migrant management system (worker assignment slip) bangladesh

INTRODUCTION

The Migrant Management System or MiGRAMS is designed to assist organizations in their efforts to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of their migrant worker recruitment process. MiGRAMS transforms the recruitment capabilities traditionally utilised by the worker recruitment industry into an easy-to-use and cost-effective single online platform. As a complete system, MiGRAMS offers tremendous value to users.

MiGRAMS is tailored to fit seamlessly into the worker recruitment processes in Malaysian labour source countries. This capability is enhanced via later integration to the Foreign Workers Centralized Management System (FWCMS) Bio-Medical system. The scope of MiGRAMS encompasses all the major steps in the migrant worker recruitment process and provides a comprehensive management portal for users. Moreover, MiGRAMS is designed to minimize administrative effort and to be a simple and easy-to-use solution for migrant worker recruitment.

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Turning Challenges into Opportunities: Supporting returning migrant workers in Bangladesh

Nushin subhan.

On a warm summer day in 2022, Abdus Salam, a tea stall owner in Chorlokhha Union, Chattogram, Bangladesh, greeted two young girls accompanied by their father. The girls were playing with the new dolls that their father had gotten from abroad.

As they left, Salam pondered over his own life path, realizing he could barely provide for his family or buy his children toys and gifts. Previously, he had worked as a day laborer in Saudi Arabia for a decade, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, he lost his job and had to return home. Struggling to repay his migration debts of over BDT 300,000, Salam started his small tea stall in Bangladesh to earn a modest income. However, he found himself uncertain about securing a stable future for his family.

Inspired by this encounter, Salam took another chance and registered with the government agency to go to Oman, where he established a tea stall in January 2023. Unfortunately, a month later, he fell seriously ill. Struggling without resources or medical assistance, he returned to Bangladesh in February 2023, unable to earn due to his physical incapacitation. His dream of supporting his family turned into the fear of becoming their burden.

The story of Jewel from Shiloy Union in Munshiganj traces a similar trajectory. He worked as a construction worker in Malaysia for 13 years. A fall from a three-storey building left him with a fractured spine. His employer supported his treatment in Malaysia, but he had to return to Bangladesh in October 2023, paralyzed. Back home with no means to support his family, Jewel faced a worse challenge of being incapable of providing for his family.

One day on her way to the market, Jewel’s wife overheard a Union Parishad member talking to a group of people. She stopped and listened to him say that the Government is providing opportunities to help returnees and their families. A Migrant Workers Welfare Center had opened in the district, where returnees and their families could learn about the Wage Earners Welfare Board (WEWB) and avail services and benefits offered by them.

Over 1.13 million Bangladeshis migrated abroad for employment opportunities in 2022 and the remittance sent back by migrant workers was USD 21.5 billion, equivalent to 4.6% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product .  But migration from Bangladesh incurs significant costs, and most migrant workers spend their life savings, while others take sizeable loans. Migrants often return before the contracted period - either due to sudden termination, sickness, or, as the country witnessed in early 2020, a global pandemic - and face high debts, little to no savings, social ostracization, humiliation, and depression.

The World Bank-financed Recovery and Advancement of Informal Sector Employment (RAISE) Project has been supporting the Government of Bangladesh provide services that can enhance earning opportunities for low-income urban youth, urban youth impacted by COVID-19, and returning migrants. Under the Project, the WEWB has established Migrant Workers Welfare Centers in 30 districts across the country. These Centers are responsible for identifying and counseling returnee migrants, linking them and their families to appropriate support based on their needs, and providing cash incentives. Counselors at the Centers also help applicants to fill-up the forms required for the services they need, such as medical treatment, psychosocial counseling, and support for their children’s education. Over 69,000 people have already enrolled and thousands more returning migrant workers like Salam and Jewel can now take advantage of the services provided through these Centers.

“We are not alone. I am grateful to the Government for this invaluable support to me and my family. I feel like I am no longer a burden – I can provide.”

After registering at the Center, Salam will now receive a disability allowance ranging from BDT 20,000 to 1,500,000 and Jewel will receive BDT 1,500,000 for his medical treatment. When I visited the Center in October 2023, Salam told me “We are not alone. I am grateful to the Government for this invaluable support to me and my family. I feel like I am no longer a burden – I can provide.”

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Improved access to migration systems

Aspirant women and men migrant workers are empowered to take an informed decision, based on objective information; victimized migrant workers and their families access free legal assistance and families left behind are financially literate and manage their remittances in a more productive and sustainable manner.

• Project Name SIMS – Strengthened and Informative Migration System
• Project Phase 2019 to 2023
• Funding This project is an SDC mandate.
• Thematic focus Voice, Inclusion & Cohesion Migration

Since decades, migration has been central to Bangladesh’s socio-economic development and it is an important livelihood strategy for men and women and their families. Over the past decade, an average of 600’000 Bangladeshis opted for labor migration every year, with a steady increase, in particular also of women migrants. Remittances are one of the backbones of Bangladesh’s economy and, in 2019, amounted to 18 billion USD. Despite its importance, labor migration processes (including access to skills and information, recruitment, access to justice, remittances management, etc.) are still characterized by several gaps and limitations, rendering both male and female migrant workers and their families vulnerable and underutilizing their potentials. The global COVID19 pandemic has further exacerbated the vulnerabilities with less job opportunities (in 2020, only 200,000 workers could depart from Bangladesh) and forced returns of those losing their jobs.

Against this background, Helvetas together with local partner organizations (OKUP, RMMRU, Prottyashi and BNWLA) follows a systemic approach and implements interventions focusing on

• enhanced information and awareness of migrants and their families by facilitating pre-decision making orientations for aspirant migrants and raising awareness on general key safe migration information in the community.
• providing free legal assistance for victimized migrant workers through both alternative and formal grievance mechanisms.
• strengthening duty-bearers for improved quality and enhanced outreach of service delivery to migrants and their families, including relevant stakeholders delivering pre-departure orientation, alternative dispute resolution mechanism and formal legal actors, as well as financial service providers.
• greater resilience of migrants and family members through effective use of remittances, based on sound financial literacy
• Financial Literacy Trainings: Lessons Learned PDF (0.58 MB)

More resilient communities

Multimedia story: a farmer’s daughter goes to college, voice, inclusion & cohesion.

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Chowdhury Dilruba Shoma

November 15th, 2021, short-term migrant labourers in bangladesh: the pandemic & beyond.

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Estimated reading time: 10 minutes

Developing countries benefit from globalisation through the money remitted home by migrant workers . In Bangladesh, remittances are the second-largest source of foreign currency income after exports, including goods and services. From the mid-1970s to 2020, more than 13 million professional, skilled, semi-skilled and less-skilled Bangladeshi migrant workers went to more than 140 countries : workers in the first two groups usually go as permanent migrants. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers go as temporary migrants, most often to Middle Eastern and North African countries. Temporary migrant workers account for 73.7% of Bangladesh’s total migrants .

Benefits from Migrant Workers

All data shows that Bangladesh has benefitted greatly from this outward migration of Bangladeshis. I mention four important points here: firstly, migration increases the country’s income; Bangladesh is the eighth-largest remittance recipient state in the world. Data from Bangladesh Bank estimates that during the fiscal years (FY) 1982–2020 migrant remittances contributed on average 29% of the foreign currency that came into Bangladesh — the single largest share ( Monthly Economic Trends , various issues ) from amongst all sources of foreign remittances. Movement within Bangladesh helps redistribute wealth: for example, rural workers who move to urban areas earn more and send money back to rural households.

Between FY1976–2020, foreign remittances increased from Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 246 million to BDT 1,543,531 million, and migrant worker numbers increased from 6,087 to 530,578 ( Monthly Economic Trends, December 2020), though with some fluctuations (Figure 1).

Figure 1 : Bangladeshi Workers’ Remittances, FY1976–2020

Source : Economic Data – Bangladesh Bank ; Monthly Economic Trends , various issues ; Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training

Factors behind the fluctuations include competition with newly emerging labour-providing countries like Nepal, Cambodia and Vietnam , the global financial crisis, and turmoil in the Gulf. From FY1988–2020, Saudi Arabia received 32.04% of Bangladeshi migrants, and was the single largest source of remittances to Bangladesh (over BDT 3,998 billion, or 25.27 % of all remittances ). Most remittances were earned by short-term migrant workers.

In 2012 alone, Bangladesh earned more than BDT 1,018 billion in foreign remittances, which is about 10.6% of the GDP and more than half the total foreign earnings of the country (Figure 2). Similarly, from FY1995–2008, income from remittances grew twice as fast as that from international aid. In fact, migrant’s remittances are now several times more than foreign aid. Clearly then, migration and remittances can and do play important roles in reducing Bangladesh’s dependency on donors.

Figure 2 : Remittances as a Percentage of GDP, of export income and of foreign earnings, FY 1982–2020

Source : World Development Indicator ; Monthly Economic Trends , various issues.

Formal employment of female Bangladeshi migrant workers began in 1991. From 1991 to December 2020 ( up to December ), 924,415 female workers migrated, and the percentage of women migrants generally increased. Over the same period, female migrants were 7.52% of total Bangladeshi migrant labourers. Since 2015, the number of female migrant workers has declined, though it remains significant (Figure 3). Many women travel to the Gulf nations for work, often as domestic helpers.

Figure 3 : Female Migrants as a Percentage of Total Migrants from Bangladesh, 1991–2020

Source : Statistics Department, Bangladesh Bank ; Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training

The second benefit of migration is that it ensures consumption stability in Bangladesh; recipient households use 66% of remittances for consumption . Remittances also contribute to land purchases, agricultural production, housing construction and repair, educational expansion, health expenditure and loan repayments. Households that receive remittances can obtain better education and health care.

Third, since the 1990s, migrant workers sending remittances have contributed to poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. For example, during FY2000–5, remittances reduced the poverty rate by 1.7% (although some critics argue that remittances do not flow to the poorest households directly because of the exorbitant cost of migration). Others found that remittances increased migrants’ household income by 55%, and so increased families’ living standards . However, remittances can create a dependency syndrome in recipient households. This, and rural workers quitting the land to become short-term migrant workers, may inhibit rural development . But conversely, when workers migrate, they open up employment opportunities in the home country. Recent research estimates that migration employed 9% of the economically active total population of Bangladesh.

The fourth benefit of remittances is the provision of capital to expand productivity. In Bangladesh,  remittances are invested in the formal financial system, providing capital for loans, and then aiding economic growth. Remittances increase Bangladesh’s foreign exchange reserves, help finance imports and reduce the current account deficit , mitigating balance-of-payments pressures. As of December 2020, remittances have reached a new high, as have foreign exchange reserves ( US$43.17 billion , compared with the previous highest record of US$33.41 billion in FY2017).

These four points suggest that migration should be encouraged because it improves socio-economic development in Bangladesh. Indeed, in 2006, the World Bank found a positive relationship between remittances and socio-economic development in Bangladesh: ‘ remittances have been causing a silent economic revolution in Bangladesh ’.

Issues that have Damaged the Reputation of Migration in Bangladesh

Globally, low-skilled workers are the most unprotected and exploited labour force. Despite the 1990 convention on the protection of the rights of migrant workers and their families (ratified by most nations, including Bangladesh), many low-skilled migrant workers face harsh conditions , including unfair pay practices, exploitative employment, violent behaviour, physical abuse, illogical extradition and restrictions on their mobility. Further, a remarkable proportion of Bangladeshi migrant workers become ‘unauthorised’/‘illegal’ because of administrative failures in Bangladesh and destination countries. Female migrant workers suffer torture, sexual exploitation and human trafficking, and some are denied basic rights while residing abroad. The Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment reported that 1,250 female migrant workers returned to Bangladesh from Saudi Arabia in 2019. Of these, 35% had been victims of physical torture, sexual abuse and/or slave-like living and working conditions, while 43% were cheated of due wages. According to the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee Report, between 2015 and the middle of 2018, nearly 5,000 female workers returned home because of horrifying experiences at the hands of Saudi employers.

Low-skilled, short-term migrant labourers account for the largest fraction of remittances sent back to Bangladesh. Female Bangladeshi migrant workers who work in the Middle East send on average 77% of their income home. If migrant work becomes unattractive (for example, because of abuses) or impossible (because of travel restrictions), the whole economy suffers.

Covid-19 Pandemic’s Impact on Remittances

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has become a big brake on the global labour market, and has had a dramatic impact on deportation of migrant workers. Many Bangladeshi migrants face deportation , and are already jobless . From January to middle of March 2020, more than 666,000 migrant workers returned to Bangladesh, whilst from January to August 2020, only 181,000 workers migrated overseas, compared to 441,000 during the same period in 2019. On 23 April 2020, BRAC  projected a 22% reduction of remittances in 2020 compared with 2019. Total remittances dropped by around 30.6% from January to April 2020 (US$1,638.43 million to US$1,092.96 million), but from May 2020 the situation has improved . The government’s allocation of 2% stimulus packages, the simplification of sending of remittances using formal channels, and policies that are more supportive of remittances have encouraged migrant workers to use legal remittance transfer channels and have increased remittance inflows again. As the pandemic continues, the deportation of migrant workers is continuing and accelerating. In coming months, more migrants will return home, and before they do, out of fear of losing jobs , they are sending more remittances to aid their family members. In December 2020, remittance inflow increased by 21.22% (US$2,051 million, compared to US$1,692 million in December 2019). That our migrant workers can provide such record remittances when the country is facing a tough fight against COVID-19 is a source of great hope for Bangladesh.

In coming years, COVID-19 will have an longer-term detrimental impact on migrant workers’ earnings and employment. The flow of remittances will fluctuate and most likely fall, and may help cause an economic slowdown in Bangladesh. According to the Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit, remittances are crucial to meeting the daily expenses of 60% of migrant households. In fact, a fall in remittances makes it hard for them to pay for food and nutrition, health facilities and educational expenses . UNDP Bangladesh estimates that Bangladesh’s already high poverty rate will climb from 20.5 % to 44% . All aspects of the country’s development — financial, humanitarian and social — will be hampered.

Steps to Assist Migrant Workers

The government of Bangladesh, NGOs and financial institutions have recognised the need to support migrant workers and their families’ through this difficult time, but many challenges remain. In the short term, to help returning migrant labourers start small businesses, the Bangladesh government has launched two loan/investment scheme facilities of BDT5,000 million and BDT2,000 million at 4% interest rate through the Probashi Kallyan Bank (PKB) (Expatriates Welfare Bank) of Bangladesh. This may help returnee migrants become self-employed, improving local market revenue generation and capacity development at the community level. Nonetheless, as of 9 December 2020, PKB had disbursed a total loan of BDT76.3 million to only 384 migrants. PKB could be more proactive in providing financial assistance; for example, NGOs can be involved in credit-wholesaling to provide funds in rural areas.

Little can be done about coronavirus-related travel restrictions, but, in the post-COVID world, migration will resume. Therefore, issues around migrant workers’ rights can be tackled. To make Gulf countries more rights-respecting, international labour rights groups and activists have long demanded the abolishment of the sponsorship system ( Kafala ) that limits migrant workers’ rights. Stakeholders such as the Government of Bangladesh, civil society, media and NGOs should form a coalition to draw attention to the need to protect all Bangladeshi migrant workers in the Gulf. To promote safe labour migration, especially for women, the group must keep up the pressure to implement Bilateral Labour Agreements, a gender-sensitive legal framework under the CEDAW convention, and Memoranda of Understanding for abolishing Kafala in the Gulf countries. At the same time, Bangladeshi embassies must provide support networks to the migrant workers, and proactively monitor the rights-based policies and programs that are to be enforced. They should be in constant touch with the countries that recruit workers from Bangladesh.

The World Health Organisation estimated a global demand for 80 million health workers, resulting in a 15 million net shortage of workers by 2030. Under the global skills partnership framework, the government could search for new job markets for workers like doctors, nurses and laboratory technicians, while appropriate training should be given to workers who can aid the health sectors of many countries in the post-COVID-19 world.

This blogpost is dedicated to the author’s beloved mother Rabeya Sultana, a former school teacher and cultural worker who died of severe ARDS due to COVID-19 on 7 April 2021.

This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of the South Asia @ LSE blog, nor the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Banner image: Mohammad Samir, Dhaka, Unsplash .

The ‘Bangladesh @ 50’ logo is copyrighted by the LSE South Asia Centre, and may not be used by anyone for any purpose. It shows the national flower of Bangladesh, Water Lily ( Nymphaea nouchali ), framed in a design adapted from Bangladesh’s dhakai & jamdani textile weaves. The logo has been designed by Oroon Das.

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About the author

Chowdhury Dilruba Shoma is Deputy General Manager of the Human Resources Department at the Central Bank of Bangladesh (Dhaka). She is a graduate of the Crawford School of Public Policy at The Australian National University, where she completed a Masters of Public Policy, specialising in development policy. Shoma’s research interests include gender, entrepreneurship, and feminism.

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South Asia @ LSE welcomes contributions from LSE faculty, fellows, students, alumni and visitors to the school. Please write to [email protected] with ideas for posts on south Asia-related topics.

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Safe migration means support for migrants at every stage of migration.

Home Protecting Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in International Labor Migration Systems

Protecting Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in International Labor Migration Systems

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• Ethical Recruitment

March 1, 2023

by GFEMS Media

Despite Bangladesh’s global status as a major labor-sending country, the overseas labor recruitment and reintegration systems do not adequately safeguard in-service and returning migrant workers. While migration is spurred by conditions of poverty and a lack of job opportunities at home, migrants often lack knowledge and access to safe migration channels. Many are unaware of the real costs of migration or unable to pay what a dalal or middleman demands. Taking on debt to finance migration puts migrant workers at risk of forced labor or exploitation.

Moreover, workers who return are often coping with trauma from mental or physical abuse. Many struggle to reintegrate within their families and/or communities. Despite the need for wrap-around care, reintegration services in Bangladesh are fragmented, focusing primarily on economic reintegration. Perceptions of “failed migration” hinder social reintegration, especially for female returnees.

To reduce the prevalence of forced labor among Bangladeshi migrants (to the Gulf region as the majority of the Bangladeshi migrant workers are received by Gulf Cooperation Council countries), GFEMS, with support from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), funded the Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD), and partners Ovibashi Karmi Unnayan Program (OKUP) and Caritas Bangladesh (CB) to implement the “Recovery and Reintegration Support for Bangladeshi Returnee Migrant Workers” project.  Together, they provided direct repatriation, rehabilitation, and reintegration services to Bangladeshi migrants and survivors including shelter, airport pickup, psychosocial counseling, medical support, legal, as well as economic and livelihood services. They also provided assistance to key government and civil society actors providing repatriation and recovery support. 

This brief outlines key learnings from this project and includes recommendations for key stakeholders to strengthen international labor migration systems in Bangladesh and better protect workers through each stage of the migration journey.

For more, download the full brief.

GFEMS Media

GFEMS is a bold, international fund working to end modern slavery. Our purpose is to raise new resources, unify global partners and efforts, and improve the available data and evidence needed to make anti-slavery work more effective.

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Despite Bangladesh’s global status as a major labor-sending country, the overseas labor recruitment and reintegration systems do not adequately safeguard in-service and returning migrant workers. While migration is spurred by conditions of poverty and a lack of job opportunities at home, migrants often lack knowledge and access to safe migration channels. Many are unaware of …

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What are the relevant Government agencies for migration in Bangladesh and their functions?

Ministry of Expatriate, Welfare and Overseas Employment (MoEWOE) • Ensure Rights and Welfare of Bangladeshi Migrants. • Ensure good governance through transparency and accountability in overseas employment management • Enactment/revision of all acts/rules/policies • Monitoring and supervising BMET, PKB, WEWB, BOESL • Liaison with International Organizations relating to treaties and memorandum of Understanding with other countries. Website: https://probashi.gov.bd/

Bureau of manpower, training and employment (bmet) • ensure skill worker by providing training through ttc. • monitor the activities of recruiting agencies. • received complaint and conduct arbitration to resolve the complaint • providing manpower clearance/smart website: www.bmet.gov.bd, district employment and manpower office (demo) • work as an information dissemination hub • online registration for overseas employment through demo office • registering finger print • screening of female migrant • awareness raising in community website: http://www.bmet.gov.bd/site/page/53e682c1-3a63-4b6f-a69f-00fb5032208d/-, technical training center (ttc) • providing pre-departure training • providing house keeping training • ensure different skill training for overseas employment website:http://www.bmet.gov.bd/site/page/848a782e-91bb-4692-9a987cbb863f6960/-, wage earners welfare board (wewb) • provide carrying & burial cost to migrants • provide death compensation • burial of dead body • financial grant to deceased migrant’s family member • financial assistance to injured / sick workers • ambulance help for disabled and sick migrant workers • scholarship to the children of migrants • protect migrant workers and eliminate various difficulties in providing assistance to the local administration. • established welfare desk (in dc office) • removal detained activists abroad • bringing women workers back to the country • running safe home website: www.wewb.gov.bd, probashi kallayan bank (pkb) • provide migration loan • provide rehabilitation loan • provide dps facility to migrants website- http://www.pkb.gov.bd/.

BOESL • Ensure recruitment on behalf of Government on Overseas Employment. • Provide Training to potential Migrants for skill development. • Published Circular for overseas employment on behalf of Govt. • Arrange trade-tests, medical-tests, tickets and other facilities for persons selected for overseas employment. Website- www.boesl.org.bd

An association of national level with its international reputation of co-operation and welfare of the migrant workforce as well as its approximately 1300 member agencies. BAIRA has started market expansion drive to find suitable job opportunities for the country's trained and technical manpower. Website- www.baira.org.bd http://www.bmet.org.bd/BMET/raHomeAction  

GAMCA • Performing medical check-up of the passengers bound for Gulf States. • To ensure the medical check-up of specific number of people against specific number of visas. Website- http://www.gamcabd.org/index.php?cat_id=9

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About Migration

Migration Data Analysis

In response to the growing needs and to provide quality data on migration to support evidence-based migration policy and programming in Bangladesh, IOM Bangladesh established Migration Data Analysis Division in June 2019 with the aim of production, analysis and dissemination of migration data and researches for a myriad of stakeholders such as Government, UN agencies and other organizations and institutions working on the migration issue. The core activities of the Division are aligned with IOM’s global and regional initiatives in harmonizing migration data, which is based on mainly three global frameworks:

• The first objective of Global Compact for Migration (GCM) that refers to the need to Collect and utilize accurate and disaggregated data as a foundation for evidence-based policies.
• The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17.18 which states that Countries must significantly increase the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts.
• The second principle of Migration Governance Framework (MiGOF) which states that Migration and related policies are best formulated using evidence and whole-of-Government approach.

Country Priorities

• Creation of UN Data Group on Migration which brings together all development partners to ensure the fulfilment of use of data to inform policy and evidence-based decision making.
• Better analysis and effective communication of data to promote healthy and balanced debate on migration, mobility and displacement issues at the national level.
• Strengthen the evidence-based formulation and implementation of humanitarian and development policy and programming on migration and mobility in Bangladesh.
• Oversee the monitoring, evaluation, accountability and learning needs and the knowledge repository for the Bangladesh Mission and enable real time provision of disaggregated migration data.
• Track progress related to fulfillment of migration-related indicators under the Sustainable Development Goals, the Global Compact for Migration, the Migration Governance Framework (MiGOF) and the migration indicators linked to the country’s development plans.
• Optimize use of technology to improve the accuracy, timeliness and accessibility of monitoring and evaluation data across the Mission
• Establish, strengthen, and institutionalize the comprehensive data and information management mechanism on displacement, migration, and return in Bangladesh.
• Improve understanding on the displacement and migration dynamics, drivers, modalities and vulnerabilities of Bangladeshi migrants.
• Produce, maintain, and coordinate centrally available dashboards and reports for the Mission to support evidence-based decision making.

Performance Measurement

• Improved and timely response, coordination, and liaison with internal and external stakeholders, including donors and the government, on project development, data and statistics needs, reporting and communications.

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