case study on apples from kashmir

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Kashmir’s Apple:  An 800-year-old economical backbone of Kashmir

Kashmir also known as “Paradise of Earth” is also home to temperate fruits like apple for which it is very famous across the globe. Apple is commercially the most important temperate fruit and is fourth among the most widely produced fruits in the world after banana, orange and grapes. Kashmiri historian Kalhana’s 12th century chronicle of Kashmir’s kings – Rajtarangini — mentions about apples being grown in the valley and were planted along the paths to provide shade and food to travellers. They were also cultivated in fields and slopes and bartered by growers for other products. Today, these apples not only generate livelihood for lakhs of farmers and cold store owners in the valley but are also much sought by customers across India and abroad. The main varieties of apples grown in Kashmir valley are Razakwari, Hazratbali, Chemora, Maharaji, American Apple, Delicious Apple and Ambri.

To boost apple production in Kashmir valley, the Union Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ministry have also approved an “Apple Cluster” for the Shopian district, under the Cluster Development Programme and it will envisage the development of Shopian apple on three verticals including pre-production-production, post-harvest management, and value addition and logistics, marketing, and branding to make it globally competitive with estimated cost of Rs 135.23 crore.

Apple cultivation in India is dominated by Kashmir, which produces 78 per cent of India’s total annual output of around 25-26 lakh metric tonnes (MT). The apple industry is Kashmir’s largest employment generator, providing 400 man-days of work per year per hectare of orchards, employing 3.5 million people, and contributing about 10 per cent to its GSDP. The total apple production in Kashmir in the years 2020-2021 according to the Directorate of Horticulture J&K was 1695000.00 metric tonnes and in Jammu Division it was 24415.69 metric tonnes. The whole UT of J&K produces 1719415.69 Metric tonnes of apples. The major producer was the valley of Kashmir. The Kashmir Valley exports around 18 lakh metric tons of apples annually and produces 75 percent of India’s total apple production.

Bashir Ahmad Bashir, President of Kashmir fruit growers and dealers association says that the rates of apples have almost doubled in the last one month and its benefit goes only 10 – 15 % cold storage productions while the main growers received huge losses in 2022 due to various reasons despite being bumper apple production, an apple box weighing 16 kilograms was sold at Rs 500 and now the rates have gone up to Rs 1200 and above for a 10-kilogram apple box as the demand for Kashmir apple has increased.

Apple is grown only at higher elevation where the temperature drops down to a very low level which is highly required for the growth of such fruit bearing trees. Thus in the Indian sub continent the Himalayan region especially the Kashmir valley which is noted for its monsoon is the most favorable location for the growth of apples and other temperate fruits.

There are lots of mentions about the Kashmir apple in history where the famous Chinese pilgrim Huen Tsang who travelled to Kashmir has made a mention of various temperate fruits like Pears, Wild Plum, Peach, Apricot, Grape and Apple. The breathtaking and the stunning beauty of the valley of Kashmir and its temperate fruits like apples has been complimented by people from different areas including writers and travelers belonging to different ages and nationalities.

It was the Mughal emperor Jehangir who named Kashmir as the Paradise on Earth for the valley is featured with snow capped peaks and sparkling streams, high pastures carpeted with alpine flowers, fertile valley rich with fruits and grain and its lakes and springs. It has been considered from time immemorial that planting any fruit or nut tree as sacred here in Kashmir.

Long before the Moguls (16th Century), the Shamir rulers had laid out gardens and orchards in the valley. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin “Budshah” (1420-1470 AD) imported many fruit grafts for furtherance during his reign along with the art of grafting from Central Asia. There are lot of historical evidences that states that the valley of Kashmir in Himalayas is rich in apple, plums, nut fruits and grapes. Modern cultivator of fruit trees consider that apples have an origin starting from the temperate zone of Britain in the northwest to Himalayas in the Southeast which accounts for a very vast area.

The people of Kashmir mostly identify any of their native fruit or plant or tree or flower only by their local nomenclature. Apple in their local nomenclature is referred as Chunt, Pear by tang, Apricot by Chaer, Walnut by Duon, Poplar by Fresst, Willow by Weer, Wild cherry by Alich, Plum by Aer, and Grape by dache and so on. But however now there are a lot of improved varieties available in the market which is mainly at the cost of wild aboriginal.

According to the reports, the total annual rainfall required for the growth and the fruiting of an apple tree is about 100-125 cm and can be grown only at an altitude of about 1,500-2,700 m. above sea level. However when there is an excessive rainfall during the ripening stage of the fruit then it results in poor quality of the fruit with improper color and fungal spots on its surface. The ideal soil required for the cultivation is loamy which is mostly organic having a PH of about 5.5 to 6.5, well aerated and proper drainage.

The most common areas in Kashmir which are known for its apple cultivation are Srinagar, Budgam, Pulwama, Anatnag, Baramulla and Kupwara. A proper layout is required for the apple orchard. The planting is done in the month of January and February as the planting material is usually got from the nurseries which are registered with the government.

The local investors have come up with lot of storage units which has helped to regulate dispatches. The creation of a chain of mandis has reduced the efforts of the farmer where the buyers make direct entry into the market for direct purchase and there is no toll tax. The interventions at the banking level created a situation in which the credit is a no- frills access and the farmer is least dependent on the middle man who was an exploitative moneylender. But still there are grey areas where apples in Kashmir are being sold on less prices and import of apples from Iran and Afghanistan through the cross Loc route is posing a serious threat to the apple growers.

(The author is a regular columnist and can be mailed at [email protected] )

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Economic Evaluation and Assessment of Modern Apple Varieties in Kashmir Valley (Ex-Post) Though Propensity Score Matching Methods

• First Online: 01 October 2022

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• Arshad Bhat 3 ,
• Abid Sultan 4 ,
• Iqra Qureshi 5 &
• Abid Qadir 6  

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Modern apple cultivars have been introduced in the Union Territory (UT) of Jammu and Kashmir to make ideal usage of accessible land assets to expand creation and efficiency of apples, particularly grade A. The modern cultivars bore fruit within just 3–4 years of their planting. The old varieties, with a long bearing time of 8–9 years, yielded too little per unit of land, and hectic and clumsy management practices were followed. Logically, modern cultivars are unique in relation to old varieties in plant thickness, usefulness, plant density, productivity, gestation lag, management practices, and so on. The chapter utilizes propensity score methods to assess dependability of the ex-post examination, and results revealed that efficiency of apple farming increased, providing significant yields to the growers of up to Rs. 1,200,000/ha −1 . The chapter further shows that despite high establishment costs, modern cultivars benefited apple growers through early organic product bearing, higher efficiency and employment generation.

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School of Agricultural Economics and Horti-Business Management, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

Abid Sultan

Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, India

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Department of Environmental Sciences, The Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Bhat, A., Sultan, A., Qureshi, I., Qadir, A. (2022). Economic Evaluation and Assessment of Modern Apple Varieties in Kashmir Valley (Ex-Post) Though Propensity Score Matching Methods. In: Rukhsana, Alam, A. (eds) Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10406-0_2

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Case study on the effects of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and biostimulants on physiological and photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of apples.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. overview of the experimental area, 2.2. experimental design, 2.3. measurement of indicators, 2.4. data processing, 3. results and analysis, 3.1. apple leaf nutrients, 3.2. apple leaf spad values, 3.3. apple light response curves, 3.4. photosynthetic characteristics of apple leaves, 3.5. apple yield and quality, 3.6. correlation analysis of apple yield and quality with physiological indicators, 3.7. functional relationship between the optimal application rate of bs and cmc and yield and quality indexes, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Zheng, M.; Mu, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Bai, Y.; Sun, Y.; Lu, Z.; Wei, X. Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples. Agronomy 2024 , 14 , 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071403

Zheng M, Mu W, Wang Q, Zhang J, Bai Y, Sun Y, Lu Z, Wei X. Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples. Agronomy . 2024; 14(7):1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071403

Zheng, Ming, Weiyi Mu, Quanjiu Wang, Jianghui Zhang, Yungang Bai, Yan Sun, Zhenlin Lu, and Xuesong Wei. 2024. "Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples" Agronomy 14, no. 7: 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071403

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Post-harvest management inadequacy and its impact on apple industry in Kashmir

This paper intends to study that the current post-harvest management of apple industry in Jammu and Kashmir. Apple contributes 60-65 percent to the total horticultural crop production in Jammu & Kashmir from an acreage of over 50 percent. In terms of value of output, 70 percent of the total value of output in horticulture comes from apple alone. Secondary Data from National Horticulture Board, Directorate of Horticulture, Jammu & Kashmir was used to highlight the problems which hinder the horticulture sector to reach to its potential. The paper found that that poor harvesting technique, poor marketing intelligence, inadequate storage facilities, lack of technological development and insufficient and inefficient marketing infrastructure are major hindrances in apple industry in the region. Further, there are no CA (Controlled Atmosphere) facilities in some of major horticulture producing districts of the region and the quantity of the produce stored in these CA facilities does not su...

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Horticultural sector has assumed ever-increasing importance in Jammu and Kashmir economy. In this regard, the present study was carried out to evaluate the cost and benefits received by the different groups of farmers in the Kulgam and Shopian district of Kashmir valley. For this purpose, data from 180 apple growers was collected through a structured questionnaire. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Cobb-Douglas production function was run to obtain results. The finding indicated that the average profit received by the producer Rs. 350,695.48 on the apple cultivation while in case of different farmers, medium and large size farm owners were major beneficiaries. Furthermore, the findings indicate that in case of medium size and large farm owners, law of increasing returns to scale was operating while in case of small growers law of decreasing returns was operational. The findings indicate that farm size is key factor in the production efficiency of apple orchards. The significance of t...

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Agriculture is the core sector of Indian economy and horticulture is a central component of it. In the horticulture sector of the Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) state, production of apple proved to be the most important fruit crop, as 8.00 crores boxes of apples are exported annually. Apple production is the main occupation in the Kashmir Valley (India) and constitutes 90% of total fruit crop in the valley. The horticulture crops also provide a better alternative for the diversification of Indian agriculture via higher returns. They play an important role in country's nutritional security as well, in addition to poverty alleviation and employment generation. From the last few years, production and productivity of horticulture fruits have increased manifolds and resulted in the huge amounts of dispatches from the state. The state is famous for its horticulture produce both in India as well as abroad. This paper emphasised the growth in area and production of fresh and dry fruits in J&K and the export of fresh and dry fruits. This study shows that there is positive growth in area and production of fresh and dry fruits and in export of fruits. In J&K though, there are some fluctuations in some years but these fluctuations are the results of flood in

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Under the changing agricultural scenario, it has been realized that the horticulture sector plays a vital role in providing livelihood security to the farmers globally. Area, production, productivity and export of horticultural produces are vital for increasing farm income and overall employment in the agricultural sector. In this paper an attempt has been made to explore potential and strength of Jammu and Kashmir with regard to its production and export of fresh and dry fruits. Jammu and Kashmir is the major producer of apple and walnuts in India, 77 percent of apple and 90 percent of walnut production in India belongs to Jammu and Kashmir and percentage share of state in India's total production is showing an increasing trend and the state has been declared as the " Agri. Export zone for Apples and Walnuts". Given the declining share of traditional agricultural commodities in production, consumption and trade horticulture represent an important industry to improve i...

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Apple is mainly cultivated in Kashmir valley, due to its well suited climatic conditions. The area under apple fruit has been increasing constantly, but the production as well as productivity has not improved to a satisfactory level. To notch up the goal of higher production and productivity of this important fruit in different regions of Kashmir valley, adoption of improved technologies plays an important role. A wide gap exists between the accessible technologies and its actual adoption by the apple growers, as reflected through the poor yield at the grower’s field. The study was conducted during 2019-20, with a view to determine the extent of technological gap between the recommended and actually adopted technologies by the apple growers in three districts of the Kashmir valley, selected purposively having maximum area under apple cultivation. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted for the study. It was found that the highest mean technological gap was found in district Budg...

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Crushing creativity? That’s one way to think different

An emoji is squeezed by an industrial press in a still from Apple's controversial new ad. Courtesy Apple

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By Joe Arney

As a college student 20 years ago, Steven Frost had a poster of Apple’s “Think Different” campaign hanging in their Alfred University dorm room.

That campaign touted the company’s quest to be something other than a tech titan. It was about supporting creatives like Frost, who saw computers as tools to unleash their artistic potential. Advertising to support the campaign highlighted icons like Bob Dylan, Pablo Picasso and Amelia Earhart to celebrate the “crazy ones” whose vision and determination set them apart from the rest.

For Frost, one of Apple’s latest ads is threatening to undo a lot of the goodwill the “Think Different” campaign created in the artistic community.

The “Crush!” ad is 68 seconds of watching symbols of humanity’s creative achievements—sculpture, paint, music, film, video games, novels, photography—destroyed in an industrial compactor, which then opens to reveal the company’s shiny new iPad Pro.

“I can see the logic behind the ad,” said Frost, assistant professor of media studies at the College of Media, Communication and Information at the University of Colorado Boulder. It looked to them like an attempt to play off the viral videos showing everyday objects crushed under car tires—“but in the current climate, this was a bad idea, and super tone deaf.”

“Everything exists in a context, and in the context of a place where A.I. is literally replacing creatives, this was not the moment for this ad.” Steven Frost, assistant professor, media studies

The current climate, of course, is one where artists are forced to ponder a future where generative artificial intelligence can create screenplays, images, designs and so on with just a few user prompts. In May, the company took the unusual step of apologizing for the ad and reportedly canceled plans for a national television campaign.

“What’s interesting is, less than two months after the ad comes out, Apple announces they’re integrating ChatGPT into iOS,” Frost said. “Everything exists in a context, and in the context of a place where A.I. is literally replacing creatives, this was not the moment for this ad.”

Seeing the use case for A.I.

Frost is not only an expert in media studies, they also are a creator who works in both digital and physical media . They are an accomplished textile artist who brings a passion for weaving to classes as well as Slay the Runway , an annual fashion creation and exhibition event for Boulder-area LGBTQ+ teens.

Notably, exhibit creators Frost and Joel Swanson—a faculty affiliate at CMCI—fed the chatbots text, rather than engage in the wide-scale scraping OpenAI and others have used to teach their chatbots.

“There are definitely reasons to be suspicious of it,” Frost said. “But while I know it’s a really unpopular opinion, in order to stay relevant, we all need to evolve. Otherwise, what happens to artists when we can just ask a machine to make a postcard, a poster? Those people are going to have to learn new skills, learn how to be part of a collaborative process with those machines.”

Transparency on teaching models

Part of that, of course, involves those technology companies being more honest about the tools they’re creating—their potential to displace creatives, yes, but also how they were trained. Frost envisions A.I. as a collaborative tool in line with The Jetsons or Knight Rider , as opposed to Black Mirror . It’s no surprise, then, that they want companies to be more collaborative, as well.

“What if tech companies were transparent about how and where their chatbot was trained?” they said. “It’s like if I’m buying junk food—if I see sugar free, I know it’s unhealthy, but it makes me consider that it was manufactured, that there was a process. So, for an A.I. model—what’s in it? Is it soy? Where was it grown?”

Collaboration with companies is also important, they said, because relying on regulation is not the only option.

“At this point, it’s more like thinking of different ways of approaching how those models are trained, and making sure that creatives whose works are getting pulled into these learning models get paid for the work they’ve done,” Frost said.

Perhaps that’s what most troubles them about that Apple ad. Because its tone reminded Frost of another commercial that seized the public imagination 40 years ago.

“The ‘1984’ ad was a breakthrough in that it reimagined what computers could be used for, and a literal breakthrough in that there’s violence and destruction at the center of it,” Frost said. “This ad is clearly referencing ‘1984.’ In a sense, they’re showing how far they’ve come and that they do all these things right, but the tone couldn’t be further from the young, upstart artist protagonist in the original ad.”

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Turning innovations into practical solutions for healthcare needs is an imperative – and one that can only become more urgent as demands on health systems increase. Our key focus in this series is the ‘downstream’ phases of translational health sciences – the human, organisational and societal issues that impact on the adoption, dissemination and mainstreaming of research discoveries. Talks are taken from the Oxford Translational Health Sciences Programme and delivered by leaders in the field of Translational Health Care.

Translational Health Sciences Oxford University

• JUN 26, 2024

The changing dynamics of mixed health systems in low and middle-income countries (LMIC)

Professor Kabir Sheikh discusses how social trends shape health systems in low- and middle-income countries, focusing on the complex mix of public-private, traditional-modern, and digital-nondigital axes. Health systems are social systems, and are shaped by broader trends such as urbanisation, commercialisation, the information revolution, and the post-pandemic social reordering. Against that backdrop, the configuration of health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is often deeply heterogeneous or “mixed” across different intersecting axes, for instance: public-private, professional-lay, traditional-modern, and digital-nondigital. These dynamic and contested intersections influence health system performance and equity, and also create unique policy challenges and opportunities. Professor Sheikh will outline key inferences from his body of research on the governance of mixed health systems in LMICs, and reflect on the changing character of health systems, and implications for the future of the field of health policy and systems research (HPSR). Professor Kabir Sheikh is a field leader in health policy and systems research (HPSR) with over 20 years’ experience of research in diverse settings across Asia and Africa. His interests lie in the domain of equity-oriented, contextually relevant health policy and systems research (HPSR) that generate insights and solutions for health systems problems, using social science approaches (policy and implementation analysis).

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Politics, Innovation and Change: The Path to Net Zero

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Social enterprisers and their role in addressing future challenges

Adopting a critical perspective, Dr Orsolya Ihasz outlines what makes social enterprisers valuable, and how could they contribute to the creation of important services and products to marginalised and disenfranchised communities. The urgency of global concerns such as health inequality, poverty and education demand rapid intervention. The role of social enterprises are key to addressing today's social challenges and promoting impact-driven innovation designed to create long term societal impact. Dr Orsolya Ihasz is a Senior Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at the Cranfield School of Management and a Fellow at the Foundation for Science and Technology. Her research interest focuses on (responsible) innovation management and social impact measurement especially in public health. She acts as programme lead to Ideas to Innovation (i2i) aimed at the researchers and early-career researcher community across discipline to support entrepreneurial ventures geared towards finding solutions to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). She is also an external advisor to the WHO on the scaling digitally enabled health interventions for tackling NCDs globally. Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

Health Technology Assessment (HTA) in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Case Study of Ghana

Dr Brian Adu Asare discusses Health Technology Assessment (HTA) using Ghana as a case study. HTA is pivotal in informing healthcare decision-making. It is a tool which helps in ensuring effective resource allocation and optimizing health outcomes. In resource-constrained settings, such as Ghana, the institutionalization, conduct, and uptake of HTA seeks to contribute to maximizing outcomes with limited resources. In Ghana, HTA's institutionalization has been marked by the establishment governance structures, strategies, and processes as well as the integration of HTA principles into health policies. However, the process has faced challenges, including limited expertise and financial constraints. Capacity-building initiatives, such as training programs and international collaborations, have been instrumental in addressing these barriers. Dr Brian Adu Asare is the Head of Health Technology Assessments (HTA) in Ghana and a Senior Technical Officer at the Pharmacy Directorate of the Ghana Ministry of Health. He also heads the National Drug Information, Research and Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Ministry of Health under the Pharmacy Directorate. He joined mainstream health policy in 2008 at the Ghana National Drugs Programme, and currently advices on technical issues in relation to pharmaceuticals in the Ghana Ministry of Health. He has led and contributed to several technical initiatives in: * Institutionalization and operationalization of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) in Ghana * Evidence-based medicine (EBM) * Pricing systems, Health systems strengthening, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and health information systems * Formulation and review of National Medicines Policy * Development and review of Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) and Essential Medicines Lists (EML) including COVID-19 treatment guidelines for Ghana. He currently serves on the: * National Medicines Selection Committee * National Medicines Price Committee * National AMR policy platform * National Medicines Policy Technical Working Group, among others.

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Knowledge for bright ideas – how research can support innovative health systems

Guest lecturer Dr Nick Fahy is a research group director for health and wellbeing at RAND Europe, where he oversees research in such areas as health systems and healthcare innovation, and the behavioural and social determinants of health and wellbeing. Innovation is the central challenge facing health systems. The constant expansion in our ability to improve health has brought us benefits of length and quality of life that would have been unimaginable a hundred years ago. But this also creates challenges for our health systems. This lecture will explore three challenges in particular. First, what do we get? How well do our systems for generating innovations meet the health needs that we want to see addressed? Second, how do we make the best use of the innovations that we have; through understanding the value they bring, and making best use of them in practice? And third, how do we pay for this challenge - and how long will we keep being able to? Our guest lecturer is Dr Nick Fahy, research group director for health and wellbeing at RAND Europe, where he oversees research in such areas as health systems and healthcare innovation, workplace wellbeing, and the behavioural and social determinants of health and wellbeing. Nick Fahy joined RAND Europe from the University of Oxford, where he was a senior researcher in the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and a research fellow at Green Templeton College. As a researcher and consultant in health policy and systems, he looked at how health systems work; lessons learned by comparing health systems across countries; and how to bring about constructive change in health systems. Alongside his Oxford role, Nick was also an expert advisor on innovation and implementation for the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, working with policymakers across Europe to support evidence-informed policy-making. This built on wide-ranging experience in international health policy, including over a decade in the European Commission, most recently as head of the health information unit. Nick Fahy has a D.Phil. from the University of Oxford in evidence-based healthcare, specifically examining psychological theory and its role in the model of diffusion of innovations in healthcare. He is also a Chartered Psychologist and continues to contribute to research and teaching at the University of Oxford and more widely.

• © Oxford University

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