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ஐசக் நியூட்டன்: வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு மற்றும் அறிவியல் கண்டுபிடிப்பு

ஐசக் நியூட்டன் ஒரு இயற்பியலாளர், கணிதவியலாளர் மற்றும் வானியலாளர் ஆவார், அவர் எல்லா காலத்திலும் மிகவும் செல்வாக்கு மிக்க விஞ்ஞானிகளில் ஒருவராக பரவலாகக் கருதப்படுகிறார். இயற்பியல் மற்றும் கணிதத் துறைகளில் அவர் செய்த பங்களிப்பு இந்த உலகத்தைப் பற்றி நாம் புரிந்துகொள்வதற்கு பெரிதும் உதவிகரமாக அமைந்தது. இந்த கட்டுரையில், அவரது வாழ்க்கை, அறிவியல் சாதனைகள் போன்றவற்றை ஆராய்வோம்.

ஆரம்ப வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் கல்வி

ஐசக் நியூட்டன் ஜனவரி 4, 1643 இல் இங்கிலாந்தின் வூல்ஸ்டோர்ப்பில் பிறந்தார். அவர் பிறப்பதற்கு முன்பே அவரது தந்தை இறந்துவிட்டார், மேலும் அவரது தாயார் மறுமணம் செய்து கொண்டார், ஆகவே அவர் பாட்டி வீட்டில் தான் வளர்ந்தார். அவரது குழந்தைப்பருவம் சவால் நிறைந்ததாக இருந்தாலும் கூட, நியூட்டன் இயந்திரவியல், இயந்திரங்கள் மற்றும் காற்றாலைகளின் மாதிரிகளை உருவாக்குதல் ஆகியவற்றில் ஆர்வம் காட்டினார்.

நியூட்டன் 1661 இல் கேம்பிரிட்ஜ் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் பயின்றார், அங்கு அவர் கணிதம் மற்றும் இயற்பியல் படித்தார். அவர் பிரெஞ்சு தத்துவஞானியும் கணிதவியலாளருமான ரெனே டெஸ்கார்ட்டின் பணியால் பெரிதும் ஈர்க்கப்பட்டார். அவர் தான் பொருள் மற்றும் இயக்கம் பற்றிய புதிய கோட்பாட்டை முன்மொழிந்தவர். நியூட்டன் பின்னர் தனது சொந்த கோட்பாட்டை உருவாக்கினார், அதை அவர் இயக்க விதிகள் [laws of motion] என்று அழைத்தார். இது நவீன இயற்பியலின் அடித்தளமாக மாறியது.

அறிவியல் சாதனைகள்

1665 ஆம் ஆண்டில், புபோனிக் பிளேக் பிரச்சனையை தவிர்ப்பதற்காக நியூட்டன் வூல்ஸ்டோர்ப்பில் உள்ள வீட்டிற்குத் திரும்பினார். இந்த நேரத்தில், அவர் தனது மிக முக்கியமான சில அறிவியல் கண்டுபிடிப்புகளை நிகழ்த்தி இருந்தார். அவர் சிக்கலான கணிதத்தை தீர்க்க பயன்படும் கணிதக் கருவியான கால்குலஸ் கோட்பாட்டை உருவாக்கினார். அவர் புவியீர்ப்பு விதிகளையும் கண்டுபிடித்தார், இது பொருள்கள் ஒன்றுக்கொன்று எவ்வாறு ஈர்க்கப்படுகின்றன என்பதை விளக்கியது.

நியூட்டன் 1687 ஆம் ஆண்டில் தனது மிகவும் பிரபலமான படைப்பான பிரின்சிபியா கணிதத்தை [Principia Mathematica] வெளியிட்டார். இந்த புத்தகம் இயக்கம் மற்றும் புவியீர்ப்பு விதிகளை விவரித்தது, மேலும் இது இயற்பியல் துறையில் புரட்சியை ஏற்படுத்தியது. பிரின்சிபியா தலைகீழ்-சதுர விதியின் கருத்தை அறிமுகப்படுத்தியது, இது இரண்டு பொருட்களுக்கு இடையேயான ஈர்ப்பு வலிமையானது அவற்றுக்கிடையேயான தூரம் அதிகரிக்கும் போது குறைகிறது என்று கூறுகிறது. இந்த கருத்து இன்றும் கிரகங்கள் மற்றும் பிற பொருள்களின் செயல்பாட்டை விவரிக்க பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

இயற்பியலில் போக , நியூட்டன் ஒளியியல் துறையிலும் முக்கிய பங்களிப்புகளை செய்தார். வெள்ளை ஒளி வெவ்வேறு வண்ணங்களால் ஆனது என்பதைக் கண்டுபிடித்தார், ஒளிவிலகல் மற்றும் ஒளி பிரதிபளிப்பு ஆகியவற்றை விளக்கும் ஒளி கோட்பாட்டை அவர் உருவாக்கினார்.

பிற்கால வாழ்க்கை

நியூட்டனின் அறிவியல் சாதனைகள் அவரது வாழ்நாளில் அவருக்கு பெரும் புகழைப் பெற்றுத் தந்தன. அவர் 1672 இல் ராயல் சொசைட்டியின் ஃபெலோவாக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டார், மேலும் அவர் 1703 முதல் 1727 வரை அதன் தலைவராக பணியாற்றினார். அவர் பிரிட்டிஷ் பாராளுமன்ற உறுப்பினராகவும் இருந்தார் மற்றும் 1705 இல் ராணி அன்னே அவர்களால் நைட் பட்டம் பெற்றார்.

நியூட்டன் மார்ச் 31, 1727 அன்று தனது 84 வயதில் இறந்தார். உலகத்தைப் பற்றிய நமது புரிதலில் ஆழமான தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்திய அறிவியல் கண்டுபிடிப்புகளின் அடிப்படைகளை அவர் நமக்காக விட்டுச் சென்றார். அவரது இயக்கம் மற்றும் ஈர்ப்பு விதிகள், கிரகங்களின் செயல்பாடு முதல் அணு துகள்களின் இயக்கம் வரை அனைத்தையும் விளக்குவதற்கு தொடர்ந்து பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. கணிதம் மற்றும் ஒளியியல் ஆகியவற்றில் அவரது பணி இத்துறைகளில் புதிய கண்டுபிடிப்புகளுக்கு வழி வகுத்தது.

ஐசக் நியூட்டன் இயற்பியல், கணிதம் மற்றும் வானியல் ஆகிய துறைகளில் உண்மையான முன்னோடியாக இருந்தார். அவரது விஞ்ஞான சாதனைகள் உலகத்தைப் பற்றிய நமது புரிதலில் நீடித்த தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்தியுள்ளன, மேலும் அவரது கண்டுபிடிப்புகள் இன்றைய விஞ்ஞானிகள் மற்றும் சிந்தனையாளர்களை ஊக்கப்படுத்துகிறது. விஞ்ஞான ஆராய்ச்சிக்கு கோட்பாட்டு மற்றும் சோதனை அணுகுமுறைகளை இணைக்கும் நியூட்டனின் திறன் அற்புதமானது, மேலும் அவரது பணி அறிவியல் சோதனைக்கு ஒரு முன்மாதிரியாக உள்ளது. அவர் ஒரு உண்மையான தொலைநோக்கு பார்வையாளராக இருந்தார் மற்றும் எல்லா காலத்திலும் சிறந்த விஞ்ஞானிகளில் ஒருவராக எப்போதும் நினைவுகூரப்படுவார்.

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Published :

Last Updated : 23 May, 2020 11:12 AM

Published : 23 May 2020 11:12 AM Last Updated : 23 May 2020 11:12 AM

ஊரடங்கில் முடங்காத மேதைகள் 2- சர் ஐசக் நியூட்டன்

ஷேக்ஸ்பியருக்கு சற்றுப் பிந்தைய காலத்தில் வாழ்ந்தவர் சர் ஐசக் நியூட்டன் (1643-1727). 1665 ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம் தன்னுடைய இருபது வயதுகளில் நியூட்டன் இருந்தார். அப்போது பியுபானிக் பிளேக் இங்கிலாந்தைத் தாக்கியது. அதன் காரணமாக அவர் படித்துவந்த கேம்பிரிட்ஜ் பல்கலைக்கழக டிரினிட்டி கல்லூரியில் வகுப்புகள் ரத்து செய்யப்பட்டன.

அங்கிருந்து 100 கி.மீ. தொலைவில் லிங்கன்ஷயர் பகுதியில் இருந்த உல்ஸ்ட்ரோப் பகுதியில் அவருடைய குடும்பத் தோட்டம் இருந்தது. நோயிலிருந்து விலகியிருப்பதற்காக அந்த வீட்டுக்கு நியூட்டன் திரும்பினார். 1667ஆம் ஆண்டுதான் கேம்பிரிட்ஜ் பல்கலைக்கழகத்துக்கு மீண்டும் சென்றார். அவருடைய பிற்காலத் தொழில்வாழ்க்கை, கண்டுபிடிப்புகளுக்கான அடிப்படைகள், அறிவுத்தூண்டல்கள் இந்த பிளேக் நோய் தொற்றுப்பரவல் காலத்திலேயே உறுதியடைந்தன. வாழ்க்கையின் சிறந்த காலம்

அடிப்படையில் ஒரு கணிதவியலாளராக அவர் இருந்தார். இந்தத் தனிமைக் காலத்தில் தொடக்ககால நுண்கணிதம் (கால்குலஸ்), ஒளியியல் கொள்கை போன்றவற்றைக் குறித்து ஆராய்ந்தார், தன்னுடைய படுக்கையறையில் ஒரு பட்டகத்தை வைத்து பரிசோதனைகளை மேற்கொண்டார். பிற்காலத்தில் ஒளியியல் கொள்கை உருவாக இதுவே அடிப்படையாக இருந்தது. இந்தக் காலம்தான் புவியீர்ப்பு விசை குறித்த புகழ்பெற்ற கொள்கை உருவாகவும் காரணமாக இருந்தது.

நியூட்டனே இது குறித்து பிற்காலத்தில் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளார்.: மேற்கண்ட அனைத்துமே 1965, 1666ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் பிளேக் தொற்று காரணமாக வீட்டில் இருந்த காலத்தில் தோன்றியவை. என்னுடைய வாழ்க்கையின் வேறு எந்தப் பகுதியைவிடவும், அந்தக் காலமே என்னுடைய கண்டுபிடிப்புகளுக்கான அடிப்படைகள் தோன்றிய சிறந்த பகுதியாகவும் கணிதவியல்-தத்துவவியல் சார்ந்த கவனம் பெருகிய காலமாகவும் கருதுகிறேன். ஆப்பிள் தலையில் விழுந்ததா?

பிளேக் நோய் பரவியதால் தனிமைப்படுத்துதலுக்காக கிராமப்பகுதிக்குச் சென்றிருந்த இந்தக் காலத்தில்தான், அவர் தலையில் ஆப்பிள் விழுந்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. ஆர்கிமிடீஸுக்கு குளியல்தொட்டியைப் போல், நியூட்டனுக்கு ஆப்பிள் அமைந்தது. ஆனால் பரவலாகச் சொல்லப்படுவதுபோல் அவர் தலையில் ஆப்பிள் எல்லாம் விழவில்லை. அவருடைய அறைக்கு வெளியே இருந்த ஆப்பிள் மரத்தை தொடர்ந்து கவனிப்பதற்கு, இந்தக் காலத்தில் நியூட்டனுக்கு நிறைய வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்திருக்கும். புவியீர்ப்பு விசைக் கொள்கை உருவாக அந்த ஆப்பிள் மரம் நிச்சயமாகத் தூண்டுதலாக இருந்தது என்பதில் சந்தேகமில்லை.

அன்பு வாசகர்களே....

இந்த ஊரடங்கு காலத்தில் வீட்டை விட்டு வெளியே வராமல் நமக்கு நாமே சமூக விலகல் ( Social Distancing) செய்து கொள்வோம். செய்தி ஊடகங்களின் வழியே உலகுடன் தொடர்பில் இருப்போம். பொதுவெளியில் இருந்து தனிமைப்படுத்திக் கொண்டு கரோனா பரவலைத் தடுப்பதில் நம் பங்கை முழுமையாக இந்த சமூகத்துக்கு அளிப்போம்.

CoVid-19 கரோனா தடுப்பு / விழிப்புணர்வு கையேடு - இலவசமாக டவுன்லோடு செய்து பயன்பெறுங்கள்!

- வாசகர்கள் நலனில் அக்கறையுடன் இந்து தமிழ் திசை

தவறவிடாதீர்!

•   திரைத்துறையில் தடம் பதிக்க ஆன்லைனில் இலவச வகுப்பு: ஈழத் தமிழரின் புதிய முயற்சி
•   தென்னை மரங்களில் மகசூல் குறைவால் தேங்காய் பற்றாக்குறை: மகசூலை அதிகரிக்க வேளாண் நிலையம் பரிந்துரைக்கும் ஆலோசனைகள் 
•   ஒரு நாள்கூட விடுப்பு எடுக்காமல் மருத்துவர்களுக்குப் பேருந்து ஓட்டும் அரசு பஸ் ஓட்டுநர்: சிறப்பு ஊதியத்தையும் கரோனா நிவாரணமாகக் கொடுக்க முடிவு
•   பொது முடக்கத்திலும் தொடரும் திருக்குறள் தொண்டு: அலைபேசி வழியே குழந்தைகளுக்கு குறள் போதனை

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உங்கள் பகுதி முகவரோடு இணைந்து உங்களுக்கு நாங்கள் சேவை செய்ய….

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சார் ஐசாக் நியூட்டன் பற்றிய விந்தையான தகவல்கள்!!!

உலகின் அடிப்படையான புவி ஈர்ப்பு சக்தியைக் கண்டறிந்து பெரும்பாலான அறிவியல் ஆராய்சிகளுக்கு வித்திட்டவர் சார் ஐசாக் நியூட்டன். இவர் வெறும் ஆராய்ச்சியாளர் மட்டுமல்ல, கணிதவியலாளர் மற்றும் தத்துவஞானியும் கூட. அறிவியல், கணிதம், இயந்திரவியல் ஈர்ப்பு விசை என நிறைய துறைகளில் பெரும் ஆராய்சிகளை செய்தவர்.

உலகையே கலக்கிய இந்திய கடத்தல்காரர்கள் பற்றிய திகிலூட்டும் உண்மைகள்!!!

உலக அறிவியல் ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்களில் அதிக செல்வாக்கும் அறிவியல் புரட்சியும் செய்த முக்கிய நபர்களில் இவரும் ஒருவர் ஆவார். பெரும்பாலும் நிறைய அறிவுடையவர்கள் சிற்சில விஷயங்களில் முட்டாள்தனமாகவும், சிறுப்பிள்ளைதனமாகவும் செயல்படுவர் என நாம் வரலாற்றில் பல முறைக் கண்டுள்ளோம்.

நாடி ஜோதிடத்தின் வரலாற்று இரகசியங்கள் மற்றும் உண்மை தகவல்கள்!!!

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பிறந்த போதே இறந்துவிடுவார் என எண்ணினர்

சார் ஐசாக் நியூட்டன் பிறக்கும் போது மிகவும் வலுவின்றி பிறந்தாராம். இதன் காரணமாக இக்குழந்தை விரைவில் இறந்துவிடும் என்று இவரது தாய் உட்பட அனைவரும் எண்ணினர். தண்ணீர் ஊற்ற பயன்படும் ஜாடியுனுள் அகப்படும் அளவு தான் இருந்தாராம் பிறந்த குழந்தையாக இருந்த நியூட்டன்.

விவசாயியான நியூட்டன்

நியூட்டன் பிறக்கும் மூன்று மாதங்களுக்கு முன்னரே அவரது தந்தை இறந்துவிட்டார். இவரது குடும்பம் ஓர் விவசாயக் குடும்பம். இவர் பதினேழு வயது வரை பள்ளிக்கு சென்று வீடு திரும்பியதும் விவாசாயம் செய்வதை வாடிக்கையாக வைத்திருந்தார் அம்மாவின் கட்டாயத்தின் பேரில். அப்போது கிட்டத்தட்ட முற்றிலும் ஓர் முழு விவசாயியாக மாற்றும் தருணத்தில் அவர் இருந்த போது தான், அவரது மாமா நியூட்டனை கேம்பிரிட்ஜ், டிரினிடி கல்லூரியில் சேர்த்துவிட்டார்.

ஆப்பிள் விழுந்த கதை உண்மையா?

உலகின் சிறந்த மற்றும் புகழ்பெற்ற கதைகளில் ஒன்று நியூட்டனின் ஆப்பிள் விழுந்து புவி ஈர்ப்பை கண்டறிந்த கதை. ஆனால், சிலர் இதை கட்டுக்கதை என்றும் கூறுகிறார்கள். உண்மையில், நியூட்டனே, ஒருமுறை நண்பரிடம், ஜன்னல் வழியாக மரத்தில் இருந்து ஆப்பிள் விழுவதை முறைத்து, உன்னித்து கவனித்துக் கொண்டிருந்தார் என்றும், அது தான் புவி ஈர்ப்பு விசையை கண்டுபிடிக்க அடிப்படையாய் இருந்ததாகவும் கூறியிருக்கிறார்.

ஆப்பிள் மரம்

நியூட்டன் படித்த பள்ளியை சேர்ந்தவர்கள், புவி ஈர்ப்பு விசையை நியூட்டன் கண்டுபிடிக்க காரணமாக இருந்த அந்த ஆப்பிள் மரத்தை வாங்கி அவர்களது பள்ளி தோட்டத்திற்கு இடம் மாற்றி கொண்டு சென்றுவிட்டார்களாம்.

இரகசியம் காப்பவர்

நியூட்டன் கண்டுபிடித்த பெரும்பாலானவை அவரது 21 - 27 வயதிற்கு இடைப்பட்டு அவரால் கண்டறியப்பட்டது. ஆனால், அவற்றை அவர் அப்போதே வெளியிடாமல் மிகவும் இரகசியமாக வைத்திருந்தார். முக்கியமாக அலைக்கற்றை நிறங்கள் (spectrum of colors) பற்றி அவர் கண்டறிந்ததை கூட சில ஆண்டுகள் கழித்து தான் உலகிற்கு கூறினார்.

ஊசியால் கண்ணை குத்திக் கொண்டார்

ஒரு முறை தனது கண் குழியை தானே ஊசியை வைத்துக் குத்திக் கொண்டார் நியூட்டன். இவ்வாறு செய்வதால் கண்ணின் நிறம் பார்க்கும் திறனில் ஏதேனும் மாற்றம் ஏற்படுகிறதா என உணர செய்தாராம் நியூட்டன்.

ரசவாதம் மற்றும் இறையியல்

புவி ஈர்ப்பு விசை மற்றும் ஒளி சார்ந்து செய்த ஆராய்ச்சியை விட தனது ரசவாதம் மற்றும் இறையியல் (alchemy and theology) ஆராய்ச்சிக்கு தான் நிறைய நேரம் செலவழித்தார் நியூட்டன்.

தந்தை மகன் ஒரே பெயர்

சார் ஐசாக் நியூட்டனின் தந்தை பெயரும் ஐசாக் நியூட்டன் தான் என்பது குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது.

தலைவராக இருந்து நியூட்டன்

1703 - 1727 ஆகிய இடைப்பட்ட காலங்களில் ராயல் சோசைட்டி (Royal Society) என்ற இயற்கை அறிவியல் என்ற அமைப்பிற்கு இவர் தலைவராக இருந்தார்.

ஆராய்ச்சிக் கூடத்தை தீக்கிரையாக்கிய நாய்

நியூட்டனின் நாய் ஒன்று, அவர் இருபது வருடங்களாக ஆராய்ச்சி செய்துவந்த ஆராய்ச்சிக் கூடத்தைத் தீக்கிரையாக்கியது. இதில், அவரது பல்வேறு ஆராய்சிகள் அழிந்து போயின என்று கூறப்படுகிறது

தனிமையில் இருந்த நியூட்டன்

1678ஆம் ஆண்டு அவரது தாய் இறந்த பிறகு ஏறத்தாழ ஆறு வருடங்கள் தனிமையில் இருந்தார் நியூட்டன். இந்த ஆறு ஆண்டு காலத்தில் தான் நிறைய அறிவியல் சார்ந்தவற்றை நியூட்டன் எழுதியதாக கூறப்படுகிறது.

நரம்பு தளர்ச்சி

1678 ஆம் ஆண்டு நரம்பு தளர்ச்சி நோயால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டார் நியூட்டன். ரசவாதம் (alchemy) குறித்த ஆராய்ச்சியில் இவர் ஈடுபட்டதன் விளைவாகவே இவ்வாறு ஆனதாகவும் கூறப்படுகிறது.

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ஐசக் நியூட்டனின் மிகச்சிறந்த பொன்மொழிகள்

ஐசக் நியூட்டனின் பொன்மொழிகள்

இங்கிலாந்தைச் சேர்ந்த கணிதவியலாளரும், இயற்பியலாளரும், வானியலாளரும் மற்றும் ஈர்ப்புவிசையைக் கண்டுபிடித்ததன் மூலம் உலகமெங்கும் புகழ் அடைந்தவரும்தான் ஐசக் நியூட்டன் (Isaac Newton). ஒரு எளிய விவசாயியின் மகனாகப் பிறந்த இவர் தனது கடின உழைப்பாலும், விடாமுயச்சியாலும் இந்த உயரிய நிலையை அடைந்தார். காலங்கள் பல கடந்தாலும் அன்றுபோல் இன்றும் புகழ்மிக்கவராய் விளங்குகிறார் நியூட்டன்.

அறிவியலில் நியூட்டனின் பங்களிப்பு அளப்பெரியது என்றாலும் அவர் இறுதிவரை கடவுள் நம்பிக்கை கொண்டவராகவே காணப்பட்டார். மேலும் ஒரு எழுத்தாளராகவும் பிரின்சிப்பியா (Principia), மெத்தேட் ஆஃப் ஃபிளக்சியான்ஸ் (Method of Fluxions), ஆப்டிக்ஸ் (Opticks) போன்ற பல நூல்களை எழுதியுள்ளார். நியூட்டனின் மிகச்சிறந்த பொன்மொழிகளின் தொகுப்பை இந்தப் பதிவில் பார்க்கலாம்.

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Isaac Newton quotes in Tamil

• ஒரு எளிய உண்மையைக் கண்டறிவதற்கு பல ஆண்டுகள் ஆழ்ந்து சிந்திக்க வேண்டும்.
• இரண்டு ஆற்றல்கள் ஒன்றுசேரும்போது, அவற்றின் செயல்திறன் இரட்டிப்பாகும்.
• எனது கருவிகளையும் பொருட்களையும் மற்றவர்கள் செய்துதருவார்கள் என்று காத்திருந்திருந்தால், நான் ஒருபோதும் எதையும் செய்திருக்க முடியாது.
• நமக்குத் தெரிந்தவை ஒரு துளி அளவு, நமக்குத் தெரியாதவை ஒரு கடல் அளவு.
• நான் மற்றவர்களை விட அதிகமாகப் பார்த்திருந்தால், அது மாபெரும் மனிதர்களின் தோள்களில் நிற்பதன் மூலம் தான்.
• நாத்திகம் என்பது மிகவும் புத்தியற்றது. நான் சூரிய மண்டலத்தைப் பார்க்கும்போது, சூரியனிடமிருந்து சரியான அளவு வெப்பத்தையும் ஒளியையும் பெறுவதற்காக பூமியானது சரியான தூரத்தில் உள்ளதைக் காண்கிறேன். இது தற்செயலாக நடக்கவில்லை.
• ஒவ்வொரு செயலுக்கும் அதற்குச் சமமான மற்றும் எதிரான எதிர்ச்செயல் உண்டு.
• தீர்க்கமான அனுமானம் இல்லாமல் பெரிய கண்டுபிடிப்பு எதுவும் நிகழ்த்தப்படவில்லை.
• ஒன்றைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள சிறந்த வழி சில நல்ல உதாரணங்கள்.
• கடின உழைப்பால் என்னை நானே உருவாக்கிக்கொண்டேன்.
• மேலே செல்வது கட்டாயம் கீழே வர வேண்டும்.
• வண்ணங்களைப் பற்றி ஒரு குருடனுக்கு எதுவும் தெரியாததைப் போலவே, எல்லாம் வல்ல கடவுள் அனைத்தையும் உணர்ந்து புரிந்துகொள்ளும் விதம் பற்றி எங்களுக்குத் தெரியாது.
• நான் எப்போதாவது மதிப்புமிக்க கண்டுபிடிப்புகளை நிகழ்த்தியிருந்தால், அது வேறு எந்த திறமையையும் விட அதிக பொறுமையாக கவனித்ததே காரணம்.
• பிளேட்டோ என் நண்பர், அரிஸ்டாட்டில் என் நண்பர், ஆனால் உண்மையே என் மிகச் சிறந்த நண்பர்.
• கடவுள் அனைத்தையும் எண், எடை மற்றும் அளவு மூலம் படைத்தார்.
• நான் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும் பிரம்மச்சாரியாக வாழ்ந்ததை எனது மிகப் பெரிய சாதனையாகக் கருதுகிறேன்.
• பிழைகள் கலையில் இல்லை, கலைஞர்களில் உள்ளது.
• நான் இந்த உலகிற்கு எப்படித் தோன்றுகிறேன் என்று எனக்குத் தெரியாது, ஆனால் என்னைப் பொறுத்தவரை நான் கடற்கரையில் விளையாடும் ஒரு சிறுவன் மட்டுமே என்று தோன்றுகிறது.
• முழு இயற்கையையும் விளக்குவது எந்தவொரு மனிதனுக்கும் அல்லது எந்த ஒரு வயதினருக்கும் கூட மிகவும் கடினமாக காரியம்.
• ஓய்வில் இருக்கும் ஒரு பொருள் ஓய்வில் இருக்க முனைகிறது. இயக்கத்தில் இருக்கும் ஒரு பொருள் இயக்கத்தில் இருக்க முனைகிறது.
• ஈர்ப்புசக்தி கோள்களின் இயக்கங்களை விளக்குகிறது, ஆனால் கோள்களை இயக்கிவிட்டது யார் என்பதை விளக்க முடியாது.

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Sir Issac Newton | The Ingenious Scientist

Sir Issac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist

Section – I

On Christmas-day, in the year 1642, Isaac Newton was born at the small village of Woolsthorpe in England. Little did his mother think, when she beheld her new-born babe, that he was destined to explain many matters which had been a mystery ever since the creation of the world.

Isaac's father being dead, Mrs. Newton was married again to a clergyman, and went to reside at North Witham. Isaac was left to the care of his good old grandmother, who was very kind to him, and sent him to school. In his early years, Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity in all mechanical occupations. He had a set of little tools, and saws of various sizes, manufactured by himself. With the aid of these, Isaac contrived to make many curious articles, at which he worked with so much skill, that he seemed to have been born with a saw or chisel in his hand.

The neighbors looked with vast admiration at the things which Isaac manufactured. And his old grandmother, I suppose, was never weary of talking about him. "He'll make a capital workman, one of these days," she would probably say. "No fear but what Isaac will do well in the world, and be a rich man before he dies."

Some of his friends, no doubt, advised Isaac's grandmother to apprentice him to a clockmaker; for, besides his mechanical skill, the boy seemed to have a taste for mathematics, which would be very useful to him in that profession. And then, in due time, Isaac would set up for himself, and would manufacture curious clocks, like those that contain sets of dancing figures, which issue from the dial-plate when the hour is struck; or like those, where a ship sails across the face of the clock, and is seen tossing up and down on the waves, as often as the pendulum vibrates.

Indeed, there was some ground for supposing that Isaac would devote himself to the manufacture of clocks; since he had already made one, of a kind which nobody had ever heard of before. It was set a-going, not by wheels and weights, like other clocks, but by the dropping of water. This was an object of great wonderment to all the people in the neighborhood; and it must be confessed that there are few boys, or men either, who could contrive to tell what o'clock it is, by means of a bowl of water.

Besides the water-clock, Isaac made a sun-dial. Thus his grandmother was never at a loss to know the hour; for the water-clock would tell it in the shade, and the dial in the sunshine. The sun-dial is said to be still in existence at Woolsthorpe, on the corner of the house where Isaac dwelt.

Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge by the simplest means. For instance, what method do you suppose he took, to find out the strength of the wind? He jumped against the wind; and by the length of his jump, he could calculate the force of a gentle breeze, a brisk gale, or a tempest. Thus, even in his boyish sports, he was continually searching out the secrets of philosophy.

Not far from his grandmother's residence there was a windmill, which operated on a new plan. Isaac was in the habit of going thither frequently, and would spend whole hours in examining its various parts. While the mill was at rest, he pried into its internal machinery.

When its broad sails were set in motion by the wind, he watched the process by which the mill-stones were made to revolve, and crush the grain that was put into the hopper . After gaining a thorough knowledge of its construction, he was observed to be unusually busy with his tools.

It was not long before his grandmother, and all the neighborhood, knew what Isaac had been about. He had constructed a model of the windmill. Though not so large, I suppose as one of the box-traps which boys set to catch squirrels, yet every part of the mill and its machinery was complete. Its little sails were neatly made of linen, and whirled round very swiftly when the mill was placed in a draught of air. Even a puff of wind from Isaac's mouth, or from a pair of bellows, was sufficient to set the sails in motion. And what was most curious if a handful of grains of wheat were put into the little hopper, they would soon be converted into snow- white flour.

Isaac's playmates were enchanted with his new windmill. They thought that nothing so pretty, and so wonderful, had ever been seen in the whole world. " But, Isaac," said one of them, "you have forgotten one thing that belongs to a mill." "What is that?" asked Isaac; for he supposed, that, from the roof of the mill to its foundation, he had forgotten nothing.

"Why, where is the miller?" said his friend. "That is true!—I must look out for one," said Isaac; and he set himself to consider how the deficiency should be supplied. He might easily have made the miniature figure of a man; but then it would not have been able to move about, and perform the duties of a miller. But perhaps some two-legged millers are quite as dishonest as this small quadruped.

As Isaac grew older, it was found that he had far more important matters in his mind than the manufacture of toys, like the little windmill. All day long, if left to himself, he was either absorbed in thought, or engaged in some book of mathematics, or natural philosophy. At night, I think it probable, he looked up with reverential curiosity to the stars, and wondered whether they were worlds, like our own,—and how great was their distance from the earth,—and what was the power that kept them in their courses. Perhaps, even so early in life, Isaac Newton felt a presentiment that he should be able, hereafter, to answer all these questions.

When Isaac was fourteen years old, his mother's second husband being now dead, she wished her son leave school, and assist her in managing the farm at Woolsthorpe. For a year or two, therefore, he tried to turn his attention to farming. But his mind was so bent on becoming a scholar, that his mother sent him back to school, and afterwards to the University of Cambridge.

He was the first that found out the nature of Light; for, before his day, nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of until then. You remember, I suppose, the story of an apple's falling on his head, which lead him to discover the force of gravitation and which keeps the heavenly bodies in their courses. When he had once got hold of this idea, he never permitted his mind to rest, until he had searched out all the laws, by which the planets are guided through the sky. This he did as thoroughly as if he had gone up among the stars, and tracked them in their orbits. As a boy, he had found out the mechanism of a windmill; and as a man he explained to his fellow-men the mechanism of the universe.

While researching he was accustomed to spend night after night in a lofty tower, gazing at the heavenly bodies through a telescope. His mind was lifted far above the things of this world. He may be said, indeed, to have spent the greater part of his life in worlds that lie thousands and millions of miles away; for where the thoughts and the heart are, there is our true existence.

Newton lived to be a very old man, renowned thinker and was made a Member of Parliament, and received the honor of knighthood from the king. But he cared little for earthly fame and honors, and felt no pride in the vastness of his knowledge. All that he had learned only made him feel how little he knew in comparison to what remained to be known.

"I seem to myself like a child," he observed, "playing on the sea-shore, and picking up here and there a curious shell or a pretty pebble, while the boundless ocean of Truth lies undiscovered before me."

At last, in 1727, when he was 85 years old, Sir Isaac Newton died,—or rather he ceased to live on earth. We may be permitted to believe that he is still searching out the infinite wisdom and goodness of the Creator, as earnestly, and with even more success, than while his spirit animated a mortal body. He has left a fame behind him, which will be as endurable as if his name were written in letters of light, formed by the stars upon the midnight sky.

"I love to hear about mechanical contrivances—such as the water-clock and the little windmill," remarked George. "I suppose if Sir Isaac Newton had only thought of it, he might have found out the steam-engine, and railroads, and all the other famous inventions that have come into use since his day."

"Very possibly he might," replied Mr. Temple; "and, no doubt, a great many people would think it more useful to manufacture steam-engines, than to search out the system of the universe. Other great astronomers, besides Newton, have been endowed with mechanical genius. There was David Rittenhouse, an American,—he made a perfect little water-mill, when he was only seven or eight years old. But this sort of ingenuity is but a mere trifle in comparison with the other talents of such men."

About the Author

Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist, dark romantic, and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. The biography of Sir Isaac Newton was published in Nathaniel Hawthorne's, True Stories from History and Biography (1851).

ingenuity (n) – the ability to invent things / creativity

contrived (v) – created / invented

apprentice (v) – works for someone to learn skill

acquiring (v) – getting knowledge or skill

pried (v) investigated

hopper (n) – funnel shaped bins for feeding grains into mills

enchanted (v) – delighted

miniature (adj) – very small model

curiosity (n) – eagerness

accustomed (v) – something familiar with

gazing (v) – looking steadily and intently

ceased (v) – stopped

Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized words.

1. Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity.

a. common   

c. neglected   

Ans: b. notable

2. He will make a capital workman.

a. wealth  

b. excellent

c. profitable   

Ans: d. head

3. Nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of.

a. made   

c. full   

Ans: a. made

4. He cared little for earthly fame and honors.

a. disrespect   

b. attraction

c. proud   

d. popularity

Ans: d. popularity

Choose the correct antonym for the italicized word

1. His Grandmother was very kind to him.

a.  affectionate

c. disrespectful

Ans: d. cruel

2. The boy seemed to have a taste for mathematics.

a. delicious

c. distaste

Ans: c. distaste

3. Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge.

b. controlled

Ans: c. lacks

4. He was observed to be usually busy with his tools.

c. unwantedly

Ans: b. rarely

Fill in the blanks.

1. Issac Newton was born at __________.

Ans: Woolsthorpe in England

2. Grand mother was advised to apprentice him to a __________.

Ans: Clockmaker

3. Isaac made a clock, by the dropping of __________.

4. The sun-dial made by Isaac is still in existence at __________.

Ans: Woolsthorpe, on the corner of the house where Issac dwelt.

5. Isaac constructed a model of the __________.

Ans: Windmill

Answer the following questions in one or two

1. Who was taking care of Newton after his father's death?

Ans: His grandmother

2. What did Isaac manufacture at his young age?

Ans: Issac manufactured many curious articles at a young age.

3. How did the young boy find the strength of the wind?

Ans: The young boy found the strength of the wind by first jumping against the wind. According to the length of his jump, he could calculate the force of a gentle breeze, a brisk gale or a tempest.

4. Why were his friends attracted by the windmill?

Ans: His friends were attracted by the model of windmill. They thought it to be pretty and wonderful.

5. How was Newton honoured by the king?

Ans: Newton was made a Member of the Parliament and received the honour of knighthood from the king.

Do You Know:

Wheels, our greatest invention… Man’s greatest invention wheel is fundamental to transport, agriculture, industry and the world in which we live today.

Additional Questions:

1. Isaac Newton was born in the year

Ans: 1642 (On Christmas day)

2. Isaac's father being dead, Mrs. Newton was married again to a

Ans: Clergyman

3. Isaac’s mother was residing in

Ans: North Witham

4. Isaac had a set of little tools, and ____ of various sizes, manufactured by himself.

5. Consider the following Assertion and Reason

Assertion (A): When a handful of grains of wheat were put into the little hopper in Issac’s little windmill, they would soon be converted into snow-white flour.

Reason (R): Issac’s little windmill was a toy and cannot convert grains of wheat into flour.

Choose the correct option from below:

a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct, and R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct and R is wrong

d) A is wrong and R is correct

Ans: c) A is correct and R is wrong

6. What was that Isaac forgot one thing in the windmill according to his friend?

Ans: miller

7. As Isaac grew older, all day long, if left to himself, he was either absorbed in thought, or engaged in some book of _____, or _____.

Ans: Mathematics, natural philosophy

8. When Isaac was fourteen years old, his mother's second husband being now dead, she wished her son leave school, and assist her in managing the _____ at Woolsthorpe.

9. Since Isaac’s mind was so bent on becoming a scholar, that his mother sent him back to school, and afterwards to the University of ________.

Ans: Cambridge

10. Isaac was the first to found out the _______, for, before his day, nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of until then.

Ans: Nature of light

11. As a boy Isaac, he had found out the mechanism of a windmill; and as a man he explained to his fellow-men the mechanism of the ______.

Ans: Universe.

12. While researching Isaac was accustomed to spend night after night in a lofty tower, gazing at the heavenly bodies through a _____.

Ans: Telescope

13. Isaac Newton died at the age of

14. Isaac has left a fame behind him, which will be as endurable as if his name were written in letters of _____, formed by the stars upon the midnight sky.

15. _______ an American, made a perfect little water-mill, when he was only sever or eight years old?

Ans: David Rittenhouse

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Tamilnadu Class 8th English Chapter 3 Sir Issac Newton - The Ingenious Scientist Textbook

Tamilnadu board class 8th english chapter 3 sir issac newton - the ingenious scientist textbooks.

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Formative influences

Influence of the scientific revolution, work during the plague years.

• Inaugural lectures at Trinity
• Controversy
• Influence of the Hermetic tradition
• Planetary motion
• Universal gravitation
• Warden of the mint
• Interest in religion and theology
• Leader of English science
• Final years

What is Isaac Newton most famous for?

How was isaac newton educated, what was isaac newton’s childhood like.

• What is the Scientific Revolution?
• How is the Scientific Revolution connected to the Enlightenment?

Isaac Newton

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• Table Of Contents

Although Isaac Newton is well known for his discoveries in optics (white light composition) and mathematics ( calculus ), it is his formulation of the three laws of motion —the basic principles of modern physics—for which he is most famous. His formulation of the laws of motion resulted in the law of universal gravitation .

After interrupted attendance at the grammar school in Grantham, Lincolnshire , England , Isaac Newton finally settled down to prepare for university, going on to Trinity College, Cambridge , in 1661, somewhat older than his classmates. There he immersed himself in Aristotle ’s work and discovered the works of René Descartes before graduating in 1665 with a bachelor’s degree.

Isaac Newton was born to a widowed mother (his father died three months prior) and was not expected to survive, being tiny and weak. Shortly thereafter Newton was sent by his stepfather, the well-to-do minister Barnabas Smith, to live with his grandmother and was separated from his mother until Smith’s death in 1653.

What did Isaac Newton write?

Isaac Newton is widely known for his published work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), commonly known as the  Principia . His laws of motion first appeared in this work. It is one of the most important single works in the history of modern science .

Recent News

Isaac Newton (born December 25, 1642 [January 4, 1643, New Style], Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire , England—died March 20 [March 31], 1727, London) was an English physicist and mathematician who was the culminating figure of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century. In optics , his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In mechanics , his three laws of motion , the basic principles of modern physics , resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation . In mathematics , he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus . Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , 1687) was one of the most important single works in the history of modern science.

Born in the hamlet of Woolsthorpe, Newton was the only son of a local yeoman , also Isaac Newton, who had died three months before, and of Hannah Ayscough. That same year, at Arcetri near Florence, Galileo Galilei had died; Newton would eventually pick up his idea of a mathematical science of motion and bring his work to full fruition . A tiny and weak baby, Newton was not expected to survive his first day of life, much less 84 years. Deprived of a father before birth, he soon lost his mother as well, for within two years she married a second time; her husband, the well-to-do minister Barnabas Smith, left young Isaac with his grandmother and moved to a neighbouring village to raise a son and two daughters. For nine years, until the death of Barnabas Smith in 1653, Isaac was effectively separated from his mother, and his pronounced psychotic tendencies have been ascribed to this traumatic event. That he hated his stepfather we may be sure. When he examined the state of his soul in 1662 and compiled a catalog of sins in shorthand, he remembered “Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them.” The acute sense of insecurity that rendered him obsessively anxious when his work was published and irrationally violent when he defended it accompanied Newton throughout his life and can plausibly be traced to his early years.

After his mother was widowed a second time, she determined that her first-born son should manage her now considerable property. It quickly became apparent, however, that this would be a disaster, both for the estate and for Newton. He could not bring himself to concentrate on rural affairs—set to watch the cattle, he would curl up under a tree with a book. Fortunately, the mistake was recognized, and Newton was sent back to the grammar school in Grantham , where he had already studied, to prepare for the university. As with many of the leading scientists of the age, he left behind in Grantham anecdotes about his mechanical ability and his skill in building models of machines, such as clocks and windmills . At the school he apparently gained a firm command of Latin but probably received no more than a smattering of arithmetic. By June 1661 he was ready to matriculate at Trinity College , Cambridge , somewhat older than the other undergraduates because of his interrupted education.

When Newton arrived in Cambridge in 1661, the movement now known as the Scientific Revolution was well advanced, and many of the works basic to modern science had appeared. Astronomers from Nicolaus Copernicus to Johannes Kepler had elaborated the heliocentric system of the universe . Galileo had proposed the foundations of a new mechanics built on the principle of inertia . Led by René Descartes , philosophers had begun to formulate a new conception of nature as an intricate, impersonal, and inert machine. Yet as far as the universities of Europe, including Cambridge, were concerned, all this might well have never happened. They continued to be the strongholds of outmoded Aristotelianism , which rested on a geocentric view of the universe and dealt with nature in qualitative rather than quantitative terms.

Like thousands of other undergraduates, Newton began his higher education by immersing himself in Aristotle’s work. Even though the new philosophy was not in the curriculum, it was in the air. Some time during his undergraduate career, Newton discovered the works of the French natural philosopher Descartes and the other mechanical philosophers, who, in contrast to Aristotle, viewed physical reality as composed entirely of particles of matter in motion and who held that all the phenomena of nature result from their mechanical interaction. A new set of notes, which he entitled “ Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae ” (“Certain Philosophical Questions”), begun sometime in 1664, usurped the unused pages of a notebook intended for traditional scholastic exercises; under the title he entered the slogan “Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas” (“Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth”). Newton’s scientific career had begun.

The “Quaestiones” reveal that Newton had discovered the new conception of nature that provided the framework of the Scientific Revolution. He had thoroughly mastered the works of Descartes and had also discovered that the French philosopher Pierre Gassendi had revived atomism , an alternative mechanical system to explain nature. The “Quaestiones” also reveal that Newton already was inclined to find the latter a more attractive philosophy than Cartesian natural philosophy, which rejected the existence of ultimate indivisible particles. The works of the 17th-century chemist Robert Boyle provided the foundation for Newton’s considerable work in chemistry. Significantly, he had read Henry More , the Cambridge Platonist, and was thereby introduced to another intellectual world, the magical Hermetic tradition, which sought to explain natural phenomena in terms of alchemical and magical concepts. The two traditions of natural philosophy, the mechanical and the Hermetic, antithetical though they appear, continued to influence his thought and in their tension supplied the fundamental theme of his scientific career.

Although he did not record it in the “Quaestiones,” Newton had also begun his mathematical studies. He again started with Descartes, from whose La Géometrie he branched out into the other literature of modern analysis with its application of algebraic techniques to problems of geometry . He then reached back for the support of classical geometry. Within little more than a year, he had mastered the literature; and, pursuing his own line of analysis, he began to move into new territory. He discovered the binomial theorem , and he developed the calculus , a more powerful form of analysis that employs infinitesimal considerations in finding the slopes of curves and areas under curves.

By 1669 Newton was ready to write a tract summarizing his progress, De Analysi per Aequationes Numeri Terminorum Infinitas (“On Analysis by Infinite Series”), which circulated in manuscript through a limited circle and made his name known. During the next two years he revised it as De methodis serierum et fluxionum (“ On the Methods of Series and Fluxions ”). The word fluxions , Newton’s private rubric, indicates that the calculus had been born. Despite the fact that only a handful of savants were even aware of Newton’s existence, he had arrived at the point where he had become the leading mathematician in Europe.

When Newton received the bachelor’s degree in April 1665, the most remarkable undergraduate career in the history of university education had passed unrecognized. On his own, without formal guidance, he had sought out the new philosophy and the new mathematics and made them his own, but he had confined the progress of his studies to his notebooks. Then, in 1665, the plague closed the university, and for most of the following two years he was forced to stay at his home, contemplating at leisure what he had learned. During the plague years Newton laid the foundations of the calculus and extended an earlier insight into an essay, “Of Colours,” which contains most of the ideas elaborated in his Opticks . It was during this time that he examined the elements of circular motion and, applying his analysis to the Moon and the planets , derived the inverse square relation that the radially directed force acting on a planet decreases with the square of its distance from the Sun —which was later crucial to the law of universal gravitation. The world heard nothing of these discoveries.

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Warm Up (Text Book Page No. 63)

Section – I Textual Exercise (Text Book Page No. 66)

Read and Understand (Text Book Page No. 66)

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Isaac Newton was born at …………… Answer: Woolsthorpe

2. Grandmother was advised to apprentice him to a …………… Answer: clockmaker

5. Isaac constructed a model of the ……………. Answer: windmill

B. Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized words.

1. Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity. a) common b) notable c) neglected d) unknown Answer: b) notable

2. He will make a capital workman. a) wealth b) excellent c) profitable d) head Answer: d) head

3. Nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of. a) made b) known c) full d) felt Answer: a) made

4. But he cared little for earthly fame and honors. a) disrespect b) attraction c) proud d) popularity Answer: a) disrespect

Section – II Textual Exercise (Text Book Page No. 69)

Read and Understand (Text Book Page No. 69)

A. Choose the correct Synonyms for the italicized word.

1. His Grandmother was very kind to him. a) affectionate b) loving c) disrespectful d) cruel. Answer: d) cruel

2. The boy seemed to have a taste for mathematics. a) delicious b) sweet c) dislike d) against Answer: c) dislike

3. Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge. a) owned b) controlled c) lacks d) have Answer: c) lacks

4. He was observed to be usually busy with his tools. a) common b) rarely c) unwantedly d) usually Answer: b) rarely

B. Answer the following questions in one or two. (Text Book Page No. 70)

1. Who was taking care of Newton after his father’s death? Answer: His grandmother was taking care of Newton after his father’s death.

2. What did Isaac manufacture at his young age? Answer: Issac manufactured many curious articles at a young age.

3. How did the young boy find the strength of the wind? Answer: The young boy found the strength of the wind by first jumping against the wind. According to the length of his jump, he could calculate the force of a gentle breeze, a brisk gale or a tempest.

4. Why were his friends attracted by the windmill? Answer: The playmates of Newton were attracted by the model of windmill. They thought it to be pretty and wonderful.

5. How was Newton honored by the king? Answer: Newton was made a Member of the Parliament and received the honour of knighthood from the king.

C. Answer the following in about 100 words.

1. Why did Newton’s friends advise his grandmother to apprentice him to a clockmaker? Answer: Issac seemed to have taste for mathematics besides his mechanical skills. His taste for Maths would be useful to him in clock making. Issac made a kind of clock which would work by the dropping of water. Besides the water clock, Issac made a sun-dial. The sundial is said to be in still in existence at Woolsthorpe, on the comer of the house where Issac dwelt.

2. How did Newton learn about the way a windmill operated? Answer: Newton frequently went to the windmill that operated on a new plan. He spent hours examining the various parts of the windmill. When the mill was not working, he examined its internal machinery. When the windmill’s broad sails were in motion by the wind, Newton examined the process by which the mill-stones revolved and crushed the grains, put into its hopper. Thus Newton gained a thorough knowledge of the construction and operation of the windmill.

3. Mention some of Newton’s inventions. Answer: Reflecting telescope, laws of motion, law of gravity are the famous inventions of Sir Issac Newton. He also discovered Calculus. He was the first one to find out the nature of light. He searched out the laws by which the planets are guided through the sky.

Vocabulary (Text Book Page No. 70)

Syllabification

Syllabify the words: (Text Book Page No. 73)

• education – 4 Syllables
• school – 1 Syllable
• college – 2 Syllables
• English – 2 Syllables
• opportunity – 4 Syllables
• friend – 1 Syllable
• teacher – 2 Syllables
• simultaneously – 6 Syllables
• laboratory – 4 Syllables
• beneficiary – 5 Syllables

Listening (Text Book Page No. 74)

Listen to the passage carefully and write the answer.

Note: The listening passage is given on page no. 227 Questions: 1. Name the scientist. Answer: The name of the scientist was Sir Alexander Fleming.

2. What did he discover? Answer: He discovered Penicillin.

3. Who approached the scientist? Answer: Two journalists approached the scientist.

4. What was the question by the journalist? Answer: The journalists wished to know what a great scientist would think before his breakfast.

5. When did they meet the scientist? Answer: They met the scientist when he was about to have his breakfast.

Speaking (Text Book Page No. 74)

• Organise your points and ideas well.
• Don’t memorise the speech. If you forget a point, it will make you nervous.
• Avoid the things that are of no value or interest to the audience.
• Before you speak, take a deep breath, smile, greet the audience.
• Don’t be nervous about making a mistake.
• Interesting speech makes your mistakes nothing.

In this picture, we see a number of chimneys emitting smoke. These buildings may be factories or mills. There are green lawns and a few trees found in this picture. We also see a number of vehicles on the road. The smoke from the factories and vehicles create air pollution and noise pollution. There is a water source and dumping of garbage is found in the lower part of the picture. The garbage will make the water polluted. Water is already scarce in our towns. We must take serious remedial measures against air pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution to save our environment. We must promote eco-friendliness in the young minds.

Writing (Text Book Page No. 75)

H) Write a character sketch of any character from a fiction that has made an impact on you. Headings:

1. Introduction of the person: Answer: Jane, an orphan, the heroine of the fiction, ’Jane Eyre’ written by Charles Bronte is my favorite character.

2. Character: Answer: Jane a poor orphan, who lost both her parents at an early stage suffer hell at the house of her uncle Mr. Reed. Mr. Reed died. He liked her very much. Even when he died he asked his wife to promise of taking care of her after his death. Still, Mrs. Reed never liked Jane. Jane was treated cruelly by the children of Mrs. Reed. Once, Mrs. Reed sent Jane to a charity school at Lowood.

3. Talk about what others say about the character : Answer: The servant-maid Bessie sympathised with Jane for her sufferings. Miss. Temple and Miss. Miller’s teachers of the charity school at Lowood took pity on her. They felt she was too young to be sent alone like that. They thought since she knew reading and writing she would do well in her studies.

4. Write if the character appealed to you, with reasons: Answer: Definitely, the character of Jane is impressive. She lost her parents. She was an orphan. She was tormented in her aunt’s house. The school she studied gave her semi-starvation and unbearable cold environment. In the bathroom, they had only frozen water. In spite of the ordeal, Jane got educated. She started working as a teacher in the same school. She got an appointment as a governess in the house of Rochester at Thornfield.

5. Support your views with evidence from the text. Answer: Jane treats her pupil Adela, the ward of Mr. Rochester in a way that is convincing for the child. Adela likes painting, drawing, singing, and dancing. Jane appreciates her skills and talents. Adela gets attracted to Jane. Jane skilfully befriends the pupil Adela and breaks the ice. Adela starts liking Jane.

Grammar (Text Book Page No. 75)

a) Fill in the blanks by using correct preposition.

1. We go to school ____ Mondays, but not on Sunday Answer: on

2. Christmas falls ____ 25th December. Answer: on

3. Buy me a present ____ my birthday. Answer: on

4. Families often argue ____ Christmas time. Answer: in

5. I work faster ____ night. Answer: at

6. Her shift finished ____ 7 p.m. Answer: at

Model Verbs (Text Book Page No. 76)

I. Use polite request when we seek help from others. Page – 78) a) Fill in the blanks using would you or could you.

1. ……………. please close the door? Answer: Could you

2. ……………. please open the window? Answer: Could you

3. ……………. mind going to the backbench? Answer: Would you

4. ……………. please bring some water for me? Answer: Could you

b) Use the phrases could you or would you in the following situations with your friend.

1. Ask the policeman for directions. Answer: Could you direct me to the temple?

2. You need to borrow your friend’s bike. Answer: Could yo lend me your bike?

3. You would need to exchange the book purchased. Answer: Would you mind my exchanging the book purchased?

4. You want to open your classroom window. Answer: Would you mind opening the classroom window?

Sir Isaac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist Summary in English

Issac Newton was born on the Christmas day, at Woolsthrope in England in 1642. His mother got remarried after his father’s death. Newton was with his grandmother. Newton created curious articles. He became an apprentice to a clockmaker. He observed the functioning of a windmill nearby. He then contacted a model of the windmill. Newton engaged himself in mathematics and philosophy. He found the nature of light, laws of motion, law of gravity, and also calculus. He was honoured with knighthood. He was a scientist, astronomer, and also a mechanical genius.

Sir Isaac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist Summary in Tamil

ஐசக் நியூட்டன் 1642ம் ஆண்டு கிறிஸ்துமஸ் தினத்தன்று உல்ஸ்த்தார்ப் என்ற இடத்தில் இங்கிலாந்தில் பிறந்தார். அவரது தந்தை இறந்த பிறகு அவரின் தாயார் மறுமணம் செய்து கொண்டார். நியூட்டன் தன் பாட்டியிடம் வளர்ந்தார். நியூட்டன் ஆச்சரியமான சிறியப் பொருட்களை உருவாக்கினார். கடிகாரம் செய்பவரிடம் தொழில் கற்கும் வேலைக்கு அமர்ந்தார். அருகில் உள்ள காற்றாலையின் செயல்பாட்டை உற்று நோக்கியவர் ஒரு சிறிய காற்றாலை மாதிரியை தானே உருவாக்கினார். நியூட்டன் கணிதம், தத்துவம் போன்ற புத்தகங்களைப் படிப்பதில் தன்னை ஈடுபடுத்திக் கொண்டார். அவர் ஒளியின் இயல்பு, இயக்க விதிகள், புவி ஈர்ப்பு விசை விதி போன்றவற்றைக் கண்டுபிடித்தார். அவர் வானியல், அறிவியல் மட்டுமல்ல, இயந்திரங்களை இயக்குவதிலும் வல்லுனராய் திகழ்ந்தார்.

Sir Isaac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist About the Author in English

The biography of Sir Isaac Newton was published in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, True Stories from History and Biography (1851). As Newton observed after a life¬time of discoveries: “I seem to myself like a child,” he observed, “playing on the seashore, and picking up here and there a curious shell or a pretty pebble, while the boundless ocean of truth lies undiscovered before me”.

Sir Isaac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist About the Author in Tamil

சர் ஐசக் நியூட்டனின் – வாழ்க்கை சரிதம், நாதனியல் ஹாத்தார்ன் என்பவரால் 1851ஆம் ஆண்டு வெளியிடப்பட்டது. “சரித்திரம் மற்றும் வாழ்க்கை சரிதம்: இவற்றின் உண்மைக் கதைகள்” என்ற புத்தகம் அது நியூட்டன் தன் வாழ்நாள் கண்டுபிடிப்புகளுக்கு பிறகு சொன்னார், ‘நான் ஒரு குழந்தை போன்றவன். கடற்கரையில் சில சிப்பிகளையும் அழகிய கூழாங்கற்களையும் தான் கண்டெடுத்துள்ளேன். இன்னும் கண்டுபிடிக்க வேண்டிய விஷயங்கள் கரைகாணாத கடல் போல் என்முன்னே உள்ளன’.

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• School Education /

Essay on Isaac Newton: The Father of Modern Science

• Updated on  
• Mar 15, 2024

Did you know Isaac Newton almost gave up on his education before discovering the laws of motion? Born in 1642, Isaac Newton was an English mathematician , physicist , astronomer, and author who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists in history. He is known as the father of modern physics. He made significant contributions to various fields of science and mathematics, and his work laid the foundation for many scientific principles and discoveries. Let’s find out more about Isaac Newton with the essays written below.

Table of Contents

• 1 Things to keep in Mind while Writing Essay on Isaac Newton
• 2 Essay on Isaac Newton in 100 Words
• 3 Essay on Isaac Newton in 200 Words
• 4 Essay on Isaac Newton in 300 Words

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Things to keep in Mind while Writing Essay on Isaac Newton

• Isaac Newton was born on 4th January 1643.
• He is famous for discovering the phenomenon of white light integrated with colours which further presented as the foundation of modern physical optics.
• He is known for formulating the three laws of motion and the laws of gravitation which changed the track of physics all across the globe.
• In mathematics, he is known as the originator of calculus.
• He was knighted in 1705 hence, he came to be known as “Sir Isaac Newton”.

Essay on Isaac Newton in 100 Words

Issac Newton was an English scientist who made some groundbreaking discoveries in the field of science and revolutionized physics and mathematics. revolutionized physics and mathematics. He formulated the three laws of motion , defining how objects move and interact with forces. His law of universal gravitation explained planetary motion. Newton independently developed calculus, a fundamental branch of mathematics. 

Everybody knows Newton because of the apply story, in which he was sitting under a tree when an apple fell on him. His ‘Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica’ remains a cornerstone of scientific thought. Newton’s profound insights continue to shape our understanding of the natural world.

Also Read – Essay on Technology

Essay on Isaac Newton in 200 Words

Born in 1642, Isaac Newton is one of the most influential scientists of all time. His groundbreaking contributions in physics, astronomy and mathematics helped reshape the understanding of the natural world. Our science books mention Newton’s three laws of motion which brought a revolution in physics.

• Newton’s first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.
• The second law of motion states that an object’s acceleration is produced by a net force that is directly proportional to the net force’s magnitude.
• The third law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

All these laws laid the foundation for classical mechanics, revolutionizing the way we comprehend the physical world. He is known as the father of modern physics.

In mathematics, Newton developed calculus independently. His work in calculus was essential for solving complex mathematical problems, making it a cornerstone of modern mathematics and science.

His work ‘Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica’ was published in 1687, and remains a monumental work that underpins modern science. His profound insights continue to shape our understanding of the universe, making Isaac Newton one of history’s most influential and celebrated scientists.

Essay on Isaac Newton in 300 Words

Isaac Newton was an English scientist who was known for his groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy. Thanks to his discoveries of revolutionizing our understanding of the natural world. 

One of his well-known discoveries was the three laws of motion, also known as Newton’s three laws of motion. 

• The first law, known as the law of inertia, states that objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
• The second law quantifies how forces affect an object’s motion, introducing the famous equation F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration). 
• The third law, the law of action and reaction, explains that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 

These laws provided a comprehensive framework for understanding and predicting the behaviour of physical objects, from the motion of planets to the fall of an apple.

Another groundbreaking achievement of Newton was the discovery of the universal law of gravitation. This law states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

It explained the mechanics of planetary motion and demonstrated that the same laws that govern objects on Earth also apply to celestial bodies, unifying the terrestrial and celestial realms.

In mathematics, Newton independently developed a powerful mathematical tool, called calculus, for analyzing rates of change and solving complex problems. His work laid the groundwork for modern calculus and transformed mathematics, physics, and engineering.

Newton’s magnum opus, “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687, is a landmark work that brought together his laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. 

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Issac Newton was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, alchemist, author and physicist, was known for the discovery of the laws of gravity, and worked on the principles of visible light and the laws of motion.

Newton’s three laws of motion are: first law of motion (law of inertia), which states that an object will stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force; The second law of motion states that an object’s acceleration is produced by a net force that is directly proportional to the net force’s magnitude; The third law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Issac Newton is known as the father of modern physics and was associated with Cambridge University as a physicist and mathematician.

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With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide chapter 3.1 - Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist [Latest edition]

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Solutions for chapter 3.1: sir isaac newton -the ingenious scientist.

Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 3.1 of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi for Class 8th English Answers Guide.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Warm up [Page 63]

In pairs, identify the great thinkers of the world and write the names from the box.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section I - Read and Understand [Page 66]

Fill in the blanks..

Issac Newton was born at ________.

Grand mother was advised to apprentice him to a _______.

Isaac made a clock, by the dropping of ______.

The sun-dial made by Isaac is still in existence at _______.

Isaac constructed a model of the ______.

Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized word.

Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity.

He will make a capital workman.

Nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of.

He cared little for earthly fame and honors.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section II - Read and Understand [Pages 69 - 70]

Choose the correct antonym for the italicized word.

His Grandmother was very kind to him.

affectionate

disrespectful

The boy seemed to have a taste for mathematics.

Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge.

He was observed to be usually busy with his tools.

Answer the following questions in one or two

Who was taking care of Newton after his father's death?

What did Isaac manufacture at his young age?

How did the young boy find the strength of the wind?

Why were his friends attracted by the windmill?

How was Newton honoured by the king?

Answer the following in about 100 words

Why did Newton's friends advise his grand mother to apprentice him to a clockmaker?

How did Newton learn about the way a windmill operated?

Mention some of Newton's inventions.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section II - Vocabulary [Pages 71 - 73]

Prefix and suffix.

Underline the prefix in each word in the boxes.

Pick a suitable prefix and suffix from the given box and complete the following words.

Syllabification

Syllabify the following words.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section II - Listening [Page 74]

Listen to the passage carefully and write the answer.

Fleming’s thought at breakfast

Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin, was once forced into an interview in New York by two journalists just as he was about to have breakfast. One of them asked him, ‘Sir, what are you thinking about right now? We wish to know what a great scientist think while getting ready for breakfast’. Fleming mused a while on the question and he replied, ‘I am thinking of something very special. The journalist, who were all ears, drew themselves forward. ‘I am thinking, whether to have one egg or two.

• Name the scientist.

What did he discover?

Who approached the scientist?

What was the question asked by the journalist?

When did they meet the scientist?

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section II - Speaking [Page 74]

Take a few minutes and make hints of the picture. Arrange your thoughts. Using the points you write, deliver a small speech focusing on the issue picturized here. Give an interesting and informative speech. Your speech should include the cause and the solution.

Tips for effective speaking

• Organise your points and ideas well. • Don’t memorise the speech. If you forget a point, it will make you nervous. • Avoid the things that are of no value or interest to the audience. • Before you speak, take a deep breath, smile, greet the audience. • Don’t be nervous about making a mistake. • Interesting speech makes your mistakes nothing.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section II - Writing [Page 75]

Write a character sketch of any character from fiction that has made an impact on you.

• Introduce the person.
• Highlight his/her character as revealed in the story.
• Talk about what others say about the character.
• Write if the character appealed to you, with reasons.
• Support your views with evidence from text.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Section II - Grammar [Page 76]

Prepositions.

Fill in the blanks by using the correct preposition.

We go to school ____ Mondays, but not on Sunday.

Fill in the blank by using the correct preposition.

Christmas falls ____ 25th December.

Buy me a present ____ my birthday.

Families often argue ____ Christmas time.

I work faster ____ night.

Her shift finished ____ 7 p.m.

Modal Verbs

underline the modal verbs in the list given in the box.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide Chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist Exercise [Page 78]

Fill in the blanks using would you or could you..

______ please close the door?

______ please open the window?

______ mind going to the back bench?

______ please bring some water for me?

Use the phrase could you or would you in the following situation with your friend.

Ask the policeman for directions.

You need to borrow your friend’s bike.

You would need to exchange the book purchased.

You want to open your classroom window.

Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Class 8th English Answers Guide chapter 3.1 - Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist

Shaalaa.com has the Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Mathematics Class 8th English Answers Guide Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education solutions in a manner that help students grasp basic concepts better and faster. The detailed, step-by-step solutions will help you understand the concepts better and clarify any confusion. Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi solutions for Mathematics Class 8th English Answers Guide Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education 3.1 (Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist) include all questions with answers and detailed explanations. This will clear students' doubts about questions and improve their application skills while preparing for board exams.

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Concepts covered in Class 8th English Answers Guide chapter 3.1 Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist are Prose (Class 8th), Listening Skills, Speaking Skills, Reading Skills, Notice Writing, Writing Skills, Grammar.

Using Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi Class 8th English Answers Guide solutions Sir Isaac Newton -The Ingenious Scientist exercise by students is an easy way to prepare for the exams, as they involve solutions arranged chapter-wise and also page-wise. The questions involved in Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi Solutions are essential questions that can be asked in the final exam. Maximum Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 8th English Answers Guide students prefer Tamil Nadu Board Samacheer Kalvi Textbook Solutions to score more in exams.

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Tamil Nadu 8th Standard English Book Term 2 Sir Isaac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist Solution | Lesson 1.1

Lesson 1.1  sir isaac newton – the ingenious scientist.

Lesson 1.1 > Sir Isaac Newton – The Ingenious Scientist

In pairs, identify the great thinkers of the world and write the names from the box..

• ingenuity – the ability to invent things / creativity
• contrived – created / invented
• apprentice – works for someone to learn skills
• acquiring – getting knowledge or skill
• gauge – here estimate / determine
• pried – investigate
• hoppers – funnel shaped bins for feeding grains into mills

Read and Understand

A. fill in the blanks..

1. Issac Newton was born at

Ans ; small village of Woolsthorpe in England.

2. Grand mother was advised to apprentice him to a

Ans ;  clock mater

3. Isaac made a clock, by the dropping of __________.

Ans ; water

4. The sun-dial made by Isaac is still in existence at __________.

Ans ; woolsthorpe

5. Isaac constructed a model of the __________.

Ans ; wind will

B. Choose the correct synonyms for the italicized words.

1. Isaac was chiefly remarkable for his ingenuity.

Ans ; notable

2. He will make a capital workman.

3. Nobody could tell what the sunshine was composed of.

4. But he cared little for earthly fame and honors.

Ans ; popularity

Section -II

• enchanted – delighted
• miniature – very small model
• curiosity – eagerness
• accustomed – something to familiar with
• gazing – looking stedily and intenthy
• renown – fame and respect
• ceased – stopped

A. Choose the correct antonym for the italicized word.

1. His Grandmother was very kind to him.

• affectionate
• disrespectfull

Ans ; cruel

2. The boy seemed to have a taste for mathematics.

Ans ; dislike

3. Isaac possessed a wonderful faculty of acquiring knowledge.

Ans ; lacked

4. He was observed to be usually busy with his tools.

Ans ; rarely

B. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two.

1. Who was taking care of Newton after his father died?

Newton’s grandmother was taking care of Newton after his father’s death.

2. What did Isaac manufacture at his young age?

At his young age, Newton manufactured little tools and saws of various sizes.

3. How did the young boy find the strength of the wind?

The young boy jumped against the wind. By the length of his jump, he could calculate the strength of the wind.

4. Why were his friends attracted by the windmill?

Newton’s friends were attracted by the windmill because they thought that nothing so pretty and so wonderful had ever been seen in the whole world.

5. How was he honoured by the king?

Newton was honoured with the little of knight by the king.

C. Answer the following in about 100 words.

1. How did Newton learn about the way a windmill operated?

There was a windmill not far from Newton’s grandmother’s house. The windmill operated on a new plan. Newton visited the windmill very often. He would spend hours in examining its various parts. When the windmill was at rest, he looked into its internal machinery. When its broad sails were set in motion, he watched how the mill-stones revolved and the grain was crushed. By observing the mechanism of the windmill, he gained a thorough knowledge of its construction.

2. Mention some of his inventions.

Some of Newton’s discoveries and inventions are:

• the nature of light
• the force of gravitation
• the mechanism of the Universe
• the water clock
• law of cooling
• the laws of motion

Two or more words having the same spelling but different meanings and origins

Write a sentence of your own for each homonyms.

Phrasal verbs

A phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts:

“Catch on” is a phrasal verb which means to understand

Write the meaning for the phrasal verbs.

Use the following phrasal verbs in your own sentence.

Listen to the passage carefully and write the answer.

Fleming’s thought at breakfast.

Sir Alexander Fleming. Who discovered penicillin, was once forced into an interview in New York by two journalist just as he was about to have breakfast. One of them asked him, ‘Sir, what are you thinking about right now? We wish to know what a great scientist think while getting ready for breakfast’.

Fleming mused awhile on the question and he replied, ‘I am thinking of something very special.’ The journalist, who were all ears, drew themselves forward. ‘I am thinking, whether to have one egg or two’.

Questions :

1. Name the scientist.

Sir Alexander Fleming.

2. What did he discover?

He discovered penicillin.

3. Who approached the scientist?

Two journalists approached the scientist.

4. What was the question asked by the journalist?

The journalist asked Fleming what he was thinking about right now.

5. When did they meet the scientist?

When Fleming was about to have breakfast, they met the scientist.

Conjunctions

‘Connector ’ is a word or a phrase that joins two sentences or group of words, together. They are also known as ‘conjunctions’.

I. Coordinating Conjunctions

These conjunctions join words, phrases or clauses of coordinate i-e, of equal rank.

• She ran fast and won the game.
• God made the country and man made the town.
• Get ready soon or you will miss the bus.
• I requested him but did not leads the work.
• Behave better else you will suffer.

II. Subordinate conjunctions.

These conjunctions join two clauses. One of which is subordinate to the other.

• Make hay while the sun shines.
• Ravi reached the exam hall before the school bel rang.

Where, wherever, whence, whither

• You will find your looks where you had placed them.
• You can see the beauty of this nature wherever you go in Ooty.

OF CONCESSION:

Though, although

• The alarm woke me up, eventhough it wasn’t very loud.
• The child was not covered, although it was very cold.

OF COMPARISON:

• He is not as clever as you.
• Rekha is better than her brother.

III. Correlative conjunctions.

These pairs of conjunctions require equal structures after each one.

• Shruthi wants either the chocolates or the cake.
• She said that she would like to have both the chocolates and the cake.
• You can have neither the cake nor the ice-cream.
• I have not yet decided whether I will have the cake or the ice-cream.
• She ate not only the chocolates but also the ice-cream.
• Gomathy is both cute and lovely.

1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with suitable conjunctions from the box:

1. I returned home _______ the bus had started.

Ans ; after

2. I respect him ______ he is very strict.

Ans ; although

3. Sudharshan will succeed ______ he works hard.

Ans ; because

4. Aravinth ______ Arun are classmates from their childhood.

5. You can’t have your fruits ______ you take your food.

Ans ; unless

2. Choose the correct conjunctions from the options given in the brackets.

1. Everyone likes him _________ he is very helpful. (because/for)

2. ______ it was cloudy, we decided to take an umbrella. (so/as)

3. Rathi found her watch ______ she left it. (wherever/where)

Ans ; where

4. I don’t know _________ I can afford to buy a new dress. (whether/why)

Ans ; whether

5. _______ he was ill, he went to the doctor. (as/though)

3. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

• Revathy and Rohini are friends.
• If you say so , I will believe it.
• Shekar is intelligent but careless.
• The bus was overcrowded so Arun avoided travelling in it.
• Though Vinay is ill, he doesn’t skip the class

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