weeks (MD, 1.87; 95% CI, −1.21 to 4.96; low certainty). There was no association between the addition of a PROM and HRQoL at 48 weeks. The addition of a PROM was not associated with a reduction in ED visits (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54-1.02) or hospital admissions (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73-1.02).

We included many studies but were only able to perform a proper meta-analysis of a limited number of trials because of the heterogeneity of their outcomes. Of the 45 RCTs, only 4 studies measured survival. The improvement in overall mortality with the addition of a PROM is largely influenced by 2 studies. 15 , 69 In the Basch study, 16 patients with cancer receiving active cancer therapy were asked to use an app to report the 12 most common symptoms associated with cancer and its therapy. In the Geerse study, 69 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer reported symptom distress using a validated instrument (Distress Thermometer and Problem List). These 2 studies support the concept that using a PROM, specifically on patient-reported symptoms, may assist health care professionals to identify patients’ needs and address issues early thereby preventing poor outcomes. If one is considering implementing PROMs in routine practice, patient-reported symptoms might be a good place to start.

HRQoL, an outcome identified as important to patients, was one of the most common outcomes reported. Of the 45 RCTs, 25 reported HRQoL 16 , 24 - 30 , 36 - 38 , 41 , 50 , 51 , 57 - 60 , 62 - 65 , 68 - 70 as an outcome. However, there was marked variability in the questionnaires used and timing of their administration. Because of the variability, we were only able to conduct meta-analyses on a proportion of HRQoL outcomes. Three studies 64 , 65 , 70 contributed the most to the associations with HRQoL, specifically EORTC measured at 12 weeks. They all used patient-reported symptom monitoring as the intervention, 64 , 65 , 70 again suggesting that asking patients to report their symptoms may lead to an earlier response to symptoms and improvements in HRQoL.

The addition of a PROM may result in a reduction in ED visits and hospital admissions. Only 6 of the 45 RCTs reported ED and hospitalization outcomes. 16 , 30 , 31 , 64 , 69 , 70 There was considerable variability in the timeframe of data collection in these studies, perhaps limiting the certainty of the evidence. In addition to the toxic effects of cancer therapy, there is a burden associated with therapy, requiring multiple scheduled and unscheduled visits to hospital, a burden to patients and their caregivers that has been referred to as time toxicity. 71 In a health care system with finite resources, hospital resource utilization is also an important outcome for hospital administration.

Multiple studies in this systematic review collected PROMs electronically. This lends itself to the potential for the integration of digital health tools into oncology care. Patient-reported symptoms and other PROMs are an integral component of remote patient monitoring, which can also include vital sign monitoring. Remote patient-monitoring in addition to clinician interactive care, could help anticipate and reduce toxic effects and therapy-related sequalae, improve patient well-being, and potentially reduce hospital resource utilization and treatment burden.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted with rigor using GRADE methodology to assess the certainty of the evidence. In our initial search, we included observational studies in addition to RCTs. Given the large number of available RCTs providing sufficient data for robust meta-analyses, in addition to the advantages of RCTs in terms of internal validity and control over confounding variables, we focused on RCTs only.

This review focused on objectively measured outcomes of integrating PROMS into the clinical care of patients with cancer. When patients systematically report their symptoms and those symptoms are shared with their clinicians, it helps facilitate discussion. In a 2018 review on the use of PROMs, Greenhalgh et al 72 suggested that in addition to facilitating clinician discussions, the act of completing PROMs prompts the patient to self-reflect on and feel open to discussing their symptoms with a clinician. They also identified that although oncology clinicians are comfortable with managing symptoms, they are not as comfortable with managing issues related to HRQoL or mental health. There is an important role for PROM integration, specifically patient-reported symptoms into oncology care. Studies have demonstrated feasibility in implementing patient-reported symptom reporting in patients on active anticancer therapy, 73 , 74 further evidence that PROMs should be adopted into routine oncology care with quality initiatives for standardized implantation and outcome measurements.

Despite the strengths of this study, there are limitations. Similar to the prior review, due to the variability of data collection, measures used, and how results are reported, we were unable to perform a meta-analysis for other common outcomes, such as patient-reported symptoms and patient-reported psychological symptoms. In addition, due to the size of the review, granular data about every study is not reported. A major limitation of the available data is the small number of studies that evaluate the associations of PROM integration with important outcomes, such as survival and hospital resource utilization. Due to the heterogeneity of the PROM interventions used, our study does not provide evidence on the optimal strategy to collect PROs in active oncology care.

The integration of PROMs into cancer care was associated with overall survival and short-term HRQoL but not reductions in ED visits and hospitalizations. In the 45 RCTs measuring the impact of integrating PROMs into cancer care, there was marked variability in the outcomes selected and the timing of their measurement, limiting our ability to comment on the impact on mental health. There is a role to standardize research methodology utilizing PROMs to ensure consistency, comparability, and reliability in evaluating outcomes.

Accepted for Publication: May 13, 2024.

Published: August 13, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.24793

Corresponding Author: Amaris K. Balitsky, MD, MSc, Department of Oncology, Division of Malignant Hematology, Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession St, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Dr Balitsky had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Balitsky, Mian, Levine.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Balitsky, Rayner, Britto, Lionel, Ginsberg, Cho, Wilfred, Sardar, Cantor, Guyatt.

Drafting of the manuscript: Balitsky, Ginsberg, Cantor, Levine.

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Balitsky, Rayner, Britto, Lionel, Cho, Wilfred, Sardar, Mian, Guyatt.

Statistical analysis: Rayner, Lionel, Cantor, Levine.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Ginsberg, Wilfred, Cantor.

Supervision: Balitsky, Guyatt.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Mian reported grants from Janssen, Pfizer, and Takeda outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: Dr Mian is supported by an early career award from Hamilton Health Sciences.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2 .

Additional Contributions: We would like to thank Rachel Couban, MIS, information specialist, for her help with developing and running the search strategy.

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The Expected Outcome section serves to articulate the anticipated results and findings of the proposed research study. It provides a detailed preview of what you expect to achieve, contributing to the overall understanding and significance of the research. This clarity is crucial for reviewers to understand the potential impact of your study.

Key Takeaways. A clear Expected Outcomes section makes a research proposal stronger and more convincing. Expected outcomes help readers understand the potential impact and importance of the research. Well-defined outcomes show that the researcher has thought carefully about the study's future effects.

The Expected Outcomes Section contains these features. 1. An explanation of how the proposal will address the needs shown in the Statement of the Problem; 2. An explanation of the benefits that will be realized if the proposal is accepted; 3. Clear information about WHO will benefit and HOW they will benefit from the proposal; 4.

Writing about the expected results of your study in your proposal is a good idea as it can help to establish the significance of your study. On the basis of the problems you have identified and your proposed methodology, you can describe what results can be expected from your research. It's not possible for you to predict the exact outcome of ...

Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".

Step 1: Title and Abstract. Select a concise, descriptive title and write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology and expected outcomes . The abstract should include your research question, the objectives you aim to achieve, the methodology you plan to employ and the anticipated outcomes.

Here is an explanation of each step: 1. Title and Abstract. Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research. Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal. 2.

current academic research. Finally, the proposal should indicate what the expected outcomes of the research are. It may be, for example, a solution to a problem or a new methodology. Providing expected outcomes creates a more focused approach to the research. A sample research proposal has been attached for your reference. References:

Guidelines on writing a research proposal by Matthew McGranaghan This is a work in progress, intended to organize my thoughts on the process of formulating a proposal. ... Very early on, generate the research question, critical observation, interpretations of the possible outcomes, and the expected results. These are the core of the project and ...

The process: Identify prospective supervisors and discuss your idea with them. Avoid blanket general e-mails to several prospective supervisors. Allow plenty of time - a rushed proposal will show. Get feedback from your prospective supervisor and be prepared to take their comments on board.

Tips for Writing Expected Outcomes and Impact. Be Specific: Clearly outline the specific results or changes that you expect to achieve as a result of your proposal. Quantifiable outcomes are particularly impactful. Connect to Goals: Tie the expected outcomes back to the overarching goals and objectives of the proposal.

A quality example of a research proposal shows one's above-average analytical skills, including the ability to coherently synthesize ideas and integrate lateral and vertical thinking. Communication skills. The proposal also demonstrates your proficiency to communicate your thoughts in concise and precise language.

4. Literature Review. Writing a literature review is an important part of the research process. It provides the researcher with a summary of previous studies that have been conducted on a subject, and it helps the researcher determine what areas might need additional investigation in the existing research.

pated outcomes to answer the research question. It is extremely beneﬁcial to an-ticipate the range of outcomes from your analysis, and for each, know what it will mean in terms of the answer to your ques-tion. 05 EXPECTED OUTCOMES Show what you expect to get out of the research. Link the data analysis and possible outcomes to

A well-constructed Expected Outcome section enhances the overall quality of the research proposal, making a compelling case for the significance and feasibility of the proposed study.

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students. Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels ...

What are the outputs, how will they be used, by who? Skip to Main Content. Access to Excellence. Louisiana State University; Research Guides; LSU Libraries; ENVS 7700 ; Step 5: Expected Outcomes, Contributions of the Project ; Search this Guide Search. ENVS 7700 : Step 5: Expected Outcomes, Contributions of the Project ... How to write about ...

Outcomes • Qualitative research is often undertaken when little is known about a topic. This means a qualitative research proposal cannot be as clear in the detail as a quantitative one. Qualitative research is often exploratory and develops iteratively. It may be hard to specify what your outcomes are likely to be, beforehand.

Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers' plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed ...

Answer: Welcome to the Editage Insights Q&A Forum, and thanks for your question. We have quite a few resources on writing the expected results for a research proposal on the Q&A forum. We have linked a few of these below. For more, you can search the forum/site using the relevant keywords.

To write the expected outcome considers the following features: 1) Depending on the problem statement: We used to consider a research as the good research only when the research work is for the much needed solution. We used to choose the topic for the research by analyzing the existing research. Likewise, the research is done by analyzing one ...

Coherence is the key to a successful European innovation proposal. Therefore we believe that having tools and methodologies to identify 1) Objectives, 2) Activities, 3) Expected Results, 4) Outcomes and 5) Expected Impacts, can help to clearly improve the quality of our proposal. Below we show you the methodology that we follow in IDConsortium ...

This systematic review and meta-analysis is an update to a previous review of randomized clinical trials examining the association of patient-reported outcome measures used in cancer treatment with overall mortality risk, health-related quality of life, and hospital utilization.

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Race and LGBTQ Issues in K-12 Schools

What teachers, teens and the u.s. public say about current curriculum debates, table of contents.

What do teachers think students should learn about slavery and gender identity?
Should parents be able to opt their children out of learning about certain topics?
How often do topics related to race and LGBTQ issues come up in the classroom?
How do teachers’ views differ by party?
What teachers think students should learn about slavery and gender identity
Should parents be able to opt their children out of learning about race and LGBTQ issues?
Influence over curriculum
What teens want to learn about slavery
What teens want to learn about gender identity
4. Public views on parents opting their children out of learning about race and LGBTQ issues
Acknowledgments
Teacher survey methodology
Teen survey methodology
General public survey methodology

Demonstrators outside a school board meeting in Glendale, California, on June 20, 2023. (David McNew/Getty Images)

Pew Research Center conducted this study to better understand how public K-12 teachers, teens and the American public see topics related to race, sexual orientation and gender identity playing out in the classroom.

The bulk of the analysis in this report is based on an online survey of 2,531 U.S. public K-12 teachers conducted from Oct. 17 to Nov. 14, 2023. The teachers surveyed are members of RAND’s American Teacher Panel, a nationally representative panel of public school K-12 teachers recruited through MDR Education. Survey data is weighted to state and national teacher characteristics to account for differences in sampling and response to ensure they are representative of the target population.

For the questions for the general public, we surveyed 5,029 U.S. adults from Nov. 9 to Nov. 16, 2023. The adults surveyed are members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, a nationally representative online survey panel. Panel members are randomly recruited through probability-based sampling, and households are provided with access to the Internet and hardware if needed. To ensure that the results of this survey reflect a balanced cross section of the nation, the data is weighted to match the U.S. adult population by gender, age, education, race and ethnicity and other categories.

For questions for teens, we conducted an online survey of 1,453 U.S. teens from Sept. 26 to Oct. 23, 2023, through Ipsos. Ipsos recruited the teens via their parents, who were part of its KnowledgePanel. The survey was weighted to be representative of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17 who live with their parents by age, gender, race and ethnicity, household income, and other categories. The survey on teens was reviewed and approved by an external institutional review board (IRB), Advarra, an independent committee of experts specializing in helping to protect the rights of research participants.

Here are the questions used for this report , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

Throughout the report, references to White, Black and Asian adults include those who are not Hispanic and identify as only one race. Hispanics are of any race. The views and experiences of teachers and teens who are Asian American or part of other racial and ethnic groups are not analyzed separately in this report due to sample limitations. Data for these groups is incorporated into the general population figures throughout the report.

All references to party affiliation include those who lean toward that party. Republicans include those who identify as Republicans and those who say they lean toward the Republican Party. Democrats include those who identify as Democrats and those who say they lean toward the Democratic Party.

Political leaning of school districts is based on whether the majority of those residing in the school district voted for Republican Donald Trump or Democrat Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election.

Amid national debates about what schools are teaching , we asked public K-12 teachers, teens and the American public how they see topics related to race, sexual orientation and gender identity playing out in the classroom.

A pie chart showing that about 4 in 10 teachers say current debates about K-12 education have had a negative impact on their job.

A sizeable share of teachers (41%) say these debates have had a negative impact on their ability to do their job. Just 4% say these debates have had a positive impact, while 53% say the impact has been neither positive nor negative or that these debates have had no impact.

And 71% of teachers say teachers themselves don’t have enough influence over what’s taught in public schools in their area.

In turn, a majority of teachers (58%) say their state government has too much influence over this. And more say the federal government, the local school board and parents have too much influence than say they don’t have enough.

Most of the findings in this report come from a survey of 2,531 U.S. public K-12 teachers conducted Oct. 17-Nov. 14, 2023, using the RAND American Teacher Panel. 1 The survey looks at teachers’ views on:

Race and LGBTQ issues in the classroom ( Chapter 1 )
Current debates over what schools should be teaching and the role of key groups ( Chapter 2 )

It follows a fall 2022 survey of K-12 parents that explored similar topics.

This report also includes some findings from a survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17 ( Chapter 3 ) and a survey of U.S. adults ( Chapter 4 ). For details about these surveys, refer to the Methodology section of this report. Among the key findings:

38% of teens say they feel comfortable when topics related to racism or racial inequality come up in class (among those who say these topics have come up). A smaller share (29%) say they feel comfortable when topics related to sexual orientation or gender identity come up.
Among the American public , more say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about LGBTQ issues than say the same about topics related to race (54% vs. 34%).

A diverging bar chart showing that most teachers think students should learn that the legacy of slavery still affects Black Americans today.

We asked public K-12 teachers what they think students should learn in school about two topics in particular:

Whether the legacy of slavery still affects the position of Black people in American society today.
Whether a person’s gender can be different from or is determined by their sex at birth.

For these questions, elementary, middle and high school teachers were asked about elementary, middle and high school students, respectively.

The legacy of slavery

Most teachers (64%) say students should learn that the legacy of slavery still affects the position of Black people in American society today.

About a quarter (23%) say students should learn that slavery is part of American history but no longer affects the position of Black people in American society. Just 8% say students shouldn’t learn about this topic in school at all.

Majorities of elementary, middle and high school teachers say students should learn that the legacy of slavery still has an impact on the lives of Black Americans.

Gender identity

When it comes to teaching about gender identity – specifically whether a person’s gender can be different from or is determined by their sex assigned at birth – half of public K-12 teachers say students shouldn’t learn about this in school.

A third of teachers think students should learn that someone can be a boy or a girl even if that is different from the sex they were assigned at birth.

A smaller share (14%) say students should learn that whether someone is a boy or a girl is determined by their sex at birth.

Views differ among elementary, middle and high school teachers. But teachers across the three levels are more likely to say students should learn that a person’s gender can be different from their sex at birth than to say students should learn gender is determined by sex at birth.

Most elementary school teachers (62%) say students shouldn’t learn about gender identity in school. This is much larger than the shares of middle and high school teachers who say the same (45% and 35%).

What parents and teens say

Parents of K-12 students are more divided on what their children should learn in school about these topics.

In the 2022 survey , 49% of parents said they’d rather their children learn that the legacy of slavery still affects the position of Black people in American society today, while 42% said they’d rather their children learn that slavery no longer affects Black Americans.

When it comes to gender identity, 31% of parents said they’d rather their children learn that gender can be different from sex at birth. An identical share said they would rather their children learn gender is determined by sex at birth. Another 37% of parents said their children shouldn’t learn about gender identity in school.

Teens, like parents, are more divided than teachers on these questions. About half of teens (48%) say they’d rather learn that the legacy of slavery still affects the position of Black Americans today. Four-in-ten would prefer to learn that slavery no longer affects Black Americans.

And teens are about evenly divided when it comes to what they prefer to learn about gender identity. A quarter say they’d rather learn that a person’s gender can be different from their sex at birth; 26% would prefer to learn that gender is determined by sex at birth. About half (48%) say they shouldn’t learn about gender identity in school.

For more on teens’ views about what they prefer to learn in school about each of these topics, read Chapter 3 of this report.

Most public K-12 teachers (60%) say parents should not be able to opt their children out of learning about racism or racial inequality in school, even if the way these topics are taught conflicts with the parents’ beliefs. A quarter say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about these topics.

In contrast, more say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about sexual orientation or gender identity (48%) than say parents should not be able to do this (33%).

On topics related to both race and LGBTQ issues, elementary and middle school teachers are more likely than high school teachers to say parents should be able to opt their children out.

How teachers’ views compare with the public’s views

A diverging bar chart showing that 54% of Americans say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about LGBTQ issues.

Like teachers, Americans overall are more likely to say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about sexual orientation or gender identity (54%) than to say they should be able to opt their children out of learning about racism or racial inequality (34%).

Across both issues, Americans overall are somewhat more likely than teachers to say parents should be able to opt their children out.

For more on the public’s views, read Chapter 4 of this report.

A horizontal stacked bar chart showing that topics related to racism and racial inequality come up in the classroom more often than LGBTQ issues.

Most teachers who’ve been teaching for more than a year (68%) say the topics of sexual orientation and gender identity rarely or never came up in their classroom in the 2022-23 school year. About one-in-five (21%) say these topics came up sometimes, and 8% say they came up often or extremely often.

Topics related to racism or racial inequality come up more frequently. A majority of teachers (56%) say these topics came up at least sometimes in their classroom, with 21% saying they came up often or extremely often.

These topics are more likely to come up in secondary school than in elementary school classrooms.

As is the case among parents of K-12 students and the general public, teachers’ views on how topics related to race and LGBTQ issues should play out in the classroom differ by political affiliation.

What students should learn about slavery: 85% of Democratic and Democratic-leaning teachers say students should learn that the legacy of slavery still affects the position of Black people in American society today. This compares with 35% of Republican and Republican-leaning teachers who say the same.

A diverging bar chart showing that teachers’ views on parents opting their children out of learning about race, LGBTQ issues differ widely by party.

What students should learn about gender identity: Democratic teachers are far more likely than Republican teachers to say students should learn that a person’s gender can be different from the sex they were assigned at birth (53% vs. 5%). Most Republican teachers (69%) say students shouldn’t learn about gender identity in school.
Parents opting their children out of learning about these topics: 80% of Republican teachers say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about LGBTQ issues, compared with 30% of Democratic teachers. And while 47% of Republican teachers say parents should be able to opt their children out of learning about racism and racial inequality, just 11% of Democratic teachers say this.

A majority of public K-12 teachers (58%) identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party. About a third (35%) identify with or lean toward the GOP. Americans overall are more evenly divided: 47% are Democrats or Democratic leaners, and 45% are Republicans or Republican leaners .

For details, refer to the Methodology section of the report. ↩

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Who Are You? The Art and Science of Measuring Identity

Facts about the u.s. black population, 22 states have ever elected a black woman to congress, trust in america: do americans trust the police, black americans have made gains in u.s. political leadership, but gaps remain, most popular, report materials.

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3)

Cybersecurity image with a lock in the center surrounded by media types overlayed with locks.

Protect one another.

The Internet Crime Complaint Center, or IC3, is the Nation’s central hub for reporting cyber crime. It is run by the FBI, the lead federal agency for investigating cyber crime. Here on our website, you can take two vital steps to protecting cyberspace and your own online security.

First, if you believe you have fallen victim to cyber crime, file a complaint or report. Your information is invaluable to helping the FBI and its partners bring cybercriminals to justice.

Second, get educated about the latest and most harmful cyber threats and scams. By doing so, you will be better able to protect yourself, your family, and your place of work.

Anyone can become a victim of internet crime. Take action for yourself and others by reporting it. Reporting internet crimes can help bring criminals to justice and make the internet a safer place for us all.

With your help, the FBI can respond faster, better defend cyber networks, and more effectively protect our nation.

Read about recent trends and announcements that may affect you.

Knowledge is the key to prevention. Educate yourself about threats to individuals and business and ways to protect yourself.

Between staying connected with family and friends, shopping and banking online, and working remotely, we all depend on security in our interconnected digital world. Criminals from every corner of the globe attack our digital systems on a near constant basis. They strike targets large and small—from corporate networks to personal smart phones. No one—and no device—is immune from the threat. The only way forward is together. In cyber security, where a single compromise can impact millions of people, there can be no weak links. Every organization and every individual needs to take smart, reasonable steps to protect their own devices and systems and to learn how to spot and avoid scams.

Combined with other data, it allows the FBI to investigate reported crimes, track trends and threats, and, in some cases, even freeze stolen funds. Just as importantly, IC3 shares reports of crime throughout its vast network of FBI field offices and law enforcement partners, strengthening our nation’s collective response both locally and nationally.

Due to the massive number of complaints we receive each year, IC3 cannot respond directly to every submission, but please know we take each report seriously. With your help, we can and will respond faster, defend cyber networks better, and more effectively protect our nation.

This chart displays total complaints and loses over the last five years. In 2018 there were 351,937 complaints and $2.7 billion in loses. In 2019 there were 467,361 complaints and $3.5 billion in loses. In 2020 there were 791,790 complaints and $4.2 billion in loses. In 2021 there were 847,367 complaints and $6.9 billion in loses. In 2022 there were 800,994 complaints and $10.3 billion in loses. In the total five-year period from 2018 to 2022 IC3 received a total of 3.26 million complaints, reporting a loss of $27.6 billion.

Chart includes yearly and aggregate data for complaints and losses over the years 2018 to 2022. Over that time, IC3 received a total of 3.26 million complaints, reporting a loss of $27.6 billion.

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Research: Consumers Spend Loyalty Points and Cash Differently

So Yeon Chun,
Freddy Lim,
Ville Satopää

Your loyalty strategy needs to consider four ways people value points.

Do consumers treat loyalty points the same way that they treat traditional money? And, how do they choose to spend one versus the other? The authors of this article present research findings from their analysis of data describing over 29,000 unique loyalty points earning and spending transactions made during two recent years by 500 airline loyalty program consumers. They found that points users fell into four distinct categories: 1) Money advocates, who prefer cash over points, even when their value is identical in terms of purchasing power; 2) Currency impartialists, who regard points and cash interchangeably, valuing them equally based on their financial worth; 3) Point gamers, who actively seek out the most advantageous point redemption opportunities, opting to spend points particularly when their value significantly surpasses that of cash; and 4) Point lovers, who value points more than money even if their purchase power is the same or lower. This article explores the strategic implications of these findings for companies that manage loyalty programs.

In the years since The Economist spotlighted the astonishing scale of loyalty points — particularly frequent-flyer miles — as a potential global currency rivaling traditional money in 2005, usage has grown rapidly in size and scope. For example, the number of flight redemptions at Southwest Airlines doubled from 5.4 million in 2013 (representing 9.5% of revenue passenger miles) to 10.9 million in 2023 (representing 16.3% of revenue passenger miles).

SC So Yeon Chun is an Associate Professor of Technology & Operations Management at INSEAD, a global business school with campuses in Abu Dhabi, France, and Singapore.
FL Freddy Lim is an Assistant Professor of Information Systems and Analytics at the National University of Singapore, School of Computing in Singapore
VS Ville Satopää is an Associate Professor of Technology and Operations Management at INSEAD, a global business school with campuses in Abu Dhabi, France, and Singapore.

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Declining senses can impact mental health and loneliness in aging adults

Most people — up to 94% of U.S. adults — experience at least some dulling of their senses with age, finding themselves squinting at screens, craving stronger flavors, and missing snatches of conversations more and more frequently. Researchers at the University of Chicago Medicine are looking into how these changes can go beyond mere inconvenience and actually worsen overall mental health in older adults.

“When your senses decline, you can't experience the world as well,” said Jayant Pinto, MD , a physician and expert in olfactory dysfunction at UChicago Medicine. “You can't hear colleagues or friends at the dinner table; you can't discern what's going on in your environment; you may have a hard time reading or making things out when you’re in your neighborhood. It makes all your cognitive burdens a little harder, and that probably wears you down over time and causes mental health problems.”

Along with Alexander Wang, a medical student at the UChicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Pinto recently led a study examining the prevalence and impact of sensory impairments among older adults. They found that people with sensory disabilities tend to have worse mental health, and that different types of sensory disability were associated with different aspects of mental health.

Revealing associations between perception and emotion

The UChicago researchers analyzed data on sensory function (vision, hearing and sense of smell) and self-reported mental health from nearly 4,000 older adults, collected over 10 years of follow-up as part of the National Social Life, Health & Aging Project . They found that people who had multiple senses impaired experienced more loneliness and had significantly worse self-reported mental health overall, and people with three sensory disabilities were more likely to experience frequent depressive episodes. In analyses that differentiated between the senses, vision impairment was most strongly associated with both loneliness and poor self-rated mental health.

Scientists are still exploring how changes in all five senses can impact people, but the UChicago researchers can already point to many ways sensory decline contributes directly to feelings of loneliness, sadness and boredom.

Older people with vision impairment may have trouble getting out of the house or seeing the faces of their friends and family, and hearing loss can make conversations stilted and frustrating. Even loss of smell can affect someone’s ability to find joy in familiar scents — like a favorite home-cooked meal or a loved one’s signature perfume — and perceive pheromones, which (though not registered consciously) contribute to social dynamics.

“We saw that hearing and vision disability tended to be associated with lower self-rated mental health and feelings of loneliness, but olfactory disability had a weaker association,” Wang said. “This stood out to me because hearing and vision disabilities tend to be much more stigmatized than olfactory disability. This made me reflect on the ways in which social stigma may be driving this worse mental health.”

Caring for one another in an aging society

In the face of that stigma, the researchers say their results highlight the importance of improving access to mental health services and increasing awareness of the connection between sensory loss and mental distress. In particular, understanding how different sensory disabilities impact the long-term mental health of older adults could help healthcare professionals — especially primary care providers, otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists — screen for mental health conditions when they identify sensory loss in their patients, providing opportunities for personalized and timely interventions.

In addition to proactively treating older adults’ mental health, the researchers pointed to steps that can be taken to directly lessen the day-to-day effects of sensory difficulties, which would in turn lessen their negative mental health implications.

“We have an aging society; everybody has a relative who's getting older and having a harder time in life. It’s a burden for us all to share,” Pinto said. “Lessening the burdens of your aging relatives and friends can have a huge impact on people's lives, their productivity and their quality of life.”

On a personal level, family members and friends can help by being patient and finding ways to communicate more effectively, such as speaking clearly or using written notes. On a societal level, public policies and community programs can ensure accessibility in public spaces and provide resources that improve quality of life.

Pinto also highlighted a wide range of technologies and medical interventions are available that can help compensate for sensory impairment. For hearing loss, there are cochlear implants, hearing aids and other hearing-assistive devices — which research has indicated could slow cognitive decline in addition to improving quality of life. For vision loss, there are glasses, contacts, cataract surgery and LASIK surgery, along with accommodations like text-to-speech computer programs. Even for the sense of smell, health experts can sometimes help by reducing sinus inflammation or conducting smell training exercises.

“In many cases, we can mitigate sensory difficulties in ways that might actually improve people's lives, mental health and sense of loneliness — which is a huge epidemic,” Pinto said. “These are simple ways we can intervene to help people and potentially have a huge impact on society.”

Recognizing and destigmatizing sensory disability

The researchers said they intentionally used the word “disability” throughout the paper to underscore the significant impact of sensory impairments on individuals' lives. This terminology also aligns with efforts to destigmatize these conditions and promote a more inclusive approach to healthcare.

“To some extent, our society already considers decreased sensory function to be a disability: think of the blind and d/Deaf communities,” Wang said. “Like many marginalized communities, the disabled community has historically had a very contentious relationship with the medical field, which can cause distress and limit access to mental health services. With better understanding and compassion, we can strive to improve the care we provide to older adults and disabled patients.”

He said that by framing the data this way, he hopes to encourage more healthcare providers to move away from thinking in terms of the Medical Model of Disability and move towards the Social Model of Disability.

“My understanding is that the Medical Model characterizes disability as something that is ‘deficient’ with a person, thus requiring some sort of ‘fixing’ of the individual,” he explained. “The Social Model characterizes disability as more of an identity, so limitations relating to disability stem from a society’s lack of accessibility and accommodation for disabled people.”

Recognizing sensory impairments as disabilities and acknowledging their impact on mental health are important steps toward more comprehensive and compassionate care. By addressing the medical, social and environmental barriers that exacerbate these impairments, clinicians — and society as a whole — can better support older adults in maintaining their independence

Jayant Pinto, MD

Jayant Pinto, MD, is a specialist in sinus and nasal diseases, including chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and olfactory dysfunction. He serves as UChicago Medicine's Director of Rhinology and Allergy and Director of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Research.

Andrew Frankart smiles standing in front of a radiation treatment machine

Lattice therapy can help target tumors

Rio grande valley, texas news station highlights uc research.

Rio Grande Valley, Texas news station KRGV-TV highlighted University of Cincinnati Cancer Center researcher Andrew Frankart's new trial testing lattice therapy to provide more targeted radiation for patients with large tumors.

Lattice therapy is a technique where certain parts of tumors are preferentially targeted with higher doses of radiation compared to other areas.

"Right now, with radiation, we're more restricted to moderate doses that can help relieve symptoms and provide a temporary effect, but may not be sufficient dosing to provide a lasting impact or to control the tumor itself," Frankart, MD, a Cancer Center physician researcher and assistant professor of radiation oncology in UC’s College of Medicine, told KRGV. "The difference with lattice therapy is it's still using that arc to generate a plan, but we're purposefully making spheres or circles of higher dose within the target."

A five-year, $729,000 American Cancer Society/American Society for Radiation Oncology Clinician Scientist Development Grant is supporting the translation of Frankart’s initial findings into clinical practice through the clinical trial, which is expected to enroll 37 adult patients and analyze the underlying biology of tumor and immune responses to lattice therapy radiation.

“We’re focusing on patients who have large or bulky tumors. The approach is more based upon where it’s located and how large it is, and those are things that have previously prevented radiation from being as effective,” Frankart said. “Using this new approach to overcome some of those barriers hopefully means it can benefit more patients because we’re broadly including multiple disease sites.”

Read or watch the KRGV-TV story.

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Research shows drop in unhealthy food ads during kids' TV shows

by Rob Mitchum, University of Illinois at Chicago

Children's exposure to food and drink ads during kids' TV shows has dropped substantially since food and beverage makers pledged to stop advertising unhealthy fare during children's TV shows. Yet, according to research from the University of Illinois Chicago, children under 12 still see more than 1,000 food-related ads a year, most of them for unhealthy products.

For the study , published in JAMA Network Open , researchers analyzed television ratings and advertising data from 2013 through 2022. The study authors found that a dramatic decline in food and drink advertisements during kids' shows did not fully eliminate children's exposure to ads for products high in saturated fat, trans fat, total sugars and sodium.

"Kids are still seeing about a thousand ads per year on other programs, and the majority of ads that kids see are still for unhealthy products," said Lisa Powell, distinguished professor and director of health policy and administration in the UIC School of Public Health. "This is important as the World Health Organization has recognized that reducing children's exposure to unhealthy food and beverage advertisements is a key strategy for improving both children's diets and health."

In 2006, a group of food, beverage and restaurant companies pledged to only advertise healthy products on children's television programming, defined as shows where at least 35% of viewers are under the age of 12. Later revisions in 2014 and 2020 established nutritional criteria for what qualifies as unhealthy and therefore should not be advertised to young audiences.

Using television ratings data from The Nielsen Company, UIC researchers found that following changes in companies' self-regulation, the number of general food and beverage commercials seen during children's programs fell by over 95%. However, they found that 60% of the remaining food and beverage ads were still for unhealthy products.

And overall, kids under the age of 12 still saw more than 1,000 food-related advertisements per year, on average. Because of the steep decline in food and beverage ads during children's shows, as much as 90% of this exposure came from watching shows with lower child-audience shares.

That shift suggests that regulations against advertising unhealthy food and beverages during hours when children are likely to watch television would be more effective than focusing restrictions specifically on children's shows, the authors write.

The researchers also found a persistent racial difference in exposure to food-related advertisements. While the number of these ads seen by both Black and white children declined from 2013 to 2022, Black children saw significantly more advertisements than their white counterparts, due in part to more time spent watching television.

In general, children's time watching television has declined, indicating the need for research on their exposure to advertising on other media. Powell's group is in the early stages of launching a new project to measure the ads children encounter through social media platforms and digital entertainment.

"We know that the media kids consume is changing. They're spending more time on their mobile devices, whether it be a tablet or a phone, and they're seeing a lot of ads," Powell said. "We really need to understand where else the food companies target kids and what they're seeing."

In addition to Powell, UIC co-authors include Julien Leider, Rebecca Schermbeck and Aline Vandenbroeck, along with University of Connecticut co-author Jennifer Harris. The study was supported by grants from Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

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