( 71)
Values are mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous data. a Statistical analyses: general linear models were used to compare eating routines between pre-pandemic and ‘new normal’ groups. Analyses were adjusted for age and gender. p -values were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg method, assuming a False Discovery Rate (FDR) of 5%. Significant p -values are shown in bold.
Our results also indicated that BMI and diet quality were similar between the pre-pandemic and ‘new normal’ groups ( Table 2 ). Regarding eating behaviors, the results showed that cognitive restraint was reduced by 0.2 points (95% CI: −0.4, −0.1) in the ‘new normal’, whereas no differences were found in emotional and uncontrolled eating scores. Regarding sleep quality and physical activity, we did not observe any significant difference between groups ( Table 2 ). Likewise, we observed that well-being was similar between the pre-pandemic and ‘new normal’ groups.
Comparison of pre-pandemic and ‘new normal’ conditions in body mass index and health-related variables.
Pre-Pandemic ( 71) | New Normal ( 68) | -Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Body mass index, kg/m | 22.2 (3.2) | 21.3 (2.7) | 0.177 |
Diet quality, score | 8.9 (1.8) | 8.5 (1.9) | 0.366 |
Eating behaviors | |||
Cognitive restraint, score | 2.1 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.3) | |
Emotional eating, score | 1.7 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.6) | 0.893 |
Uncontrolled eating, score | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.4) | 0.707 |
Sleep quality, score | 5.1 (2.4) | 5.2 (2.5) | 0.818 |
Physical activity, MET-minutes/day | 2242.8 (1591.1) | 2193.9 (1913.7) | 0.899 |
Well-being, score | 57.8 (16.6) | 55.2 (17.6) | 0.550 |
Values are mean and standard deviation (SD). MET, metabolic equivalent of task. a Statistical analyses: general linear models were used to compare body mass index and health-related variables between pre-pandemic and ‘new normal’ groups. Analyses were adjusted for age and gender. p -values were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg method, assuming a False Discovery Rate (FDR) of 5%. Significant p -values are shown in bold.
Our findings revealed that, relative to pre-pandemic conditions, the ‘new normal’ had a positive impact in terms of regularity in daily sleep and eating routines. Therefore, the greater flexibility in social schedules provided by the ‘new normal’ was significantly associated with lower social and eating jet lag (−0.7 h and −0.3 h, respectively). Furthermore, our results suggest that in the ‘new normal’, the sleep routines followed by college students on weekdays were more sustainable. Note that in the ‘new normal’, participants slept 1.8 h more, and sleep debt was reduced by ~1.3 h.
These findings are in line with the conclusions drawn from COVID-19 lockdown studies indicating that greater flexibility in social schedules, possibly due to online learning and the elimination of commute time, had a positive impact on daily sleep routines [ 2 ]. This is supported by the significant decrease in sleep debt and social jet lag found during the ‘new normal’. Furthermore, our results showed that the ‘new normal’ lifestyle could mitigate the misalignment between biological and social clocks [ 2 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. It should be noted that circadian misalignment has been associated with obesity and metabolic alterations [ 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 ], as well as with unhealthy eating habits [ 6 , 29 ]. Therefore, it is plausible that, in the long term, regularity in daily sleep routines could have a positive impact on body weight and other health-related variables in college students. However, evidence from longitudinal studies needs to be warranted.
Regarding eating routines, we noticed a slight advance in dinner timing on weekdays (~0.24 h). Note that advancing dinner time would allow postprandial blood glucose to return to fasting values before the rise in endogenous melatonin levels [ 30 ]. In fact, having dinner closer to bedtime is associated with obesity and metabolic alterations [ 4 , 30 , 31 ]. Furthermore, this subtle shift in dinner timing plus the regularity in daily sleep routines seen in the ‘new normal’ are related to a lower eating jet lag. Regularity in daily eating routines is crucial to maintaining optimal nutrient utilization [ 32 , 33 ]. Note that, when eating occurs at an expected (or regular) time, the circadian system ensures that the proper pathways that help to assimilate the nutrients begin to increase in anticipation of food intake [ 32 ]. However, when food intake occurs at an unexpected (or irregular) time, nutrient sensing pathways act on the peripheral clocks so that food is anticipated at the new mealtime in the following days [ 32 ]. Thus, eating can independently activate nutrient-sensing pathways, compromising the way food is processed during the postprandial period. Not surprisingly, the irregularity in daily eating routines (given by a greater eating jet lag) has been associated with obesity [ 9 , 15 ].
It is worth noting that regularity in daily sleep and eating routines might explain why BMI was similar between the ‘new normal’ and the pre-pandemic groups. We cannot ignore that the COVID-19 lockdown was a stressful time that, among others, had a negative impact on what we ate, how well we slept, and how much exercise we practiced [ 17 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Unsurprisingly, during the COVID-19 lockdown, people were more likely to gain weight. In fact, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis found that body weight and BMI increased significantly (~1.57 kg and ~0.31 kg/m 2 , respectively) during the lockdown period compared with pre-pandemic conditions [ 37 ]. Thus, our results suggest that the measures that characterized the ‘new-normal’ (such as prioritizing online classes, allowing individual exercise, and letting people have some sort of social life) may have helped college students to maintain and/or recover their weight once they returned to ‘normal’ life.
In line with the above, we observed that diet quality was similar between the ‘new normal’ and pre-pandemic groups. Our hypothesis was that schedule flexibility could play a role in maintaining diet quality, as having online classes could give college students more time to do other activities, such as cooking. This trend was also observed in young Spanish adults during the COVID-19 lockdown [ 34 ]. The authors reported that 57% of the population studied increased their home cooking practices [ 34 ], which could favor the consumption of healthier homemade foods [ 38 ]. It is worth mentioning that meals prepared and eaten at home are associated with higher-quality diets and better health outcomes [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Specifically, Larson et al. [ 39 ] showed that young adults who frequently bought their own food and prepared meals at home had a better diet quality. Interestingly, adherence to a healthy diet could play a significant role in the prevention and predisposition to viral infections, such as COVID-19 [ 42 , 43 ]. According to recent reviews, special attention should be paid to nutrients that play a role in regulating the immune response [ 43 ]. For example, Messina et al. [ 42 ] hypothesized that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids could be used to reduce inflammation, as well as to ameliorate lung damage that occurs after coronavirus infection.
It is also worth noting that in the ‘new normal’, college students were more relaxed in terms of their diet, without compromising diet quality. It is noteworthy that our results showed that cognitive restraint was significantly lower in the ‘new normal’ compared with the pre-pandemic group. Importantly, less cognitive restraint does not necessarily imply that the subjects are prone to increase their body weight, but quite the opposite [ 44 , 45 ]. In fact, previous research performed by our group showed that a greater dietary restraint is associated with a higher BMI among college students [ 45 ].
Along these lines, we observed that the flexibility provided by the ‘new normal’ could have helped to maintain sleep quality, despite the stressful pandemic context. This would also be in line with the findings of Blume et al. [ 17 ] during COVID-19 lockdown. According to the authors, the reduction in sleep debt and social jet lag limited the decline in sleep quality during lockdown. Furthermore, Pilz et al. [ 46 ] suggested that it is not the delay in sleep timing that affects sleep quality, but rather the social jet lag. The authors explained that the combination of late sleep schedules with the time constrains of the social clock could explain why subjects who had a preference for late sleep schedules usually showed the worst sleep quality.
Regarding other health-related variables, our results revealed that physical activity was similar between the ‘new normal’ and pre-pandemic groups (~2242.8 vs. ~2193.9 MET-minutes/day, respectively). This can be attributed to the fact that, despite the restrictions, in the ‘new normal’, exercise was allowed. Importantly, Zhang et al. [ 47 ] observed that during COVID-19 lockdown, performing 2500 METs/week of physical activity (equivalent to a moderate level of physical activity [ 48 ]) alleviated negative emotions in college students, which could also be in line with our results regarding well-being. It is worth noting that despite social restrictions and the curfew issued in the ‘new normal’, well-being remained similar between the ‘new normal’ and pre-pandemic groups. It is also plausible that the consistency of daily sleep routines could also be associated with the maintenance of well-being in the ‘new normal’ [ 2 , 49 ].
Our study has certain limitations, starting with the observational nature of the study, that prevent us from claiming causation. Additionally, we acknowledge as a limitation that our sample consisted mostly of women and undergraduate students of the Bachelor’s Degree in Human Nutrition and Dietetics, which is not representative of the entire population. Furthermore, the representativeness of our results is limited to students living in an urban area. We also acknowledge our results are based upon a cohort of healthy young adults, who may not be representative of the entire population in terms of sleep and meal timing. Nonetheless, the strength of our study is that this is the first research to study the effects of the ‘new normal’ on daily sleep and eating routines, BMI, and health-related variables in college students.
In summary, our findings indicate that the ‘new normal’ was associated with greater regularity in daily sleeping and eating routines. Additionally, we observed that BMI, diet and sleep quality, the level of physical activity, and well-being were similar between the ‘new normal’ and pre-pandemic groups. Although, we did observe that college students were less restrictive in terms of their diet, without compromising diet quality. It is also worth noting that the ‘new normal’ offered college students a more sustainable lifestyle, which was reflected in longer sleep duration on weekdays, as well as with less social and eating jet lag. These findings point to the need to rethink the possibility of combining face-to-face activities with remote work and online education, which could be associated with more hours of sleep during weekdays, and the regularity of daily sleep and eating routines. However, more studies are needed to investigate the long-term potential benefits of regular sleep and eating routines on BMI and other health-related variables. Finally, our findings could help formulate public health recommendations for future pandemics where social distancing measures are needed to halt the spread of a virus.
Conceptualization and methodology, M.I.-P. and M.F.Z.-R.; investigation, formal analysis, data curation, and writing—original draft preparation, C.R.-C. and M.F.Z.-R.; writing—review and editing, M.I.-P.; supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, M.I.-P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
CRC was supported by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)/Scholarship Program/DOCTORADO BECAS CHILE/2019–72200134.
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Barcelona (IRB00003099, 20 May 2020).
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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By Natalie Proulx
The coronavirus has transformed life as we know it. Schools are closed, we’re confined to our homes and the future feels very uncertain. Why write at a time like this?
For one, we are living through history. Future historians may look back on the journals, essays and art that ordinary people are creating now to tell the story of life during the coronavirus.
But writing can also be deeply therapeutic. It can be a way to express our fears, hopes and joys. It can help us make sense of the world and our place in it.
Plus, even though school buildings are shuttered, that doesn’t mean learning has stopped. Writing can help us reflect on what’s happening in our lives and form new ideas.
We want to help inspire your writing about the coronavirus while you learn from home. Below, we offer 12 projects for students, all based on pieces from The New York Times, including personal narrative essays, editorials, comic strips and podcasts. Each project features a Times text and prompts to inspire your writing, as well as related resources from The Learning Network to help you develop your craft. Some also offer opportunities to get your work published in The Times, on The Learning Network or elsewhere.
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Conclusion. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on my life. It affected me physically, mentally, and emotionally and challenged my ability to cope with adversity. However, it also taught me valuable lessons and allowed me to grow as an individual. This is only a sample.
Abstract. My content explains what my life was like during the last seven months of the Covid-19 pandemic and how it affected my life both positively and negatively. It also explains what it was like when I graduated from High School and how I want the future generations to remember the Class of 2020.
1. Introduction. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to unprecedented changes in people's daily lives, with implications for mental health and well-being [1-4], both at the level of a given country's population, and when considering specific vulnerable groups [5-7].In order to mitigate the untoward impact of the pandemic (including lockdown) and support mental health ...
Writing About Coronavirus in Main and Supplemental Essays. Students can choose to write a full-length college essay on the coronavirus or summarize their experience in a shorter form. To help ...
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Alex, a writer and fellow disabled parent, found the freedom to explore a fuller version of herself in the privacy the pandemic provided. "The way I dress, the way I love, and the way I carry ...
My daily routine has been upended, luxuries I took for granted snatched away, but I feel a little bit of power in exercising my creativity. This pandemic thwarted an opportunity I had to go to a conference I had been looking forward to for a long time and a chance for a weekend visit to my brother who lives in Washington, D.C.
The CDC reports that the percentage of adults who reported symptoms of anxiety of depression in the past 7 days increased from 36.4 to 41.5 % from August 2020 to February 2021. Other reports show that having COVID-19 may contribute, too, with its lingering or long COVID symptoms, which can include "foggy mind," anxiety, depression, and post ...
The student or a family member had COVID-19 or suffered other illnesses due to confinement during the pandemic. The student suffered from a lack of internet access and other online learning challenges. Students who dealt with problems registering for or taking standardized tests and AP exams. Jeff Schiffman of the Tulane University admissions ...
Nonetheless, COVID-19 has laid a foundation for people to link food safety and pandemic risk more seriously. Some 60 per cent of people polled in China said they were far less likely to consume raw meat now. 'The pandemic will increase interest in lab-grown meats, for instance, and more 'sterile' ways of producing meat.
Read these 12 moving essays about life during coronavirus. Artists, novelists, critics, and essayists are writing the first draft of history. A woman wearing a face mask in Miami. Alissa Wilkinson ...
The COVID-19 pandemic was — is — that rare event that affects everyone with ties to the College. Even as this introduction is written, its vast, global story continues to evolve, expanding and deepening in ways that resist easy comprehension. ... "T he show must go on, but my daily routine has been altered significantly. The Jump is now ...
The outbreak has dramatically changed Americans' lives and relationships over the past year. We asked people to tell us about their experiences - good and bad - in living through this moment in history. Pew Research Center has been asking survey questions over the past year about Americans' views and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The coronavirus is a virus that originated in China, reached the U.S. and eventually spread all over the world by January of 2020. The common symptoms of the virus include shortness of breath, chills, sore throat, headache, loss of taste and smell, runny nose, vomiting and nausea. As it has been established, it might take up to 14 days for the ...
Presently the impacts of COVID-19 in daily life are extensive and have far reaching consequences. These can be divided into various categories: Closure of places for entertainment such as movie and play theatres, sports clubs, gymnasiums, swimming pools, and so on. This COVID-19 has affected the sources of supply and effects the global economy.
For a short time, before new routines and practices replace familiar old ones, we can see with greater clarity the positive and negative aspects of our former lives. ... The COVID-19 outbreak has altered daily life for Americans - from how they work and attend school, to the ways they connect with others, to how they worship. These ...
Life During Pandemic Essay - Check Life Lessons From COVID-19. Last Updated on Aug 11, 2023. Download as PDF. The Covid-19 pandemic had completely disrupted lives around the world. With lockdowns and social distancing measures in place, daily life had changed dramatically for people globally. No one was truly prepared for how much of an impact ...
In this essay, I share my experiences and reflection on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of a Chinese student residing in Pittsburgh, USA. Three examples of "commoning"—acts of managing shared resources by a group of people—reveal the importance of care and collaboration in the time of uncertainty. First, when COVID-19 posed a threat to the food supply chain ...
During these unprecedented times due to the COVID-19 pandemic, young people find themselves stuck at their homes across the world. ... The crisis has changed not only the daily routine, but also perceptions of everyday life. For some young people rethinking the value of time and common moral principles appears to be key.
Find all our Student Opinion questions here. Note: The Times Opinion section is working on an article about how the coronavirus outbreak has disrupted the lives of high school students.
These findings are in line with the conclusions drawn from COVID-19 lockdown studies indicating that greater flexibility in social schedules, possibly due to online learning and the elimination of commute time, had a positive impact on daily sleep routines . This is supported by the significant decrease in sleep debt and social jet lag found ...
8 a.m. Changing routines Make small discoveries. To stretch my legs during the lockdown, I've been walking around the block every day, and I've started to notice details that I'd never seen ...