research paper topics about sleep

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• Mini review series: Current topic in Hypertension 2024
• Published: 16 August 2024

Sleep and hypertension – up to date 2024

• Naoko Tomitani 1 ,
• Satoshi Hoshide 1 &
• Kazuomi Kario 1  

Hypertension Research ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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People spend one-third of their lives sleeping, and adequate, restful sleep is an essential component of a healthy life. Conversely, disruption of sleep has been found to cause various physical and mental health problems. Emerging research has shown that blood pressure (BP) during sleep is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than conventional office BP or daytime BP. Thus, management of both sleep health and nighttime BP during sleep is important for preventing cardiovascular events. However, recent studies demonstrated that nighttime BP is poorly controlled compared with office BP and daytime BP. This finding is understandable, given the challenges in monitoring BP during sleep and the multiplicity of factors related to nocturnal hypertension and BP variability. This review summarizes recent evidence and considers future perspectives for the management of sleep and hypertension.

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Naoko Tomitani, Satoshi Hoshide & Kazuomi Kario

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Tomitani, N., Hoshide, S. & Kario, K. Sleep and hypertension – up to date 2024. Hypertens Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-024-01845-x

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Received : 24 June 2024

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-024-01845-x

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135 Sleep Research Topics & Essay Ideas

Sleep, a fundamental yet mysterious aspect of human life, has captivated the curiosity of scientists, researchers, and health enthusiasts for decades. Sleep research topics in this article will take you on a journey through the fascinating realm of sleep. Discover a list of sleep deprivation and disorder topics that cover various dimensions of this physiological phenomenon.

🔝 Top 7 Research Questions About Sleep

🏆 best sleep topics to write about, 💡 controversial sleep research topics, 👍 good sleep research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting research topics about sleep, ❓ sleep research questions.

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• Novel Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcome Measures in Childhood Sleep
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• Correlation Between Sleep Deprivation and Depression
• Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Stress, and Academic Performance
• Cognitive Behaviors That Intrude a Person’s Sleep Cycle
• Sleep: Non-REM and REM Phases Sleep has great general biological significance, playing an important role in the function of the brain. The sleep period consists of two phases: non-REM and REM.
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• Good Night’s Sleep for Brain Function and Waste Disposal The paper concerns the connection between sleep, the brain, and waste disposal. The body’s biological system processes create the problem of waste disposal.
• “Sleep, Health, and Wellness at Work”: Article Analysis The source under analysis is a scholarly article that focuses on how sleep impacts individual health and wellness titled “Sleep, health, and wellness at work: A scoping review”.
• ICU Sleep Quality Improvement Case Report This case report will discuss patient sleep difficulties in intensive care units and how they may be addressed.
• Understanding and Treating Sleep Disorders When a person finds themselves having difficulty sleeping, they are known to suffer from insomnia. When a person sleeps excessively, then they are known to suffer from hypersomnia.
• Sleep Deficite: Sleep Deprived Society Implications Good sleep plays a vital role in an individual’s state of health and wellbeing overall. It impacts people’s quality of life, their performance, and even relationships.
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• Sleep Disturbance and Neuropsychological Function Within ADHD Sleep disruption is an inherent behavioral feature in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, known as ADHD.
• Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Sleep Issues The document to be analyzed is “The moderating roles of bedtime activities and anxiety/depression in the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity” by Tong
• Insomnia and Sleep Disorders Prevention and Management Insomnia and sleep disorders are one of the chief complaints among women who go through or are at the beginning of their menopause.
• Insomnia and Sleep Disorders Insomnia and sleep disorders are one of the chief complaints among women who go through or are at the beginning of their menopause.
• Sleep Health: Community and Website Resources The Sleep Disorder Center is a highly specialized facility that has been operational since 1977. It has competent staff and innovative 21st-century medical technology.
• Hypersomnia Subtypes, Sleep and Relapse in Bipolar Disorder Kaplan et al.’s “Hypersomnia subtypes, sleep and relapse in bipolar disorder” identifies subtypes of the disease, which promotes the clarification of its definition.
• Healthy People 2020: Sleep Health While the requirements for healthy sleep vary from one person to another, considering sleep health in the context of a Healthy People 2020 objective is essential for addressing several limitations.
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• Sleep Apnea Types, Diagnosis and Treatment Sleep apnea is characterized by shallow breaths or infrequent pauses in breathing while a person is asleep. The paper reviews its types, diagnosis and treatment.
• Learning, Memory and Sleep Connections There are numerous variables mediating the relationship between learning and memory. This paper will discuss the underlying connections between learning, memory and sleep.
• Health Sleep for Low-Income Youth Model The nursing care specialty related to Healthy Sleep for Low-Income Youth Model is community health nursing. The model implementation is planned in Colorado County, Texas.
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• Sleep Disordered Breathing and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Children
• Factors That Affect Sleep During African American College
• Can Food Influence Our Thinking and Ability to Sleep?
• What Are the Physical and Psychological Effects of Chronic Sleep Deprivation?
• How Does Autism Affect Sleep in Children?
• What Are the Causes of Not Getting Enough Sleep?
• Does Increased Daytime Sleep Correlate to Obesity?
• How Can Counselors Help Clients With Sleep Problems?
• What Role Does Sleep Play on Memory Formation?
• Does Music Affect the Quality of Sleep?
• Why Do Humans Need Sleep to Be Able to Function Effectively?
• How Does Sleep Affect Memory Consolidation?
• Should College Students Get Enough Sleep?
• Does Sleep Deprivation Affect College Students’ Academic Performance?
• How Does Sleep Really Work for Us?
• What Are the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Paramedics?
• Why Don’t Humans Get Enough Sleep?
• Does Sleep Deprivation Significantly Interfere With Driving?
• How Does Wakefulness Influence Sleep?
• What Are the Most Common Sleep Disorders?
• Does Sleep Help Prevent Forgetting Rewarded Memory Representations in Children and Adults?
• Why Should Teens Get More Sleep?
• How Does Sleep Affect Human Health and Increase the Risk of Diseases?
• What Are the Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?
• Does Sleep Improve Memory Organization?
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Lead to Cardiovascular Disease?
• What Happens During the Sleep Cycle?
• Does Sleep Partially Mediate the Effect of Everyday Discrimination on Future Mental and Physical Health?
• How Do Sleep Disorders Change a Day and Night?
• What Impact Does Lack Sleep Have on Our Physical, Emotional, and Mental Health?
• Does Too Much Homework Cause Sleep Deprivation?
• Why Is Specialized Care for Sleep Apnea Important?

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StudyCorgi . 2022. "135 Sleep Research Topics & Essay Ideas." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/sleep-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Sleep were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 24, 2024 .

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89 Sleep Deprivation Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best sleep deprivation topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 simple & easy sleep deprivation essay titles, 👍 good essay topics on sleep deprivation, ❓ sleep deprivation research questions.

• Problem of Sleep Deprivation This is due to disruption of the sleep cycle. Based on the negative effects of sleep deprivation, there is need to manage this disorder among Americans.
• The Influence of Sleep Deprivation on Human Body It contradicts living in harmony with God, as when the person is irritated and moody, it is more difficult to be virtuous and to be a source of joy for others.
• Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia: Study Sources The topic of this audio record is a variety of problems with sleep and their impact on an organism. They proved the aforementioned conclusion and also paid attention to the impact of sleep deprivation on […]
• Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord while the PNS consists of all the endings of the nerve extensions in all organs forming the web that extends throughout the entire organ.
• “Childbirth Fear and Sleep Deprivation in Pregnant Women” by Hall To further show that the information used is current, the authors have used the APA style of referencing which demand the naming of the author as well as the year of publication of the article/book […]
• Sleep Deprivation and Learning at University It is a widely known fact that numerous people face the problem of lack of sleep. Second, sleeping is essential for increasing the productivity of students in the context of learning.
• Sleep Deprivation: Biopsychology and Health Psychology Another theory that has been proposed in relation to sleep is the Circadian theory which suggests that sleep evolved as a mechanism to fit organisms into the light dark cycle of the world.
• Sleep Disorders: Sleep Deprivation of the Public Safety Officers The effects of sleep disorders and fatigue on public safety officers is a social issue that needs to be addressed with more vigor and urgency so that the key issues and factors that are salient […]
• Sleep Deprivation: Personal Experiment As I had been perplexed, I did not take a step of reporting the matter to the police neither did I inform my neighbors.
• Sleep Deprivation and Specific Emotions The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of the relationship between sleep deprivation and emotional behaviors. The study looks to create a link between the findings of past researches on the emotional […]
• Sleep Deprivation Impacts on College Students Additional research in this field should involve the use of diverse categories of students to determine the effects that sleep deprivation would have on them.
• How Sleep Deprivation Affects College Students’ Academic Performance The study seeks to confirm the position of the hypothesis that sleep deprivation leads to poor academic performance in college students.
• Effects of Sleep Deprivation While scientists are at a loss explaining the varying sleeping habits of different animals, they do concede that sleep is crucial and a sleeping disorder may be detrimental to the health and productivity of a […]
• What Are The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation For Paramedics
• The Innate Immune System During Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Deprivation Negatively Influences Driving Performance
• What Effect Does Sleep Deprivation Have on Physiological and Cognition
• Sleep Deprivation And Its Effects On The Lives And Culture Of Different
• The Correlation Between Sleep Deprivation And Academic Performance
• The Importance of Sleep and the Health Impact of Sleep Deprivation in Humans
• Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of DLSL Account
• The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation Among College Students
• The Dangers and Effects of Sleep Deprivation Among Nurses and the Ways to Prevent the Sleep-Related Problem
• Sleep Deprivation and its Affects on Daily Performances
• The Body Of Knowledge Regarding Adolescent Sleep Deprivation
• Poor Performance in School/Work as a Consequence of Sleep Deprivation
• The Fascinating World of Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation
• Symptoms And Treatment Of Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Deprivation And Aggression Among College Students
• The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance
• Sleep Deprivation On Eating And Activity Behaviors
• Sleep Deprivation: What Causes The Sleeplessness And How Long It Lasts
• The Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation And The Human Body
• Students And Chronic Sleep Deprivation: How School Start Times Can Impact This
• What is Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation
• Several Health and Behavioral Symptoms of Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Deprivation, Nightmares, And Sleepwalking
• The Factors That Contribute to Sleep Deprivation and Its Effects on the Sleep Cycle
• The Dangers Of Teen Sleep Deprivation: Benefits Of Adopting Later Start Times For High Schools
• The Issue of Sleep Deprivation, Its Results and Associated Risks
• The Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Human Beings
• The Stages of Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation
• The Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation to Mental and Physical Health
• Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On One’s Performance And Function
• How Sleep Deprivation Can Effect Weightlifting Performance
• The Causes of Sleep Deprivation in America: a Nation of Walking Zombies
• The Sleep Deprivation Epidemic Is Affecting Teenagers
• Sleep Matters: The Human Condition in the Midst of Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Deprivation : The Brain Function And Physical Body
• Sleep Deprivation And Reduction, Sleep Disorders, And The Drugs Used To Treat Them
• The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Bayesian Updating
• The Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation Among Teens and the Solutions to the Problem
• Light Pollution, Sleep Deprivation, and Infant Health at Birth
• The Effects Of Food And Sleep Deprivation During Civilian
• The Study of Rechtschaffen (1983) on Sleep Deprivation
• How Sleep Deprivation Affects Psychological Variables Related to College Students Cognitive Performance
• Sleep Deprivation : Sleep And The Adverse Effects Of Sleep Disorders
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Psychological Health?
• What Effect Does Sleep Deprivation Have on Physiology and Cognition?
• How Does Lack of Sleep Affect Physical Health?
• Does Sleep Deprivation Significantly Interfere With Driving?
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Psychological Variables Related to College Students’ Cognitive Performance?
• Are the Brains’ Motor Function Affected by Sleep Deprivation?
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Work Performance?
• Does Sleep Deprivation Effect College Students’ Academic Performance?
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Cognitive Functions?
• Does Too Much Homework Cause Sleep Deprivation?
• How Can Sleep Deprivation Effect Weightlifting Performance?
• What Are the Effects of Sleep Deprivation for Paramedics?
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Lead to Cardiovascular Disease?
• What Are the Symptoms of Sleep Deprivation?
• How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Health?
• Can Sleep Problems in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease Be About Serotonin?
• How Common Are Sleep Problems in Teenagers?
• What Are the Criteria to Classify Mild, Moderate, and Severe Sleep Deprivation in Humans?
• How to Measure Sleep and Insomnia in Adult Video Gamers?
• What Are the Physiological and Psychological Effects on Sleep of Electronics in the Bedroom?
• Is Bipolar Disease a Sleep Regulation Disorder?
• What Is the Scale on Sleep Deprivation?
• How Does Lack Sleep Affect Physical Health?
• Does Sleep Deprivation Induce by Reward Rather Than Punishment Result in Different Effects?
• How Does Lack of Sleep Affect the Ability to Concentrate, Think and Learn?
• What Are the Main Types of Sleep Disorders?
• Can a Person either Become Sick or Die After Complete Sleep Deprivation?
• What Are Problems Can Sleep Deprivation Lead To?
• Does Sleep Deprivation Cause Permanent Brain Damage?
• How Long Does It Take to Reverse Sleep Deprivation?
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1. IvyPanda . "89 Sleep Deprivation Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/sleep-deprivation-essay-topics/.

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IvyPanda . "89 Sleep Deprivation Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/sleep-deprivation-essay-topics/.

Sleep in this weekend — it may help you live longer and avoid heart disease

• Sleeping in on weekends can reduce heart disease risk by up to 20%, new research shows.
• Quality sleep also boosts fitness, aids weight management, and improves overall longevity.
• If you can't get more hours of sleep, focus on a consistent bedtime routine for better quality sleep.

Forget expensive longevity hacks — one of the best ways to prevent disease and extend your lifespan doesn't cost a thing.

Evidence is piling up that hitting the snooze button is great for your health. And if you struggle to get enough shut-eye during the work week, catching up on your days off can help, science suggests.

People who slept in on the weekends to make up for lost rest were 20% less likely to develop heart disease than peers who stayed sleep deprived, according to new research to be presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2024 on September 1st.

The findings were based about 14 years of data from more than 90,000 UK residents, analyzed by a team of scientists from the National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease in Beijing.

"Our results show that for the significant proportion of the population in modern society that suffers from sleep deprivation, those who have the most 'catch-up' sleep at weekends have significantly lower rates of heart disease than those with the least," Zechen Liu, coauthor of the study and researcher at the Centre, said in a press release.

But sleep isn't just good for your heart. It's become such a longevity trend that the wealthy are paying big money to upgrade their bedtime routine.

Sleeping better doesn't have to cost a thing, though, and research suggests quality rest is key for supporting a long life, better fitness, and even a healthier diet.

Here's all the evidence you should sleep in this weekend.

Skipping sleep can lead to a weakened immune system and higher risk of early death

Nearly 22% of people in the latest study were regularly sleep deprived, defined as getting less than seven hours of sleep per night.

Adults need between seven to nine hours of sleep nights to be well-rested, according to neuroscientists.

Related stories

Sleep too little, and you risk serious consequences like a weaker immune system, increased cancer risk, and reduced focus (which can be deadly if you're doing activities like driving).

People who consistently sleep less than six hours a night have a higher risk of dying early of any cause, studies suggest .

Skimping on rest also ages your brain, with research suggesting a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline among people who don't get enough rest.

Sleep can help you manage your weight and build muscle

There's good reason to think getting enough sleep can help you live better, not just longer.

Sleep goes hand in hand with fitness, another crucial factor in longevity, since resting between workouts is what allows your muscles to grow back stronger.

Sleeping well can make you more likely to stick to a healthy diet and even lose weight , if that's a goal. A recent study found people who slept less than six and a half hours nightly tended to eat between 270 and 500 calories a day more than peers who slept an hour longer.

If you can't fit in more hours, aim for consistency

When a busy schedule keeps you from sleeping well, the good news is that quality can matter as much or more than quantity.

Sleep consistency , or aiming to go to bed around the same time, can help you get more out of your hours of sleep even if you can't add more hours to the night, a doctor previously told Business Insider.

The caveat is that a regular sleep schedule does mean trying to stick to a routine even on the weekends.

So, while the latest research says you can stay in bed on Sunday if it helps you catch up, don't count on intentionally staying up late Friday or Saturday just because you know you can sleep in.

• Main content

Sleep quality, affect, pain, and disability in children with chronic pain: Is affect a mediator or moderator?

Keeping kids who experience chronic pain in a good mood may help them get better sleep

Suggested instructions

This research summary can be incorporated into a lecture or shared with students as a reading to demonstrate how psychological science explores the diversity of human experience. This resource can also be used to encourage students to identify the major components of a research study (i.e., the hypothesis or study question, sample, method, and findings). Students can be asked to identify potential limitations of the study and encouraged to discuss the implications for our understanding of human behavior. Keywords highlight how concepts within and across pillars are incorporated into a single research study.

Research summary

The article explores how sleep, emotions, pain levels, and daily functioning are connected in children and teens with chronic pain. The researchers wanted to understand if poor sleep leads to more pain and disability in children with chronic pain and, if so, whether positive and negative emotions help explain how poor sleep affects pain and disability.

The sample included 213 children and teens aged 7–17 who were being treated for chronic pain at a specialized pain clinic. About 70% were girls. The most common pain locations were the head, midsection, back, arms and legs, with many having pain in multiple body regions.

The participants completed questionnaires measuring:

• Sleep quality over the past month (things like time to fall asleep, total sleep time, sleep disturbances)
• How often they felt positive emotions (interested, excited, happy) and negative emotions (sad, angry, nervous) in recent weeks
• Pain levels over the past month on a 0–10 scale
• How much pain interfered with daily activities like going to school, doing chores, seeing friends (i.e., disability)

The researchers found that 74% of the children reported poor sleep quality and that poorer sleep was related to higher pain, more disability, more negative emotions and fewer positive emotions.

Additionally, using a type of statistical analysis called mediation analysis, the researchers found that negative emotions partially explained how poor sleep led to worse pain. Specifically, poor sleep increased negative emotions which then increased pain. Mediation analyses also suggested that both positive and negative emotions partially explained the relationship between poor sleep and disability. Specifically, poor sleep increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions which interfered with daily functioning.

These findings suggest that addressing sleep problems and negative mood may help reduce pain and improve functioning for children with chronic pain. However, because of the design of the study (participants filled out all the questionnaires at a single time point) it is impossible to know the order in which the problems emerged (e.g., did poor sleep lead to more pain, did pain make it difficult to sleep, or both). We also cannot draw conclusions about causes and effects with this design. Finally, the study also relied on self-report questionnaires which have some limitations. Overall, this study highlights the interconnected roles of sleep, emotions, pain and functioning in pediatric chronic pain patients. Considering all these factors may lead to better treatment approaches.

Evans, S., Djilas, V., Seidman, L. C., Zeltzer, L. K., & Tsao, J. C. (2017). Sleep quality, affect, pain, and disability in children with chronic pain: Is affect a mediator or moderator? The Journal of Pain, 18 (9), 1087–1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2017.04.007

Adolescence, Sleep, Emotion, Health and Wellness  

The development of resources to broaden diversity and representation in the teaching of high school psychology resources is an APA Committee of Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools initiative supported by funding from the American Psychological Foundation David and Carol Myers Fund. This resource was developed by Kara Ayers, PhD; Emily Lund, PhD; Erika Sanborne; and Allison Shaver.

• Resources to Broaden Diversity and Representation in the High School Curriculum
• Race and Racialized Identity: Biological Pillar
• Disability and Neurodiversity: Biological Pillar

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Study reveals the benefits and downside of fasting

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Low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting have been shown to have numerous health benefits: They can delay the onset of some age-related diseases and lengthen lifespan, not only in humans but many other organisms.

Many complex mechanisms underlie this phenomenon. Previous work from MIT has shown that one way fasting exerts its beneficial effects is by boosting the regenerative abilities of intestinal stem cells, which helps the intestine recover from injuries or inflammation.

In a study of mice, MIT researchers have now identified the pathway that enables this enhanced regeneration, which is activated once the mice begin “refeeding” after the fast. They also found a downside to this regeneration: When cancerous mutations occurred during the regenerative period, the mice were more likely to develop early-stage intestinal tumors.

“Having more stem cell activity is good for regeneration, but too much of a good thing over time can have less favorable consequences,” says Omer Yilmaz, an MIT associate professor of biology, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and the senior author of the new study.

Yilmaz adds that further studies are needed before forming any conclusion as to whether fasting has a similar effect in humans.

“We still have a lot to learn, but it is interesting that being in either the state of fasting or refeeding when exposure to mutagen occurs can have a profound impact on the likelihood of developing a cancer in these well-defined mouse models,” he says.

MIT postdocs Shinya Imada and Saleh Khawaled are the lead authors of the paper, which appears today in Nature .

Driving regeneration

For several years, Yilmaz’s lab has been investigating how fasting and low-calorie diets affect intestinal health. In a 2018 study , his team reported that during a fast, intestinal stem cells begin to use lipids as an energy source, instead of carbohydrates. They also showed that fasting led to a significant boost in stem cells’ regenerative ability.

However, unanswered questions remained: How does fasting trigger this boost in regenerative ability, and when does the regeneration begin?

“Since that paper, we’ve really been focused on understanding what is it about fasting that drives regeneration,” Yilmaz says. “Is it fasting itself that’s driving regeneration, or eating after the fast?”

In their new study, the researchers found that stem cell regeneration is suppressed during fasting but then surges during the refeeding period. The researchers followed three groups of mice — one that fasted for 24 hours, another one that fasted for 24 hours and then was allowed to eat whatever they wanted during a 24-hour refeeding period, and a control group that ate whatever they wanted throughout the experiment.

The researchers analyzed intestinal stem cells’ ability to proliferate at different time points and found that the stem cells showed the highest levels of proliferation at the end of the 24-hour refeeding period. These cells were also more proliferative than intestinal stem cells from mice that had not fasted at all.

“We think that fasting and refeeding represent two distinct states,” Imada says. “In the fasted state, the ability of cells to use lipids and fatty acids as an energy source enables them to survive when nutrients are low. And then it’s the postfast refeeding state that really drives the regeneration. When nutrients become available, these stem cells and progenitor cells activate programs that enable them to build cellular mass and repopulate the intestinal lining.”

Further studies revealed that these cells activate a cellular signaling pathway known as mTOR, which is involved in cell growth and metabolism. One of mTOR’s roles is to regulate the translation of messenger RNA into protein, so when it’s activated, cells produce more protein. This protein synthesis is essential for stem cells to proliferate.

The researchers showed that mTOR activation in these stem cells also led to production of large quantities of polyamines — small molecules that help cells to grow and divide.

“In the refed state, you’ve got more proliferation, and you need to build cellular mass. That requires more protein, to build new cells, and those stem cells go on to build more differentiated cells or specialized intestinal cell types that line the intestine,” Khawaled says.

Too much of a good thing

The researchers also found that when stem cells are in this highly regenerative state, they are more prone to become cancerous. Intestinal stem cells are among the most actively dividing cells in the body, as they help the lining of the intestine completely turn over every five to 10 days. Because they divide so frequently, these stem cells are the most common source of precancerous cells in the intestine.

In this study, the researchers discovered that if they turned on a cancer-causing gene in the mice during the refeeding stage, they were much more likely to develop precancerous polyps than if the gene was turned on during the fasting state. Cancer-linked mutations that occurred during the refeeding state were also much more likely to produce polyps than mutations that occurred in mice that did not undergo the cycle of fasting and refeeding.

“I want to emphasize that this was all done in mice, using very well-defined cancer mutations. In humans it’s going to be a much more complex state,” Yilmaz says. “But it does lead us to the following notion: Fasting is very healthy, but if you’re unlucky and you’re refeeding after a fasting, and you get exposed to a mutagen, like a charred steak or something, you might actually be increasing your chances of developing a lesion that can go on to give rise to cancer.”

Yilmaz also noted that the regenerative benefits of fasting could be significant for people who undergo radiation treatment, which can damage the intestinal lining, or other types of intestinal injury. His lab is now studying whether polyamine supplements could help to stimulate this kind of regeneration, without the need to fast.

“This fascinating study provides insights into the complex interplay between food consumption, stem cell biology, and cancer risk,” says Ophir Klein, a professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, who was not involved in the study. “Their work lays a foundation for testing polyamines as compounds that may augment intestinal repair after injuries, and it suggests that careful consideration is needed when planning diet-based strategies for regeneration to avoid increasing cancer risk.”

The research was funded, in part, by Pew-Stewart Scholars Program for Cancer Research award, the MIT Stem Cell Initiative, the Koch Institute Frontier Research Program via the Kathy and Curt Marble Cancer Research Fund, and the Bridge Project, a partnership between the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center.

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Press mentions, medical news today.

A new study led by researchers at MIT suggests that fasting and then refeeding stimulates cell regeneration in the intestines, reports Katharine Lang for Medical News Today . However, notes Lang, researchers also found that fasting “carries the risk of stimulating the formation of intestinal tumors.” 

Prof. Ömer Yilmaz and his colleagues have discovered the potential health benefits and consequences of fasting, reports Max Kozlov for Nature . “There is so much emphasis on fasting and how long to be fasting that we’ve kind of overlooked this whole other side of the equation: what is going on in the refed state,” says Yilmaz.

MIT researchers have discovered how fasting impacts the regenerative abilities of intestinal stem cells, reports Ed Cara for Gizmodo . “The major finding of our current study is that refeeding after fasting is a distinct state from fasting itself,” explain Prof. Ömer Yilmaz and postdocs Shinya Imada and Saleh Khawaled. “Post-fasting refeeding augments the ability of intestinal stem cells to, for example, repair the intestine after injury.” 

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Study links certain metabolites to stem cell function in the intestine

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This month’s new research from our faculty experts investigates how a family-centered education program in Tulsa supports student parents, visibility and wellbeing in the bi+ community, perceptions of a living wage, and how parent-child discussions can help address subtle racism.

Education and Human Development

A Family-Centered Approach to Helping Student Parents Succeed in Higher Education

Approximately four million people juggle parenthood and college in the United States. How can a family-centered education program in Tulsa support these student parents? IPR faculty researchers Lauren Tighe , Teresa Eckrich Sommer , Terri Sabol , and Lindsay Chase-Lansdale investigate the effects of the program in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . The Community Action Project of Tulsa’s Career Advance program provides education and career training in healthcare to low-income parents with children. Its original model was centered in Head Start and helped parents achieve postsecondary education while their young children received early education programming. The program also provided numerous supportive services such as free tuition and childcare. The second model, which was based in an adult education and workforce agency and designed to serve the broader Tulsa population, began offering parents similar family-centered support and assistance The IPR team conducted a randomized control trial to evaluate the impacts of the adult model. They surveyed 277 racially and ethnically diverse parents, mostly mothers, 191 of whom received access to the program and 86 who did not. After a year in the program, parent participants were more likely to have obtained a vocational certificate or an associate degree compared to those who did not participate. The study is one of the first to show experimentally that a two-generation program might be effective in promoting student parents’ educational success.

Health Inequalities

Visibility, Relationship Dynamics, and Wellbeing the Bi+ Community

Bi+ people—those who are attracted to more than one gender—are the largest group within the LGBTQ+ community, but they often feel invisible. They also experience greater mental health challenges than people who identify as heterosexual, gay, or lesbian. A study by Emma McGorray, IPR social psychologist Eli Finkel , and Brian Feinstein in Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity explores associations between bi+ individuals’ feelings of invisibility and their quality of life, particularly in the context of romantic relationships. The researchers focus on two main questions: whether feeling visible as a bi+ person is linked to greater wellbeing, and which features of romantic relationships are associated with greater feelings of visibility. The team surveyed 450 bi+ individuals who were single, in same-gender relationships, or in mixed-gender relationships. They found that feeling recognized as a bi+ person was linked to higher levels of wellbeing, especially for those who consider their sexual orientation central to their sense of self. Participants in mixed-gender relationships with heterosexual partners reported a lower sense of visibility compared to those in same-gender relationships and those with bi+ partners. The study also revealed that a bi+ individual may feel invisible even when their partner affirms and recognizes their identity. The researchers encourage clinicians working with bi+ individuals to pay attention to their romantic relationships and partner characteristics and to assess how visible and central these individuals consider their bi+ identity. Finkel is a Morton O. Schapiro IPR Faculty Fellow.

Race, Poverty, and Inequality

Perceptions of a Living Wage  

How much money is enough to live on is fundamental to many basic life decisions. In a working paper, IPR adjunct professor Michael Kraus and his colleagues examine how people estimate a living wage, how income shapes their estimates, and how it influences their support for government policies. The researchers asked 1,000 adults across the United States several questions, including what they think is a living wage, the average wage of working adults, and the average wage of workers earning the minimum wage. The participants also reported what they consider to be a basic need, their monthly spending, and their support for redistributive policies. The researchers find that people’s estimates of a living wage are higher than the federal poverty line, the state and federal minimum wage, a popular cost of living calculator called the MIT living wage calculator, and the proposed minimum wage standard of $15 per hour. Participants who reported higher estimates of a living wage were more likely to support redistributive policies, such as expanding programs that improve the living standards of disadvantaged groups or creating a federal job guarantee program. The results show that people generally report a living wage as higher than the federal standard and their beliefs about economic conditions are shaped by their own socioeconomic experiences. Future research should continue to explore income’s influence on perceptions of a living wage and how people calculate leisure as part of a living wage, given its importance for wellbeing.

Parent-Child Discussions Can Help Address Subtle Racism  

Experts recommend that White parents discuss racism with their children to reduce racial bias. However, many parents fail to do so. In a study published in  Developmental Psychology,  IPR psychologist Sylvia Perry and her colleagues  investigate  what sort of language White parents used in guided discussions of race with their 8–12-year-old children and whether the conversations effectively decreased bias.  The researchers recruited 84 White parent and child pairs who participated in a guided discussion task.  Parents and their children watched interactions between a White and Black child that showcased overt prejudice, subtle prejudice, or neutral interactions. Following this, parents used suggested discussion prompts meant to facilitate color-conscious conversations, where prejudice was acknowledged, and discourage colorblind conversations, where prejudice was downplayed. Parents and children separately completed implicit association tests to measure their anti-Black bias before and after the task. The results indicated that parents and children who had discussed race showed a significant decrease in anti-Black bias, with parents’ implicit bias score decreasing from 0.53 to 0.34 and children's implicit bias score decreasing from 0.41 to 0.16. Moreover, over 90% of parents and children used color-conscious language during their discussion, and this was associated with decreased bias in both parents and children. Although some parents also used colorblind language during the guided task, this language weakened but did not erase the positive effects of the color-conscious language on bias reduction. Researchers suggest that it is critical for parents to have honest conversations with their children about racism, even from a young age.

Neighborhoods and Community Safety

Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep

Research shows that Black Americans are more likely to report that they sleep less than White Americans, putting them at risk for worse physical and mental health outcomes. In a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, IPR sociologist Andrew Papachristos and his colleagues investigate whether exposure to police officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people is linked to sleep duration in Black communities. The researchers use data on sleep duration from two nationally representative surveys: the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) and the American Time Use Surveys (ATUS). They examined responses from 181,865 Black and 1,799,757 White adults in the BRFSS and 9,858 Black and 46,532 White adults in the ATUS between 2013 and 2019. They also reviewed data from Mapping Police Violence (MPV), an online database tracking officer-involved killings since 2013. They then used data from both surveys to examine changes in sleep duration for Black adults before and after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black Americans in their area of residence and nationally. The evidence reveals that Black Americans are more likely to report that they got short sleep—less than seven hours of sleep—or very short sleep—less than six hours of sleep—compared to White Americans after police killed an unarmed Black person. Black Americans reported less sleep when the killing was in the state where they lived. These findings highlight the role police violence can play in shaping racial disparities in sleep duration.

Photo credit: Unsplash

Published: August 28, 2024.

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The Effect of Sleep Quality on Students’ Academic Achievement

Rostam jalali.

1 Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Habibollah Khazaei

2 Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Behnam Khaledi Paveh

Zinab hayrani, lida menati.

Sleep is an inseparable part of human health and life, which is crucial in learning, practice, as well as physical and mental health. It affects the capacity of individual learning, academic performance, and neural-behavioral functions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between sleep quality and students’ academic achievement among students at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 102 medical students from different fields, with maximum variation sampling, completed Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). For data analysis, SPSS 19 was used through which Pearson correlation test, Spearman test, and t -test were employed.

Based on the quality of sleep questionnaire scores, the results indicated no significant difference between students with high grades and those with low grades. However, there were moderate and sometimes severe sleep disturbances in both groups.

The results showed no significant difference between sleep quality and academic achievement. Nevertheless, longitudinal study should be performed to control for confounding factors.

Sleep is an inseparable part of human health and life, and is pivotal to learning and practice as well as physical and mental health. 1 Studies have suggested that insufficient sleep, increased frequency of short-term sleep, and going to sleep late and getting up early affect the learning capacity, academic performance, and neurobehavioral functions. 2 , 3 Previous studies have indicated that the quantity of sleep reported by individuals as delayed or inappropriate sleep, waking up too late, especially at weekends and daytime sleepiness is associated with compromised academic performance in children and adults. 2 Some studies have emphasized the relationship between delayed starting time of classes and academic success. 4 Reduced overnight sleep or altered sleep patterns has been associated with severe drowsiness and failure in academic success. 5 In a study, people who had enough sleep compared to their sleep-deprived individuals used innovative solutions twice as often when confronted with complex mathematical problems. 6 The chance of academic failure was as long as one or more than 1 year in students with inadequate sleep compared to those with proper sleep. 7 People who sleep less and sleep during the day are more prone to vehicle and work accidents. 8 In some studies, sleep efficiency has been considered as essential for recovery, cognitive processing, and memory integration. 9 On the other hand, lack of sleep has been associated with emotional instability and impaired concentration. 10 In this regard, students are particularly at risk of developing sleep disorders and development of the disorder among them has a negative effect on their academic performance across different grades, 11 – 13 However, there is no consensus in this case and not all studies state that sleep disorders yield a negative effect on academic performance. Eliasson (2010) believes that the time it takes to fall asleep and waking up affect academic performance more than duration of sleep does. 14 Sweileh and colleagues (2011) also believe that there is no relationship between sleep quality and academic success. 15 Similarly, it is claimed there is no relationship between the night sleep before the exam and test scores either. 16

In another study, the author believes stress from lack of sleep causes poor school performance. 17 On the other hand, in a systematic review, the authors could not establish a cause and effect relationship between sleep quality and academic performance. 2 In their meta-analysis study, Dewald and colleagues (2010) emphasized that because of the diversity of the methodology of studies, it is impossible to definitely derive a relationship between sleep quality and academic performance, and thus more longitudinal intervention studies are warranted. 1 According to different conclusions in this respect, the researchers decided to determine the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance among students at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, through maximum variation sampling, the first three students with highest scores and three last students with lowest scores were selected, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was completed for them.

The study population consisted of students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The samples were also students at each school with the highest GPA (first three high scores) and the lowest GPA (last three lowest scores). The sampling was purposeful sampling with maximum variation. The sample covered a number of disciplines in the third semester and above ( Figures 1 & 2 ). After determining the target students, the questionnaire was given to them and then returned to the researcher after completion.

Abundant distribution of students by field of study.

Frequency distribution of students by semester.

The data collection instruments were demographic form (including age, gender, place of residence, grade, rank in the class, discipline) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI is a self-report questionnaire which examines the quality of sleep. It has 18 questions which are classified into seven components: the first component is the subjective sleep quality which is determined with Question 9. The second component is related to delays in falling asleep, where the score is calculated by two questions, the mean score of Question 2 and part of Question 5. The third component deals with sleep duration and is determined by Question 4. The fourth component is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of sleeping in patients. Its score is calculated via dividing the total hours of sleep by total hours in the bed multiplied by 100. Then, the fifth component deals with sleep disorders and is achieved by calculating the mean value of Question 5. The sixth component is related to hypnotic drugs and is determined based on Question 6. Finally, the seventh component captures inadequate performance throughout the day and is determined by two questions (mean scores of Questions 7 and 8). Each question is rated between 0 and 3 points where maximum score for each component is 3. The total scores range of the seven components making up the total score range from 0 to 21. Higher scores represent a lower sleep quality, where a score above 6 indicates poor sleep quality. The reliability and validity of this inventory have also been approved in Iran, where the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.78 to 0.82. 18 In another study, Cronbach’s alpha for the Persian version was 0.77. In cut-off point 5, the sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 72%, and in cut-off point 6, they were 85% and 84%, respectively. 19

After collecting the questionnaires and introducing students’ demographic data to a computer using SPSS version 16, the relationship between sleep quality scores and grade point average (GPA high and low) was calculated.

The results indicated that 34 cases (33.3%) of the subjects were male. The mean age of the sample 23.10 ± 3.25, where the mean age for females was 22.46± 2.44 and for males was 24.38± 4.19. The participants in the study came from various disciplines including laboratory science, medicine, pharmacology, emergency medicine, obstetrics, radiology, operating room, health technology, and nursing.

Most students lived in dormitories (50%) and 46.1% at home, with 3.9% living in rental houses. The students' educational level ranged between the third semester and twelfth semester.

Among those participating in the study, 67 patients (65.7%) consumed coffee, 90 cases (88.2%) used tea, and 1 (1%) took a drug.

For comparing the mean scores of students and the component of sleep, Spearman test (non-normal data) was employed, where a significant correlation was observed between GPA and hours taking to fall asleep ( Table 1 ).

The Relationship Between Sleep Components and GPA in KUMS Students

Similarly, there was a relationship between sleep components and tea, coffee, hypnotic drugs, and drug ( Table 2 ).

The Relationship Between Sleep Components and Type of Drink or Drug in KUMS Students Kermanshah

On the other hand, independent t -test between Pittsburgh scores in the two groups did not show any significant differences. Nevertheless, impaired sleep quality was moderate to severe in both groups ( Table 3 ).

The Difference Between the Mean Pittsburg Scores in Two Groups (Students with High and Low GPA)

The results indicated that impaired sleep quality between the two groups was not statistically significant. Although the relationship between sleeping and academic success has been introduced in medical literature since a long time, there still no definitive answer in this case. In a meta-analysis study conducted to examine the impact of sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleepiness on adolescents’ academic performance, although all three variables were related to academic achievement (positive relationship between sleep quality and duration of sleep and negative association with sleepiness), this relationship was very trivial. 1

On the other hand, another systematic review study of descriptive studies concluded that sleep disturbance adversely affects different areas such as general health, social status, and academic performance. However, longitudinal studies are required for a more accurate examination. 20 , 21 In an another systematic review of other authors, the authors concluded that under-sleeping would have an impact on learning of some students, and could have a detrimental effect on academic achievement. 22 Further, another review study also suggests a conclusive recommendation which has to be done to modify sleep so that it can be used for academic success. 23

The present study was conducted to explore whether sleep disorder can influence academic achievement or not. Accordingly, a specific sample of accomplished or unachieved students were selected to compare the quality and quantity of sleep. However, no significant difference was between the two groups. Other studies have reached similar conclusions.

Sweileh and his colleagues in a study on 400 Palestinian students concluded that academic achievement was not correlated with sleep quality. 15 In another study on 189 medical students in Pakistan, there was no significant association between lack of sleep and test scores. 16 In this regard, there is a possibility of sleep disorder in students, and this possibility has been expressed for the lack of academic achievement, but it has not been clearly explained. 11 In another study, sleepiness during the day (not the quality and quantity of sleep) was identified as an independent predictor of academic success. 5 In a similar study again the time it takes to fall sleep and the wake-up time (not the total amount of sleep) were associated with academic success, 14 where the total amount of sleep in adolescents with a dynamic mind was not related to their academic achievement. 24 In contrast to such studies that emphasize lack of association or low association, there are other studies that have observed an inverse relationship between sleep disturbance and academic achievement. In a study on 491 first-, second-, and third-year medical students, there was a correlation between academic performance and the amount of nighttime sleep as well as daytime sleepiness. 25 In a similar study on medical students, lack of sleep at night, late going to bed, and daytime sleepiness had a negative effect on the academic performance of the students. 26 Notably, sleep disturbances are likely to yield a negative impact on academic performance, thereby causing a vicious cycle. 25 , 27 Taken together, the studies suggest that most studies have mentioned poor quality sleep among the majority of students. 3 , 26 , 27 Accordingly, concluding the relationship between common sleep disturbance and academic performance should be done with caution. The reason is that academic success can be affected by different factors including the level of family income, the evolutionary process, intake of supplements and vitamins, family size, social media dependency, addiction to social networks, and social issues. In studies these extraneous factors are not under control, thus emphasizing the fact that the presence or absence of correlation between sleep quality and academic performance should be done with caution and using longitudinal studies.

Limitations

The main limitation of this study was the small sample size, but a specific sampling method was chosen to overcome this shortcoming. Another limitation of the study was not controlling for confounding factors in the study. Based on the results of this study and similar studies, further research should be conducted with a better design.

The results indicated no significant difference between sleep quality in achieved and unachieved academic performance. Nevertheless, to conclude with more certainty, longitudinal studies should be performed to control confounding factors.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this article appreciate the collaborations of the Sleep Disorders Research Center.

Funding Statement

Funding for this research was provided by the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Sleep Disorders Research Center (93026).

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Informed consent obtained from all participants in the study and this study conducted by the Sleep Disorders Research Center. Identity letter obtained from deputy of research and technology to collecting data. Ethics approval was received from the ethics committee of deputy of research and technology – Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, number 93026 on 6 April 2013.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

The Drivers of Post-Pandemic Inflation

Post-covid inflation was predominantly driven by unexpectedly strong demand forces, not only in the United States, but also in the Euro Area. In comparison, the inflationary impact of adverse supply shocks was less pronounced, even though these shocks significantly constrained economic activity. With output already weakened by these unfavourable supply conditions, any attempt by the European Central Bank to further mitigate the demand-driven inflationary pressures---to maintain inflation near its 2-percent target---would have severely hampered an already anaemic recovery.

We thank our discussant, Fernanda Nechio, an anonymous ECB referee, Philipp Hartmann, Jirka Slacalek, Carlo Altavilla, Giacomo Carboni, Jacopo Cimadomo, Chris Erceg, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Davide Furceri, Kamil Koval, Michele Lenza, Matteo Luciani, Alberto Musso, Mario Porqueddu, Massimo Rostagno and Antonio Spilimbergo for helpful comments and discussions. Domenico Giannone started working on this project before joining the IMF. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the National Bureau of Economic Research, IMF, its Management and Executive Board, IMF policy.

Non-teaching compensated activities, 2017-2020: American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, co-editor, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, consultant European Central Bank, consultant.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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