research paper topics on banking sector

Banking Thesis Topics

This page provides a comprehensive list of banking thesis topics for students pursuing academic research in the field of banking. The topics cover a wide array of areas, including current challenges in banking regulation, recent trends such as the rise of digital banking and Fintech, and future directions like sustainable banking and blockchain technology. Whether you’re exploring risk management, the role of central banks, or the impact of technological innovations on the financial sector, this list offers relevant and insightful topics to guide your thesis research. With a focus on both theoretical and practical aspects of banking, these topics will help students craft meaningful and impactful research papers.

200 Banking Thesis Topics and Ideas

Choosing a relevant and insightful topic for your banking thesis is critical to creating a meaningful and impactful academic paper. To assist students in exploring the vast field of banking, we have compiled a comprehensive list of 200 banking thesis topics divided into 10 categories. These topics cover current issues such as banking regulation and risk management, recent trends like Fintech and digital banking, and future directions including green banking and blockchain technology. This list offers a wide array of choices, ensuring that students find a topic that aligns with their interests and career goals.

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1. Banking Regulation

• The Role of Regulation in Preventing Financial Crises
• Impact of Basel III on Bank Capital Requirements
• The Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Regulations
• Cross-Border Banking Regulation and Compliance Challenges
• The Role of the Federal Reserve in Regulating U.S. Banks
• Comparing Regulatory Frameworks in Developed and Emerging Economies
• The Impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on U.S. Banking Practices
• Regulatory Challenges for Global Banks Post-Brexit
• Role of Regulators in Monitoring Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFIs)
• The Role of Regulatory Sandboxes in Promoting Fintech Innovation
• The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on European Banks
• Central Bank Independence and Its Influence on Banking Regulation
• Comparative Analysis of Bank Stress Tests in the U.S. and Europe
• The Role of Credit Rating Agencies in the Regulatory Framework
• How Regulatory Compliance Affects Small and Medium-Sized Banks
• Exploring the Role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in Banking Supervision
• The Future of Banking Regulation in a Digitally Transforming World
• Evaluating the Impact of Global Regulatory Reforms on Investment Banking
• The Role of Regulations in Encouraging Sustainable Banking Practices
• How Regulatory Policies Shape Corporate Governance in Banks

2. Fintech and Digital Banking

• The Role of Fintech in Transforming Traditional Banking
• Digital Banks vs. Traditional Banks: A Comparative Study
• The Impact of Mobile Banking on Financial Inclusion
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Banking Services
• Evaluating the Challenges of Implementing Blockchain Technology in Banks
• The Impact of Open Banking on Financial Innovation
• Cybersecurity Risks in Digital Banking: How Banks Are Responding
• The Role of Biometric Authentication in Enhancing Digital Banking Security
• How Fintech Startups Are Disrupting the Global Banking Industry
• The Future of Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms in the Banking Sector
• The Impact of Robo-Advisors on Wealth Management Services
• How Digital Payments Are Reshaping the Banking Landscape
• Evaluating the Role of Big Data in Improving Bank Customer Services
• The Challenges of Adopting Cloud Computing in Banking Operations
• Digital Wallets and Their Impact on Banking Profitability
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Fraud Detection for Banks
• The Future of Banking in a Cashless Society
• Fintech Innovations and Their Impact on Microfinance Institutions
• The Role of Digital Currencies in Global Financial Systems
• How Smart Contracts Are Changing the Face of Banking Transactions

3. Risk Management in Banking

• Assessing Credit Risk Management in Commercial Banks
• The Role of Stress Testing in Modern Risk Management
• How Banks Manage Market Risk in a Volatile Economic Environment
• Operational Risk Management: Best Practices in the Banking Industry
• The Role of Risk Culture in Effective Risk Management Practices
• Basel III and Its Impact on Risk Management in Banks
• Managing Liquidity Risk in Banks: Challenges and Strategies
• The Role of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) in Global Banks
• Cybersecurity Risk Management in the Banking Sector
• The Impact of Economic Crises on Bank Risk Management Practices
• The Role of Derivatives in Managing Financial Risk in Banks
• How Banks Manage Interest Rate Risk in a Low-Interest-Rate Environment
• The Role of Credit Default Swaps in Managing Banking Risk
• The Impact of Risk Management on Bank Profitability
• The Role of Risk Committees in Effective Corporate Governance for Banks
• Climate Risk Management: How Banks Are Preparing for Environmental Risks
• The Role of Risk Modeling in Modern Banking Practices
• Risk Management in Investment Banking: Current Challenges and Trends
• The Role of Insurance in Mitigating Bank Operational Risks
• Risk Management in Islamic Banking: A Comparative Analysis

4. Corporate Banking

• The Role of Corporate Banking in Facilitating International Trade
• The Evolution of Corporate Banking in Emerging Markets
• How Corporate Banks Support Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
• The Role of Syndicated Loans in Corporate Banking
• Evaluating the Impact of Corporate Banking on Economic Growth
• The Role of Corporate Banks in Providing Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) Advisory
• Corporate Banking in the Age of Digital Transformation
• The Impact of Corporate Banking on Global Capital Markets
• How Corporate Banks Manage Relationship Banking in a Digital World
• The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Corporate Banking
• Challenges of Implementing Blockchain Technology in Corporate Banking
• The Role of Corporate Banking in Financing Infrastructure Projects
• How Corporate Banks Adapt to Changing Regulatory Environments
• Corporate Banking and Sustainable Finance: Current Trends
• The Role of Corporate Banking in Financing Renewable Energy Projects
• Corporate Banking in the Globalization Era: Challenges and Opportunities
• Evaluating the Role of Relationship Managers in Corporate Banking
• The Impact of Corporate Banking on Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies
• The Role of Corporate Banks in Financing Startups and Entrepreneurship
• The Future of Corporate Banking in a Digital Economy

5. Retail Banking

• The Role of Retail Banking in Promoting Financial Inclusion
• The Impact of Digital Banking on Retail Banking Practices
• How Retail Banks Are Adapting to Changing Consumer Expectations
• Evaluating Customer Experience in Retail Banking Services
• The Role of Retail Banks in Promoting Savings Among Low-Income Populations
• The Impact of Fintech on Retail Banking Profitability
• How Mobile Banking Is Transforming Retail Banking
• The Role of Retail Banks in Facilitating Mortgage Loans
• Customer Loyalty Programs in Retail Banking: Do They Work?
• Retail Banking and Financial Literacy: A Study on Consumer Behavior
• The Role of Retail Banking in Providing Personalized Financial Services
• Retail Banking in Rural Areas: Challenges and Opportunities
• How Retail Banks Are Adapting to the Growth of Digital Wallets
• The Role of Retail Banking in Promoting Sustainable Finance
• Retail Banking in a Post-Pandemic World: Challenges and Opportunities
• The Future of Branch Banking in the Age of Digitalization
• The Role of Mobile Apps in Enhancing Retail Banking Customer Engagement
• How Retail Banks Use Data Analytics to Improve Customer Service
• The Role of Retail Banks in Supporting Microfinance Institutions
• The Impact of Robo-Advisory Services on Retail Banking

6. Central Banking and Monetary Policy

• The Role of Central Banks in Stabilizing the Economy During Financial Crises
• Central Bank Independence: Benefits and Risks
• The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Financial Markets
• Monetary Policy and Its Effect on Inflation Control
• How Central Banks Influence Interest Rates and Bank Lending Practices
• The Role of Central Banks in Managing Currency Exchange Rates
• Central Banks and Their Role in Promoting Financial Stability
• The Impact of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) on Traditional Banking
• The Role of Central Banks in Regulating Cryptocurrency Markets
• How Central Banks Respond to Economic Shocks: A Comparative Study
• The Effectiveness of Central Bank Policies in Emerging Markets
• Central Banking in the Eurozone: Challenges and Opportunities
• The Role of the Federal Reserve in Managing Economic Growth
• Central Bank Monetary Policy in Times of Recession: Case Studies
• The Role of Central Banks in Preventing Hyperinflation
• The Future of Central Banking in the Age of Digital Currency
• Comparative Analysis of Central Banking Practices in Developing Economies
• How Central Banks Use Monetary Policy to Control Unemployment Rates
• The Role of Central Banks in Regulating Global Capital Flows
• The Impact of Central Bank Transparency on Financial Markets

7. Banking and Financial Crises

• The Role of Banks in the 2008 Global Financial Crisis
• How Banking Practices Contributed to the European Debt Crisis
• Lessons Learned from the Asian Financial Crisis: A Banking Perspective
• The Impact of Financial Crises on Global Banking Regulations
• The Role of Central Banks in Preventing Future Financial Crises
• How Shadow Banking Contributed to the 2008 Financial Meltdown
• The Impact of Financial Crises on Bank Profitability
• How Banks Have Adapted to Post-Crisis Regulatory Reforms
• Financial Crises and the Role of Investment Banks
• The Role of Government Bailouts in Stabilizing Banking Sectors
• Evaluating the Effectiveness of Stress Testing Post-Financial Crisis
• How Financial Crises Affect Bank Risk Management Practices
• The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Banking Systems
• The Role of Banks in Housing Market Bubbles and Crashes
• How Financial Crises Lead to Reforms in Banking Regulations
• The Effectiveness of Capital Adequacy Requirements During Financial Crises
• The Role of Government Interventions in Mitigating Banking Failures
• How the Global Financial Crisis Changed Risk Perception in Banks
• The Role of Consumer Protection in Preventing Banking Crises
• The Long-Term Impact of Financial Crises on Bank Lending Practices

8. Sustainable and Green Banking

• The Role of Banks in Financing Sustainable Development Projects
• How Green Bonds Are Transforming the Banking Industry
• The Impact of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) Factors on Banking Practices
• Sustainable Banking Practices: How Banks Promote Renewable Energy Projects
• The Role of Banks in Combating Climate Change Through Green Finance
• The Role of Central Banks in Promoting Sustainable Banking
• How Banks Can Contribute to the Achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
• The Impact of Climate Risk on Bank Lending Practices
• Evaluating the Effectiveness of Sustainable Banking Policies
• The Role of Banks in Financing Low-Carbon Technologies
• Green Banking Initiatives in Developing Economies: Opportunities and Challenges
• The Role of Microfinance in Promoting Sustainable Development
• The Role of Green Banks in Facilitating Sustainable Economic Growth
• Sustainable Banking and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Integrated Approach
• How Green Finance Is Reshaping Global Banking Systems
• The Role of Banks in Financing Energy-Efficient Infrastructure Projects
• How Banks Are Integrating Climate Risk into Their Risk Management Frameworks
• Sustainable Banking in the Post-Pandemic World: Challenges and Opportunities
• The Impact of Regulatory Policies on Promoting Sustainable Banking Practices
• How Banks Can Address Climate Change Through Responsible Investment Practices

9. Global Banking Systems

• A Comparative Study of Global Banking Practices in the U.S., Europe, and Asia
• The Role of Multinational Banks in Promoting Global Trade
• How Globalization Affects Bank Regulation and Compliance
• Cross-Border Banking: Risks and Opportunities
• The Impact of International Sanctions on Global Banking Practices
• Global Banking Systems: A Comparative Study of Developed and Emerging Markets
• How Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuations Affect Global Banking Operations
• The Role of Global Banks in Developing International Financial Centers
• How Global Banks Manage Currency Risk in International Operations
• The Role of Global Banks in Supporting International Mergers and Acquisitions
• Global Banking and the Role of Multilateral Development Banks
• How Global Financial Crises Shape International Banking Regulations
• A Comparative Analysis of Bank Governance Structures Across Countries
• The Impact of Brexit on Global Banking Systems
• How Global Banks Adapt to Varying Regulatory Standards Across Countries
• The Role of International Trade Finance in Global Banking
• Global Banks and Their Role in Supporting Cross-Border Investment
• How Global Banking Systems Support Economic Growth in Developing Countries
• The Future of Global Banking in a Digital World
• The Role of International Cooperation in Strengthening Global Banking Systems

10. Banking and Blockchain Technology

• The Role of Blockchain in Enhancing Security in Banking Transactions
• How Blockchain Technology Is Transforming Cross-Border Payments
• The Impact of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) on Traditional Banking
• Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts and Their Role in Banking
• Evaluating the Potential of Blockchain for Anti-Money Laundering Efforts
• The Future of Cryptocurrency in Global Banking Systems
• How Banks Are Adopting Blockchain Technology to Improve Transaction Efficiency
• The Impact of Blockchain on Reducing Transaction Costs in Banking
• How Blockchain Can Enhance Transparency in Banking Operations
• The Role of Central Banks in Regulating Blockchain-Based Financial Systems
• How Blockchain Is Changing the Face of International Trade Finance
• Blockchain and Its Role in Strengthening Digital Identity Verification in Banks
• The Impact of Stablecoins on Traditional Banking Practices
• How Blockchain Can Improve the Efficiency of Settlement Systems in Banks
• The Role of Blockchain in Transforming Syndicated Loans
• The Adoption of Blockchain in Retail Banking: Challenges and Opportunities
• Blockchain and Its Potential to Revolutionize the Mortgage Lending Process
• How Blockchain Is Improving Data Management in Banking
• The Role of Blockchain in Creating a More Secure and Transparent Banking System
• The Future of Blockchain and Banking: Opportunities and Challenges

This comprehensive list of 200 banking thesis topics offers students a diverse range of areas to explore, from traditional banking subjects to cutting-edge topics like Fintech and sustainable banking. By selecting a topic that aligns with their interests and academic goals, students can contribute valuable research to the evolving field of banking. Whether focusing on risk management, corporate banking, or blockchain technology, these topics are designed to inspire meaningful and impactful thesis work.

The Range of Banking Thesis Topics

Banking is one of the most crucial pillars of the global economy, shaping financial stability, influencing economic growth, and facilitating international trade. For students studying banking, choosing a thesis topic that reflects the complexities and evolving nature of the industry is vital. This article explores the wide range of banking thesis topics available to students, focusing on current issues, recent trends, and future directions. These topics offer a comprehensive understanding of the banking sector, its challenges, and its potential for future growth.

Current Issues in Banking

The banking industry is facing significant challenges that provide ample opportunities for academic research. Regulation is one of the most critical areas of concern. The 2008 financial crisis triggered a wave of regulatory reforms aimed at preventing future banking collapses. Frameworks like Basel III introduced new capital requirements, liquidity standards, and risk management measures that banks must adhere to, placing a significant burden on both national and international banks. Understanding how banks navigate these regulations while maintaining profitability is a key issue for researchers. Thesis topics such as “The Impact of Basel III on Bank Capital Requirements” or “How Regulatory Compliance Affects Small and Medium-Sized Banks” could provide valuable insights into this area.

Another major issue is risk management , which remains a priority for banks as they navigate market volatility, cybersecurity threats, and operational risks. Banks today must implement advanced risk management systems to protect against financial crises and emerging threats, such as cyber-attacks. In particular, the rise of digital banking has exposed banks to new cybersecurity risks, making it essential for risk management frameworks to evolve. Research into the effectiveness of these frameworks can be explored through topics like “Cybersecurity Risk Management in the Banking Sector” or “The Role of Stress Testing in Modern Risk Management.”

Ethical concerns also continue to plague the banking sector, especially after the high-profile scandals that have rocked financial institutions. From money laundering to the manipulation of benchmark interest rates, unethical practices within banks can have devastating impacts on global markets. Exploring ethical issues in banking through thesis topics like “The Role of Ethics in Banking Practices” or “The Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Regulations in Global Banks” offers students the chance to engage with these crucial challenges.

Recent Trends in Banking

The banking industry is rapidly evolving due to technological advancements, and these developments offer exciting opportunities for thesis research. Fintech is one of the most significant disruptors in banking. The rise of Fintech companies offering digital-first banking solutions has forced traditional banks to adapt or risk becoming obsolete. Digital banks provide services such as mobile banking, digital wallets, and robo-advisors, which cater to tech-savvy consumers who demand convenience and innovation. Thesis topics such as “The Role of Fintech in Transforming Traditional Banking” or “How Digital Payments Are Reshaping the Banking Landscape” allow students to explore how technology is reshaping financial services.

In addition to Fintech, blockchain technology is having a profound impact on the banking industry. Blockchain’s potential to streamline banking processes, enhance security, and reduce transaction costs is being explored by many financial institutions. The technology is particularly significant in areas like cross-border payments, where traditional methods are costly and slow. Blockchain’s decentralized ledger also offers enhanced transparency and security, particularly for anti-fraud and anti-money laundering efforts. Thesis topics like “How Blockchain Technology Is Transforming Cross-Border Payments” or “The Role of Blockchain in Enhancing Security in Banking Transactions” could allow students to investigate the practical applications and implications of this innovation.

Sustainable banking is another important trend that has gained momentum in recent years. With the growing focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, banks are playing an increasingly important role in financing projects that promote sustainability. Green bonds, climate risk management, and renewable energy financing are just a few examples of how banks are contributing to the global push for sustainability. Topics such as “The Role of Banks in Financing Sustainable Development Projects” or “Green Banking Initiatives in Developing Economies” would allow students to research the intersection of banking and sustainability, a rapidly expanding field of study.

Future Directions in Banking

As the banking sector continues to evolve, several emerging trends and future directions warrant academic exploration. One of the most discussed future developments is the potential rise of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) . CBDCs are government-backed digital currencies that could transform the way central banks operate and interact with commercial banks. With countries like China already piloting their digital yuan, it is only a matter of time before other nations follow suit. The implementation of CBDCs could drastically reduce the costs of payments and improve financial inclusion. Thesis topics like “The Future of Central Bank Digital Currencies in Global Banking” or “The Role of Central Banks in Regulating Digital Currencies” offer students an opportunity to engage with the emerging landscape of digital finance.

Another future direction is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in banking operations. AI has the potential to revolutionize everything from customer service, through the use of chatbots, to risk management and fraud detection. With the ability to process large amounts of data in real-time, AI can assist banks in identifying trends, detecting fraudulent activity, and enhancing decision-making processes. Thesis topics such as “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Banking Services” or “How AI Is Revolutionizing Risk Management in Banks” provide students with the opportunity to explore how this technology could reshape the industry.

Sustainability and green banking will continue to be a major area of focus for the banking sector in the coming decades. As pressure mounts on businesses to address climate change and reduce carbon footprints, banks will need to innovate further in green financing. Exploring how financial institutions can adapt their business models to align with global sustainability goals could be an important area for future research. Topics like “The Future of Green Banking in the Global Financial System” or “How Banks Can Address Climate Change Through Sustainable Finance” offer insight into the critical role banks will play in driving sustainable development in the future.

The banking industry is one of constant evolution, shaped by current issues, technological innovations, and emerging global trends. From regulatory challenges and risk management to the rise of Fintech and blockchain, students studying banking have a wide range of topics to explore in their academic research. The future of banking, with developments like CBDCs, AI integration, and sustainable banking, promises to be just as dynamic and transformative. By selecting a relevant and engaging banking thesis topic, students can contribute valuable research that not only advances their academic careers but also provides critical insights into the future of the financial industry.

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107 Banking Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Banking is a fundamental aspect of the modern economy, serving as the backbone of financial systems worldwide. As a result, there is a vast array of topics to explore within the field of banking. Whether you are a student looking for inspiration or a banking professional seeking to expand your knowledge, this article presents 107 essay topic ideas and examples to help you get started.

• The impact of digital banking on traditional banking services.
• The role of central banks in regulating the economy.
• The benefits and drawbacks of using mobile banking applications.
• The future of cryptocurrencies and their impact on traditional banking systems.
• The role of commercial banks in fostering economic growth.
• The impact of interest rates on consumer borrowing behavior.
• The ethical implications of banks investing in controversial industries.
• The challenges faced by small and medium-sized banks in an era of consolidation.
• The impact of globalization on the banking industry.
• The role of banks in promoting financial inclusion.
• The impact of technology on fraud prevention in banking.
• The effectiveness of stress tests in assessing bank resilience.
• The role of banks in financing infrastructure projects.
• The impact of banking regulations on lending practices.
• The benefits and challenges of open banking.
• The role of banks in supporting entrepreneurship and innovation.
• The impact of fintech startups on traditional banking institutions.
• The role of banks in addressing income inequality.
• The impact of banking crises on economic stability.
• The future of branch banking in a digital world.
• The role of banks in facilitating international trade.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on banking operations.
• The challenges and opportunities of sustainable banking practices.
• The role of banks in promoting financial literacy.
• The impact of bank mergers and acquisitions on customers.
• The challenges of implementing anti-money laundering regulations in the banking sector.
• The role of banks in supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
• The impact of financial technology on banking job opportunities.
• The challenges of managing cybersecurity risks in the banking industry.
• The role of banks in financing renewable energy projects.
• The impact of demographic changes on banking services.
• The challenges of implementing digital identity verification in banking.
• The role of banks in facilitating financial intermediation.
• The impact of economic sanctions on banking operations.
• The challenges of implementing Basel III regulations in emerging markets.
• The role of banks in supporting the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises.
• The impact of consumer behavior on retail banking strategies.
• The challenges of implementing real-time payments in the banking sector.
• The role of banks in promoting financial stability.
• The impact of banking regulations on the cost of credit.
• The challenges of implementing sustainable finance practices in the banking industry.
• The role of banks in supporting affordable housing initiatives.
• The impact of banking innovations on financial inclusion in developing countries.
• The challenges of implementing instant payments in cross-border transactions.
• The role of banks in addressing climate change risks.
• The impact of online banking on branch closures.
• The challenges of implementing data protection regulations in the banking sector.
• The role of banks in financing education and healthcare.
• The impact of banking regulations on the profitability of small banks.
• The challenges of implementing real-time fraud detection in banking.
• The role of banks in promoting gender equality in access to finance.
• The impact of customer trust on banking relationships.
• The challenges of implementing blockchain technology in the banking industry.
• The role of banks in supporting disaster recovery efforts.
• The impact of banking regulations on cross-border capital flows.
• The challenges of implementing biometric authentication in banking services.
• The role of banks in supporting financial resilience.
• The impact of banking innovations on customer loyalty.
• The challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain finance in the banking sector.
• The role of banks in promoting responsible lending practices.
• The impact of banking regulations on financial innovation.
• The challenges of implementing real-time liquidity management in banking.
• The role of banks in supporting cultural and creative industries.
• The impact of banking crises on bank lending behavior.
• The challenges of implementing instant payments in the gig economy.
• The role of banks in promoting social impact investing.
• The impact of banking regulations on bank profitability.
• The challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in customer service in banking.
• The role of banks in supporting financial education in schools.
• The impact of banking innovations on financial risk management.
• The challenges of implementing sustainable procurement practices in the banking sector.
• The role of banks in promoting responsible investment.
• The impact of banking regulations on financial stability in emerging markets.
• The challenges of implementing real-time customer onboarding in banking.
• The role of banks in supporting cultural heritage preservation.
• The impact of banking crises on bank lending to small businesses.
• The challenges of implementing instant payments in government transactions.
• The role of banks in supporting impact entrepreneurship.
• The impact of banking regulations on cross-border banking activities.
• The challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in credit risk assessment in banking.
• The role of banks in promoting financial literacy among vulnerable populations.
• The impact of banking innovations on financial crime prevention.
• The challenges of implementing sustainable insurance products in the banking sector.
• The role of banks in supporting sustainable agriculture and food security.
• The impact of banking regulations on financial inclusion in rural areas.
• The challenges of implementing real-time transaction monitoring in banking.
• The role of banks in promoting responsible corporate governance.
• The impact of banking crises on bank lending to households.
• The challenges of implementing instant payments in the healthcare sector.
• The role of banks in supporting social entrepreneurship.
• The impact of banking regulations on cross-border payment systems.
• The challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in anti-money laundering in banking.
• The role of banks in promoting financial literacy among young people.
• The impact of banking innovations on sustainable finance.
• The challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain finance in global banking networks.
• The role of banks in supporting renewable energy investments.
• The impact of banking regulations on financial stability in post-conflict countries.
• The challenges of implementing real-time fraud prevention in mobile banking.
• The role of banks in promoting responsible investment in emerging markets.
• The impact of banking crises on bank lending to the real estate sector.
• The challenges of implementing instant payments in the education sector.
• The role of banks in supporting social impact bonds.
• The impact of banking regulations on cross-border remittances.
• The challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in customer relationship management in banking.
• The role of banks in promoting financial literacy among senior citizens.
• The impact of banking innovations on sustainable development finance.
• The challenges of implementing sustainable supply chain finance in the global fashion industry.

These essay topic ideas provide a comprehensive overview of the vast array of issues within the field of banking. Whether you choose to explore the impact of digital banking, the role of banks in promoting sustainability, or the challenges of implementing new technologies, there are countless avenues for research and analysis. By selecting a topic that piques your interest, you can delve deeper into the complexities of the banking industry and contribute to the ongoing development of this crucial sector.

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350 Banking Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best banking topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on banking, 🥇 interesting topics to write about banking, 📝 simple & easy banking essay titles, 💡 most interesting banking topics to write about, 📑 good research topics about banking, ❓ money and banking essay questions.

• The Banking Concept of Education by Paulo Freire This is one of the details that should be taken into account by the readers. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided.
• Internet Banking Effects and Results Internet banking has certainly played a key role in the increase and ease of banking services the world over and the reasons for this are not difficult to discern.
• The 2008 Banking Crisis in the Documentary “Inside Job” Using the documentary “Inside Job”, the paper presented below asserts that the malpractices of different banking experts, the ethical dilemma revolving around ratings agencies’ actions, and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley and the Glass-Steagall Acts influenced the nature […]
• Log Book for Internship With Merrill Lynch Bank As regarding to new skills, I learnt new methods of analyzing companies in the stock market and how to present information gathered to the supervisors/advisors.
• Personal and Organizational Development in Banking My career plan is as in the figure below: – My career goal is to find a job in a bank and gradually grow through the ranks as I gain financial management related skills and […]
• ICT: E-Banking and Firm Performance ICT is concerned with storage, retrieval, manipulation and transmission of digital data. ICT involves software, hardware and systems.
• JPMorgan Chase Bank: Ratio Analysis The ratios are debt-to-equity, the interest coverage ratio, the equity ratio, and the debt-to-asset ratio. For the years 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, JPM had a fixed turnover ratio of 7.
• The Banking Model of Education In the banking concept of education, the teacher is considered to be knowledgeable and experienced in contrast to the students who are supposed to be “blank slates,” or, in other words, entirely ignorant of the […]
• Traditional Versus Modern Banking Essay Traditional banking is characterized by the application of strict regulations, while modern banking is differentiated by the introduction of new laws that resulted in the deregulation of key aspects of the banking industry.
• Wellfleet Bank Case Study Under Group Risk Committee, the company further delegates duties to: reputational, country, operational, group credit, market risk, business risk, and business risk committees.
• Money: Evolution, Functions, and Characteristics It acts as medium of exchange where it is accepted by both buyers and sellers; the buyer gives money to the seller in exchange of commodities.
• The Lebanese-Canadian Bank’s Money Laundering The bank was later banned from using the dollar by the American treasury; this resulted in the collapse and eventual sale of the bank.L.C.B.had to pay a settlement fine of one hundred and two million […]
• Ijtihad in Islamic Banking Even though Shariah principles forms the main legal foundation in which most of Islamic banking products and services are based, Ijtihad enables the flexibility of the Shariah principles to suit the changing needs of the […]
• Role of Central Bank If central bank offers credit to the banks at a higher rate, then the rate of interest that commercial banks will offer loans to the public will be high; this reduces the attractiveness of the […]
• Islamic Banking The involvement of institutions and government led to the application of theory to practice and resulted in the establishment of the Islamic banks”.
• Ethical Dilemma With the Bank Teller On the other hand, the bank calls for honesty in service and client protection, and given that the teller took the money without permission from an inactive account belonging to a customer it is professionally […]
• Grameen Bank’s Socially Responsible Innovation The bank targets the poor and marginalized with both financial assistance and information to help them grow. The Grameen Bank has continued to register impeccable performance on the social, economic, and environmental dimensions.
• Corporate Governance Statements: BHP Billiton and National Australia Bank This is to say that corporate governance requirements differ from company to company and from a broader perspective, the success or failure of a given company differs with the corporate governance statement of the company.
• Factors Which Impact Barclays Bank Political factors refer to the government policies that affect businesses and the extent to which the government intervenes in the economy.
• Banking System: The Brief Analysis This is a fictional story that comes perilously near to the reality about the basic foundations of modern society. The primary objective of this story is to demonstrate reality’s simple math and the existing banking […]
• Standard Chartered Bank: Problems and Solutions The Standard Chartered Bank was formed in 1969 after the merger of two banks The Standard Bank of British South Africa, established in 1862, and The Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China established in […]
• Money and Banking. Financial Markets The essay will examine the essence and the importance of the above-mentioned financial phenomena and see how their interrelation, especially in the negative context, can influence the state of things in society.
• Reforms Necessary in the Banking System Along with competitive market the quality services will give a new touch to the banking regulations and will free up the market. The superior quality service will drag much effort of the banks to reorganize […]
• Banking and Risk Management Maturity gap of the bank = Maturity of assets Maturity of liabilities. 45 years Maturity gap = 10.28 3.
• Bank of America’s Business Model Elements The organizational structure leverages Bank of America in the following ways. Bank of America has categorized its throughputs into five categories, which are the core products, processes, and services offered.
• Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd vs. Amadio The decision by the court held that the bank manager and the commercial bank were aware of the special disadvantage of the Amadios and made no substantive efforts to ensure that Amadio clearly understood the […]
• Projected Customers Maintaining Strategies in Banking Industry This builds a unique form of link between the bank and the clients thus the firm is able to create a strong customer loyalty2. Secondly, in order for the firm to maintain the existing clientele, […]
• The Employee Benefits Provided by the Bank of America In the process of applying for a job or assessing a certain company, it is crucial to learn about their advantages and unique features. In conclusion, Bank of America features various benefits that provide employees […]
• Legal Issues in the Banking Industry The second problem is the complexity of banking operations for foreigners and the low-educated segments of the population. Thus, in banking, employees often face the problems of sexual harassment, complex mechanisms for clients, and digitalization.
• Cryptocurrency and Its Impact on the Banking Industry Advanced coding is used to store and transfer cryptocurrency data between the wallet and a public ledger, and encryption is used to confirm transactions.
• Overfitting and Bias-Variance Trade-Off in Banking While the training set represents most of the data, the testing set is used to test accuracy by measuring performance separately in the two separate parts of the data set.
• Impact of Cyber Crime on Internet Banking The paper evaluates a con article on ‘The impact of cybercrime on e-banking’ [1]. H2: Identity theft will have a negative impact on the adoption of electronic banking.
• Digital Trends & Sustainability in Banking It would be accurate to refer to banking as the financial hub of the economy because it is a major industry in the service sector.
• The National Bank of Kuwait’s Improvement However, the constant improvement of technology and the introduction of innovations forced the bank to reconsider its policy and introduce a new system.
• Ransomware in the US Banking Industry The mismatch can lead to a lack of trust and reputational damages. Data pertaining to the business plans and visions can also be accessed, making it vulnerable.
• Tesla Inc.’s Banking Structure and Investments According to Saberi, it represents almost 4% of the world GDP, and, in the context of developed economies, 1% of automotive industry growth triggers respective 1,5% growth in the country’s GDP. Due to the specificity […]
• Leadership at Qatar National Bank This paper examines in detail the phenomenon of leadership and its classic types in the light of improving the overall effectiveness of the work team.
• Interpersonal Leadership Skills in Bank of America However, it is clear that the issue is not the demographics but the inefficient leadership in the company and the lack of interpersonal skills that would make people want to work at Bank of America.
• Big Data Analytics in Central Banking In addition, the rate is integral to the overall cost of living, which parameter is in a cause-and-effect relationship with inflation.
• Workplace Inclusivity at International Bank of Commerce Even if employees of color do not ascribe significance to the unequal distribution of power in the bank, the lack of diversity is evident.
• Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank PJSC The discussion takes a general overview of the company, its mission and vision statements, strategic goals, and key objectives. The key objectives Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank wants to realize include: Growing transaction volumes and assets […]
• Bank Pekao S. A.: Performance and Strategy Compared to its peers in Poland, Bank Pekao is uniquely placed as it launched a brokerage house and made practical biometrics technology in the banking industry, contributing heavily to the bank’s assets quality and investment […]
• Financial Analysis of Al Ahli Bank of Kuwait Al Ahli Bank of Kuwait’s main competitors include Commercial Bank of Kuwait SAK, Gulf Bank KSCP, Burgan Bank SAK, and the National Bank of Kuwait.
• Banking Sector of the United Kingdom At the same time, the banking sector of the United Kingdom had to balance between its financial losses and the ability to provide loans and debt-moratoria in order to support the country’s financial stability. In […]
• Case Study of Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Capital From HSBC’s perspective, money laundering represents one of the most significant internal risks due to the worldwide presence, especially in certain economic areas with facilitated financial regulation and considerable economic influence, such as Hong Kong […]
• Risk Factors Affecting Bank Nordik’s Operations and Risk Management Control measures adopted by the firm to manage these risk categories are explored in this investigation and the findings used as a justification for the development of a robust risk management plan.
• The Albilad Capital Bank’s Mission and Vision Since the bank is striving to renew its mission and vision from the start, it is crucial to identify the values and vectors of direction.
• National Australia Bank’s Sustainability Challenges One of the reasons for the success of NAB is the overall strategy of the company, which focuses its capital management on adequacy, efficiency, and flexibility, maintaining the economic balance to support and strengthen the […]
• Aspects of Electronic Banking The significance of our study is in the critical issues of e-banking and the areas of improvement that the banks can eliminate or improve to boost customer satisfaction.
• Barclays Bank Description Introduction Barclays bank is a UK-based Multinational Corporation headquartered in London and operates in the financial niche. The universal bank was established in 1860 in London as a goldsmith’s lending business offering people loans and saving options. The bank’s resilience in the corporate domain made it navigate all the challenges, and it still operates to […]
• Alonzo vs. Chase Manhattan Bank, NA Case Study However, the author provides an insight into the matter by claiming that the policy concerning workplace discrimination took a dramatic turn in the early 1960s upon adoption of the Title VII of the Civil Rights […]
• Political Theories and the World Bank Known as ‘power politics’ or means to exercise power World Bank massive financial institution which poorer nations depend on for subsidies Manner of soft power of the richer states contributing to the World Bank […]
• Misconduct in Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services The company was included in the Royal Commission report due to ASL and NM releasing the trustee duties of their funds because of the AMP Group membership.
• Sexual Harassment in Meritor Savings Bank vs. Vinson Case Mechelle Vinson, a defendant and a former employee of the plaintiff bank, filed a lawsuit against the bank and its bank manager Sidney Taylor. Sidney Taylor was the vice president of the bank and the […]
• Considerations in Investment Banking However, to ensure a fruitful outcome, the CFO should choose a qualified and experienced investment banker to represent the facility. Secondly, the selected investment banking firm is expected to act as both a matchmaker and […]
• The Impact of Bank on the Cost of Financial Intermediation Also, since the two variables are not controlled; bank concentration and national institutions, the research argues, however, that the measures of concentration capture the efficient structure theory and market power theories.
• Bank’s Provided Opportunities to Attract Consumers The offers are the following, to choose the credit card which backs cash when the consumer makes an online purchase, the other option is take the credit card which backs cash when the consumer makes […]
• Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: Approach to Operating in China According to Luthan and Doh, centralization played a significant role in HSBC’s success in the new market. It was also the first company to establish a locally incorporated entity in Taiwan and Vietnam.
• A Problem in Implementation of CSR in the U.S. Banking Industry Corporate social responsibility is essential in this age of intense globalization and competition – essential for firms to survive in the competition and also important for firms.
• The Bank of America Corporation: Planning & Organizational Analysis The Bank may use environmental adaptation planning activities to enhance external relations with stakeholders such as customers, governments, suppliers and the public.
• Digitalization of E-Commerce in Bank of Ireland The interview with the Senior Director in the Property Finance division of Corporate Banking, Michael Murray, revealed the importance of the advance of digitalization for the Bank of Ireland. These and other technologies will enable […]
• The 1920 Farrow’s Bank Failure and Its Causes In this context, the company would be resilient to any stresses, and the outcome of the situation may be the opposite.
• The Mountain Bank’s Strategy Analysis The most suitable competitive business strategy, in the case of the Mountain Bank is to build the presence in the market of consumer lending and corporate banking.
• Banking: Financial Transaction Risks In that case, even the losses-free termination of the transaction would be a failure since the goal of acquisition would remain unachieved.
• Bahrain Development Bank: Analysis To identify and develop ways of assessing learning at the working station to facilitate the employees’ skills and competencies. To identify ways of integrating training capability and focus on the organizational processes through skills acquisition […]
• ICBC Bank – China: Overview The shifted focus of ICBC’s policy became the major contributor to the growth of the company on the international market and the subsequent cultural changes.
• Customers’ Perceptions of M-Banking To find answers pertaining to the major objectives of the study, the gathered data was analysed using SPSS v.23. An exploratory factor analysis was run to group the existing variables into factors, and also to […]
• “Attitudes Towards Mobile Banking” Article by Sohail & Al-Jabri In the introduction of the article, much background information, an overall evaluation of the situation in the banking industry, and the purposes of the study are discussed.
• The Bank of Toroda: A Stakeholder Approach “Stakeholders are persons, organizations and groups that have to be considered by managers, directors as well as front office workers.”
• Corporate Bias in the World Bank Group’s International Centre The institution judges the Pan Rim case neglecting the El Salvador government’s views, local communities, and the Catholic Church. It does not prioritize the protection of the environment and human rights.
• Alinma Bank Industry Analysis. Case Study The demand for the services is another essential factor that shows the industry is profitable. The presence of many investors in the country shows that the demand for financial services is high.
• Impact of Online Banking on Dubai International Bank DIB has developed t-banking (telephone banking), e-banking (electronic banking) and m-banking (mobile banking) from this trend.
• Phishing Victimization on Internet Banking Awareness Therefore, the study is meant to determine and evaluate consumer susceptibility to e-banking victimization through phishing attacks. Subsequently, the study will be designed to evaluate the effectiveness of phishing victimization training to E-banking consumers.
• P&G & Royal Bank of Canada’s Securities Valuation The discussion in the paper focuses on the Two-Fund Separation theorem. The discussion also reveals that the asset allocation problem focuses on the allocation of resources between two risky assets.
• Governance Failures in Australian Banking Sector Firstly, executive compensation in the Australian banks was not tied to performance outcomes, and, secondly, the major problem in the CEOs’ conduct was related to the field of ethics.
• Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp and Wells Fargo Speaking of the Income Statement, Wells Fargo wisely divides it into interest income and expense and non-interest income and expense, and this aspect eases the overall calculations of financial ratios.
• Analysis of Al Hilal Bank Launch At the time when Al Hilal was launched, the situation in the world financial system was not favorable. It can be concluded that the banking market at the UAE was not favorable at the time […]
• Noor Bank’s Balance Sheet and Income Statement The bank’s operating income from Islamic banking and sukuk amounted to more than 895 million AED compared to 678 million AED in the previous year.
• Banking Institution and Transaction Regulations In the case of Brittany, it is the duty of the bank to authenticate all transactions on her account. In the process of negotiation, most parties often focus on the substance of the deal and […]
• Bank of America’s Strengths and Weaknesses Interestingly, even non-banking institutions such as Quicken Loans and Leader Bank have started to claim a share of the market held by Bank of America. The root cause of the Bank’s mortgage troubles emanated from […]
• Bank of America’s External Analysis in 2013 Among the major lenders in Massachusetts, for instance, Bank of America was the only bank that recorded a notable decline in the volumes of purchase and refinancing loans relative to other years. Apparently, competition has […]
• Sales Portfolio: A Bank Mortgage and Marketers Although a mortgage has several advantages to both the commercial institution and the customer, it has its share of disadvantages. Many clients are reluctant to take up a mortgage because of the high interest rates.
• Banking With WikiLeaks If Wiki Leaks has the right to be served by a financial institution, the company must ensure that it does not harm the operations of the institution.
• The Essence of the Islamic Banking System Riba of the Quran is called Riba An-Nasiyah and riba of the of Sunnah is called Riba Al Fadl. In the context of Islamic banking system, gharar is excessive uncertainty.
• The Pros and Cons of Investment Banking The investment banks are also referred to as proprietors since they are involved in trading of marketable instruments using their own money as opposed to that of investors.
• Factors Effecting Bank – Borrower Relationship in UAE The Middle East region’s banking industry is one of the fastest growing in the world. It is projected that the industry will get even better in the future due to the nature of the business […]
• Bank of China Limited: Overview That said the objective of my effort is to present a report on the Bank of China’s IPO of 2006. This listing was exceptional since it was the only bank of China that had managed […]
• Banking Industry: Successes and Failures These banks are regulated by the federal government and are required to be members of the Federal Reserve. However, these banks are not compelled to be members of the Federal Reserve.
• Mortgages Offered by the RBC Royal Bank From your profile and to the best of my knowledge, I take pride to inform you that we have five financial investment products that best suit you.
• Banking and Financial Markets: Asset-Backed-Securities Thus, there are four notable main stages in the process of creating the asset-backed securities and these include: Segregation of assets from originator or seller Creation of a specialized functional vehicle to seize the asset […]
• Analyzing and Managing Systematic Risks in Banking Risk assessment is done to ascertain the nature of task before deciding the strategy of responding to it. Analysis and management of risks requires one to identify the nature of the risk involved.
• Islamic Banking in Dubai and the UAE In an Islamic environment, the approach to financial operations such as the law of contracts, nature of property, interest rates and business transactions is quite different from the rest of the world.
• Deutsch Bank Analysis and Performance Forecast The big bonus for banks came in the form of the Securitization Bill, which gave banks and institutions opportunity to recover from bad debts.
• International Banking: New Basel The combination of the four changes in 2004 intended to speed up off-balance sheet mortgage securitization as the main avenue to drive the revenue together with the share price of banks.
• Barclays Bank: Management Accounting Report This team assists the management in the gathering of information that is unilaterally used in management accounting to address specific challenges in the bank.
• BNP Paribas International Banking Networks In the United States, the bank has a strong presence in the western part of the country, whereas, in Asia, it has fixed a secure and fast-growing business.
• Riyadh Bank: The Historical Financial Analysis By the end of the third quarter of the year 2011, the organization has recorded a 15% increase in its net profit.
• Budgeting of HSBC Bank UAE Branch Looking at their financial statements one will note that they are quite detailed with lots of financial items, which are specific to the bank, and understanding them requires referral to the notes accompanying the financial […]
• Westpac Banking Corporation Analysis and Forecast The entry of foreign banks as well as the building societies which were speedily developing into banks and the emergence of other financial institutions increased competition in the Australian financial market.
• The Analysis of Banorte Bank in Mexico The scrutiny of the bank’s fundamentals and variables of the bank form part of the report. Financial analysis and forecast of the bank’s financial performance is the major objective of the report.
• Case on Private Equity in Saudi American Bank The problem was that the firm’s investment manager was investing for the first time and therefore, he had many questions to ask before he finally made the decision to invest in the company.
• Commercial Banks and the Northern Rock Crisis Bank Roles Prior to the actual analysis of the case of the Northern Rock bank is a brief background that elaborates the scenario of the Northern Rock Bank Crisis.
• Bank (HSBC) and Life Insurance Company (Protective) The report also investigates the profitability of the two companies, the metrics used to measure profitability, variation in the last five years and the reasons for these variations.
• Investment Banking and Operations Management In a steady market, the bank uses the information conveyed in prices of assets to significantly allocate capital resource to the most profitable and ultimate use.
• Investment Banking and Global Operations Management Essentially, banks engage in securitization process to increase their uncertain profit opportunities and also to adjust their asset portfolio Entering into the security markets through the perspective of the original financial institution is of great […]
• Online Banking and Cryptographic Issues A disadvantage of online banking is that it inherently reduces the interaction between banks and their customers and in addition, security is not guaranteed in this type of banking, that is, hackers have a chance […]
• The Failure of Superior Bank The crisis in Superior Bank was associated with the fact that the directors failed to observe and address risky financial management strategies that were followed in the organization, and the regulators did not pay much […]
• Criminal Law & Bankruptcy: Bullard vs. Blue Hills Bank The action by the court caused Bullard to appeal against the decision to the BAP to which the BAP concluded that the denial was not the final.
• Time Value of Money: Choosing Bank for Deposit The value of the money is determined by the rate of return that the bank will offer. The future value of the two banks is $20,000 and $22,000 for bank A and bank B respectively.
• First Citizens Bank’s Financial Income in North Carolina The income analysis pertains to a comparison of the profit, revenue, income and profit of the institution in the recent year for analysis on the position of the company.
• Financial Risk Management in Islamic Banking Ahmed defined Islamic financial as a system of finance based on principles of Islamic banking, and that operates under the ethics of Islamic teaching.
• Finance & Banking: Blades Corporation This is because of the volatility of international currencies and the risk that the changes in the value of the currencies will result in a loss from trade receivables and/ or payables depending on the […]
• The Role and Functions of Law in the Banking Industry The first part provides answers to questions regarding the Cipollone versus Liggett Group case, the second part discusses the role and functions of law in the banking industry, and the third part looks at future […]
• The Crime of Robbing the Big City Bank Combined with eyewitness testimony and video evidence, it can be stated beyond all doubt that Clark was guilty of the crime.
• Citi Bank: Business and Corporate Law The enforces a number of Acts that include the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the Sarbanes Oxley […]
• The Banking Industry: Brief Analysis They include the open market operations that are meant to regulate the amount of money in the reserve. This is important because it influences the transactions in the other parts of the economy, such as […]
• First Gulf Bank Financial Activity The retail bank consists of accounts, deposits, credit cards, safe deposit lockers, loans and mortgages; the First Gulf Bank is the largest bank in United Arab Emirates with shareholder equity of over AED 20 billion […]
• Forecasting of National Bank of Greece (Nbg Bank) Current liabilities are short term obligations that occur in the course of running the firm and have direct associations with sales.
• Banking Analysis: Review The chart shows a continuous increase, with a few years of drop; but the scale of the chart for the most part is upward. The trend of consolidation comes across in the presentation of the […]
• Islamic Finance and Banking. Basic Islamic Principles The Islamic banks approach to lending is very unconventional in that the bank does not give out the loan to a borrower per se, but instead acquires the asset on behalf of the borrower who […]
• World Bank Mining Industry Forecast Therefore, this document will use the data provided by the bank to give a projection of mining, in a global capacity.
• Corporate Cyber Risk Assessment: Bank of America Arguably, one of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of the internet.
• Ethics in the Banking Industry in the UK It may be argued that organizations may require ethics as the part of their practices in the industry, but it may not be the essential or core part in any institution, specifically in the organizations […]
• The Economy: The US Banking System Capital formation refers to the distraction of the economy’s productive capacity for the creation of capital goods which eventually increase the productive capacity in the future.
• Banking Contract and Fiduciary Obligations The paper explores the relationship between a bank and a customer from the perspective of fiduciary obligations of a banking contract.
• Bank Loans and Deposits Role in Saudi Arabia Monetary System The major feature of Islamic banking is confined to the bank’s concept of Profit and Loss Sharing, in this arrangement the banks depositors are strictly speaking not creditors to the bank per se, but rather […]
• Case Analysis on Banking Industry of Germany The globalisation and competition of the banking industry have increased because of the growing importance of banking in the marketplace. The decisions of Basel II and the EU for public sector banking and capital markets […]
• Bank Fraud: Easyloan Bank Ltd and ABC Pty Ltd This is similar to the situation in the US where the office of the Attorney and a section of the Criminal Fraud Department of Justice handles mortgage prosecution cases.
• Unremunerated Reserve Requirement Policy: Central Bank of Thailand Under the impact of the World War II, the government of Thailand upgraded the status of the Bureau to that of a central bank by passing the Bank of Thailand Act in the year 1942.
• Solvency Risk and Liquidity Risk of a Bank Differences The aim of this report is to identify the meaning of the solvency risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, dynamic provisioning, and the effective control of the solvency risk besides the problems which the bank encounters […]
• The Banking Crisis of 2007-2010 The role of Credit Rating Agencies in the subprime mortgage-related securities market turmoil was scrutinized by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
• Banco Popular Español and the Saudi Investment Bank In this paper, the analysis of two banks and their risk management will be given: Banco Popular Espa ol S.A.with its abilities to take care of liquidity, credit, and other risks and the Saudi Investment […]
• Comparative Study of Conventional and Islamic Bank Performance in the GCC Segregated by bank group and criterion variable, the correlation-based shortlist of independent variables are as shown in tables 1 to 3 below and overleaf.
• Economic Development as the Key Driver of Global Private Banking and Wealth Management Industry The reverse reality of salient features of wealthy people in different parts of the world is the observation that the vast majority of the populace live in poor and deplorable conditions.
• Bank of America: The Staffing Process The effectiveness of staffs recruited in the bank depends on the ability of the bank to recruit the most suitable employees.
• The Royal Bank of Canada: Investment Analysis and Management As a result, the regional bank grew to a national bank and this success is not only attributed to the strategies of the institution itself but also the role played by the people of Canada […]
• Comparison Between Saudi Hollandi Bank Suk vs. Bank Bonds Besides, another factor is that through investments in such bonds, the investor gains certain amount of ownership in the assets of the company in the extent of his investments, which unfortunately is not possible in […]
• UBS Investment Company in the Swiss Banking Sector The relation of the Swiss banking industry with Swiss economy and the future aspect of investment in the industry are discussed.
• Saudi Banking Industry and Riyad Bank’s Performance In this context this paper analyzes the performance of the Saudi banking sector during the period from 2003 to 2007 in general and that of Riyad Bank, one of the major players in the Saudi […]
• Fransi Bank’s Financial Analysis and Forecast The financial analysis reveals the financial performance of the bank and the key factors that help the bank to be a leading organization in the industry.
• UK Banking Sector Recovery Plan The objective of the analysis is to identify the possible benefits, weaknesses and implications of the plan to the British economy.
• Three Financial Ratios for Stock Investor and Bank However in the stock investor will be looking for a long-term capital gain, the equity debt becomes more important since the stability of the company would be more important than the current liquidity.
• Changes in the UK and US Banking Industry In the 1980s the US banking industry experienced increased transformation to the regulation of the financial institution by the Federal bank.
• Al-Rajhi Bank of Saudi Arabia vs. Dubai Islamic Bank For the purpose of our assignment, we will use values of the total share capital of the year, the profit for the year, and the dividends paid to the shareholders of the banks.
• The Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority One of the most crucial changes that the agreement effected was the removal of the supervisory and regulatory role of banks from the Bank of England to the FSA.
• Trails to Success: Bank of America On analyzing the strategy of work of Bank of America and the requirements set for the applicants, it is possible to state that professional skills are the basis of a successful career in banking.
• Performance Evaluation of Al Rajhi Bank The financial statements and other information of the bank available at its website have been used to evaluate the performance of the bank.
• Ethical Implication of Banking Bailout As such, if the government uses a billion to rescue the banking sector, it has to obtain this money from somewhere else in the economy.
• Corporate Security Strategy: Financial Risks in Banking Sector However, the absence of effective risk management interventions is posing significant challenges to the success of financial institutions in the industry.
• Customer Service Improvement Project at Qatar National Bank Evaluation Hayes and Wheelwright’s 4-Stage model is a conceptual tool meant to evaluate the project with the extent of how its operational contributions improve the company’s competitiveness.
• Theft and Workplace Problems: The Accidental Bank Robbery The complicating factors in the scenario are the probationary status and inexperience of Carol, the steadfast position of the customer about the money he received, and the reliance of Chris on the knowledge and experience […]
• Why Do Banking Policies Need To Keep Up With The Times? Considering the world’s pandemic-related situation, the number of people who create content will keep increasing, and the lack of services from banks will severely affect the authority of the banking system.
• Chase Bank Company Analysis Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased pressure on all the stakeholders of the industry to utilize the latest innovations to adapt to the rapidly changing reality. The paper provides an overview of the banking and […]
• The Concept of Usul Fiqh and Qawaid Fiqhiyyah: Shariah and Islamic Banking For such convictions, this essay explores the concept of Usul Fiqh and Qawaid Fiqhiyyah in respect to issues regarding the influence of Shariah on Islamic banking practices Under the Islamic community, Fiqh is a terminology […]
• Creditpia’s Banking Sector Bank of Creditpia is in charge of 60% of the market share while the other two banks each control 20% of the banking business in Creditpia.
• Lloyds and Northern Rock Bank Buildings Semiotic Analysis That of Lloyds bank is in capital letters while that of Northern Rock is in small letters. Semiotic analysis of the architectural aspects of these banks can help make clear how socio- economic relations and […]
• Goldman Sachs Bank in Economic Turmoil The background of the story depicts crisis in the economic status of the US. At first the effect of the subprime mortgage problem was bearable as evidenced in the five largest United States investment banks […]
• HSBC – Criticised Over Their Banking Methods The Global Banking and Financial services company has been accused in the past decade of breaking national and international laws and regulations.
• Background About Garati Bank in Turkey Its mission is to ensure a notable increase in the value created for shareholders, customers, the society, the environment and employees on a continuous basis.
• Home Loan Offered by Bank of America Corporation (BAC)
• Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank
• CRM Implementation Project for the Bank
• Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank: Corporate Governance Principles
• The World Bank: Definition and Activity
• Network Information and Activity Times in Banking Firm
• Case of Westpac Bank & St. George Bank Merger
• Andrew Jackson and the “Bank War”
• Diversity of Employees in the Boston Bank
• Adopting a New IT Strategy in SBI Bank
• Kiboko Bank: Business Ethics Issue
• Grameen Bank’s Concertive Control Systems
• Bahrain’s Al Salam Bank’s Offer for Bahraini Saudi Bank
• IMF and World Bank: A Boon or a Bane for Developing Nations?
• Young Depositors and Face-To-Face Banking
• Threat of New Entrants to Commercial Banking Industry
• Oil Pricing and Demand in Connection With the US Banking System Position
• Production & Organization Management in a Refinancing Organization
• The Banking Concept of Education
• Competitive Advantage Source: Westpac Banking Corporation
• World Bank – IMF and the United Arab Emirates
• Current Problems of the Banking Industry
• The United States Banking Industry: Economic Profile
• Integration of E-Commerce Websites in Banking Systems
• Global Banking Secrecy Toolkit
• Wells Fargo Banking Scandal: Ethical Analysis
• Banking in Saudi Arabia: Main Facilities, History, and Future
• “Data Mining and Customer Relationship Marketing in the Banking Industry“ by Chye & Gerry
• Kuwait’s Banking Sector Overview
• Competitive Advantage in the Banking Sector
• Global Reputation and Competitive Advantage in Banking
• International Banking System
• Lloyds Banking Group’s Situational Analysis
• “A Century of US Central Banking” by Bernanke
• Gambling, Fraud and Security in Banking
• Banking Systems Success in Canada and Australia
• Banking and Monetary Policy During Recession of 2008-09
• Dubai Macroenvironmental Analysis for Banking
• Banking: Interest Rates and Credit Creation Process
• Banking in David Ashby’s “Money Mechanics”
• Banking Sector in the State of Kuwait
• International Banking Sector: Financial Regulation
• Kuwait Economy and Corporate Governance in Banking Sector
• Bond Market and Banking in Gulf Countries
• Customer Satisfaction Management in Banking Sector
• Westpac Banking Corporation Risk Management Policy
• Citigroup: Credit Default Swaps in the Banking Industry
• Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation’s Entry Into Japan
• Satisfaction Management in Banking Industry
• The Wall Street Crash Impact on the World’s Banking System
• Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Holdings
• Retail Banking Products and Services
• The Shift From Physical Personal Banking to Online Banking
• Mobile Banking Adoption: Challenges and Solutions
• Banking Industry Guidance
• Employee Turnover Rate in UAE Banking Sector
• Islamic Banking: Sales and Lease-Centered Models
• Arbitration in Islamic Banking and Finance Dispute
• The Shadow Banking System: Financial Crisis Source
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• Operational Risk in Conventional and Online Banking
• UAE Banking Industry’s Status in a Global Context
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• Landsbanki Banking Analysis and Bank Alternatives
• Resistance to Change in Banking Orhanisations
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• Customer Service in the UAE Banking Sector
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• Islamic Banking Principles and Relevance
• Islamic Banking: Tools and Techniques
• Banking Sector Cyber Wars and International Hacking
• Islamic Banking and Financial Markets Critical Issues
• JP Morgan Chase’ Banking Analysis
• Banking Institutions Improvement
• The Basel Committee Role in Banking
• China’s Banking Sector Analysis
• Greenbelt Banking Company’s Human Resource Management
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• Banking Regulation and Taxation
• UAE’s Banking Industry Analysis
• The Russian Banking Sector
• The Use of CRM in Australian Banking Industry
• Money and Banking: David S. Ashby’s Perspective
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• Big Four: Banking in China
• Market Elasticity’s in Banking Industry
• How to Keep Customers Loyal to Online Banking
• Banks, Bank Firms and Financial Intermediaries
• Market-Based Versus Bank-Based Financial Systems
• Bank Mergers and Cost of Capital
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• The Implications of Internet-Banking on Bank Profitability
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• IPScape in the Australian Banking Sector
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• Safaricom’s Mobile Banking
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• Benchmarking in the Investment and Banking Sector
• National Bank of Kuwait: Employee Appraisal Problem
• An Investigation of the Sustainable Benefits of Agency Banking in Kenya
• HSBC Bank’s Kenyan Entry Strategy
• Islamic Banking Sector Issues
• The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
• Bank of America and Silver A-Plus Card
• An Evaluation of the Economic Issues Identified in the ICB Report on Banking
• Comparison of the United States and Saudi Arabian Banking Sector
• Crisis in the Banking System of Korea
• Financial Industry Analysis on MCU Sustainable Banking
• Online Banking and Online Purchases
• Problems in Banking Regulation
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• The UK Banking Practice That Led to Financial Crisis
• Is Bonus Banking the Answer?
• Human Resource Management at the Bank Alfalah
• Bank of America: Realizing Servant Leadership
• Citibank’s E-Business Strategy and Competences
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• What Are the Types of Banking?
• What Is the Biggest Problem in Money and Banking?
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• What Are the Most Important Money and Banking Services?
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• What Are Money and Banking Used For?
• Who Invented Banking?
• What Are Basic Money and Banking Skills?
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• What Are the Categories of Money and Banking?
• What Is the Purpose of Money and Banking?
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• What Is the Connection Between Accelerating Inflation and Decreasing Effectiveness of Banking Regulation?
• What Is the Role of Money and Banking in the Economy?
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99 Banking and Finance Dissertation Topics Ideas

Table of Contents

It is one of the most diversified fields in academics across and around the world. It’s understandable considering there is so much ground to cover. Your banking dissertation topics could focus on how the monetary systems and exchange between a large number of countries are very necessary to be measured in consideration with this area.

Finance is often overlooked by people, as they do not seem to understand that it reflects the world of money, shares, credit, and investment that is rather vigorous and ever-changing. Our country would be unable to function without it. As an essential element of our economy, Finance supplies the liquidity of money or assets for any occasion, such as purchasing anything or planning for the future.

If you are looking for banking and finance dissertation topics , your search end here. Below is the list of best-selected banking and finance dissertation topics. Also, you can check our related posts for accounting & finance dissertation topics and financial accounting dissertation topics .

Best Banking and Finance Dissertation Topics ideas for college students

Banking is  the business of protecting money for others . Banks lend this money, generating interest that creates profits for the bank and its customers. A bank is a financial institution licensed to accept deposits and make loans.

Hot Banking and Finance Research Topics

Research topics in banking and finance have been collected together and presented in the form of an extensive list as below:

• Implementing blockchain applications in the field of banking and finance: a descriptive approach.
• Banking and finance post-COVID-19 pandemic: a review of the literature.
• Studying the effects of monetary policy on banking and finance: a systematic analysis.
• Islamic banking and finance: a quantitative study.
• Effects of BREXIT on banking and finance contracts: a descriptive approach.
• Financial fragility in the domain of banking and finance: a review of the literature.
• Development and governance of Islamic banking and finance in X country.
• Evaluating risk assessment in the area of banking and finance in X country.
• Islamic banking and finance in present-day financial crisis: focus on current and future issues.
• Sustainability in Islamic banking and finance: a systematic analysis.
• Correlational analysis of financial stability, bank competition, and fire sales.
• Development of a hypothetical model for internalization of banking and finance institutions.
• The role played by information technology in the field of banking and finance: a systematic review.
• Historical analysis of banking and finance in the UK: a quantitative study.
• Credit risk versus financial risk in Islamic banking and finance.
• Comparative analysis of banking and finance in UK and Asia.
• The role played by intuitive decision-making in the field of banking and finance.
• Working on mergers and acquisitions in the field of banking and finance.
• Investigating illicit cyber activity in the field of banking and finance.
• Interest-free banking and finance in the developing countries of the world.
• Importance of compensation and risk incentives in the field of banking and finance.
• Quality control in banking and finance: an exploratory study.
• How e-commerce can be applied in the field of banking and finance.
• Studying the big data and analytics as a customer loyalty tool in banking and finance: a descriptive study.
• Data mining and banking and finance: a systematic analysis.
• Studying the effects of enterprise risk management on the performance of firms in X country: focus on banking and finance sector.
• Operations of Islamic banking and finance in the West: a systematic analysis.
• Ethics in banking and finance programs: a review of the literature.
• Relationship between risk and reputational capital in the banking and finance sector.
• Highlighting the social and ethical issues in the banking and finance sector.
• The current dilemma of financial instability in the structure of the banking and finance sector.
• Comparative analysis of islands and small states within the banking and finance sector.
• Studying the operational efficiency in the banking and finance sector: a review of the literature.
• Social banking and social finance: a descriptive approach.
• Finance employment: focus on UK banks.

Banking Dissertation Topics

If you are looking What are the research topics in banking?  then you are in right place, there are some dissertation topics in banking that are presented as an example; you can take help from these topics to make your banking dissertation topics efficient and effective.

• The Impact of Fintech Startups on Traditional Banking Institutions: A Comparative Analysis
• Financial Literacy Programs: Evaluating Effectiveness in Enhancing Consumer Financial Understanding
• Cryptocurrency Adoption in Mainstream Financial Markets: Opportunities and Challenges
• Risk Management in Microfinance: A Case Study of Small-scale Lending Institutions
• The Role of Central Banks in Economic Stability: A Comparative Study
• Analysis of Credit Scoring Models: Predictive Accuracy and Implications for Lending Decisions
• Sustainable Finance: Examining the Integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Criteria in Investment Strategies
• Government Policies and Financial Inclusion: A Cross-Country Perspective
• Corporate Governance Practices in Banking: Impact on Financial Performance
• The Rise of Contactless Payments: Consumer Adoption and Security Concerns
• Behavioral Economics in Personal Finance: Understanding Decision-making Patterns
• Digital Currencies and the Future of Money: Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities
• Impact of Interest Rate Policies on Real Estate Investment: A Longitudinal Analysis
• Financial Derivatives and their Role in Hedging Strategies: A Case Study Approach
• Assessing the Effectiveness of Online Banking Security Measures in Preventing Cyber Fraud
• Asset management in banking
• Financing in banking services
• The risk involved in investment in banking sectors.
• Treasury bills and banking
• Leasing in banking sectors
• Saving bonds in banking sectors
• Investment in banking sectors and challenges
• Which bank to choose for small company accounts?
• Offshore banking
• The rise in interest rates and their effect on banks
• changes in the interest rate and its impact on investment
• Barclays Bank decision
• Risk creation and management.
• The credit quality of bank loans and investments.
• Enterprise Software Co-operative Banking Group.
• The rise of Islamic bankers during the economic crisis.
• Collapse of state bank and real estate bank.
• What are some of the forces driving the transformation of US retail banking centers?
• What is the role of micro-loans in the modern financial industry?
• What is the role of retail banks in the UK in providing financial services in rural areas?
• What is the difference between the banking systems of capitalist countries like the United States in a controlled economy like China ?
• How have online currencies like bitcoin changed the concept of fiat currencies? Does our currency still live for decades?
• Why are some micro-loans businesses and a higher percentage of payments than traditional banks?
• What are some of the most effective methods available for banks in their anti-money laundering?

Internet Banking Dissertation topics

There are some Internet banking dissertation topics that are presented as an example; you can take help from these topics to make your internet banking dissertation topics.

• Strategies to attract new customers via internet banking.
• Fraud fears in internet banking services
• Internet banking dual-factor authentication and security
• Hidden cons of internet banking services
• Let alone electronic money transfers between banks.
• Impact of internet banking on an increase in account openings
• Technology and internet banking
• Internet banking as a facility
• The risk involved in internet banking.

Islamic Banking Dissertation Topics

There are some Islamic banking dissertation topics that are presented related to Islamic banking services as an example; you can take help from these topics to make your Islamic banking dissertation topics.

• Is Islamic banking really Islamic?
• A rise in Islamic banking sectors
• How can Islamic banking grow if interest is not involved?
• Setting up an Islamic bank?
• Integrating Islamic concepts into the modern banking system
• trading through Islamic banking
• Istisna in Islamic banking
• Shariah compliance in Islamic banking

Above is the best list of banking and finance dissertation topics pick any of your choices and start writing a dissertation. Fill out the form below and get the Dissertation topic mini proposal service from our experts.

What is the Best Thing to Cover in a Banking and Finance Dissertation?

Including risk management, financial regulation and organization of banks, digital banking accounting rules & investment strategies plus the impact of state economic policies on bank.

How to Make Sure I Pick the Right Banking and Finance Dissertation Topic?

Keep yourself informed with the latest industry trends and challenges Read recent academic journals, financial conferences and reports to uncover emerging issues in banking sector.

How to Write My Dissertations in Banking and Finance What methods are effective?

Research methodologies include econometric modeling, quantitative analysis, use of case studies and comparative methods. Select a method that is best suited to your research question and data source

Where can best data sets be found for a challenge in banking and finance dissertation?

Sources: central bank reports, financial market databases-such as Bloomberg and Reuters-academic journals, government publications. It is important for ensuring credible studies that the data to used are reliable.

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• Open access
• Published: 18 June 2021

Financial technology and the future of banking

• Daniel Broby   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5482-0766 1  

Financial Innovation volume  7 , Article number:  47 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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This paper presents an analytical framework that describes the business model of banks. It draws on the classical theory of banking and the literature on digital transformation. It provides an explanation for existing trends and, by extending the theory of the banking firm, it illustrates how financial intermediation will be impacted by innovative financial technology applications. It further reviews the options that established banks will have to consider in order to mitigate the threat to their profitability. Deposit taking and lending are considered in the context of the challenge made from shadow banking and the all-digital banks. The paper contributes to an understanding of the future of banking, providing a framework for scholarly empirical investigation. In the discussion, four possible strategies are proposed for market participants, (1) customer retention, (2) customer acquisition, (3) banking as a service and (4) social media payment platforms. It is concluded that, in an increasingly digital world, trust will remain at the core of banking. That said, liquidity transformation will still have an important role to play. The nature of banking and financial services, however, will change dramatically.

Introduction

The bank of the future will have several different manifestations. This paper extends theory to explain the impact of financial technology and the Internet on the nature of banking. It provides an analytical framework for academic investigation, highlighting the trends that are shaping scholarly research into these dynamics. To do this, it re-examines the nature of financial intermediation and transactions. It explains how digital banking will be structurally, as well as physically, different from the banks described in the literature to date. It does this by extending the contribution of Klein ( 1971 ), on the theory of the banking firm. It presents suggested strategies for incumbent, and challenger banks, and how banking as a service and social media payment will reshape the competitive landscape.

The banking industry has been evolving since Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena opened its doors in 1472. Its leveraged business model has proved very scalable over time, but it is now facing new challenges. Firstly, its book to capital ratios, as documented by Berger et al ( 1995 ), have been consistently falling since 1840. This trend continues as competition has increased. In the past decade, the industry has experienced declines in profitability as measured by return on tangible equity. This is partly the result of falling leverage and fee income and partly due to the net interest margin (connected to traditional lending activity). These trends accelerated following the 2008 financial crisis. At the same time, technology has made banks more competitive. Advances in digital technology are changing the very nature of banking. Banks are now distributing services via mobile technology. A prolonged period of very low interest rates is also having an impact. To sustain their profitability, Brei et al. ( 2020 ) note that many banks have increased their emphasis on fee-generating services.

As Fama ( 1980 ) explains, a bank is an intermediary. The Internet is, however, changing the way financial service providers conduct their role. It is fundamentally changing the nature of the banking. This in turn is changing the nature of banking services, and the way those services are delivered. As a consequence, in order to compete in the changing digital landscape, banks have to adapt. The banks of the future, both incumbents and challengers, need to address liquidity transformation, data, trust, competition, and the digitalization of financial services. Against this backdrop, incumbent banks are focused on reinventing themselves. The challenger banks are, however, starting with a blank canvas. The research questions that these dynamics pose need to be investigated within the context of the theory of banking, hence the need to revise the existing analytical framework.

Banks perform payment and transfer functions for an economy. The Internet can now facilitate and even perform these functions. It is changing the way that transactions are recorded on ledgers and is facilitating both public and private digital currencies. In the past, banks operated in a world of information asymmetry between themselves and their borrowers (clients), but this is changing. This differential gave one bank an advantage over another due to its knowledge about its clients. The digital transformation that financial technology brings reduces this advantage, as this information can be digitally analyzed.

Even the nature of deposits is being transformed. Banks in the future will have to accept deposits and process transactions made in digital form, either Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) or cryptocurrencies. This presents a number of issues: (1) it changes the way financial services will be delivered, (2) it requires a discussion on resilience, security and competition in payments, (3) it provides a building block for better cross border money transfers and (4) it raises the question of private and public issuance of money. Braggion et al ( 2018 ) consider whether these represent a threat to financial stability.

The academic study of banking began with Edgeworth ( 1888 ). He postulated that it is based on probability. In this respect, the nature of the business model depends on the probability that a bank will not be called upon to meet all its liabilities at the same time. This allows banks to lend more than they have in deposits. Because of the resultant mismatch between long term assets and short-term liabilities, a bank’s capital structure is very sensitive to liquidity trade-offs. This is explained by Diamond and Rajan ( 2000 ). They explain that this makes a bank a’relationship lender’. In effect, they suggest a bank is an intermediary that has borrowed from other investors.

Diamond and Rajan ( 2000 ) argue a lender can negotiate repayment obligations and that a bank benefits from its knowledge of the customer. As shall be shown, the new generation of digital challenger banks do not have the same tradeoffs or knowledge of the customer. They operate more like a broker providing a platform for banking services. This suggests that there will be more than one type of bank in the future and several different payment protocols. It also suggests that banks will have to data mine customer information to improve their understanding of a client’s financial needs.

The key focus of Diamond and Rajan ( 2000 ), however, was to position a traditional bank is an intermediary. Gurley and Shaw ( 1956 ) describe how the customer relationship means a bank can borrow funds by way of deposits (liabilities) and subsequently use them to lend or invest (assets). In facilitating this mediation, they provide a service whereby they store money and provide a mechanism to transmit money. With improvements in financial technology, however, money can be stored digitally, lenders and investors can source funds directly over the internet, and money transfer can be done digitally.

A review of financial technology and banking literature is provided by Thakor ( 2020 ). He highlights that financial service companies are now being provided by non-deposit taking contenders. This paper addresses one of the four research questions raised by his review, namely how theories of financial intermediation can be modified to accommodate banks, shadow banks, and non-intermediated solutions.

To be a bank, an entity must be authorized to accept retail deposits. A challenger bank is, therefore, still a bank in the traditional sense. It does not, however, have the costs of a branch network. A peer-to-peer lender, meanwhile, does not have a deposit base and therefore acts more like a broker. This leads to the issue that this paper addresses, namely how the banks of the future will conduct their intermediation.

In order to understand what the bank of the future will look like, it is necessary to understand the nature of the aforementioned intermediation, and the way it is changing. In this respect, there are two key types of intermediation. These are (1) quantitative asset transformation and, (2) brokerage. The latter is a common model adopted by challenger banks. Figure  1 depicts how these two types of financial intermediation match savers with borrowers. To avoid nuanced distinction between these two types of intermediation, it is common to classify banks by the services they perform. These can be grouped as either private, investment, or commercial banking. The service sub-groupings include payments, settlements, fund management, trading, treasury management, brokerage, and other agency services.

How banks act as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. This function call also be conducted by intermediaries as brokers, for example by shadow banks. Disintermediation occurs over the internet where peer-to-peer lenders match savers to lenders

Financial technology has the ability to disintermediate the banking sector. The competitive pressures this results in will shape the banks of the future. The channels that will facilitate this are shown in Fig.  2 , namely the Internet and/or mobile devices. Challengers can participate in this by, (1) directly matching borrows with savers over the Internet and, (2) distributing white labels products. The later enables banking as a service and avoids the aforementioned liquidity mismatch.

The strategic options banks have to match lenders with borrowers. The traditional and challenger banks are in the same space, competing for business. The distributed banks use the traditional and challenger banks to white label banking services. These banks compete with payment platforms on social media. The Internet heralds an era of banking as a service

There are also physical changes that are being made in the delivery of services. Bricks and mortar branches are in decline. Mobile banking, or m-banking as Liu et al ( 2020 ) describe it, is an increasingly important distribution channel. Robotics are increasingly being used to automate customer interaction. As explained by Vishnu et al ( 2017 ), these improve efficiency and the quality of execution. They allow for increased oversight and can be built on legacy systems as well as from a blank canvas. Application programming interfaces (APIs) are bringing the same type of functionality to m-banking. They can be used to authorize third party use of banking data. How banks evolve over time is important because, according to the OECD, the activity in the financial sector represents between 20 and 30 percent of developed countries Gross Domestic Product.

In summary, financial technology has evolved to a level where online banks and banking as a service are challenging incumbents and the nature of banking mediation. Banking is rapidly transforming because of changes in such technology. At the same time, the solving of the double spending problem, whereby digital money can be cryptographically protected, has led to the possibility that paper money will become redundant at some point in the future. A theoretical framework is required to understand this evolving landscape. This is discussed next.

The theory of the banking firm: a revision

In financial theory, as eloquently explained by Fama ( 1980 ), banking provides an accounting system for transactions and a portfolio system for the storage of assets. That will not change for the banks of the future. Fama ( 1980 ) explains that their activities, in an unregulated state, fulfil the Modigliani–Miller ( 1959 ) theorem of the irrelevance of the financing decision. In practice, traditional banks compete for deposits through the interest rate they offer. This makes the transactional element dependent on the resulting debits and credits that they process, essentially making banks into bookkeeping entities fulfilling the intermediation function. Since this is done in response to competitive forces, the general equilibrium is a passive one. As such, the banking business model is vulnerable to disruption, particularly by innovation in financial technology.

A bank is an idiosyncratic corporate entity due to its ability to generate credit by leveraging its balance sheet. That balance sheet has assets on one side and liabilities on the other, like any corporate entity. The assets consist of cash, lending, financial and fixed assets. On the other side of the balance sheet are its liabilities, deposits, and debt. In this respect, a bank’s equity and its liabilities are its source of funds, and its assets are its use of funds. This is explained by Klein ( 1971 ), who notes that a bank’s equity W , borrowed funds and its deposits B is equal to its total funds F . This is the same for incumbents and challengers. This can be depicted algebraically if we let incumbents be represented by Φ and challengers represented by Γ:

Klein ( 1971 ) further explains that a bank’s equity is therefore made up of its share capital and unimpaired reserves. The latter are held by a bank to protect the bank’s deposit clients. This part is also mandated by regulation, so as to protect customers and indeed the entire banking system from systemic failure. These protective measures include other prudential requirements to hold cash reserves or other liquid assets. As shall be shown, banking services can be performed over the Internet without these protections. Banking as a service, as this phenomenon known, is expected to increase in the future. This will change the nature of the protection available to clients. It will change the way banks transform assets, explained next.

A bank’s deposits are said to be a function of the proportion of total funds obtained through the issuance of the ith deposit type and its total funds F , represented by α i . Where deposits, represented by Bs , are made in the form of Bs (i  =  1 *s n) , they generate a rate of interest. It follows that Si Bs  =  B . As such,

Therefor it can be said that,

The importance of Eq. 3 is that the balance sheet can be leveraged by the issuance of loans. It should be noted, however, that not all loans are returned to the bank in whole or part. Non-performing loans reduce the asset side of a bank’s balance sheet and act as a constraint on capital, and therefore new lending. Clearly, this is not the case with banking as a service. In that model, loans are brokered. That said, with the traditional model, an advantage of financial technology is that it facilitates the data mining of clients’ accounts. Lending can therefore be more targeted to borrowers that are more likely to repay, thereby reducing non-performing loans. Pari passu, the incumbent bank of the future will therefore have a higher risk-adjusted return on capital. In practice, however, banking as a service will bring greater competition from challengers and possible further erosion of margins. Alternatively, some banks will proactively engage in partnerships and acquisitions to maintain their customer base and address the competition.

A bank must have reserves to meet the demand of customers demanding their deposits back. The amount of these reserves is a key function of banking regulation. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision mandates a requirement to hold various tiers of capital, so that banks have sufficient reserves to protect depositors. The Committee also imposes a framework for mitigating excessive liquidity risk and maturity transformation, through a set Liquidity Coverage Ratio and Net Stable Funding Ratio.

Recent revisions of theory, because of financial technology advances, have altered our understanding of banking intermediation. This will impact the competitive landscape and therefor shape the nature of the bank of the future. In this respect, the threat to incumbent banks comes from peer-to-peer Internet lending platforms. These perform the brokerage function of financial intermediation without the use of the aforementioned banking balance sheet. Unlike regulated deposit takers, such lending platforms do not create assets and do not perform risk and asset transformation. That said, they are reliant on investors who do not always behave in a counter cyclical way.

Financial technology in banking is not new. It has been used to facilitate electronic markets since the 1980’s. Thakor ( 2020 ) refers to three waves of application of financial innovation in banking. The advent of institutional futures markets and the changing nature of financial contracts fundamentally changed the role of banks. In response to this, academics extended the concept of a bank into an entity that either fulfills the aforementioned functions of a broker or a qualitative asset transformer. In this respect, they connect the providers and users of capital without changing the nature of the transformation of the various claims to that capital. This transformation can be in the form risk transfer or the application of leverage. The nature of trading of financial assets, however, is changing. Price discovery can now be done over the Internet and that is moving liquidity from central marketplaces (like the stock exchange) to decentralized ones.

Alongside these trends, in considering what the bank of the future will look like, it is necessary to understand the unregulated lending market that competes with traditional banks. In this part of the lending market, there has been a rise in shadow banks. The literature on these entities is covered by Adrian and Ashcraft ( 2016 ). Shadow banks have taken substantial market share from the traditional banks. They fulfil the brokerage function of banks, but regulators have only partial oversight of their risk transformation or leverage. The rise of shadow banks has been facilitated by financial technology and the originate to distribute model documented by Bord and Santos ( 2012 ). They use alternative trading systems that function as electronic communication networks. These facilitate dark pools of liquidity whereby buyers and sellers of bonds and securities trade off-exchange. Since the credit crisis of 2008, total broker dealer assets have diverged from banking assets. This illustrates the changed lending environment.

In the disintermediated market, banking as a service providers must rely on their equity and what access to funding they can attract from their online network. Without this they are unable to drive lending growth. To explain this, let I represent the online network. Extending Klein ( 1971 ), further let Ψ represent banking as a service and their total funds by F . This state is depicted as,

Theoretically, it can be shown that,

Shadow banks, and those disintermediators who bypass the banking system, have an advantage in a world where technology is ubiquitous. This becomes more apparent when costs are considered. Buchak et al. ( 2018 ) point out that shadow banks finance their originations almost entirely through securitization and what they term the originate to distribute business model. Diversifying risk in this way is good for individual banks, as banking risks can be transferred away from traditional banking balance sheets to institutional balance sheets. That said, the rise of securitization has introduced systemic risk into the banking sector.

Thus, we can see that the nature of banking capital is changing and at the same time technology is replacing labor. Let A denote the number of transactions per account at a period in time, and C denote the total cost per account per time period of providing the services of the payment mechanism. Klein ( 1971 ) points out that, if capital and labor are assumed to be part of the traditional banking model, it can be observed that,

It can therefore be observed that the total service charge per account at a period in time, represented by S, has a linear and proportional relationship to bank account activity. This is another variable that financial technology can impact. According to Klein ( 1971 ) this can be summed up in the following way,

where d is the basic bank decision variable, the service charge per transaction. Once again, in an automated and digital environment, financial technology greatly reduces d for the challenger banks. Swankie and Broby ( 2019 ) examine the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the evaluation of banking risk and conclude that it improves such variables.

Meanwhile, the traditional banking model can be expressed as a product of the number of accounts, M , and the average size of an account, N . This suggests a banks implicit yield is it rate of interest on deposits adjusted by its operating loss in each time period. This yield is generated by payment and loan services. Let R 1 depict this. These can be expressed as a fraction of total demand deposits. This is depicted by Klein ( 1971 ), if one assumes activity per account is constant, as,

As a result, whether a bank is structured with traditional labor overheads or built digitally, is extremely relevant to its profitability. The capital and labor of tradition banks, depicted as Φ i , is greater than online networks, depicted as I i . As such, the later have an advantage. This can be shown as,

What Klein (1972) failed to highlight is that the banking inherently involves leverage. Diamond and Dybving (1983) show that leverage makes bank susceptible to run on their liquidity. The literature divides these between adverse shock events, as explained by Bernanke et al ( 1996 ) or moral hazard events as explained by Demirgu¨¸c-Kunt and Detragiache ( 2002 ). This leverage builds on the balance sheet mismatch of short-term assets with long term liabilities. As such, capital and liquidity are intrinsically linked to viability and solvency.

The way capital and liquidity are managed is through credit and default management. This is done at a bank level and a supervisory level. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision applies capital and leverage ratios, and central banks manage interest rates and other counter-cyclical measures. The various iterations of the prudential regulation of banks have moved the microeconomic theory of banking from the modeling of risk to the modeling of imperfect information. As mentioned, shadow and disintermediated services do not fall under this form or prudential regulation.

The relationship between leverage and insolvency risk crucially depends on the degree of banks total funds F and their liability structure L . In this respect, the liability structure of traditional banks is also greater than online networks which do not have the same level of available funds, depicted as,

Diamond and Dybvig ( 1983 ) observe that this liability structure is intimately tied to a traditional bank’s assets. In this respect, a bank’s ability to finance its lending at low cost and its ability to achieve repayment are key to its avoidance of insolvency. Online networks and/or brokers do not have to finance their lending, simply source it. Similarly, as brokers they do not face capital loss in the event of a default. This disintermediates the bank through the use of a peer-to-peer environment. These lenders and borrowers are introduced in digital way over the internet. Regulators have taken notice and the digital broker advantage might not last forever. As a result, the future may well see greater cooperation between these competing parties. This also because banks have valuable operational experience compared to new entrants.

It should also be observed that bank lending is either secured or unsecured. Interest on an unsecured loan is typically higher than the interest on a secured loan. In this respect, incumbent banks have an advantage as their closeness to the customer allows them to better understand the security of the assets. Berger et al ( 2005 ) further differentiate lending into transaction lending, relationship lending and credit scoring.

The evolution of the business model in a digital world

As has been demonstrated, the bank of the future in its various manifestations will be a consequence of the evolution of the current banking business model. There has been considerable scholarly investigation into the uniqueness of this business model, but less so on its changing nature. Song and Thakor ( 2010 ) are helpful in this respect and suggest that there are three aspects to this evolution, namely competition, complementary and co-evolution. Although liquidity transformation is evolving, it remains central to a bank’s role.

All the dynamics mentioned are relevant to the economy. There is considerable evidence, as outlined by Levine ( 2001 ), that market liberalization has a causal impact on economic growth. The impact of technology on productivity should prove positive and enhance the functioning of the domestic financial system. Indeed, market liberalization has already reshaped banking by increasing competition. New fee based ancillary financial services have become widespread, as has the proprietorial use of balance sheets. Risk has been securitized and even packaged into trade-able products.

Challenger banks are developing in a complementary way with the incumbents. The latter have an advantage over new entrants because they have information on their customers. The liquidity insurance model, proposed by Diamond and Dybvig ( 1983 ), explains how such banks have informational advantages over exchange markets. That said, financial technology changes these dynamics. It if facilitating the processing of financial data by third parties, explained in greater detail in the section on Open Banking.

At the same time, financial technology is facilitating banking as a service. This is where financial services are delivered by a broker over the Internet without resort to the balance sheet. This includes roboadvisory asset management, peer to peer lending, and crowd funding. Its growth will be facilitated by Open Banking as it becomes more geographically adopted. Figure  3 illustrates how these business models are disintermediating the traditional banking role and matching burrowers and savers.

The traditional view of banks ecosystem between savers and borrowers, atop the Internet which is matching savers and borrowers directly in a peer-to-peer way. The Klein ( 1971 ) theory of the banking firm does not incorporate the mirrored dynamics, and as such needs to be extended to reflect the digital innovation that impacts both borrowers and severs in a peer-to-peer environment

Meanwhile, the banking sector is co-evolving alongside a shadow banking phenomenon. Lenders and borrowers are interacting, but outside of the banking sector. This is a concern for central banks and banking regulators, as the lending is taking place in an unregulated environment. Shadow banking has grown because of financial technology, market liberalization and excess liquidity in the asset management ecosystem. Pozsar and Singh ( 2011 ) detail the non-bank/bank intersection of shadow banking. They point out that shadow banking results in reverse maturity transformation. Incumbent banks have blurred the distinction between their use of traditional (M2) liabilities and market-based shadow banking (non-M2) liabilities. This impacts the inter-generational transfers that enable a bank to achieve interest rate smoothing.

Securitization has transformed the risk in the banking sector, transferring it to asset management institutions. These include structured investment vehicles, securities lenders, asset backed commercial paper investors, credit focused hedge and money market funds. This in turn has led to greater systemic risk, the result of the nature of the non-traded liabilities of securitized pooling arrangements. This increased risk manifested itself in the 2008 credit crisis.

Commercial pressures are also shaping the banking industry. The drive for cost efficiency has made incumbent banks address their personally costs. Bank branches have been closed as technology has evolved. Branches make it easier to withdraw or transfer deposits and challenger banks are not as easily able to attract new deposits. The banking sector is therefore looking for new point of customer contact, such as supermarkets, post offices and social media platforms. These structural issues are occurring at the same time as the retail high street is also evolving. Banks have had an aggressive roll out of automated telling machines and a reduction in branches and headcount. Online digital transactions have now become the norm in most developed countries.

The financing of banks is also evolving. Traditional banks have tended to fund illiquid assets with short term and unstable liquid liabilities. This is one of the key contributors to the rise to the credit crisis of 2008. The provision of liquidity as a last resort is central to the asset transformation process. In this respect, the banking sector experienced a shock in 2008 in what is termed the credit crisis. The aforementioned liquidity mismatch resulted in the system not being able to absorb all the risks associated with subprime lending. Central banks had to resort to quantitative easing as a result of the failure of overnight funding mechanisms. The image of the entire banking sector was tarnished, and the banks of the future will have to address this.

The future must learn from the mistakes of the past. The structural weakness of the banking business model cannot be solved. That said, the latest Basel rules introduce further risk mitigation, improved leverage ratios and increased levels of capital reserve. Another lesson of the credit crisis was that there should be greater emphasis on risk culture, governance, and oversight. The independence and performance of the board, the experience and the skill set of senior management are now a greater focus of regulators. Internal controls and data analysis are increasingly more robust and efficient, with a greater focus on a banks stable funding ratio.

Meanwhile, the very nature of money is changing. A digital wallet for crypto-currencies fulfills much the same storage and transmission functions of a bank; and crypto-currencies are increasing being used for payment. Meanwhile, in Sweden, stores have the right to refuse cash and the majority of transactions are card based. This move to credit and debit cards, and the solving of the double spending problem, whereby digital money can be crypto-graphically protected, has led to the possibility that paper money could be replaced at some point in the future. Whether this might be by replacement by a CBDC, or decentralized digital offering, is of secondary importance to the requirement of banks to adapt. Whether accommodating crytpo-currencies or CBDC’s, Kou et al. ( 2021 ) recommend that banks keep focused on alternative payment and money transferring technologies.

Central banks also have to adapt. To limit disintermediation, they have to ensure that the economic design of their sponsored digital currencies focus on access for banks, interest payment relative to bank policy rate, banking holding limits and convertibility with bank deposits. All these developments have implications for banks, particularly in respect of funding, the secure storage of deposits and how digital currency interacts with traditional fiat money.

Open banking

Against the backdrop of all these trends and changes, a new dynamic is shaping the future of the banking sector. This is termed Open Banking, already briefly mentioned. This new way of handling banking data protocols introduces a secure way to give financial service companies consensual access to a bank’s customer financial information. Figure  4 illustrates how this works. Although a fairly simple concept, the implications are important for the banking industry. Essentially, a bank customer gives a regulated API permission to securely access his/her banking website. That is then used by a banking as a service entity to make direct payments and/or download financial data in order to provide a solution. It heralds an era of customer centric banking.

How Open Banking operates. The customer generates data by using his bank account. A third party provider is authorized to access that data through an API request. The bank confirms digitally that the customer has authorized the exchange of data and then fulfills the request

Open Banking was a response to the documented inertia around individual’s willingness to change bank accounts. Following the Retail Banking Review in the UK, this was addressed by lawmakers through the European Union’s Payment Services Directive II. The legislation was designed to make it easier to change banks by allowing customers to delegate authority to transfer their financial data to other parties. As a result of this, a whole host of data centric applications were conceived. Open banking adds further momentum to reshaping the future of banking.

Open Banking has a number of quite revolutionary implications. It was started so customers could change banks easily, but it resulted in some secondary considerations which are going to change the future of banking itself. It gives a clear view of bank financing. It allows aggregation of finances in one place. It also allows can give access to attractive offerings by allowing price comparisons. Open Banking API’s build a secure online financial marketplace based on data. They also allow access to a larger market in a faster way but the third-party providers for the new entrants. Open Banking allows developers to build single solutions on an API addressing very specific problems, like for example, a cash flow based credit rating.

Romānova et al. ( 2018 ) undertook a questionnaire on the Payment Services Directive II. The results suggest that Open Banking will promote competitiveness, innovation, and new product development. The initiative is associated with low costs and customer satisfaction, but that some concerns about security, privacy and risk are present. These can be mitigated, to some extent, by secure protocols and layered permission access.

Discussion: strategic options

Faced with these disruptive trends, there are four strategic options for market participants to con- sider. There are (1) a defensive customer retention strategy for incumbents, (2) an aggressive customer acquisition strategy for challenger banks (3) a banking as a service strategy for new entrants, and (4) a payments strategy for social media platforms.

Each of these strategies has to be conducted in a competitive marketplace for money demand by potential customers. Figure  5 illustrates where the first three strategies lie on the tradeoff between money demand and interest rates. The payment strategy can’t be modeled based on the supply of money. In the figure, the market settles at a rate L 2 . The incumbent banks have the capacity to meet the largest supply of these loans. The challenger banks have a constrained function but due to a lower cost base can gain excess rent through higher rates of interest. The peer-to-peer bank as a service brokers must settle for the market rate and a constrained supply offering.

The money demand M by lenders on the y axis. Interest rates on the y axis are labeled as r I and r II . The challenger banks are represented by the line labeled Γ. They have a price and technology advantage and so can lend at higher interest rates. The brokers are represented by the line labeled Ω. They are price takers, accepting the interest rate determined by the market. The same is true for the incumbents, represented by the line labeled Φ but they have a greater market share due to their customer relationships. Note that payments strategy for social media platforms is not shown on this figure as it is not affected by interest rates

Figure  5 illustrates that having a niche strategy is not counterproductive. Liu et al ( 2020 ) found that banks performing niche activities exhibit higher profitability and have lower risk. The syndication market now means that a bank making a loan does not have to be the entity that services it. This means banks in the future can better shape their risk profile and manage their lending books accordingly.

An interesting question for central banks is what the future Deposit Supply function will look like. If all three forms: open banking, traditional banking and challenger banks develop together, will the bank of the future have the same Deposit Supply function? The Klein ( 1971 ) general formulation assumes that deposits are increasing functions of implicit and explicit yields. As such, the very nature of central bank directed monetary policy may have to be revisited, as alluded to in the earlier discussion on digital money.

The client retention strategy (incumbents)

The competitive pressures suggest that incumbent banks need to focus on customer retention. Reichheld and Kenny ( 1990 ) found that the best way to do this was to focus on the retention of branch deposit customers. Obviously, another way is to provide a unique digital experience that matches the challengers.

Incumbent banks have a competitive advantage based on the information they have about their customers. Allen ( 1990 ) argues that where risk aversion is observable, information markets are viable. In other words, both bank and customer benefit from this. The strategic issue for them, therefore, becomes the retention of these customers when faced with greater competition.

Open Banking changes the dynamics of the banking information advantage. Borgogno and Colangelo ( 2020 ) suggest that the access to account (XS2A) rule that it introduced will increase competition and reduce information asymmetry. XS2A requires banks to grant access to bank account data to authorized third payment service providers.

The incumbent banks have a high-cost base and legacy IT systems. This makes it harder for them to migrate to a digital world. There are, however, also benefits from financial technology for the incumbents. These include reduced cost and greater efficiency. Financial technology can also now support platforms that allow incumbent banks to sell NPL’s. These platforms do not require the ownership of assets, they act as consolidators. The use of technology to monitor the transactions make the processing cost efficient. The unique selling point of such platforms is their centralized point of contact which results in a reduction in information asymmetry.

Incumbent banks must adapt a number of areas they got to adapt in terms of their liquidity transformation. They have to adapt the way they handle data. They must get customers to trust them in a digital world and the way that they trust them in a bricks and mortar world. It is no coincidence. When you go into a bank branch that is a great big solid building great big facade and so forth that is done deliberately so that you trust that bank with your deposit.

The risk of having rising non-performing loans needs to be managed, so customer retention should be selective. One of the puzzles in banking is why customers are regularly denied credit, rather than simply being charged a higher price for it. This credit rationing is often alleviated by collateral, but finance theory suggests value is based on the discounted sum of future cash flows. As such, it is conceivable that the bank of the future will use financial technology to provide innovative credit allocation solutions. That said, the dual risks of moral hazard and information asymmetries from the adoption of such solutions must be addressed.

Customer retention is especially important as bank competition is intensifying, as is the digitalization of financial services. Customer retention requires innovation, and that innovation has been moving at a very fast rate. Until now, banks have traditionally been hesitant about technology. More recently, mergers and acquisitions have increased quite substantially, initiated by a need to address actual or perceived weaknesses in financial technology.

The client acquisition strategy (challengers)

As intermediaries, the challenger banks are the same as incumbent banks, but designed from the outset to be digital. This gives them a cost and efficiency advantage. Anagnostopoulos ( 2018 ) suggests that the difference between challenger and traditional banks is that the former address its customers problems more directly. The challenge for such banks is customer acquisition.

Open Banking is a major advantage to challenger banks as it facilitates the changing of accounts. There is widespread dissatisfaction with many incumbent banks. Open Banking makes it easier to change accounts and also easier to get a transaction history on the client.

Customer acquisition can be improved by building trust in a brand. Historically, a bank was physically built in a very robust manner, hence the heavy architecture and grand banking halls. This was done deliberately to engender a sense of confidence in the deposit taking institution. Pure internet banks are not able to do this. As such, they must employ different strategies to convey stability. To do this, some communicate their sustainability credentials, whilst others use generational values-based advertising. Customer acquisition in a banking context is traditionally done by offering more attractive rates of interest. This is illustrated in Fig.  5 by the intersect of traditional banks with the market rate of interest, depicted where the line Γ crosses L 2 . As a result of the relationship with banking yield, teaser rates and introductory rates are common. A customer acquisition strategy has risks, as consumers with good credit can game different challenger banks by frequently changing accounts.

Most customer acquisition, however, is done based on superior service offering. The functionality of challenger banking accounts is often superior to incumbents, largely because the latter are built on legacy databases that have inter-operability issues. Having an open platform of services is a popular customer acquisition technique. The unrestricted provision of third-party products is viewed more favorably than a restricted range of products.

The banking as a service strategy (new entrants)

Banking from a customer’s perspective is the provision of a service. Customers don’t care about the maturity transformation of banking balance sheets. Banking as a service can be performed without recourse to these balance sheets. Banking products are brokered, mostly by new entrants, to individuals as services that can be subscribed to or paid on a fee basis.

There are a number banking as a service solutions including pre-paid and credit cards, lending and leasing. The banking as a service brokers are effectively those that are aggregating services from others using open banking to enable banking as a service.

The rise of banking as a service needs to be understood as these compete directly with traditional banks. As explained, some of these do this through peer-to-peer lending over the internet, others by matching borrows and sellers, conducting mediation as a loan broker. Such entities do not transform assets and do not have banking licenses. They do not have a branch network and often don not have access to deposits. This means that they have no insurance protection and can be subject to interest rate controls.

The new genre of financial technology, banking as a service provider, conduct financial services transformation without access to central bank liquidity. In a distributed digital asset world, the assets are stored on a distributed ledger rather than a traditional banking ledger. Financial technology has automated credit evaluation, savings, investments, insurance, trading, banking payments and risk management. These banking as a service offering are only as secure as the technology on which they are built.

The social media payment strategy (disintermediators and disruptors)

An intermediation bank is a conceptual idea, one created solely on a social networking site. Social media has developed a market for online goods and services. Williams ( 2018 ) estimates that there are 2.46 billion social media users. These all make and receive payments of some kind. They demand security and functionality. Importantly, they have often more clients than most banks. As such, a strategy to monetize the payments infrastructure makes sense.

All social media platforms are rich repositories of data. Such platforms are used to buy and sell things and that requires payments. Some platforms are considering evolving their own digital payment, cutting out the banks as middlemen. These include Facebook’s Diem (formerly Libra), a digital currency, and similar developments at some of the biggest technology companies. The risk with social media payment platform is that there is systemic counter-party protection. Regulators need to address this. One way to do this would be to extend payment service insurance to such platforms.

Social media as a platform moves the payment relationship from a transaction to a customer experience. The ability to use consumer desires in combination with financial data has the potential to deliver a number of new revenue opportunities. These will compete directly with the banks of the future. This will have implications for (1) the money supply, (2) the market share of traditional banks and, (3) the services that payment providers offer.

Further research

Several recommendations for research derive from both the impact of disintermediation and the four proposed strategies that will shape banking in the future. The recommendations and suggestions are based on the mentioned papers and the conclusions drawn from them.

As discussed, the nature of intermediation is changing, and this has implications for the pricing of risk. The role of interest rates in banking will have to be further reviewed. In a decentralized world based on crypto currencies the central banks do not have the same control over the money supply, This suggest the quantity theory of money and the liquidity preference theory need to be revisited. As explained, the Internet reduces much of the friction costs of intermediation. Researchers should ask how this will impact maturity transformation. It is also fair to ask whether at some point in the future there will just be one big bank. This question has already been addressed in the literature but the Internet facilities the possibility. Diamond ( 1984 ) and Ramakrishnan and Thakor ( 1984 ) suggested the answer was due to diversification and its impact on reducing monitoring costs.

Attention should be given by academics to the changing nature of banking risk. How should regulators, for example, address the moral hazard posed by challenger banks with weak balance sheets? What about deposit insurance? Should it be priced to include unregulated entities? Also, what criteria do borrowers use to choose non-banking intermediaries? The changing risk environment also poses two interesting practical questions. What will an online bank run look like, and how can it be averted? How can you establish trust in digital services?

There are also research questions related to the nature of competition. What, for example, will be the nature of cross border competition in a decentralized world? Is the credit rationing that generates competition a static or dynamic phenomena online? What is the value of combining consumer utility with banking services?

Financial intermediaries, like banks, thrive in a world of deficits and surpluses supported by information asymmetries and disconnectedness. The connectivity of the internet changes this dynamic. In this respect, the view of Schumpeter ( 1911 ) on the role of financial intermediaries needs revisiting. Lenders and borrows can be connected peer to peer via the internet.

All the dynamics mentioned change the nature of moral hazard. This needs further investigation. There has been much scholarly research on the intrinsic riskiness of the mismatch between banking assets and liabilities. This mismatch not only results in potential insolvency for a single bank but potentially for the whole system. There has, for example, been much debate on the whether a bank can be too big to fail. As a result of the riskiness of the banking model, the banks of the future will be just a liable to fail as the banks of the past.

This paper presented a revision of the theory of banking in a digital world. In this respect, it built on the work of Klein ( 1971 ). It provided an overview of the changing nature of banking intermediation, a result of the Internet and new digital business models. It presented the traditional academic view of banking and how it is evolving. It showed how this is adapted to explain digital driven disintermediation.

It was shown that the banking industry is facing several documented challenges. Risk is being taken of balance sheet, securitized, and brokered. Financial technology is digitalizing service delivery. At the same time, the very nature of intermediation is being changed due to digital currency. It is argued that the bank of the future not only has to face these competitive issues, but that technology will enhance the delivery of banking services and reduce the cost of their delivery.

The paper further presented the importance of the Open Banking revolution and how that facilitates banking as a service. Open Banking is increasing client churn and driving banking as a service. That in turn is changing the way products are delivered.

Four strategies were proposed to navigate the evolving competitive landscape. These are for incumbents to address customer retention; for challengers to peruse a low-cost digital experience; for niche players to provide banking as a service; and for social media platforms to develop payment platforms. In all these scenarios, the banks of the future will have to have digital strategies for both payments and service delivery.

It was shown that both incumbents and challengers are dependent on capital availability and borrowers credit concerns. Nothing has changed in that respect. The risks remain credit and default risk. What is clear, however, is the bank has become intrinsically linked with technology. The Internet is changing the nature of mediation. It is allowing peer to peer matching of borrowers and savers. It is facilitating new payment protocols and digital currencies. Banks need to evolve and adapt to accommodate these. Most of these questions are empirical in nature. The aim of this paper, however, was to demonstrate that an understanding of the banking model is a prerequisite to understanding how to address these and how to develop hypotheses connected with them.

In conclusion, financial technology is changing the future of banking and the way banks intermediate. It is facilitating digital money and the online transmission of financial assets. It is making banks more customer enteric and more competitive. Scholarly investigation into banking has to adapt. That said, whatever the future, trust will remain at the core of banking. Similarly, deposits and lending will continue to attract regulatory oversight.

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Broby, D. Financial technology and the future of banking. Financ Innov 7 , 47 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00264-y

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