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113 Great Research Paper Topics

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One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
Should graduate students be able to form unions?

What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
How does stress affect the body?
Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
What were the causes of the Civil War?
How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
What caused Hitler's rise to power?
Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
What are the pros and cons of fracking?
What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
How are black holes created?
Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
Has social media made people more or less connected?
What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

What's Next?

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Top 300+ Ideas For Research Paper Topics in 2024

Updated 20 Aug 2024

Some say the most difficult part of writing a text – is to start. But topic selection even precedes this starting point. This activity takes off a lot of time, and sometimes, imagination just doesn’t work in your favor. That’s where our list of best research paper topics will be useful.

Our research paper writing service collected the most unhacked and powerful ideas to turn the average piece of writing into a research paper. Discover what is a research paper and how to choose suitable and interesting research topics with our help.

Writing a research topic on your own requires either producing one from scratch (based on your interests and goals and potentially, on some brainstorming) or getting inspiration from a number of sources, like preassembled topic lists, course material, teachers, real life, news headlines, published research in the respective field, etc.

What are the 3 Types of Research Questions?

Before formulating your research questions ideas, note that there are 3 important types of research questions:

Descriptive – these employ careful and comprehensive observation of a phenomenon/ event, subject, trait, etc. in order to characterize it in detail and to reveal important/ interesting/ undescribed aspects or patterns potentially.
Causal – these investigate whether altering some variables leads to changes in other variables, suggesting a causal relationship.
Comparative – these look into similarities and differences between two or more entities

What is a Good Research Paper Topic?

Features that tend to characterize good research questions are as follows:

specific and concrete – investigation goals and (expected results) have to be clear and focused
original – investigating aspects/ entities/ relationships that have not been researched before
highly important/ impactful for community/ society/ a professional field.
highly relevant for potential readers/ reviewers
trending – emerging disciplines/ topics spark more interest due to their novelty and yet unexplored potential

College Research Paper Topics

The bias in the selection of the college internships and scholarships
The problems of reverse discrimination in post-college employment
Should multicultural education concepts be implemented at a greater depth?
The drug and alcohol abuse on college campuses
Does social media help students to find appropriate information and learn?
The psychological disorders and the support groups in modern colleges
Should people with ADHD and Autism be separated from the other students?
The art of college political campaigns
Pros and cons of religious colleges
Should college athletes be paid and provided with additional advantages?
The Influence of Social Media on College Students' Academic Performance and Well-being
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Online Learning Platforms in Higher Education
The Role of College Education in Fostering Entrepreneurial Skills
The Impact of Student Loan Debt on Career Choices Among Graduates
Analyzing the Shift in College Admissions Criteria in the Post-COVID Era

Health Research Paper Topics

The challenges of deafness and communication difficulties among special needs students
The concept of global health security
The ways to decrease household air pollution
How the information about infectious diseases is distributed online
Should people be allowed to know more about climate change issues?
The privacy factor and the personal health issues
The role of fitness ads in exercising practices
The healthy food standards are not always unbiased
The role of social media in the medical care system
The psychological aspect in the perception of allergies
The Long-term Effects of COVID-19 on Respiratory Health
Mental Health Outcomes of Prolonged Social Media Use Among Adolescents
The Efficacy of Plant-based Diets in Preventing Chronic Diseases
The Role of Telemedicine in Improving Accessibility to Healthcare
Analyzing the Impact of Sleep Quality on Daily Cognitive Functioning

Research Paper Topics on Medicine

Is life-sustaining therapy needed when it’s futile?
The role of placebo treatment
How to avoid animal testing?
Pros and contras of medical marijuana
Is being a vegetarian useful for child’s health?
How obesity affects our health?
Vaccines for kids: their usefulness or damage
Should prescription drugs be advertised directly to consumers?
Do doctors turn their patients into drug addicts?
Advancements in Gene Editing: Ethical Implications and Future Prospects
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Medicine
Personalized Medicine: Tailoring Drug Therapies to Genetic Profiles
The Impact of Microbiome Diversity on Human Health
Stem Cell Therapy: Current Applications and Ethical Considerations
The Challenges and Successes of Vaccine Development in the 21st Century

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Education Research Paper Topics

How can standardized tests improve education?
Does college graduates make more money?
Should education be cheaper?
How will modern technologies change the way of teaching in the future?
The creation of particular learning methods for blind children
Social networking and school
Metal detectors at schools
The effects of contemporary teaching methods
The role of technology in lesson planning
How to manage bullies and take actions against bullying at education institutions?
The Effects of Bilingual Education on Cognitive Development in Children
Evaluating the Long-term Impact of Early Childhood Education Programs
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Special Education
Standardized Testing: Measuring Intelligence or Memorization?
The Influence of Teacher-Student Relationships on Academic Achievement

Read also: 150+ Best Sociology Research Topics

Environmental Research Paper Topics

How to reduce global warming?
How to stop wasting paper and save trees?
Can overpopulation be managed?
Should more films about environmental issues be produced?
Human impacts on forests
Underground effects of earthquakes
How to elaborate the optimal adaptation of buildings threatened by hurricanes?
Is it possible to predict hurricane impacts?
Is nuclear power safe for humans?
How dangerous is GMO food?
Assessing the Impact of Urban Sprawl on Local Ecosystems
The Effectiveness of Plastic Ban Policies on Ocean Health
Carbon Capture Technology: Viability and Potential in Mitigating Climate Change
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Biodiversity Conservation
Analyzing the Environmental Consequences of Fast Fashion

Research Topics on Entertainment and Sport

Are social networks good for our society?
Do violent video games make kids angry and cruel?
Is it necessary to forbid using animals for entertainment?
Do beauty contests set the non-achievable beauty standards?
Are newspapers going to be replaced by online sources of information?
How gaming consoles influence the youth?
Should women be allowed to compete against men?
What television programs should be banned?
How tv shows impose fake moral standards?
Can the use of social media, such as Facebook, lower teens’ self-esteem?
The Psychological Impact of Competitive Sports on Young Athletes
The Influence of Celebrity Endorsements on Consumer Behavior
E-Sports: The Rise of Competitive Gaming and Its Recognition as a Legitimate Sport
The Role of Sports in Promoting Intercultural Dialogue and Understanding
The Economic Impact of Major Sporting Events on Host Cities

Research Paper Topics on Media and Communication

Should the media programming of ads aimed at children be made illegal?
The role of mediation in the media
Should bloggers be considered as journalists?
The ethical side of modern news reports
The freedom of speech online
The copyright law restrictions and the vague concepts
The importance of psychology and communicative skills in journalism
The role of gender in interpersonal communication
The modern standards of nonverbal communication
The negative influence of Instagram and body image distortion
The Evolution of News Consumption: Impact of Social Media on Traditional Media
The Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion During Political Campaigns
The Ethics of Surveillance and Privacy in Digital Communication
The Effects of Smartphone Usage on Face-to-Face Communication Skills
Virtual Reality: The Future of Immersive Journalism

Research Paper Topics on Politics

Should the drinking age be lowered?
Should adults have the right to carry a concealed handgun?
More gun control laws should be enacted
How can the international community prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons?
How can ethnic killings be stopped?
Current prospect for peace between Israel and the Palestinians
What world would be like without wars?
How to avoid workforce reduction?
Should the death penalty be allowed?
Is socialism possible?
The Influence of Social Media on Political Mobilization and Public Protests
Campaign Finance Reform: The Effects on Political Representation and Elections
The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Shaping Global Policy
The Impact of Populism on Traditional Political Party Systems
Cybersecurity in Elections: Protecting the Integrity of Democracy

Psychology Research Paper Topics

Is autism a disease or a development idiosyncrasy?
How to forecast and shape behavioral patterns?
How to manage child violence?
How to deal with a mental breakdown?
The impact of classical music on the work of the brain
How insomnia affects our health?
How bad dreams influence our mood?
Is stress really harmful?
How depression impacts the immune system?
Intellectually gifted people: how is it possible?
The Psychological Effects of Social Isolation in the Digital Age
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Mindfulness: Comparative Outcomes in Treating Anxiety
The Role of Resilience in Recovery from Trauma
The Impact of Parenting Styles on Child Personality Development
Neuroplasticity: How Learning and Experience Shape Brain Function

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Science & Technology Research Paper Ideas

How is light being used to treat cancer and other diseases?
What is the current evidence that Mars has had water and maybe life?
Can nanomedicine potentially extend the human lifespan?
What is the future of computing and artificial intelligence?
The role cryogenics may play in future
Can alternative energy effectively replace fossil fuels?
Is it beneficial for wild animals to have interactions with people?
What evidence do we have that CMB is the result of the big bang?
How will self-driving cars change the way people live?
Can using system like bitcoin help protect identity theft?
The Potential of CRISPR and Gene Therapy in Curing Genetic Diseases
Nanotechnology in Medicine: The Next Frontier for Drug Delivery Systems
The Role of Quantum Computing in the Future of Cybersecurity
The Ethical Implications of Humanoid Robots in Society
Renewable Energy Technologies: Assessing the Efficiency and Sustainability of Solar Power Solutions

Research Topics Ideas on Culture

A new comprehension of past events
The origin of racial discrimination
The roots of antisemitism
The impact of advertisements and commercials on modern art
The most remarkable cultural achievements of the 20th century and their influence on our society
Cultural revolutions throughout history
How pop culture trends influence youth?
Should pregnant celebrities be exposed on magazine’s covers?
Why was Greek cultural influence so important for the ancient Mediterranean world?
Why was the Victorian period a time of cultural change?
Cultural Impact on Climate Change Response: A Comparative Study
The Preservation of Folklore and Oral Traditions in the Digital Age
Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming Language and Ethical Barriers
The Influence of Globalization on Indigenous Cultures
Cultural Diplomacy and Its Role in International Relations

Research Paper Topics on Math

The influence of algorithms
Is it possible to build a winning monopoly strategy?
Why is 'x' the unknown?
How math changed the world?
What's the solution to the McDonald's math problem?
How do math geniuses understand extremely hard math concepts so quickly?
Should high school math contests be banned?
What is the relationship between music and math?
Are math formulas ever used in real life?
What are some of the most confusing math problems ever?
The Role of Mathematics in Cryptography and Cybersecurity
Mathematical Models in Predicting Pandemic Outcomes: A Case Study of COVID-19
The Application of Game Theory in Economic and Social Decision Making
Chaos Theory and Its Implications in Weather Forecasting and Climate Science
The Impact of Big Data on the Evolution of Statistical Methods and Theories

Research Paper Topics on Business

How do dirty business tactics work?
Can business be started without money?
Notorious business leaders
Entrepreneurship and family business
Ethical decision making in everyday work situations
What are the most effective strategies for promoting a small business?
Is it worth it to expand the business into a new region or country?
How to build a successful startup
The role of international business and sustainable development
The impact of climate change on international business strategies
Corporate Social Responsibility: Measuring the Impact on Business Performance
The Gig Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for the Modern Workforce
Innovative Business Models in the Age of Sustainable Development
The Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Productivity and Satisfaction
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategies

Research Paper Topics For Middle School

Is going vegan the healthiest choice for you?
Is the greenhouse effect artificial or natural?
The causes, effects, and consequences of earthquakes
How much computer games can one play without getting addicted
Princess Diana and her dynasty
Why is competition so critical for humans?
How did poetry evolve?
Methods used by ancient sailors to navigate the globe
Gender roles in children’s books and cartoons
Who is the greatest general who has lived on the planet?
The Science Behind Video Games: How Gaming Affects Reflexes and Learning
The History and Cultural Significance of a Popular Holiday
The Impact of Recycling Programs in Schools
Animal Habitats: How Urban Development Affects Local Wildlife
The Role of Social Media in Modern Communication Among Teens

High School Research Paper Ideas

The ways to address drug addiction cases in high school
The physical vs digital communications
The body image and the K-Pop culture
The importance of school volunteering and social work
The changes to the academic process due to Covid-19
The legacy of the Trail of Tears
The role of motivation in becoming a better student
The role of books in print and the libraries
The ways to improve school safety
The role of parental involvement in school work
Exploring the Psychological Effects of Social Media on Teen Self-Esteem
The Physics of Sports: Analyzing the Science Behind Athletic Performance
Climate Change and Its Effects on Local Ecosystems
The Evolution of Language in the Digital Age
The Rise of Cryptocurrency: Economic Education and the Future of Money

History Research Paper Topics

What were the impacts of World War II on the rights of women?
What factors initiated the WWII
Is liberalism the most optimal solution?
What were the consequences of women suffrage movements
What was the impact of Martin Luther King’s protest against the Catholic church
What is the most effective military strategy of all time
How has Asian art influenced contemporary art
How have different monetary systems affected the development of humanity
What is the correlation between the Roman and Greek culture?
Aztec empire and its architecture
The Role of Women in World War II and Its Impact on Gender Roles
The Influence of the Silk Road on the Cultural Exchange between East and West
The Effects of the Cold War on Space Exploration Competition
The Historical Accuracy of Popular Historical Films: A Case Study
The Impact of the Printing Press on the Renaissance and European Society

Art Research Paper Ideas

The reasons why digital museums must be present and made available
The peculiarities of the Flemish artists
Should Japanese anime be considered as a separate art form?
The role of Photoshop and similar digital solutions in the perception of modern art
The history of photography and the artistic expression forms
The challenges of the modern artists during social distancing times
The Middle Eastern perception of color and the light
Ancient Rome's role in the creation of the sculptures
Should the artists be allowed to represent their works in public parks?
The importance of art education in middle schools
The Evolution of Street Art and Its Acceptance into Mainstream Art Culture
The Influence of Digital Media on Traditional Painting Techniques
The Role of Patronage in the Development of Renaissance Art
The Psychological Impact of Color in Abstract Art
Cultural Representation and Diversity in Modern Art Museums

Literature Research Paper Topics

The American dream literature
How does harry potter reflects the ideal of the time
Can you show a new aspect of prose based on the independent investigation
The prose of women suffrage movements
The dawn of literature on modern society
Why do authors use metaphors and similes
Evaluate and discuss the allegory of 2 random novels
What factors are helpful in allowing you to identify the genre of a novel you are reading
Is fanfiction considered an independent literature
Romance and sex in Renaissance
Fiction as an instrument of propaganda
The Representation of Gender Roles in Victorian Literature
Postcolonial Voices: How Literature Has Shaped National Identity
The Journey Motif in Classic American Road Novels
Dystopian Visions: What Modern Dystopian Literature Tells Us About Today's Society

Law Research Paper Topics

How is the Islamic law perceived around the globe
Is ECOLEX a pathway to environmental law
Why is it critical to learn the GATT documents?
What does the European patent office do?
Mass communication law
Impact of women’s authority in different countries on the planet
Evaluate the effectiveness of the international criminal law court tools
Detailed analysis and report of the comparative criminal procedure
Exciting outtakes from the inter-American human rights library
Does the US copyright office really help writers defend their businesses?
The Impact of International Law on Human Rights Practices in Developing Countries
Cyber Law: The Challenges of Regulating Online Behavior and Privacy
Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age: Balancing Innovation and Protection
The Effectiveness of Rehabilitation in Juvenile Justice Systems
Comparative Analysis of Gun Control Legislation and Its Impact on Violent Crime Rates

Religion Research Paper Topics

The Role of Religion in Modern Secular Societies
Interfaith Dialogue: Benefits and Challenges in a Pluralistic Society
The Influence of Religious Beliefs on Ethical Decision-Making in Business
Religion and Politics: An Analysis of Their Intersections in Contemporary World Affairs
The Impact of Religious Education on Tolerance and Cultural Understanding
The Evolution of Religious Practices and Their Adaptation in the Digital Age
The Psychological Effects of Religious Rituals and Traditions
Comparative Study of Creation Myths Across Different Cultures
The Role of Women in Organized Religions: A Historical Perspective
Secularization: The Decline of Religious Influence in Western Societies
Religious Extremism: Understanding the Causes and Seeking Solutions
The Impact of Pilgrimage on Religious and Spiritual Life
Religious Symbols in Public Spaces: Freedom of Expression or a Call for Regulation?
The Relationship Between Religion and Morality in Contemporary Ethical Debates
The Effects of Globalization on Indigenous Religions and Spiritual Practices

Argumentative Research Paper Topics

Should education be made free for everyone?
The influencers and bloggers cannot be considered as a job
The role of military service is the way towards maturity
Should Internet access be limited during college lectures?
The death penalty service is not an ethical solution
Fashion industry creates a bad influence on young people
The Fairplay concept should be rewarded financially
Should tobacco be made illegal indoors?
Religious differences often become the cause of wars
The majority of mobile applications represent the invasion of privacy
Universal Basic Income: Economic Savior or Road to Dependency?
Mandatory Vaccinations: Public Health Requirement or Personal Choice Infringement?
The Death Penalty: A Necessary Deterrent or a Violation of Human Rights?
Climate Change Policies: Economic Hindrance or Long-term Investment?
Animal Testing in Medical Research: Ethical Consideration or Scientific Necessity?

These are the 200+ topics on various subjects, which you might find useful when creating your own. In case you need help aside from creating topics, you can also order the original research on Politics, Media & Communication, to do my Math homework , Law, and even Nursing papers for sale on nursing essay writing service Edubirdie.

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How to Choose a Good Research Paper Topic?

While it may seem challenging to come up with a good research paper topic as you try your best to narrow things down, the trick is to choose something that influences you because you know it well and can support your arguments with relevant evidence. The subject should be well-structured and relevant to your thesis statement. Always take time to research the list of sources to compose your topic sentences as well to make them relate to your thesis part. It’s always best to check a good research paper introduction example before you start working on the paper and choosing your topic, or contact our essay writing service for help. Here are the steps to consider:

Start With Observing Your Interests.

If you are confused with a variety of interesting topics for writing a creative essay, it’s better to decide what interests you the most. Don’t stick to easy research paper topics just to complete the task fast. If you are allowed to freely choose what to write an essay about, use the opportunity to create something unique. Write down the list of your interests and break down every idea into small certain topics. When you have a list in front of your eyes, it will be easier to make up your mind and start considering a particular issue.

Then you should examine what aspect of the topic is preferable for you to outline in your research paper. A list will save you here again. Use pros/cons template to include all the arguments and objections to the issues.

Come Up With an Argumentative Research Question.

The most challenging part of choosing a competitive research paper topic is finding an aspect that poses some importance for your course and the subject per se. While it may seem that it is sufficient to make a general statement, your argumentation should include a clear research question. Consider asking yourself why you have chosen a particular topic and how your research will make it clearer or provide innovative solutions.

Study Available Research Topic Ideas.

Since we have already mentioned the dangers of choosing something too broad, it is vital to narrow things down and brainstorm the list of possible research paper ideas that deal with the same subject. In other words, you can write down at least five different subjects and see whether you can find sufficient information to support them with the sources or statistical data. Remember the importance of your topic’s wording!

Compose Strong Thesis Statement.

It must be done at the same time as you choose your research paper topic because these two concepts must be interconnected. Your subject must reflect your main idea of the thesis statement. Make sure that you have the list of sources prepared in advance to incorporate relevant information in your body paragraphs. As always, they must be the supporting evidence for your thesis statement’s idea and the research purpose.

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Written by David Kidwell

David is one of those experienced content creators from the United Kingdom who has a high interest in social issues, culture, and entrepreneurship. He always says that reading, blogging, and staying aware of what happens in the world is what makes a person responsible. He likes to learn and share what he knows by making things inspiring and creative enough even for those students who dislike reading.

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Research Paper Topics

Choose your Topic Smart

What starts well, ends well, so you need to be really careful with research paper topics. The topic of a research paper defines the whole piece of writing. How often have you chosen the book by its title? First impression is often influential, so make sure your topic will attract the reader instantly. By choosing your topic smart, the half of your job is done. That is why we have singled out several secrets on how to pick the best topic for you. Also see the list of 1000 thesis topics .

Browse Research Paper Topics by Category:

Anthropology
Argumentative
Communication
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Environmental
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What is the Key to a Perfect Topic for a Research Paper?

The key to a perfect topic includes three main secrets: interest, precision, and innovation.

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It is impossible to do something great if you have no interest in what you are doing. For this reason, make sure you choose the topic that drives you. If you are bored by what you investigate, do not expect that your paper will be exciting. Right now, spend some minutes or even hours thinking about what interests you. Jot down all your preferences in life, science, politics, social issues etc. It will help you get the idea what you can write about.

After realizing what drives you, narrow this general idea to a more specific one. A research paper is not about beating around the bush. You will need clear facts and data. You will have to provide evidence to your ideas. You will need to be precise, specific and convincing.

Finally, the idea of any research is that it should be surprising and distinctive. Think what makes your perspective and approach special. What is the novelty of your research?

Use Technology

If you are still stuck, use technology. Today we have an opportunity to make our lives easier with a bit of technology used. You can find paper topic generators online. This software will examine the category you want to investigate and the keywords from your research. Within several seconds, this program generates paper topics, so you can try it yourself. It can help you get started with your assignment.

100% Effective Advice

We will now give you advice that is 100% effective when picking the topic. Firstly, forget about what others may think about your topic. This is your topic and this is your perception of the world. Stay personal and let your personal style get you the top grades. Secondly, never decide on the topic before analyzing the background for your research. By this we mean, investigate the topic before you start the research proper. It happens quite often that students choose the topic and later they realize there is no data or information to use. That is why conduct some research beforehand. Thirdly, read other researchers’ papers on the topic you want to write about. It will help you get the idea of the investigation. Moreover, it will help you understand whether you truly want to write a paper on this topic. Finally, when you have picked the topic, started your research, make sure you dedicate your time and energy. If you want to get high results, you need to study every little details of your research.

Examine Different Ideas

People often come up with genius ideas after analyzing thousands of other people’s ideas. This is how our brain works. That is why you can analyze other people’s ideas for research paper topics and think up your own. If you have never written any paper of that kind, it will help you understand the gist of this assignment, the style and the requirements. By comparing different topics, you can motivate yourself and get inspired with these ideas. Luckily, you have come to the right place. Here is our list of top 100 research paper topics.

What Makes a Good Topic for a Research Paper?

A good research paper topic is the one that is successful and manageable in your particular case. A successful research paper poses an interesting question you can actually answer. Just as important, it poses a question you can answer within the time available. The question should be one that interests you and deserves exploration. It might be an empirical question or a theoretical puzzle. In some fields, it might be a practical problem or policy issue. Whatever the question is, you need to mark off its boundaries clearly and intelligently so you can complete the research paper and not get lost in the woods. That means your topic should be manageable as well as interesting and important.

A topic is manageable if you can:

Master the relevant literature
Collect and analyze the necessary data
Answer the key questions you have posed
Do it all within the time available, with the skills you have

A topic is important if it:

Touches directly on major theoretical issues and debates, or
Addresses substantive topics of great interest in your field

Ideally, your topic can do both, engaging theoretical and substantive issues. In elementary education, for example, parents, teachers, scholars, and public officials all debate the effectiveness of charter schools, the impact of vouchers, and the value of different reading programs. A research paper on any of these would resonate within the university and well beyond it. Still, as you approach such topics, you need to limit the scope of your investigation so you can finish your research and writing on time. After all, to be a good research paper, it first has to be a completed one. A successful research paper poses an interesting question you can actually answer within the time available for the project. Some problems are simply too grand, too sweeping to master within the time limits. Some are too minor to interest you or anybody else.

The solution, however, is not to find a lukewarm bowl of porridge, a bland compromise. Nor is it to abandon your interest in larger, more profound issues such as the relationship between school organization and educational achievement or between immigration and poverty. Rather, the solution is to select a well-defined topic that is closely linked to some larger issue and then explore that link. Your research paper will succeed if you nail a well-defined topic. It will rise to excellence if you probe that topic deeply and show how it illuminates wider issues.The best theses deal with important issues, framed in manageable ways. The goal is to select a well-defined topic that is closely linked to some larger issue and can illuminate it.

You can begin your project with either a large issue or a narrowly defined topic, depending on your interests and the ideas you have generated. Whichever way you start, the goals are the same: to connect the two in meaningful ways and to explore your specific topic in depth.

Of course, the choice of a particular research paper topic depends on the course you’re taking. Our site can offer you the following research paper topics and example research papers:

Moving from a Research Paper Idea to a Research Paper Topic

Let’s begin as most students actually do, by going from a “big issue” to a more manageable research paper topic. Suppose you start with a big question such as, “Why has the United States fought so many wars since 1945?” That’s certainly a big, important question. Unfortunately, it’s too complex and sprawling to cover well in a research paper. Working with your professor or instructor, you could zero in on a related but feasible research topic, such as “Why did the Johnson administration choose to escalate the U.S. war in Vietnam?” By choosing this topic, your research paper can focus on a specific war and, within that, on a few crucial years in the mid-1960s.

You can draw on major works covering all aspects of the Vietnam War and the Johnson administration’s decision making. You have access to policy memos that were once stamped top secret. These primary documents have now been declassified, published by the State Department, and made available to research libraries. Many are readily available on the Web. You can also take advantage of top-quality secondary sources (that is, books and articles based on primary documents, interviews, and other research data).

Drawing on these primary and secondary sources, you can uncover and critique the reasons behind U.S. military escalation. As you answer this well-defined question about Vietnam, you can (and you should) return to the larger themes that interest you, namely, “What does the escalation in Southeast Asia tell us about the global projection of U.S. military power since 1945?” As one of America’s largest military engagements since World War II, the war in Vietnam should tell us a great deal about the more general question.

The goal here is to pick a good case to study, one that is compelling in its own right and speaks to the larger issue. It need not be a typical example, but it does need to illuminate the larger question. Some cases are better than others precisely because they illuminate larger issues. That’s why choosing the best cases makes such a difference in your research paper.

Since you are interested in why the United States has fought so often since 1945, you probably shouldn’t focus on U.S. invasions of Grenada, Haiti, or Panama in the past two decades. Why? Because the United States has launched numerous military actions against small, weak states in the Caribbean for more than a century. That is important in its own right, but it doesn’t say much about what has changed so dramatically since 1945. The real change since 1945 is the projection of U.S. power far beyond the Western Hemisphere, to Europe and Asia. You cannot explain this change—or any change, for that matter—by looking at something that remains constant.

In this case, to analyze the larger pattern of U.S. war fighting and the shift it represents, you need to pick examples of distant conflicts, such as Korea, Vietnam, Kosovo, Afghanistan, or Iraq. That’s the noteworthy change since 1945: U.S. military intervention outside the Western Hemisphere. The United States has fought frequently in such areas since World War II but rarely before then. Alternatively, you could use statistics covering many cases of U.S. intervention around the world, perhaps supplemented with some telling cases studies.

Students in the humanities want to explore their own big ideas, and they, too, need to focus their research. In English literature, their big issue might be “masculinity” or, to narrow the range a bit, “masculinity in Jewish American literature.” Important as these issues are, they are too vast for anyone to read all the major novels plus all the relevant criticism and then frame a comprehensive research paper.

If you don’t narrow these sprawling topics and focus your work, you can only skim the surface. Skimming the surface is not what you want to do in a research paper. You want to understand your subject in depth and convey that understanding to your readers.

That does not mean you have to abandon your interest in major themes. It means you have to restrict their scope in sensible ways. To do that, you need to think about which aspects of masculinity really interest you and then find works that deal with them.

You may realize your central concern is how masculinity is defined in response to strong women. That focus would still leave you considerable flexibility, depending on your academic background and what you love to read. That might be anything from a reconsideration of Macbeth to an analysis of early twentieth-century American novels, where men must cope with women in assertive new roles. Perhaps you are interested in another aspect of masculinity: the different ways it is defined within the same culture at the same moment. That would lead you to novelists who explore these differences in their characters, perhaps contrasting men who come from different backgrounds, work in different jobs, or simply differ emotionally. Again, you would have considerable flexibility in choosing specific writers.

Connecting a Specific Research Paper Topic to a Bigger Idea

Not all students begin their research paper concerned with big issues such as masculinity or American wars over the past half century. Some start with very specific topics in mind. One example might be the decision to create NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement encompassing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Perhaps you are interested in NAFTA because you discussed it in a course, heard about it in a political campaign, or saw its effects firsthand on local workers, companies, and consumers. It intrigues you, and you would like to study it in a research paper. The challenge is to go from this clear-cut subject to a larger theme that will frame your paper.

Why do you even need to figure out a larger theme? Because NAFTA bears on several major topics, and you cannot explore all of them. Your challenge—and your opportunity—is to figure out which one captures your imagination.

One way to think about that is to finish this sentence: “For me, NAFTA is a case of ___________.” If you are mainly interested in negotiations between big and small countries, then your answer is, “For me, NAFTA is a case of a large country like the United States bargaining with a smaller neighbor.” Your answer would be different if you are mainly interested in decision making within the United States, Mexico, or Canada. In that case, you might say, “NAFTA seems to be a case where a strong U.S. president pushed a trade policy through Congress.” Perhaps you are more concerned with the role played by business lobbies. “For me, NAFTA is a case of undue corporate influence over foreign economic policy.” Or you could be interested in the role of trade unions, environmental groups, or public opinion.

The NAFTA decision is related to all these big issues and more. You cannot cover them all. There is not enough time, and even if there were, the resulting paper would be too diffuse, too scattershot. To make an impact, throw a rock, not a handful of pebbles.

Choosing one of these large issues will shape your research paper on NAFTA. If you are interested in U.S. decision making, for example, you might study the lobbying process or perhaps the differences between Democrats and Republicans. If you are interested in diplomacy, you would focus on negotiations between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Either would make an interesting research paper, but they are different topics.

Although the subject matter and analysis are decidedly different in the humanities, many of the same considerations still apply to topic selection. In English or comparative literature, for example, you may be attracted to a very specific topic such as several poems by William Wordsworth. You are not trying, as a social scientist would, to test some generalizations that apply across time or space. Rather, you want to analyze these specific poems, uncover their multiple meanings, trace their allusions, and understand their form and beauty.

As part of the research paper, however, you may wish to say something bigger, something that goes beyond these particular poems. That might be about Wordsworth’s larger body of work. Are these poems representative or unusual? Do they break with his previous work or anticipate work yet to come? You may wish to comment on Wordsworth’s close ties to his fellow “Lake Poets,” Coleridge and Southey, underscoring some similarities in their work. Do they use language in shared ways? Do they use similar metaphors or explore similar themes? You may even wish to show how these particular poems are properly understood as part of the wider Romantic movement in literature and the arts. Any of these would connect the specific poems to larger themes.

How to Refine Your Research Paper Topic

One of your professor’s or instructor’s most valuable contributions to the success of your research paper is to help you refine your topic. She can help you select the best cases for detailed study or the best data and statistical techniques. S/he can help you find cases that shed light on larger questions, have good data available, and are discussed in a rich secondary literature. She may know valuable troves of documents to explore. That’s why it is so important to bring these issues up in early meetings. These discussions with your instructor are crucial in moving from a big but ill-defined idea to a smart, feasible topic.Some colleges supplement this advising process by offering special workshops and tutorial support for students. These are great resources, and you should take full advantage of them. They can improve your project in at least two ways.

First, tutors and workshop leaders are usually quite adept at helping you focus and shape your topic. That’s what they do best. Even if they are relatively new teachers, they have been writing research papers themselves for many years. They know how to do it well and how to avoid common mistakes. To craft their own papers, they have learned how to narrow their topics, gather data, interpret sources, and evaluate conjectures. They know how to use appropriate methods and how to mine the academic literature. In all these ways, they can assist you with their own hard-won experience. To avoid any confusion, just make sure your instructor knows what advice you are getting from workshop leaders and tutors. You want everyone to be pulling in the same direction.

Second, you will benefit enormously from batting around your research paper in workshops. The more you speak about your subject, the better you will understand it yourself. The better you understand it, the clearer your research and writing will be. You will learn about your project as you present your ideas; you will learn more as you listen to others discuss your work; and you will learn still more as you respond to their suggestions. Although you should do that in sessions with your instructor, you will also profit from doing it in workshops and tutorial sessions.

Secrets to Keep in Mind when Writing a Research Paper

As a bonus, we have prepared several secrets for you to make your paper perfect. Firstly, always write your paper from scratch. Do not copy the already existing materials, as it can lead to unsatisfactory mark or even expulsion. Secondly, start your research early; do not put off investigating the topic. The earlier you start, the easier it will be to meet the deadline. Thirdly, plan your work and create an outline for your task. A planned work will help you be systematic. Plus, it will help you avoid writer’s block, as you always have an outline to follow. Another secret is following all the requirements. A research paper is an academic assignment, so all these structural and formatting standards are important. Finally, make sure you proofread and edit your task. Check your paper for grammar and spelling mistakes, examine your choice of vocabulary. If it seems too much, you can always ask our professional editors and they will check the paper for you. A mistakes-free paper is essential to get high results.

Custom Research Paper Writing Service

If you still have concerns regarding your research paper, we are here to answer your questions. It is no secret that studying is becoming more and more difficult at college. Every week you have an overload of tasks and assignments. You work hard, sleep little. As a result, you can be at the edge of a nervous breakdown trying to finish all the tasks on time. That is why we are here helping thousands of students to study smart.

24/7 you can contact us and order your paper. We never miss the deadline and always provide our clients with a top-notch quality. When you feel that you cannot handle it on your own, a bit of assistance will do no harm. All our writers are experts with years of experience. They are aware of all the subtleties of academic writing and they know all the recent college requirements. You can turn to us for help any time and we will get down to work immediately. From choosing the topic to writing the whole paper – this is what we have to offer. Getting top grades is much easier when the real professionals help you.

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500 Good Research Paper Topics

Bonus Material: Essential essay checklist

Writing a research paper for a class and not sure how to start?

One of the most important steps to creating a great paper is finding a good topic!

Here’s a hand-drafted list from a Princeton grad who has helped professors at Harvard and Yale edit their papers for publication and taught college writing at the University of Notre Dame and .

What’s more, we give you some foolproof formulas for creating your own paper topic to fit the requirements of your class.

Using these simple formulas, we’ve helped hundreds of students turn a B- paper topic into an A+ paper topic.

Keep reading for our list of 500 vetted research paper topics and our magic formulas for creating your own topic!

Of course, if you want help learning to write research papers tailored to your individual needs, check out our one-on-one writing coaching or academic writing workshop . Set up a free consultation to see how we can help you learn to write A+ papers!

Jump to paper topics in:

European & Mediterranean History

African history, asian history, history of the pre-columbian americas.

Latin American History

History of Science

Politics & public policy, education & education policy, political theory, science policy.

Health Sciences & Psychology

What is a research paper?

In order to write a good research paper, it’s important to know what it is!

In general, we can divide academic writing into three broad categories:

Analytical: analyze the tools an author uses to make their point
Research: delve deeply into a research topic and share your findings
Persuasive : argue a specific and nuanced position backed by evidence

What’s the difference between an analytical paper and a research paper? For an analytical paper, it’s okay to just use one or two sources (a book, poem, work of art, piece of music, etc.) and examine them in detail. For a research paper, however, the expectation is that you do, well . . . research .

The depth of research that you’re expected to do will depend on your age and the type of class you’re taking.

In elementary or middle school, a “research paper” might mean finding information from a few general books or encyclopedias in your school library.

In high school, your teachers might expect you to start using information from academic articles and more specific books. You might use encyclopedias and general works as a starting point, but you’ll be expected to go beyond them and do more work to synthesize information from different perspectives or different types of sources. You may also be expected to do “primary research,” where you study the source material yourself, instead of synthesizing what other people have written about the source material.

In college, you’ll be required to use academic journals and scholarly books, and your professors will now expect that you be more critical of these secondary sources, noticing the methodology and perspectives of whatever articles and books you’re using.

In more advanced college courses, you’ll be expected to do more exhaustive surveys of the existing literature on a topic. You’ll need to conduct primary research that makes an original contribution to the field—the kind that could be published in a journal article itself.

For a walkthrough of the 12 essential steps to writing a good paper, check out our step-by-step guide .

Working on a research paper? Grab our free checklist to make sure your essay has everything it needs to earn an A grade.

Get the essential essay checklist

What makes a good research paper topic?

One of the most important features of a research paper topic is that it has a clear, narrow focus.

For example, your teacher may assign you to write a research paper related to the US Revolutionary War. Does that mean that your topic should be “the US Revolutionary War”?

Definitely not! There’s no way to craft a good paper with in-depth research with such a broad topic. (Unless you’re in elementary or middle school, in which case it’s okay to have a more general topic for your research paper.)

Instead, you need to find a more specific topic within this broader one. There are endless ways that you can make this narrower! Some ideas generated from this one broader topic might be:

Causes of the US Revolutionary War
Changes in military strategy during the Revolutionary War
The experiences of Loyalists to England who remained in the American colonies during the Revolutionary War
How the Revolutionary War was pivotal for the career of Alexander Hamilton
The role of alliances with France during the US Revolutionary War
The experiences of people of color during the Revolutionary War
How George Washington’s previous military career paved the way for his leadership in the Revolutionary War
The main types of weaponry during the Revolutionary War
Changes in clothing and fashion over the courses of the Revolutionary War
How Valley Forge was a key moment in the Revolutionary War
How women contributed to the Revolutionary War
What happened in Amherst, Massachusetts during the Revolutionary War
Field medicine during the Revolutionary War
How the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War
How different opinions about the Revolutionary War were reflected in poetry written during that time
Debates over abolition during the Revolutionary War
The importance of supply chains during the Revolutionary War
Reactions to the US Revolutionary war in Europe
How the US Revolutionary war impacted political theory in England and France
Similarities and differences between the US Revolutionary War and the French Revolution
Famous paintings inspired by the US Revolutionary War
Different ways that the US Revolutionary War has been depicted in modern contemporary culture
The appropriation of the “Boston Tea Party” by US politicians in the 2010s

This list could go on forever!

good research paper topics about the US Revolution

In fact, any of these topics could become even more specific. For example, check out the evolution of this topic:

Economic causes of the Revolutionary war
The way that tax policies helped lead to the Revolutionary War
How tax laws enacted 1763–1775 helped lead to the Revolutionary War
How the tax-free status of the British East India Company helped lead to the Revolutionary War
How the 1773 tax-free status of the British East India Company helped lead to the Revolutionary War, as reflected in letters written 1767–1775
How the 1773 tax-free status of the British East India Company helped lead to the Revolutionary War, as reflected in letters written by members of the Sons of Liberty 1767–1775

As you advance in your educational career, you’ll need to make your topic more and more specific. Steps 1–3 of this topic might be okay in high school, but for a college research paper steps 4–7 would be more appropriate!

As you craft your research paper topic, you should also keep in mind the availability of research materials on your subject. There are millions of topics that would make interesting research papers, but for which you yourself might not be able to investigate with the primary and secondary sources to which you have access.

Access to research materials might look like:

To the best of our knowledge, the sources exist somewhere
The source isn’t behind a paywall (or you or your school can pay for it)
Your school or local library has a copy of the source
Your school or local library can order a copy of the source for you
The source is in a language that you speak
The source has been published already (there’s tons of amazing research that hasn’t been published yet, a frustrating problem!)
You can access the archive, museum, or database where the primary source is held—this might mean online access or travel! To access a source in an archive or museum you’ll often need permission, which often requires a letter of support from your school.

If you’re not sure about access to source materials, talk to a librarian! They’re professionals for this question.

Finally, pick a research topic that interests you! Given that there are unlimited research topics in the world and many ways to adapt a broad topic, there should absolutely be a way to modify a research topic to fit your interests.

Want help learning to write an amazing research paper? Work one-on-one with an experienced Ivy-League tutor to improve your writing skills or sign up for our bestselling academic writing workshop .

Insider tips to generate your own research paper topic

Use these formulas to generate your own research paper topics:

How did X change over a period of time (year, decade, century)?
What is the impact (or consequences) of X?
What led to X?
What is the role of X in Y?
How did X influence Y?
How did X become Y?
How was X different from Y?
How is X an example of Y?
How did X affect Y?
What were some reactions to X?
What are the most effective policies to produce X result?
What are some risks of X?
How is our current understanding of X incorrect? (advanced)
What happens if we look at X through the lens of Y theory or perspective? (advanced)

A good research paper topic often starts with the question words—why, how, what, who, and where. Remember to make it as specific as possible!

Good research paper topics

These research paper topics have been vetted by a Princeton grad and academic book editor!

How did European rivalries (British vs French) impact North American history?
What was the role of British and French alliances with indigneous tribes during the Seven Years’ War?
Reactions to the 1754 Albany Congress among North American intellectual figures
How the Albany Plan served as a model for future attempts at union among the North American colonies
How did different religious identities (Calvinist, Catholic, etc.) play a role in the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War?
What were the consequences of the 1763 Treaty of Paris?
How did the Seven Years’ War impact British debt and colonial economics?
What were some causes of the US Revolutionary War?
How did military strategy change during the Revolutionary War?
What were the experiences of Loyalists to England who remained in the American colonies during the Revolutionary War?
How was the Revolutionary War pivotal for the career of Alexander Hamilton?
What was the role of alliances with France during the US Revolutionary War?
What were the experiences of people of color during the Revolutionary War?
How did George Washington’s previous military career pave the way for his leadership in the Revolutionary War?
What were the main types of weaponry during the Revolutionary War? How did that affect the options for military strategies?
How did clothing and fashion change over the courses of the Revolutionary War?
How was Valley Forge a key moment in the Revolutionary War?
How did women contribute to the Revolutionary War?
What happened in Amherst, Massachusetts (or any other specific location) during the Revolutionary War?
What was field medicine like during the Revolutionary War?
How was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the Revolutionary War?
How were different opinions about the Revolutionary War reflected in poetry written during that time?
What were the debates over abolition during the Revolutionary War?
What was the role of supply chains during the Revolutionary War?
What were reactions to the US Revolutionary war like in Europe? What does that tell us about politics in England, France, the Netherlands, etc?
How did the US Revolutionary war impact political theory in England and France?
What are similarities and differences between the US Revolutionary War and the French Revolution?
What are some famous paintings inspired by the US Revolutionary War? What do differences between these paintings tell us about how the artists who created them saw the war?
What are some different ways that the US Revolutionary War has been depicted in modern contemporary culture? What does that tell us?
How was the story of the “Boston Tea Party” appropriated by US politicians in the 2010s, and why?
What was the difference between the Federalists and the Jeffersonians?
How did the 1797 XYZ Affair lead to the Quasi-War with France?
How were loans from European countries and companies (France, Spain, Dutch bankers) key to the early US?
What were reactions to the Constitutional Convention of 1787?
Why did the US remain neutral during the French Revolution?
How did the Alien and Sedition acts contribute to the election of Thomas Jefferson as president?
What was the US’s reaction to the Haitian revolution? Why did the US not recognize Haitian independence until 1862?
What were the reactions to John Jay’s Treaty of 1794?
How have the remarks made by George Washington in his Farewell Address inspired isolationist policies?
How did interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine change over the decades since its creation?
How did the Roosevelt Corollary and Lodge Corollary change and expand the Monroe Doctrine?
How did the presence of US companies like the United Fruit Company affect US military interventions in Latin America?
How was the Monroe Doctrine invoked in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?
How was US culture shaped by the Cold War?
How did ecology play a role in the rise of Ancient Egypt?
How did water management technologies impact Ancient Egypt?
How did bureaucracies function in Ancient Egypt?
How did Egyptian art influence Ancient Greek art?
Who could be a citizen in Athens in the 5th century BCE? What does this tell us about classical Athenian society?
What was the impact of the Peloponnesian War?
What was the impact of Alexander the Great’s attempt to create an empire?
How does the way that Alexander the Great is represented in art demonstrate conceptions about the relationship between the human and the divine?
Was there a conception of race in the ancient world? How were these ideas different from our own modern conceptions of race?
What was the role of debt slavery in the Roman republic? How were these policies ended, and what is the significance of the end of debt slavery? What kinds of slavery remained?
To what degree does the movie Gladiator accurately the Roman Empire in 176–192 CE?
What was the role of slavery in managing the large latifundia ?
How and why did the emperor Constantine I adopt Christianity?
How did patterns of urbanism in the latter Roman empire change? What does this tell us about challenges being faced at that time?
What do reactions to the Byzantine empress Theodora tell us about ideas of gender in 6th-century Byzantium?
How did scientific advancements in Islamic Spain influence the rest of Europe?
What was the relationship between Muslim, Christian, and Jewish populations in Islamic Spain? How does this compare to the experience of Muslim and Jewish populations in Christian Spain?
How did medieval troubadour poetry represent a new idea of romantic relationships?
What are similarities and differences between medieval troubadour poetry and lyric poetry in Ancient Greece?
What do letters between women and popes tell us about gender, power, and religion in medieval Europe?
In what ways was Hildegard of Bingen groundbreaking for her time?
Who produced beer in medieval England, and what does this tell us about society?
How did the adoption of hops affect the production and distribution of beer?
How did beer production allow some women a way to be financially independent?
How was clothing used to mark religious and cultural identities in 15th- and 16th-century Spain?
How did print culture change relationships and courting in Georgian England?
How did churches function as social gathering spaces in Georgian England?
To what degree is Netflix’s Bridgerton series historically accurate?
How did ideas of love change in the 18th century? How did philosophy play a role in this?
When were Valentine cards first commercially available? What does that show us about cultural ideas of love and courtship?
What were the consequences of the desertification of the Sahara?
How did trade links on the Red Sea influence Nubian culture?
How did Carthage build power in Northern Africa around 600–500 BCE?
What was the impact of the Mercenary War (241–238 BCE) in Carthage?
How did the Roman province of Africa play a key role in financing the Roman Empire?
What were the consequences of the Donatist division in the 300s in Northern Africa?
What was the impact of the large-scale movement of Bedouins from the Arabian peninsula into the Maghreb?
How was Mande society organized in the Mali Empire?
What was the role of the book trade in Timbuktu? What does this tell us about culture and learning in the Mali Empire?
How did Aksum use trade to build wealth and power?
What do Nok terracotta sculptures tell us about Nok culture?
How did the Luba Empire create a centralized political system? How did the idea of spiritual kins ( balopwe ) play a role in this system?
How did tax collection work in the Lunda empire?
What does it mean to say that the Ajuran Empire was a hydraulic empire? How did control over water resources allow the Ajuran Empire to build and consolidate power?
What is the significance of diplomatic ties between the Somai Ajuran Empire and Ming dynasty China?
How did the tribute system in the Kingdom of Kongo help to stimulate interregional trade?
What was the impact of the introduction of maize and cassava to the Kingdom of Kongo?
How did women wield influence in the Kingdom of Benin?
How did the Industrial Revolution in Europe help lead to the Scramble for Africa 1878–1898?
What were the consequences of the Second Boer War?
What happened in the Year of Africa (1960)?
How did the Han dynasty consolidate power in frontier regions?
How and why did the Han dynasty nationalize the private salt and iron industries in 117 BCE?
What are the earliest records of papermaking, and what is the significance of this invention?
What was the role of Daoist religious societies in rebellions at the end of the Han dynasty (Yellow Turban Rebellion, Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion)?
What do tomb paintings tell us about ancient Chinese society?
What was the impact of the Sui dynasty’s standardization and re-unification of the coinage?
What was the role of standardized testing in Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty China?
Why is the Tang dynasty often regarded as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture in Chinese history?
What was the role of slavery in imperial China?
How did the rise of jiedushi (regional military governments) undermine the civil-service system? What were the consequences of this?
How did Tang dynasty China exert power over Japan and Korea?
What was the Three Departments and Six Ministries system in imperial China and how did it work?
What does the appearance of Inca, Maya, and Aztec goods in North America (Utah, Canada) and the appearance of goods from the Great Lakes region in Maya and Aztec ruins tell us about trade in the Pre-Columbian Americas?
How did celebration of maize play a central role in Mesoamerican cultures?
How did the Aztec empire use relationships with client city-states to establish power? How did the Aztec empire use taxation to exert power?
How did the luxury good trade impact Aztec political power?
How did the building of roads play a key role in the Aztec empire?
How and why has archaeology played a pivotal role in expanding our understanding of the pre-Columbian Americas?
What are some common misconceptions about the Americas in the year 1491? Why do these misconceptions exist?

Latin American History (post-1492)

How and why did the Spanish appropriate Aztec sites of significance (e.g. Mexico City at the site of Tenochtitlan)?
What were reactions among Latin American intellectuals (e.g. Luis María Drago, Alejandro Álvarez and Baltasar Brum) to the Monroe Doctrine?
How was the US’s involvement in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 a pivotal turning point in the relationship between the US and Latin American countries?
What were the effects of the US’s involvement in the Cuban War for Independence?
How did the Roosevelt Corollary of 1904 benefit the US?
How did Simon Bolivar’s time in Europe affect his ideas about Latin American independence?
How did 19th century academic societies play a role in the advancement of scientific discoveries? Who was excluded from these societies?
How was music connected to the sciences in medieval thinking?
When was the concept of zero first used, and how was it instrumental for advancements in math?
What role did Islamic Spain play in the spread of scientific advancements in medieval Europe?
What role has translation between languages played in the development of sciences?
Why were Galileo’s ideas about astronomy controversial at the time?
What was the connection between art and advancements in human anatomy?
Why were Darwin’s ideas about natural selection controversial at the time?
To what degree does the film Master and Commander accurately depict the voyages of Charles Darwin?
How did the discovery of quinine and other medical innovations help to facilitate the European colonization of Africa?
How and why was the internet invented?
Does Virgil’s Aeneid celebrate the new Roman Empire or subvert it?
Why was the poet Ovid exiled from Rome?
What are the pagan influences in Beowulf ? What are the Christian elements in Beowulf ? What does that tell us about late Anglo-Saxon England?
How does Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales reflect gender roles in late medieval England?
How does Dante’s Inferno draw on book IV of Virgil’s Aeneid ?
How are gender roles presented and subverted in Shakespeare’s plays?
To what degree did Henry David Thoreau live out the ideals he described in Walden in his own life?
How did the serialized publication of novels affect the way that they were written?
Does Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities accurately portray the French Revolution?
How did 18th-century novels propagate the idea of marrying for love?
What did contemporary readers think about Jane Austen and her novels?
To what degree do Jane Austen’s novels reflect economic realities for women in Regency England? What do they leave out?
How did Lord Byron’s personal life affect his poetry?
What do we know about the romantic life of Emily Dickinson?
What were the religious movements that influenced the writer George Eliot, and how do those influences appear in her novels?
In what ways were Walt Whitman’s writings new or different?
How did British poets react to the horrors of Word War I?
What do Tolkien’s letters reveal about the ways in which the two world wars influenced his writings?
How did the friendship between CS Lewis and Tolkien affect their respective writings?
What are the arguments for and against Catalonian independence from Spain?
What are the arguments for and against Scottish independence from the United Kingdom?
What are some risks of contact sports, especially for children?
What are the most effective policies for combating childhood obesity?
What are the most effective policies for reducing gun violence?
Which countries have the longest life expectancy and why?
What are some differences between the healthcare system in the US and in European countries? Which country has the most similar system to the US?
What policies for parental leave exist in different countries? What are some effects of these policies?
Has the drinking age in the US always been 21? What have been some different policies, and what were some consequences of them?
What is the debate around museum artifacts like the Elgin Marbles in London or the Benin Bronzes in Berlin?
How have politicians attempted to control population growth in different countries, either directly or indirectly? What have been some effects of these policies?
Which countries have the most gender parity reflected in national governments? How have they accomplished this?
How has public funding of K-12 education changed since the 1930s in the US?
How has public funding of higher education changed in the US?
What is early childhood education like in different countries?
What are some effects of free or reduced-cost meals in schools?
How does access to menstrual products affect education outcomes for girls in different countries?
What was the impact of Rousseau’s writings on education?
How did Plato’s ideal forms of government reflect contemporary Athenian concerns about the unruly masses ( demos )?
How did Aristotle justify slavery?
How has wealth inequality increased in recent decades?
How is inflation calculated, and what are the implications of this methodology?
How have genetically-engineered crops changed the way that the planet feeds itself?
How has animal testing changed since 2000?
How is animal testing regulated differently in different countries?

Health Sciences and Psychology

How do different societies reflect the natural circadian rhythms of the human body?
How does secondhand smoke affect the human body?
How does lack of sleep affect the body?
How does stress affect the body?
What are some ways to reduce stress?
How have cancer treatments changed in the past 30 years?
Why is it hard to find a “cure” for cancer?
How has the Human Genome Project changed medical science?
How were the Covid vaccines developed so quickly? What is the difference between the various Covid vaccines that have been developed?

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Research Paper Topics - Best Picks

Did you know that more than 2.5 million research papers are published worldwide every year? This huge number highlights the vast array of topics students and researchers can explore.

Below, you will find 200 interesting research topics to help spark your creativity and get you started on your next academic venture. Additionally, you can browse essay topics that can also help set your research in the right duration.

Research Paper Topics on Math

Applications of machine learning algorithms in data analysis and prediction.
Mathematical modeling of biological systems and population dynamics.
Cryptography and its applications in secure communication and data protection.
Theoretical advances in number theory and their practical implications.
Optimization techniques and their applications in engineering and operations research.
Chaos theory and its applications in weather forecasting and complex systems.
Graph theory and its applications in network analysis and social networks.
Mathematical aspects of game theory and decision-making in economics.
Topological methods in data analysis and pattern recognition.
Fractal geometry and its applications in computer graphics and image compression.
Statistical methods for analyzing large datasets and drawing meaningful conclusions.
Algebraic geometry and its applications in computer vision and robotics.
Pricing models for derivatives and risk management strategies.
Computational methods for solving partial differential equations and fluid dynamics problems.
Mathematical biology: Modeling biological processes and ecosystems.
Discrete mathematics and its applications in computer science and information theory.
Theoretical aspects of machine learning algorithms and their optimization.
Mathematical logic and its role in computer science and artificial intelligence.
Combinatorial optimization and its applications in logistics and resource allocation.
Quantum computing: Mathematical foundations and potential applications in cryptography.

Research Paper Topics on Business

The impact of remote work on organizational culture and productivity.
Modern diversity and inclusion initiatives for businesses.
Digital marketing strategies for small businesses in the post-pandemic era.
The role of corporate social responsibility in enhancing brand reputation and consumer loyalty.
Supply chain disruptions: Strategies for building resilience and mitigating risks.
The rise of e-commerce and its implications for traditional brick-and-mortar businesses.
Entrepreneurship and innovation for fostering a culture of creativity and growth.
The future of retail: Trends and challenges in a digital-first world.
Sustainable business practices: Balancing profitability with environmental responsibility.
Leadership in times of crisis: Managing uncertainty and driving organizational change.
Financial management strategies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Employee engagement and retention: Strategies for cultivating a motivated workforce.
Strategic partnerships and alliances: Leveraging collaboration for business success.
Digital transformation: Adopting new technologies to stay competitive in the market.
The gig economy: Implications for workforce management and talent acquisition.
Business ethics and corporate governance: Principles for ethical decision-making and accountability.
International expansion: Challenges and strategies for entering new markets.
Customer relationship management: Building lasting connections in a digital world.
Data-driven decision-making: Harnessing analytics for business growth and optimization.
Crisis management and business continuity planning: Preparing for unexpected challenges.

Research Paper Topics on Psychology

Psychological implications of social media use across different age groups and cultures.
The psychology of risk-taking behavior: Understanding motivations and consequences.
Cognitive biases and their impact on decision-making in various contexts.
Psychological aspects of online learning: Motivation, engagement, and academic performance.
The role of self-compassion in mental health and resilience.
Exploring the psychology of conspiracy theories: Beliefs, motivations, and consequences.
Cultural differences in emotion regulation and expression: Implications for mental health interventions.
Psychological perspectives on environmental sustainability and pro-environmental behaviors.
The psychology of procrastination: Underlying factors and strategies for change.
Psychological effects of gaming and esports: Benefits, risks, and implications.
The role of pets in human mental health and well-being.
Psychological aspects of body image and eating behaviors across diverse populations.
Exploring the psychology of humor: Effects on mood, social connections, and well-being.
Psychological resilience in the face of natural disasters and traumatic events.
The impact of color psychology on mood, behavior, and decision-making.
Psychological factors influencing the adoption of sustainable lifestyle choices.
The psychology of music: Emotional responses, preferences, and therapeutic applications.
Understanding and addressing mental health stigma within healthcare systems.
Psychological perspectives on aging and successful aging: Factors contributing to well-being in later life.
The psychology of creativity in problem-solving and innovation across disciplines.

Research Paper Topics on Literature

Love and loss in Shakespeare's sonnets.
Gender representation in Jane Austen's novels.
Mythology in Greek tragedies.
Colonialism in post-colonial literature.
"The Great Gatsby" and the American Dream.
Identity in Toni Morrison's novels.
Magical realism in García Márquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude."
War in Hemingway's novels.
Alienation and existentialism in Kafka's works.
Race and racism in African-American literature.
Folklore and fairy tales in the Brothers Grimm's works.
Nature in Romantic poetry.
Political allegory in Orwell's "Animal Farm."
Heroism in Homer's "The Odyssey."
Satire in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels."
Social class and inequality in Dickens' novels.
Surrealism in García Lorca's poetry.
Madness in Shakespeare's tragedies.
Religion and morality in Dostoevsky's works.
Modernity in the Harlem Renaissance literature.

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Well, why not order our collection of funny research paper topics and let the hilarity begin? Your grades will thank you later!

Research Paper Topics on Environment

The interplay between urbanization and environmental sustainability.
Technological innovations for addressing climate change challenges.
Social, economic, and environmental implications of renewable energy transitions.
Ecotourism as a tool for conservation and community development.
Indigenous knowledge and practices in environmental management.
The role of public policy in promoting sustainable development.
Sustainable transportation solutions for reducing carbon emissions.
The impact of consumer behavior on environmental sustainability.
Green building technologies and their contribution to energy efficiency.
The potential of circular economy models in waste reduction and resource conservation.
Water scarcity and management strategies in arid regions.
The nexus between agriculture, food security, and environmental sustainability.
The role of citizen science in monitoring and addressing environmental issues.
Environmental education and its influence on public awareness and behavior.
Natural resource management and conflicts over land and water resources.
The effects of pollution on ecosystems and human health.
Indigenous rights and environmental conservation efforts.
Environmental governance mechanisms at local, national, and international levels.
The impact of globalization on natural resource exploitation and conservation.
Resilience and adaptation strategies for communities vulnerable to environmental hazards.

Research Paper Topics on Biology

The genetic basis of human diseases and potential therapeutic interventions.
Evolutionary mechanisms driving biodiversity and speciation.
Ecological impacts of climate change on species distribution and ecosystems.
Cellular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression.
Genetic engineering and its applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry.
Neurobiology of learning and memory formation in humans and animals.
Biodiversity conservation strategies and their effectiveness in preserving ecosystems.
Microbial communities and their role in human health and disease.
Molecular mechanisms of aging and potential interventions for lifespan extension.
Adaptations of extremophiles to extreme environmental conditions.
Epigenetics and its role in gene expression regulation and disease susceptibility.
The immune system and its response to pathogens and vaccines.
Plant-microbe interactions and their impact on plant health and productivity.
Population genetics and its implications for conservation biology and evolutionary studies.
Genetic basis of behavior and its evolutionary significance.
Biotechnology applications in environmental remediation and pollution control.
Comparative genomics and evolutionary relationships among different species.
Physiological adaptations of organisms to changing environmental conditions.
Bioinformatics tools and their role in analyzing genomic and proteomic data.
Ethical considerations in biotechnological research and applications.

Research Paper Topics on Health and Medicine

The global impact of telemedicine on healthcare access and patient outcomes.
Genetic advancements and their role in personalized medicine worldwide.
Mental health awareness initiatives and their effectiveness across cultures.
The influence of dietary patterns on chronic disease management in different populations.
Comparative analysis of universal healthcare systems in various countries.
The role of vaccines in preventing global infectious diseases.
Physical activity's effects on mental health and well-being in diverse populations.
The effectiveness of alternative medicine in various cultural settings.
Socioeconomic disparities and their impact on global healthcare access.
International strategies for combating antibiotic resistance.
Public health campaigns and their success in reducing lifestyle-related diseases globally.
Environmental determinants of health outcomes in different regions.
Mental health intervention effectiveness in multicultural contexts.
Innovations in cancer treatment and their global impact on survival rates.
Emerging medical technologies and their role in enhancing surgical outcomes.
The effects of health policies on managing non-communicable diseases worldwide.
The challenges and opportunities of aging populations on healthcare systems globally.
Primary care's role in chronic disease management across various healthcare systems.
Global perspectives on stress management techniques and health outcomes.
International health initiatives and their success in reducing global health disparities.

Research Paper Topics on Education

The impact of technology on education systems globally.
Teacher-student relationships and their effect on academic success.
The influence of standardized testing on student learning and motivation.
Innovative strategies for improving literacy rates in various educational settings.
Benefits and challenges of inclusive education for students with diverse needs.
The impact of parental involvement on student academic achievement and behavior.
The role of arts education in fostering creativity and critical thinking.
Comparing the effectiveness of online learning and traditional classroom education.
Socioeconomic status and its influence on educational opportunities and outcomes.
The impact of school leadership on teacher performance and student success.
Benefits of bilingual education programs in diverse communities.
The role of extracurricular activities in student development and academic performance.
Long-term academic benefits of early childhood education programs.
Strategies for closing the achievement gap in different types of schools.
Effects of classroom environment on student learning and engagement.
The role of vocational education in preparing students for various career paths.
School policies' impact on bullying prevention and student safety.
Importance of teacher professional development for enhancing instructional quality.
Cultural diversity's influence on teaching practices and student learning.
The role of educational technology in supporting personalized and adaptive learning.

Research Paper Topics on Sports

Mental health benefits of regular sports participation.
The role of proper nutrition in enhancing athletic performance.
Gender differences in sports performance and participation rates.
The ethical and health implications of doping in competitive sports.
How different coaching styles influence team success and player development.
The relationship between adequate sleep and peak athletic performance.
The impact of modern technology on sports training and athlete performance.
The physical and social benefits of participation in youth sports programs.
The role of sports in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
Effects of climate and weather conditions on outdoor sports performance.
The importance of injury prevention strategies in competitive sports.
Psychological effects of winning and losing on athletes.
The evolution and impact of sports equipment design on performance.
The role of regular sports participation in promoting overall physical fitness.
The influence of media coverage on public perception of professional athletes.
Historical development and significance of the Olympic Games.
Economic impacts of hosting major sports events on local communities.
Unique challenges faced by female athletes in male-dominated sports.
The effect of crowd support on the performance of athletes and teams.
The relationship between participation in sports and academic performance in students.

Seven Signs of Good Topics for Research Paper

Here are the main characteristics of engaging research paper ideas:

Relevance	The topic should be timely and relevant to current issues, trends, or debates in the field of study.
Significance	The topic should address an important research question or problem that has implications for theory, practice, or policy.
Feasibility	The topic should be feasible to research within the constraints of time, resources, and access to data or information.
Originality	The topic should offer a fresh perspective or innovative approach to existing research or fill a gap in the literature.
Scope	The topic should be appropriately scoped to allow for in-depth analysis and exploration without being too broad or too narrow.
Interest	The topic should be interesting and engaging to the researcher and potential readers or stakeholders in the field.
Contribution	The topic should have the potential to contribute new insights, knowledge, or solutions to the field of study and advance scholarship.

If you don’t feel that your topic meets the abovementioned criteria and the time is too short to brainstorm more research topic ideas, simply say, ‘ write my paper ,’ and one of our experts will be there to help you shortly.

How to Choose a Quality Research Paper Topic

Always select a topic that genuinely interests you and aligns with your passion. Your enthusiasm will fuel your motivation and commitment throughout the research process.

Stay Current

Choose a relevant and timely topic. Look for emerging trends, pressing issues, or gaps in the literature that your research can address. Consult this guide if you need more information about how to research a topic .

Consider Your Audience

Think about who your audience is and what topics would be most engaging and relevant to them. Tailor your topic selection to the interests and needs of your audience.

Be Specific

Narrow down your focus to a specific research question or problem. This will help you avoid tackling overly broad topics and ensure your research is focused and manageable.

Assess Feasibility

Consider the resources, time, and access to data or information available for your research. Choose a topic that you can feasibly research within the constraints of your academic program or timeline.

Seek Inspiration

Look for inspiration from miscellaneous sources, including academic journals, news articles, conferences, and conversations with peers or mentors. Explore different perspectives and ideas to spark your creativity.

Gather Feedback

Discuss your potential topics with your peers, instructors, or academic advisors. They can provide valuable feedback, offer different perspectives, and help you refine your research paper ideas. If you want to join forces with a subject-relevant professor, use our research proposal writing service to entice them to work with you.

Access Significance

Measure the significance of your chosen topic in the context of your field of study. Consider its relevance, potential contributions to existing knowledge, and implications for theory, practice, or policy.

Remain Flexible

Be open to adjusting your research topic ideas as you conduct further analysis and gain new insights. Research is an iterative process, and your topic may evolve as you delve deeper into the literature and data.

Stay True to Yourself

Choose a topic that resonates with you and reflects your academic interests, values, and goals. Your research paper is an opportunity to contribute meaningfully to your field and showcase your expertise and passion. If that doesn’t help, buy a research paper from our writing specialists to save time and nerves.

Students often find it difficult to generate research paper topic ideas due to factors such as a lack of clarity on their interests, limited access to relevant resources, and time constraints.

A solution to this challenge is to consider utilizing a professional writing service, which can provide expert guidance and assistance in selecting a research paper topic tailored to the student's interests and requirements.

To bring your academic writing prowess to the next level, please consider the following guide on how to write a reflective essay .

Looking for A+ Argumentative Research Paper Topics?

Let our research essay service be your guide to crafting compelling essays that win debates and top grades!

What Are 5 Good Research Questions for Students?

What are the best research topics, what topic should i use for my research paper.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

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Research Paper Topics -Ijser. (n.d.). https://www.ijser.org/research-paper-topics.aspx ‍
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Social Studies Topics: Philosophy, Economics, Culture & More!

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100 Interesting Research Paper Topics for High Schoolers

What’s covered:, how to pick the right research topic, elements of a strong research paper.

Interesting Research Paper Topics

Composing a research paper can be a daunting task for first-time writers. In addition to making sure you’re using concise language and your thoughts are organized clearly, you need to find a topic that draws the reader in.

CollegeVine is here to help you brainstorm creative topics! Below are 100 interesting research paper topics that will help you engage with your project and keep you motivated until you’ve typed the final period.

A research paper is similar to an academic essay but more lengthy and requires more research. This added length and depth is bittersweet: although a research paper is more work, you can create a more nuanced argument, and learn more about your topic. Research papers are a demonstration of your research ability and your ability to formulate a convincing argument. How well you’re able to engage with the sources and make original contributions will determine the strength of your paper.

You can’t have a good research paper without a good research paper topic. “Good” is subjective, and different students will find different topics interesting. What’s important is that you find a topic that makes you want to find out more and make a convincing argument. Maybe you’ll be so interested that you’ll want to take it further and investigate some detail in even greater depth!

For example, last year over 4000 students applied for 500 spots in the Lumiere Research Scholar Program , a rigorous research program founded by Harvard researchers. The program pairs high-school students with Ph.D. mentors to work 1-on-1 on an independent research project . The program actually does not require you to have a research topic in mind when you apply, but pro tip: the more specific you can be the more likely you are to get in!

Introduction

The introduction to a research paper serves two critical functions: it conveys the topic of the paper and illustrates how you will address it. A strong introduction will also pique the interest of the reader and make them excited to read more. Selecting a research paper topic that is meaningful, interesting, and fascinates you is an excellent first step toward creating an engaging paper that people will want to read.

Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is technically part of the introduction—generally the last sentence of it—but is so important that it merits a section of its own. The thesis statement is a declarative sentence that tells the reader what the paper is about. A strong thesis statement serves three purposes: present the topic of the paper, deliver a clear opinion on the topic, and summarize the points the paper will cover.

An example of a good thesis statement of diversity in the workforce is:

Diversity in the workplace is not just a moral imperative but also a strategic advantage for businesses, as it fosters innovation, enhances creativity, improves decision-making, and enables companies to better understand and connect with a diverse customer base.

The body is the largest section of a research paper. It’s here where you support your thesis, present your facts and research, and persuade the reader.

Each paragraph in the body of a research paper should have its own idea. The idea is presented, generally in the first sentence of the paragraph, by a topic sentence. The topic sentence acts similarly to the thesis statement, only on a smaller scale, and every sentence in the paragraph with it supports the idea it conveys.

An example of a topic sentence on how diversity in the workplace fosters innovation is:

Diversity in the workplace fosters innovation by bringing together individuals with different backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences, which stimulates creativity, encourages new ideas, and leads to the development of innovative solutions to complex problems.

The body of an engaging research paper flows smoothly from one idea to the next. Create an outline before writing and order your ideas so that each idea logically leads to another.

The conclusion of a research paper should summarize your thesis and reinforce your argument. It’s common to restate the thesis in the conclusion of a research paper.

For example, a conclusion for a paper about diversity in the workforce is:

In conclusion, diversity in the workplace is vital to success in the modern business world. By embracing diversity, companies can tap into the full potential of their workforce, promote creativity and innovation, and better connect with a diverse customer base, ultimately leading to greater success and a more prosperous future for all.

Reference Page

The reference page is normally found at the end of a research paper. It provides proof that you did research using credible sources, properly credits the originators of information, and prevents plagiarism.

There are a number of different formats of reference pages, including APA, MLA, and Chicago. Make sure to format your reference page in your teacher’s preferred style.

Analyze the benefits of diversity in education.
Are charter schools useful for the national education system?
How has modern technology changed teaching?
Discuss the pros and cons of standardized testing.
What are the benefits of a gap year between high school and college?
What funding allocations give the most benefit to students?
Does homeschooling set students up for success?
Should universities/high schools require students to be vaccinated?
What effect does rising college tuition have on high schoolers?
Do students perform better in same-sex schools?
Discuss and analyze the impacts of a famous musician on pop music.
How has pop music evolved over the past decade?
How has the portrayal of women in music changed in the media over the past decade?
How does a synthesizer work?
How has music evolved to feature different instruments/voices?
How has sound effect technology changed the music industry?
Analyze the benefits of music education in high schools.
Are rehabilitation centers more effective than prisons?
Are congestion taxes useful?
Does affirmative action help minorities?
Can a capitalist system effectively reduce inequality?
Is a three-branch government system effective?
What causes polarization in today’s politics?
Is the U.S. government racially unbiased?
Choose a historical invention and discuss its impact on society today.
Choose a famous historical leader who lost power—what led to their eventual downfall?
How has your country evolved over the past century?
What historical event has had the largest effect on the U.S.?
Has the government’s response to national disasters improved or declined throughout history?
Discuss the history of the American occupation of Iraq.
Explain the history of the Israel-Palestine conflict.
Is literature relevant in modern society?
Discuss how fiction can be used for propaganda.
How does literature teach and inform about society?
Explain the influence of children’s literature on adulthood.
How has literature addressed homosexuality?
Does the media portray minorities realistically?
Does the media reinforce stereotypes?
Why have podcasts become so popular?
Will streaming end traditional television?
What is a patriot?
What are the pros and cons of global citizenship?
What are the causes and effects of bullying?
Why has the divorce rate in the U.S. been declining in recent years?
Is it more important to follow social norms or religion?
What are the responsible limits on abortion, if any?
How does an MRI machine work?
Would the U.S. benefit from socialized healthcare?
Elderly populations
The education system
State tax bases
How do anti-vaxxers affect the health of the country?
Analyze the costs and benefits of diet culture.
Should companies allow employees to exercise on company time?
What is an adequate amount of exercise for an adult per week/per month/per day?
Discuss the effects of the obesity epidemic on American society.
Are students smarter since the advent of the internet?
What departures has the internet made from its original design?
Has digital downloading helped the music industry?
Discuss the benefits and costs of stricter internet censorship.
Analyze the effects of the internet on the paper news industry.
What would happen if the internet went out?
How will artificial intelligence (AI) change our lives?
What are the pros and cons of cryptocurrency?
How has social media affected the way people relate with each other?
Should social media have an age restriction?
Discuss the importance of source software.
What is more relevant in today’s world: mobile apps or websites?
How will fully autonomous vehicles change our lives?
How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?

Mental Health

What are the benefits of daily exercise?
How has social media affected people’s mental health?
What things contribute to poor mental and physical health?
Analyze how mental health is talked about in pop culture.
Discuss the pros and cons of more counselors in high schools.
How does stress affect the body?
How do emotional support animals help people?
What are black holes?
Discuss the biggest successes and failures of the EPA.
How has the Flint water crisis affected life in Michigan?
Can science help save endangered species?
Is the development of an anti-cancer vaccine possible?

Environment

What are the effects of deforestation on climate change?
Is climate change reversible?
How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect global warming and climate change?
Are carbon credits effective for offsetting emissions or just marketing?
Is nuclear power a safe alternative to fossil fuels?
Are hybrid vehicles helping to control pollution in the atmosphere?
How is plastic waste harming the environment?
Is entrepreneurism a trait people are born with or something they learn?
How much more should CEOs make than their average employee?
Can you start a business without money?
Should the U.S. raise the minimum wage?
Discuss how happy employees benefit businesses.
How important is branding for a business?
Discuss the ease, or difficulty, of landing a job today.
What is the economic impact of sporting events?
Are professional athletes overpaid?
Should male and female athletes receive equal pay?
What is a fair and equitable way for transgender athletes to compete in high school sports?
What are the benefits of playing team sports?
What is the most corrupt professional sport?

Where to Get More Research Paper Topic Ideas

If you need more help brainstorming topics, especially those that are personalized to your interests, you can use CollegeVine’s free AI tutor, Ivy . Ivy can help you come up with original research topic ideas, and she can also help with the rest of your homework, from math to languages.

Disclaimer: This post includes content sponsored by Lumiere Education.

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101 research paper topics.

Why do we sleep ?
How do GPS systems work?
Who was the first person to reach the North Pole ?
Did anybody ever escape Alcatraz ?
What was life like for a gladiator ?
What are the effects of prolonged steroid use on the human body?
What happened during the Salem witch trials ?
Are there any effective means of repelling insects ?
How did trains and railroads change life in America?
What may have occurred during the Roswell UFO incident of 1947?
How is bulletproof clothing made?
What Olympic events were practiced in ancient Greece?
What are the major theories explaining the disappearance of the dinosaurs ?
How was the skateboard invented and how has it changed over the years?
How did the long bow contribute to English military dominance?
What caused the stock market crash of 2008?
How did Cleopatra come to power in Egypt what did she do during her reign?
How has airport security intensified since September 11 th , 2001?
What is life like inside of a beehive ?
Where did hip hop originate and who were its founders?
What makes the platypus a unique and interesting mammal?
How does tobacco use affect the human body?
How do computer viruses spread and in what ways do they affect computers?
What is daily life like for a Buddhist monk ?
What are the origins of the conflict in Darfur ?
How did gunpowder change warfare?
In what ways do Wal-Mart stores affect local economies?
How were cats and dogs domesticated and for what purposes?
What do historians know about ninjas ?
How has the music industry been affected by the internet and digital downloading?
What were the circumstances surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden ?
What was the women’s suffrage movement and how did it change America?
What efforts are being taken to protect endangered wildlife ?
How much does the war on drugs cost Americans each year?
How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?
Are humans still evolving ?
What technologies are available to home owners to help them conserve energy ?
How have oil spills affected the planet and what steps are being taken to prevent them?
What was the Magna Carta and how did it change England?
What is the curse of the pharaohs?
Why was Socrates executed?
What nonlethal weapons are used by police to subdue rioters?
How does the prison population in America compare to other nations?
How did ancient sailors navigate the globe?
Can gamblers ever acquire a statistical advantage over the house in casino games?
What is alchemy and how has it been attempted?
How are black holes formed?
How was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln plotted and executed?
Do the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks?
How do submarines work?
Do lie detector tests accurately determine truthful statements?
How did Cold War tension affect the US and the world?
What happened to the lost settlers at Roanoke ?
How does a hybrid car save energy?
What ingredients can be found inside of a hotdog ?
How did Julius Caesar affect Rome?
What are some common sleep disorders and how are they treated?
How did the Freedom Riders change society?
How is internet censorship used in China and around the world?
What was the code of the Bushido and how did it affect samurai warriors ?
What are the risks of artificial tanning or prolonged exposure to the sun?
What programs are available to help war veterans get back into society?
What steps are involved in creating a movie or television show?
How have the film and music industries dealt with piracy ?
How did Joan of Arc change history?
What responsibilities do secret service agents have?
How does a shark hunt?
What dangers and hardships did Lewis and Clark face when exploring the Midwest?
Has the Patriot Act prevented or stopped terrorist acts in America?
Do states that allow citizens to carry guns have higher or lower crime rates?
How are the Great Depression and the Great Recession similar and different?
What are the dangers of scuba diving and underwater exploration?
How does the human brain store and retrieve memories ?
What was the Manhattan Project and what impact did it have on the world?
How does stealth technology shield aircraft from radar?
What causes tornadoes ?
Why did Martin Luther protest against the Catholic Church?
How does a search engine work?
What are the current capabilities and future goals of genetic engineers ?
How did the Roman Empire fall?
What obstacles faced scientists in breaking the sound barrier ?
How did the black plague affect Europe?
What happened to Amelia Earhart ?
What are the dangers and hazards of using nuclear power ?
How did Genghis Khan conquer Persia?
What architectural marvels were found in Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire ?
From where does spam email come and can we stop it?
How does night vision work?
How did journalists influence US war efforts in Vietnam ?
What are the benefits and hazards of medical marijuana ?
What causes desert mirages and how do they affect wanderers?
What was the cultural significance of the first moon landing ?
What are sinkholes and how are they formed?
Have any psychics ever solved crimes or prevented them from occurring?
Who is Vlad the Impaler and what is his connection to Count Dracula ?
What are the risks of climate change and global warming ?
What treatments are available to people infected with HIV and are they effective?
Who was a greater inventor, Leonardo di Vinci or Thomas Edison ?
How are the Chinese and American economies similar and different?
Why was communism unsuccessful in so many countries?
In what ways do video games affect children and teenagers?

This is an image of a young woman in a library. She is sitting at a desk with a pile of books and looking toward the ceiling. She appears to be in deep thought.

923 Comments

I like using this website when I assist kids with learning as a lot of these topics are quickly covered in the school systems. Thankyou

Mackenah Nicole Molina

Wow! I always have trouble deiciding what to do a research project on but this list has totally solved that. Now my only problem is choosing what idea on this list I should do first!

Most of these my teacher rejected because apparently ‘these aren’t grade level topics, and I doubt they interest you”

I’m sorry to hear that. Sounds like you will have a potentially valuable character-building experience in the short-term.

Edwin Augusto Galindo Cuba

THIS SITE IS AWESOME, THERE ARE LOTS OF TOPICS TO LEARN AND MASTER OUR SKILLS!

research kid

I need one about animals, please. I have been challenged to a animal research project, Due Friday. I have no clue what to research! somebody help, thanks for reading!

You can do one on bats

For international studies you can do Defense and Security.

This was very helpful.

Research on Ben Franklin? I think THAT will get a real charge out of everyone (hehehehegetit)

Mandy Maher

“Is it possible to colonize Mars?”

maddy burney

these are silly topics

thx for making this real.

Mary Nnamani

Please I need project topics on Language Literature

Marcella Vallarino

I would appreciate a list of survey questions for middle school grades 6-8

I need a research topics about public sector management

I NEED FIVE EXAMPLES EACH ON QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (EDUCATION, HEALTH, TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMY AND ENGINEERING)

publish research that are interesting please……

hey can you do one on the burmiueda triangle

Anybody know video games effect kids,and,teens. There Fun!!

they’re

I need a topic about woman history if any of u can find 1 please that would be great!

You could research about the history of the astronauts, and of human past (WWI, WWII, etc.)

so about women? Manitoba Women Win the Right to Vote in Municipal Elections, The First Women, January 23, 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to graduate from medical school and become a doctor in the United States, Rosa Parks Civil Rights Equal Pay. I have way more. so if you need more just ask.

communism is good

what are you a communist?!?!

Did FDR know about the upcoming attack on Pearl Harbor on 07 DEC 1941.

do you know how babies are born

Christine Singu

kindly assist with a research topic in the field of accounting or auditing

need more about US army

Please can yiu give me a topic in education

I think one should be how can music/Video games can affect the life for people

or How Do Video Games Affect Teenagers?

zimbabwe leader

I think a good topic is supporting the confederate flag!

Need a research topic within the context of students union government and dues payments

do more weird ones plz

joyce alcantara

Hi pls po can you give me a topic relate for humanities pls thank u.

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Table of contents

1 Why Is the Choice of Subject in Research Papers So Important?
2 How to Choose a Research Paper Topic?
3 Business Research Paper Topics
4 Media and Communications Research Paper Topics
5 Psychology Research Paper Topics
6 Argumentative Research Paper Topics
7 Controversial Topics for Research Paper
8 Easy Research Paper Topics
9 Research Topic in Natural Sciences
10 Sociology Research Paper Topics
11 Family Research Paper Topics
12 Discrimination Research Paper Topics
13 Law Research Paper Topics
14 Environmental Research Paper Topics
15 Education Research Paper Topics
16 Science and Technology Research Paper Topics
17 College Research Paper Topics
18 Health Research Paper Topics
19 Politics Research Paper Topics
20 History Research Paper Topics
21 Music Research Paper Topics
22.1 After Choosing the Research Topic
22.2 Closing Thoughts

When students approach the final stage of their academic journey, they immediately begin to think about the need to develop their research project to add to their college curriculum. To do this, students start searching for the best research paper topics. From then on, many insecurities and doubts will haunt the minds of these college education students who will have a big job ahead of them with the best research paper topic.

To help students during this challenging phase of their education, we can help them explore various interesting research paper topics, figure out which one aligns with their interests, and start working on it well ahead of the deadline.

Why Is the Choice of Subject in Research Papers So Important?

The final project of a student who is in college is a research paper. However, the student needs to start working on it before the end of their program. It is known that the sooner you begin this process, the more time and tranquility you will find to develop it. Therefore, a research paper will review what experts on a given subject have published in the literature, making the student choose and defend a point of view concerning a thesis statement. Writing one successfully requires surveys and data to back your idea or topic and choose a good research paper topic.

How to Choose a Research Paper Topic?

Choosing a research paper topic is a crucial step in the research process . It’s important to select a topic that interests you, aligns with your academic goals, and is feasible to research. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to pick a good research paper topic :

Pick a subject that you’re passionate about! If you’re passionate about your subject, the research process will be more relevant, and you will have more research topic ideas.
Concentrate on a doable topic.
You will only be able to focus if your topic is narrow enough.
Examine the subject selection instructions provided in your assignment—request advice from your lecturer or TA.
Always refer to important materials and notes about classes so that you are up to date on the topic.
Brainstorm research topics with a friend. They will be able to help you write your emphasis and raise concerns that will not be present at the time of your presentation.
Consider the following questions for your research topic ideas: who, what, when, where, and why:

WHY did you choose this particular topic? What piques your curiosity about it?

WHO are the sources of information, and who is impacted?

WHAT are the most important questions about this subject?

WHERE does your topic matter most: locally, nationally, or internationally?

WHEN did your topic become important? Is this a current issue or one from the past?

Business Research Paper Topics

A study of the business is current and significant. It allows data and information to be collected about commercial relationships worldwide. In this way, students can delve deeper into an important economics and professional development topic, finding solutions and discussing results. Sometimes, one can get research paper writing to assist in situations where it is inconvenient. Some examples of these business research paper topics include:

The influence of employee benefits on representative efficiency.
The difficulties of managing workgroup conflict.
Start-ups: Examining the challenges that arise during the early stages of a business.
How to work with open and closed systems in business.
Workgroups’ ability to evolve to meet the needs of the future.
Inter-authoritative networks and leadership strategies.
Product and service improvements made in significant cooperation.
How to manage an organization’s emergencies.
The effect of full quality management practices on client retention and satisfaction.
Effective time management as a tool for authoritative endurance.

Media and Communications Research Paper Topics

The research work developed in the area of the media manages to provide students with information about mass communication and its importance. With the advent of the internet and all its nuances, it is increasingly important to develop studies and research to understand the effects of media and communication in the social context. Some communication research topics can explore include:

The influence of the media on real-life relationships.
The role of the media in the expression of social issues.
Consequences of mass media on society’s ethical well-being.
The advantages of using the media to anticipate a crisis.
How the media infringes on citizens’ rights.
What role does the media play in spreading awareness?
The significance of trustworthy ads.
The impact of the media on a country’s political elite.
Is the media good or harmful to the economy?
What role does the media play in technological advancement?

Psychology Research Paper Topics

Many subjects can be approached within the theme of psychology. It is an area of science that allows us to carry out different studies with various themes and views. However, the student must be able to choose an important topic for the psychology and academic context. Your teacher’s attention is drawn to an engaging and novel topic. Here are some ideas for you:

What impact do violent video games have on children’s brain development?
Do violent cartoons impact our children’s behavior and mental health?
What impact does divorce have on a child’s emotional blooming?
An introverted child’s social anxiety and sadness.
How does bullying affect high school or college students’ social interactions?
When a person is in love, how does the brain work?
Differences in the way a man’s and a woman’s brains work
Is there a link between PTSD and Alzheimer’s disease?
Sleep paralysis causes and effects
What is the best way to deal with multiple personality disorders?

Argumentative Research Paper Topics

The student must choose an argumentative research paper topic because you will have to defend a thesis during the work. By opting for a good research paper topic of your interest, you will base yourself on various materials already published on the subject to develop your thoughts and arguments to defend your initial idea chosen as the main subject of your work.

The role of government in addressing income inequality.
The pros and cons of school uniform policies.
Analyzing the effects of violent video games on behavior.
The effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education programs.
The impact of fast food advertising on childhood obesity.
The role of government in regulating online privacy.
The pros and cons of school voucher programs.
Examining the impact of standardized testing on education.
The ethics of capital punishment for juveniles.
The ethics of human organ trafficking.

Controversial Topics for Research Paper

High times or high risks? The legalization of recreational marijuana use.
Locked and loaded: The endless debate on gun control policies.
To kill or not to kill: The ongoing debate on capital punishment.
Drones in the crosshairs: Balancing security and privacy.
The ethics of human cloning and genetic engineering.
Vaccination controversies: Mandates, exemptions, and public health.
Affirmative action under scrutiny: Equity in college admissions.
The ethics of assisted suicide and euthanasia.
Balancing surveillance and civil liberties.
Nuclear power and weapons: Weighing the benefits and risks.
Solitary confinement: Cruel punishment or necessary measure?
Rise of the machines: Artificial intelligence, employment, and ethics.
Animals in entertainment: Whose amusement at what cost?
Privacy vs. security: Government surveillance and individual rights.
Playing God: The ethics of human gene editing and designer babies.
Statues and symbols: The controversy surrounding Confederate memorials.
Fracking unveiled: The controversy surrounding hydraulic fracturing.

Easy Research Paper Topics

The effects of fast food consumption on health.
The benefits of reading for personal development.
Strategies for stress reduction in everyday life.
The role of family in child development.
The history of famous inventions.
Strategies for effective communication in relationships.
The history and impact of social movements.
The influence of advertising on consumer choices.
Strategies for healthy eating on a budget.
The importance of setting goals in life.

Research Topic in Natural Sciences

The impact of ocean acidification on marine life
Exploring the genetic diversity of soil microbes and their influence on crop health.
Studying the impacts of emerging contaminants on freshwater ecosystems.
Understanding the dynamics of emerging zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations.
The use of CRISPR in gene editing.
The use of drones in disaster response.
The effects of light pollution on nocturnal insect communities in urban areas.
Natural toxins in plants: mechanisms, benefits, and risks in agriculture.
Climate change and its effects on algal blooms and water quality in 2023.
The ecological significance of wetland restoration efforts in 2023.

Sociology Research Paper Topics

The sociology discipline is responsible for studying human behavior within society. These studies will address how people behave in social relationships and groups and how cultures and customs emerge. The possibilities for research are endless regarding sociology’s enormous reach and continually changing societal trends. Choose the best easy sociology research topics for yourself. Some topic ideas are:

Is emotional intelligence as crucial as everyone claims?
Is there a misconception that males are better professionals than women?
Is homeschooling a hindrance to children’s socialization?
Abuse marriages have both causes and effects.
We spend too much time on our phones.
The ethics of animal experimentation.
Is recycling beneficial to the environment?
In the United States, is there a stereotype about Mexicans?
Racial preconceptions ruin people.
The need for sex education.

Family Research Paper Topics

It’s not always easy to research family issues. This is mainly because some students may be coming from pleased families. Thus, many concepts might be difficult to comprehend. However, this field of study has the potential to significantly improve the psychological climate in many households throughout the world. Some topics one can research include:

In the family, there has been sexual abuse. The escape plan and organizations that can assist.
Resolving religious issues in families.
Is it possible to rescue oneself from substance abuse in a family if others engage?
Saving family connections while not inheriting the family business.
Balancing between family support and allowing young adults to experience living on their own in the transition to adulthood.
A relationship that is toxic and abusive. Breaking up with a toxic spouse has psychological ramifications.
Children and adults go through phases of grieving after losing a family member. How can we cope as a group?
What issues might parents confront when fostering a child?
When does teen misbehavior become more than a normal desire for independence?
A generational divide exists. The moral and cultural differences. Is this typical?

Discrimination Research Paper Topics

It is undeniable the massive impact that discrimination has in the society of the past and also of the present. Therefore, articles on discrimination and race relations must be the subject of academic research. Research papers on it can probe and proffer solutions through data found. Much research in this area can be developed, addressing relations of age, religion, race, sexual orientation, and any existing social conflict. Some topics to explore are:

Colorism as a kind of discrimination.
Discrimination Against Muslims in the Workplace.
Discrimination Against Asian Americans in Colleges.
Discrimination in the Workplace.
Discrimination against people of color as a result of racial profiling.
Discrimination Against Muslims in the Workplace is an issue that has to be addressed.
Discrimination in the Workplace: How to Manage in an Inclusive Environment.
Discrimination, social exclusion, and violence against LGBT people are issues that the LGBT community faces.
Discrimination and Equality Struggle.
Discrimination based on age in the workplace.

Law Research Paper Topics

Another fundamental form of research is legal research. It is a significant topic and one that allows us to have different approaches and points of view. Each country and each historical time will give us an even greater immersion in laws and legal conduct.

The law can be divided into 21 major areas. Just choose one of them to be the topic of your law research . Some areas of law are constitutional law, environmental law, and criminal law, among others. Some good topics include:

What are the benefits of business rules for institutions and organizations?
What is business law’s actual nature?
What do we know about the classification of business rules and the legal regulation of non-consensual adoption in the United States?
How does the law handle marriage and divorce for mentally ill people?
The cultural influence of transgender marriage and its legal status in different countries.
The environment and private property.
Equal protection under the law and the principle of equality.
The financial pyramid’s legal aspects.
Environment-related crimes.
Exchange Commission and Securities.

Environmental Research Paper Topics

To improve our relationship with nature and preserve it, it is necessary to carry out a lot of debate and research in this area. In this way, we will learn about the importance of ecology and the environment in the lives of all living beings. Developing work on this subject means containing the adverse effects of globalization, industrialization, and the use of nature. This way, we can save ecosystems, avoiding irreparable losses to our planet. Some environment research paper topics are:

Analysis and proposed remedies for lung cancer and radon.
The negative impact of acid rain on aquatic life and natural resources.
What can we do to protect wildlife from being killed by acid rain?
What role did prehistoric creatures have in today’s ecosystems?
The repercussion of air pollution and global warming on human health.
Can recycling assist people worldwide in improving their health?
What can be done to protect coral reefs from being destroyed?
How much are garbage and pesticides to blame for our soil contamination?
How big is the problem of ocean acidification?
Permafrost melting and its impact on climate change.

Education Research Paper Topics

It is known that improving the educational system worldwide is imperative, better serving students and society. However, how can we do this? This type of research aims to make education more efficient and accessible for everyone. Some topics to consider are:

Will one of the aims of modern education be the growth of emotional intelligence?
Discrimination in education and its impact on students’ futures.
Mentally ill persons need to be educated and socialized. There are some similarities and some variances.
Education and censorship. Do we want to protect the pupils, or do we want to help them learn what they need to know?
How do students in inclusive classrooms perform compared to students in non-inclusive classes?
Is it still necessary to have grades in today’s education?
Education and incentive: how to pique the interest of students.
In what ways may modern education be compared to traditional schooling?
Bullying and a negative psychological climate in the classroom. Its influence on educational quality.
The importance of discipline in education and how it affects the learning process.

Science and Technology Research Paper Topics

We can see many positive technical advances in the world these days. However, some have negative consequences. Students must prioritize topics that influence many people’s lives and help develop technological research. At the same time, look at the advantages and preservation of technology in today’s world. Some technology topics include:

What effect does alcohol intake have on athletes who are training?
What influence does ADCC activity research have on HIV treatment?
What function does CDfT-Cell Subsets play in HIV patient progression?
What is the most significant technical breakthrough of the twentieth century?
Is it possible for tech to ever replace human intelligence?
What impact does tech play in genetic engineering’s advancement?
Can microbial factories help solve the raw metals shortage?
Is the paleo diet representative of ancient life? Is it the best diet for people?
Is Europe’s objection to genetically modified crops motivated by science or economic considerations?
Could molecular biology study into uncommon genetic abnormalities possibly lead to new insights into cancer and other diseases?

College Research Paper Topics

Developing research about the dilemmas faced daily by many students within the university environment is also extremely important. In this way, it becomes possible to analyze more objectively all social relations within the college, the influence of social media, the academic development of students, and especially the results that will be reaped in their profession in the future. The education system is an extensive topic with possibilities to develop easy research paper topics. In addition, it is an environment you are probably already familiar with, thus facilitating the data and information collection process. Some topics about it:

The importance of higher education in a professional career for middle ages people.
What are the main reasons that lead students to drop out of college?
Why should people study foreign languages in college?
The influence of the digital world on the university world.
College and the financial hardship faced by many students.
Doubts about choosing the right college.
How to enter the job market after completing college.
What are the main differences between public and private colleges?
The effects of cyberbullying in the university context.
What is the ideal human behaviour in the university environment?

Health Research Paper Topics

Academic work must be developed in Health subjects, seeking to understand better the dynamics of health in different world countries and how this influences people’s lives to have physical well-being. We have recently seen the impact of the Covid-19 virus pandemic on our planet. We have seen the collapse of many health systems in many countries’ human relationships. In addition, we also saw despair and suffering in many families with mental health problems. Therefore, we see how necessary it is to develop research projects that help consolidate better care for the population, promoting health and preventing the emergence of new diseases, especially in third-world countries. Some health research paper topics are:

Support for family members who have lost loved ones to COVID-19.
Adolescent violence as a public health problem.
Assistance for people with disabilities living in rural areas.
Adolescent mental health in public health.
The evolution of the human body over the years.
Health problems caused by the use of pesticides.
How does social media addiction influence people’s health?
Obesity as a public health problem.
Health education in schools and through social media.
How does water quality interfere with public health?

Politics Research Paper Topics

Another research paper topic is politics. Politics is a topic that directly or indirectly involves the lives of all world inhabitants. Through it, we seek our rights, have the strength to fight for our ideologies, and become citizens. Here are some politics research paper topics :

Policies to face global warming.
The presence of politics within the education system.
The influences of the cultural industry in the constitution of public policies.
Political relations during World War I and World War II.
The importance of feminism in the political achievement of women’s right to vote.
Best professional writers on political topics.
Public policy related to an all-female working environment.
The importance of public policies that make people aware of drug use.
The emergence of extremist political ideologies in the 21st century.
The importance of democracy in politics.

History Research Paper Topics

History is essential for humanity to understand the facts that occurred and their relationship with time. From history, we can develop several exciting research topics as it can investigate what men did, thought, felt, and set in all social dynamics thousands of years ago. Historical knowledge is capable of helping to understand human beings, their attitudes, and their evolution. Some history research paper topics are:

The historical development of the electoral college.
Major terrorist attacks throughout history.
The historical and social importance of gender psychology.
The changes that came with the end of the Soviet Union.
The progression of the minimum wage over the years.
The worldwide impacts of the war between Russia and Ukraine.
The emergence of offshore bank accounts work and their social impact.
The Mayan Civilization and Its Cultural Legacy.
The history of dictatorships in South America and funding from the United States.
The democratization of access to course material at History College.

Music Research Paper Topics

Music has been present in humanity since the most remote times. Through music, people can express themselves, have fun, relax, and express their opinions. As it is a vast topic, it is possible to do extensive research. Music also allows you to find funny research paper topics to develop. We selected a few good research paper topics here:

The evolution of the music industry globally.
The influence of music in the treatment of depression.
The importance of still producing and listening to traditional music.
The presence of music in film.
The main legacies of classical music.
Songs about self-esteem that encourage obese people.
School development through music.
The aid of artificial intelligence in the creation of new songs.
The effects of music on brain development.
Songs that address controversial topics and their importance.

Literature Research Paper Topics

Literature is everything that involves the art of the word. We consider literature an instrument capable of making us communicate and interact socially. With literature, we can transmit knowledge, emotions, and stories, and that’s why literature has many good research topics. Literature can provide us with the most interesting research topics. Here are some research paper ideas.

Literature as a tool of corporate social responsibility.
The first forms of literature found.
The use of social media as a way to propagate literature.
A sensitive approach to child abuse in the literature.
Are people switching from literature to social media?
The change of literature after the Industrial Revolution.
Literature as a way to protect children online.
The development of scientific literature for standardized tests in science.
Literature review on computer science.
The importance of developing a thesis statement in literature.

After Choosing the Research Topic

Well, after finding great research paper topics, you will decide which one you like the most and which you are more comfortable writing about. So, once you’ve decided which college research paper topics to cover in your thesis, it’s time to start writing. It is important, right at the beginning, to define your main research question to start researching websites, books, articles, etc. A tip is always to opt for a broader research question, so your first research will have a greater amount of material on your research topics, which will make it easier when choosing an approach and focusing on the main subject of your thesis. Before starting the process of submitting research papers, it is important that an advisor can read and review your text on the chosen research topics.

Closing Thoughts

When you have to choose your research paper topic, there are tons of ideas you can use to embark on your research journey. It is very important that you first carry out thorough research about a good research paper topic so that you can start writing your thesis statement. You can read materials online to know if the topic you want to write on is relevant and has enough data. I hope you can take advantage of all our tips to develop your research papers. The most important thing to consider is that you need to like the topic you choose for a good research paper because it’ll help make writing fun.

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Why Do You Need to Find a Research Topic?

Before we get down to the top 10 research topics on student learning , let’s understand what they are. Research topics help students to drill down into a subject and break down a wide aspect into smaller things. The topics serve the purpose of bringing fresh perspectives to the table and point out a potential knowledge gap or core problem.

Research Topic vs. Research Question

Going by its definition, a research topic focuses on a broad theme that calls for deep investigation. On the other hand, a research question is a particular query that researchers use to find plausible answers and new scopes. While you may be busy finding the top 10 research topics for students in college or senior high school, always remember that the topic reflects an aspect of a subject.

How To Find Research Topics To Write About

The key to finding the top 10 research topics may leave you confused but don’t worry. The table below portrays the characteristics of interesting research paper topics that you must keep in mind:

What Makes a Good Research Topic

While we will give you some ideas about the top 10 research topics for students, you still need to pick one. However, getting closer to this topic may feel soul-crushing! Don’t worry; these tips will help you select good research project topics for students.

1. Focus on Personal Interests

Research paper topics for college students usually stem from what motivates them. If you are interested in a specific field, you can go forward with the topic as long as it is relevant to your field. However, this does not mean you can overlook potential biases - being too close to the subject might even lead you nowhere.

2. Check the Guidelines

When looking for the top 10 research topics for students, it’s imperative to adhere to guidelines laid out by your school. Sometimes, they approve good topics for research papers only if they are related to the public interest or environment. Ask your professor/mentor whether you need to follow certain guidelines while finding the best research titles for students.

3. Availability of Resources

Your research project might never see the daylight if you do not have enough resources available. Make sure the resources are within your limits! In case your research has funding, always check how you will be able to use it. Finances, access to participants, and timings are key factors in finalising among the top 10 research topics for students.

1. Psychology Research Paper Topics

Psychology papers offer an exciting opportunity to explore and understand the human psyche. Emerging technologies and their impact on mental health is one of the best research topics for college students, yet there is more you can explore. Below are some of the best research topics for college students:

1. The impact of social media on mental health among adolescents and young adults.

2. The potential benefits and risks of virtual reality therapy for mental health conditions.

3. The ethical considerations of using AI in psychological treatment.

4. The influence of mindfulness practices on cognitive performance and well-being.

5. The link between sleep quality and cognitive decline in ageing populations.

2. Business and Economics Research Topics

From sustainable business practices to global trade dynamics, the best research topics for college students regarding business and economics revolve around many areas. While you may initially find it challenging how to conduct research , you can draw inspiration from these topics for research paper:

1. The impact of AI on various aspects of business, such as marketing and financial analysis. 2. The ethical considerations and challenges associated with the use of big data and analytics in business practices. 3. The potential of blockchain technology to revolutionise supply chain management and improve data privacy. 4. The effectiveness of policy interventions to promote sustainable economic growth & development. 5. Exploring the factors that contribute to the success of startups and new ventures in the digital age.

While you find research topics, discover the best accommodation too!

3. Social Sciences Research Topics

Social sciences deal with the study of human behaviour and explore socioeconomic inequalities, political ideologies, urban development, and more. If you are looking for good ideas for a research paper regarding social sciences, here are some:

1. The effectiveness of different social policy interventions aimed at addressing global issues. 2. The potential of blockchain technology to improve transparency and accountability in social structures. 3. The social and ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in various aspects of life. 4. The psychological and social impacts of climate change on individuals and communities. 5. The increasing focus on interdisciplinary research that combines social science with data science.

4. Language and Linguistics Research Topics

From computational linguistics to semantics to language preservation, the field of language leads to some really good topics for research papers. While going through our list of top 10 research topics for students, you can already grasp that there are a few things to keep in mind when writing a college paper ! So, here are the best research topic ideas for students regarding language studies:

1. The influence of social media and digital communication on language use and evolution. 2. The impact of language learning apps and online platforms on pedagogy. 3. The role of language in perpetuating social inequalities. 4. The link between language and mental health in the context of cultural displacement. 5. The potential of multilingualism to enhance cognitive abilities.

5. Health and Medicine Research Topics

Finding the best research title ideas for students is daunting when it comes to a dynamic field like health and medicine. After going through this compilation of the top 10 research topics for students, you can understand how to come up with the right one. Here, based on the emerging areas of interest, we share some of the potentially impactful and the best research ideas for students:

1. The integration of AI in medical diagnosis and treatment. 2. Investigating the ethical considerations of using AI in the healthcare sector. 3. The developing field of preventive health measures and promoting healthy lifestyles. 4. The link between social determinants of health and mental well-being. 5. Improving access to healthcare and promoting health equity in minority communities.

6. Renewable Energy & Clean Technologies Research Topics

Initially, you might find it impossible to understand how to write a research paper for college , but these top 10 research topics for students will have you covered. Especially when your focus is on clean energy sources and the emission of greenhouse gases, there is a lot to cover nowadays. Here are some of the best research topics for students:

1. The potential of next-generation solar cell technologies. 2. The social and environmental aspects of renewable energy deployment. 3. Discovering the potential of decentralised energy systems. 4. The potential of hydrogen energy, including production, storage, and utilisation. 5. The impact of climate change on renewable energy resources.

7. Technology and Innovation Research Topics

The sector for technology is ever-evolving, with innovations taking place every other. With the emergence of IoT, artificial intelligence, and ML, the world of technology is your oyster. Here are the best research topics for students:

1. The societal implications of AI in healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles. 2. The potential of blockchain technology to revolutionise cybersecurity and voting systems. 3. Innovative solutions to combat climate change, including renewable energy technologies and sustainable infrastructure. 4. The role of technology in disaster preparedness and risk management. 5. The use of technology to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to information.

8. Arts and Design Research Topics

Whether your niche lies in art therapy, cultural studies in arts, or architecture innovation, there are interesting research paper topics. While exploring the top 10 research topics for students, constructing research may seem difficult – going through the research design - elements and characteristics can solve your problems. So, here are the best research topics for students in college:

1. The impact of AI on artistic creation. 2. The use of virtual reality and augmented reality in storytelling. 3. The role of art in addressing social and environmental challenges. 4. The use of art as a tool for social commentary and activism. 5. The evolving nature of art museums and galleries in the digital age.

9. Argumentative Research Topics

Building a specific argument and exploring topics can bring you some unique topics for research paper. Through these top 10 research topics for students, you can evaluate human interest on a global scale and beyond. Let’s have a look at these best research topics for students:

1. Is universal basic income a viable solution to poverty? 2. Is nuclear power a solution to the global energy crisis? 3. Does increased global cooperation offer a solution to climate change? 4. The impact of automation and AI on the future of work and employment. 5. The ethical implications of gene editing and other emerging biotechnologies.

10. Human Rights Research Paper Topics

Our list of top 10 research topics remains incomplete without human rights. This field is evolving and has become a growing interest for everyone around the world. If you want to probe questions about gender equality or privacy rights, here are a few of the research title examples for students:

1. The role of human rights defenders and activists in promoting social change. 2. The human rights of marginalised groups, such as LGBTQ+ individuals and people with disabilities. 3. The impact of AI on human rights, including issues of bias and discrimination. 4. Examining the ethical implications of facial recognition technology. 5. Exploring the human rights implications of environmental pollution and toxic waste disposal.

Now that you have an idea about some of the top 10 research topics for students, we hope you come up with an original one. Remember, successful research always starts with the right question. Take time, dig deep into the relevant theories, and find thought-provoking topics for research papers. Meanwhile, don’t overlook the power of how to write a research paper appendix and how to create the right structure for the paper. You can also check out amber+ for essential tools that can help make your thesis writing process smoother! So, happy researching! Also, dive into our exclusive visual guide to uncover intriguing research topics tailored for students like you.

Frequently Asked Questions

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55 Research Paper Topics to Jumpstart Your Writing

The research paper is one of the most tried and true assignments in high school or college. It's your teacher's opportunity to see how well you can research, convey, and organize that research, and assemble everything into one five-paragraph (or maybe 15-page) paper.

Before you get started on your paper, you'll need to have a comprehensive understanding of what your teacher expects out of your completed assignment, as well as a really great topic that you can spend a lot of time researching. However, with several classes filled with many students, your teachers have likely seen the same topics over and over (and over) again. Here are some research paper topics that are guaranteed to keep your interest (and theirs). Borrow one of these ideas or get inspiration from this list, which is broken down by subject category.

Social issues research paper topics

Social issues are always going to exist, unfortunately. But the more we learn about what they are, how we can solve them, and how to prevent them, the better off we'll be. Here are a few social issues topics to think about and to do research on.

Many children are diagnosed with ADD or ADHD and are subsequently put on medication, but some advocate that children are overly medicated and that we should instead have more patience for those who can't sit still or have minor behavioral issues. How should this issue be approached?
The homeless population in the United States is more than 1.5 million people. What are the conditions that lead to someone's being homeless? Are there ways to combat it?
Girls who have been in the foster care system are more likely to be human trafficked. Why is this? What can be done?
Someone who grows up in poverty is more likely to live in poverty all their life. Why is that? How can someone escape poverty?
Opioid addiction is a huge issue in the United States right now. What led to the widespread abuse of opioid drugs? What is being done to solve this problem?
Sexual assault is a hot button issue on college campuses. How widespread is sexual assault on college campuses and what is being done to stop it?
Each year, 1.2 million students drop out of high school. What is causing them to drop out? What can be done to combat the dropout rate?
Many terminally-ill patients in America are advocating for assisted suicide. What countries already allow this, and what are the pros and the cons?
Performance artists in public places such as beach boardwalks have their activities regulated by some local governments. Why is this? What are the pros and the cons?
TV shows such as "Hoarders" have shed light on people who collect tremendous amounts of items, trash, and/or animals in their house. How are these people being helped? What causes hoarding problems?

Political research paper topics

The events in politics may always be changing, but the nature of politics remains the same. There's always a lot to discuss and a lot to learn, making for a very interesting research topic for your paper. Here are a few ideas to get you thinking.

North Korea has recently ramped up its nuclear program. What are some ramifications of this?
There has been a large political divide in the country for the past few years. What factors led to the large division?
What is the AHCA? How is it different from the ACA?
The U.S. recently pulled out of the Paris Climate Agreement. What is the Paris Climate Agreement and what is America's history of involvement with it?
Confederate monuments are being torn down after the events in Charlottesville. Write about the history of one confederate monument that's been torn down. When was it built? What were the circumstances of it being constructed?
Some feel that religious liberties have been threatened in the United States for several years. Why do they feel this way? What is the history of religious liberties in this country?
Much of the news in the last couple of years has been the rise of populism. What is the definition of populism? How does it affect the political climate?
Many parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children because they have read that there is a link between vaccines and autism. Should parents have to vaccinate their children to guarantee herd immunity for all children? Even though the evidence points out that vaccines do not cause autism, why do parents still insist? How have certain celebrities contributed to this issue by being vocal on this topic?
Many people in "Middle America" don't feel that their viewpoints are adequately expressed in the national media. Why do they feel this way? How does this affect national discourse?

Historical research paper topics

Many of us learn a lot about the Revolutionary War or the Civil War in our classrooms, but often there's not enough time to explore everything that you might be interested in. Here are a few off-the-beaten-path research paper topics that will be sure to capture your attention as well as your instructor's.

What caused the market crash of 2008? How are we still recovering?
There were several all black towns in the United States in the early 20th century. What led to the establishment of these cities?
Who were the Freedom Riders?
What were the Tulsa Race Riots?
What was Female Hysteria in the Victorian era?
There are a lot of conspiracy theories surrounding Kennedy's assassination. Research about one in depth and discuss how the theory came about.
What was the Korean War over? How does it affect society today?
What was the Vietnam War over? How does it affect society today?
What was the Space Race? Who were the major players and why did it matter so much who got to the moon first?
Why did a lot of protesters and "hippies" gather at Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s? Write about the history of this notable neighborhood in San Francisco.
What were Jim Crow laws? How do they still affect society today?
When was Affirmative Action enacted? How does it still affect society today?
What was the Reconstructive era? How does it still affect the South today?
What was Watergate? Who were the major players and what was the result? How did it affect the country?
What was the Equal Rights Amendment? Why was it not ratified?
What was Prohibition? What were the circumstances and why did it finally end?
Who was the first woman to hold political office in the United States?
Eleanor Roosevelt was a very notable First Lady. Who was she and why was she so important?
What was the case Loving v. Virginia? Who did it involve and what was it about?

Environmental research paper topics

There are many things to learn and research on about the world around us. Whether it's how we can combat climate change or research alternative fuels, it's important to know the answers for a healthy global environment for our future children and grandchildren. Here are a few ideas for environmental research paper topics.

What is global warming? What can we do to minimize the effects of it?
Some people say that certain global warming studies are funded by industries that have a vested interest in the issue, such as solar energy companies. How are they funded and conducted? Should the research be conducted by impartial parties?
The polar ice caps are melting. What does this mean for our environment?
There are many endangered species throughout the world. Pick one to write about and write about conservation efforts being made.
What are alternative fuels? Should we use them or not? Write about the pros and the cons.
What are some ways you could individually reduce your carbon footprint?
What countries are leading the globe on combating climate change? What steps are they taking to lead the way?
What is deforestation and how does it affect the environment?
Many coral reefs are disappearing. Why is that and what kind of actions are scientists taking?
What are sinkholes? Why do they occur?

Film, literature, and art research paper topics

Film, literature, and art are part of what defines a culture. It's not surprising then that there is much to explore when you are thinking about these topics. Here are a few interesting paper topics that pertain to film, literature, and art.

Look at a list of classic films. Pick one and write about why it was so influential.
In the year 2017 it's still quite rare to find a female film director. Pick a favorite female film director and discuss what unique perspectives she adds to film and culture.
There's more of a push to ignore the traditional "canon" of literature because it features a lot of white, male writers. What do this mean and what do you think of it?
Female artists are highly underrepresented in art museums throughout the world. Is it just that there aren't many female artists traditionally? What are some efforts being made to include more female artists?
Some people feel that Hollywood is hypocritical in embracing director Roman Polanski. What makes them feel this way? What events made him a controversial figure?
Read a banned book and research on why the book was banned. What were the circumstances?
They say poetry is a dying art. What do you think? Is poetry still alive and well?

After you've chosen a topic, be sure to get a second opinion

Choosing an interesting research paper topic is often half the battle. Once you get a topic nailed down that you're really fascinated by, it's a lot easier to research and write about it.

After you've written all of the content of your research paper, it's always important to get someone to look over your paper and ensure that it's error-free and makes sense to the reader. If you have any questions, be sure to reach out to your instructor or a parent for advice. Finally, if you want to ensure that your paper doesn't contain any spelling or grammar mistakes, you should consider hiring a professional editor such as one from ServiceScape to take a look at your paper. A professional can help you spot an error that you may have missed and help you achieve clean, easy-to-read copy that is guaranteed to impress.

200 Exciting Research Paper Topics for Academic Success

Doing research is super important if you want to thrive academically and come up with new ideas. That’s why professors often assign such tasks. The success of a research paper depends a lot on the topic you choose. Ensure to pick something that aligns with your interest, skills and have room for exploration.

If you’re having trouble selecting a good topic, don’t sweat it! We have a collection of 200 awesome research paper topics that cover a variety of fields. Go through all of them and pick a shortlist to get started with writing your research paper .

Table of Contents

Comprehensive Lists of Fantastic Research Paper Topics

There are tons of options available to go with when choosing a subject for your research paper. These comprehensive lists cover unique and simple to explore research paper topics recommended by the professional paper writing services provider. Let’s get started with the first one.

Unique High School Research Topic Examples

A unique research paper subject could make your piece stand out from the rest. This list is your chance to begin with a unique topic.

How has standardized testing affected academic success and student learning? An Analysis.
The effects of social media on student mental health and well-being.
The benefits and drawbacks of homeschooling compared to traditional schooling.
Why Do People Study Foreign Languages? Exploring Motivations, Benefits, and Challenges
The role of physical education in promoting physical health and academic achievement.
The effects of sleep deprivation on student performance and behavior in the classroom.
The impact of bullying on student academic and social development.
The benefits and challenges of the multicultural education system in promoting diversity and inclusivity in schools.
Social Media and its Impacts on body image and Self-esteem in young adults
The effects of privacy laws on data protection and cybersecurity in the modern era.
The role of the judiciary in shaping legal precedent and interpreting the law.
How has technology changed student learning and academic performance?
The role of teacher-student relationships in student motivation and engagement in the classroom.
The effects of extracurricular activities on student academic and personal growth.

New Research Paper Topics

Working on a new research paper topic will open up room for exploring new areas. Hence allowing you to craft an impressive piece. Here you go with our writers ’ favorite list:

The effects of climate change on global food security and agricultural production.
The impact of social media on political polarization and civic engagement in the digital age.
The role of renewable energy sources. How to impact mitigating climate change and reduce carbon emissions?
Unlocking the Secret to Finding the Best Research Paper Topics: Strategies and Techniques for Identifying High-Impact Areas of Study
An Ethical Evaluation of Animal Testing in Biomedical Research: Balancing Scientific Advancements and Animal Welfare.
Innovative Research Paper Ideas: Exploring Creative Approaches to Generating and Selecting Topics
Challenges and Opportunities for Development in Third World Countries: An Analysis of Socioeconomic, Political, and Environmental Factors
How has COVID-19 influenced access to healthcare? A thorough study of social injustice and lack of human rights.
The relationship between globalization and international trade on income inequality and labor markets. An analysis.
Simplifying the Research Process: Exploring Easy Research Paper Topics for Effective Academic Writing
The impact of gun control laws on public safety and Second Amendment rights in the United States.
Environment research paper topics. “The effects of environmental regulations on business operations and sustainable development.”
Pros and Cons of remote work and online learning in the post-pandemic World.
Debt Dilemma: Investigating the Link between Government Debt and Financial Instability
The effects of police brutality and systemic racism on social justice in the US.
The role of AI in the future of work and its impact on employment and labor markets.
The effects of income inequality. A study on social mobility and economic development in the United States.
Are China and Russia dealing with social media better than the US? A deep analysis of ethical and censorship concerns.
The impact of the gig economy on worker rights and protections in the modern workforce.
The rise of VPN: Why is the number of VPN users piling up each day?
The Great Reset: Examining the Implications of the Pandemic on the Global Economy

Research Paper Topics for University Students

University students often feel tangled when hunting for a good topic for their research paper. Here’s a list full of carefully picked topics to look into:

The impact of social media on mental health: A study of the effects of social media use on anxiety and depression in young adults.
The role of education in addressing and preventing sexual assault and harassment on college campuses.
Breaking the Bank: Analyzing the Role of Government Policies in Financial Crises
“The Cost of Living: How Inflation Affects the Purchasing Power of the Middle Class
Gender inequality in the workplace. Analyzing the persistence of the gender pay gap and exploring potential solutions.
Exploring the Benefits of Incorporating Humor in Academic Research: A Study on the Effectiveness of Funny Research Paper Topics
Intersectionality and feminism. A critical examination of how race, class, and sexuality intersect with feminist ideology.
The relationship of Environmental Pollution and Public Health. A Study of Air and Water Quality.
Investigating the Link Between Animal Cruelty and Domestic Violence: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach.
Reconceptualizing masculinity within a feminist framework. Investigating the relationship between traditional masculinity and violence against women
The impact of outdoor activities on mental health and stress reduction.
The benefits of socializing and community involvement on cognitive function and overall health.
The effects of student debt on higher education access and social mobility.
The impact of immigration policies on international students. How does that shape their experiences in American universities?
The role of activism and civic engagement in promoting social justice and political change.
The effects of police brutality and racial profiling on communities of color. A critical analysis of the legal and social implications.
The role of intersectionality in addressing issues of social inequality and discrimination.
Global warming and marginalized communities. A study of the effects of environmental degradation on social justice and human rights.
The effects of income inequality on social mobility and access to opportunity.
How do social support networks promote mental health and well-being in university students? A thorough study

Trendy Research Topics for Students

Want to stay with the trend while writing a research paper? Choose a topic from this list to get started.

Exploring the Impact of social media on Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Study”
Sustainable Energy Development in Emerging Economies: Challenges and Opportunities.
“Disrupting Education: How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming the Learning Experience”
The Impact of Cold War Tensions on the Rise of Terrorist Attacks in the Middle East
Examining the Role of Plant-Based Diets in Promoting Health and Sustainability.
“From Bitcoin to Blockchain: Investigating the Potential of Cryptocurrencies in the Global Economy.
The Impact of World War II on the Emergence of Religious-Based Terrorism in the Middle East.
“Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Women in Leadership and the Impact on Organizational Performance”
“The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories: Understanding Belief Formation and Spread”
“Transforming Healthcare: Harnessing Big Data and Machine Learning for Improved Patient Outcomes”
The Ethics of AI and Autonomous Systems. An Exploration of the Dark Side of Technology.
Urbanization and Public Health: Investigating the Links Between City Design, Environment, and Well-being.

Medical Research Paper Topics

Jump into the fascinating world of medical research with these engaging paper topics. Here’s your list:

The Impact of Telemedicine on Healthcare Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges.
Emerging Trends in Precision Medicine: Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.
The Global Burden of Mental Health Disorders. A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Interventions.
Big Data and Machine Learning in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges in Predictive Analytics.
Advancements in Gene Editing Technology. “Ethical and Legal Implications for Human Health and Society”.
The Impact of Lifestyle Interventions on Chronic Diseases. “A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.”
Exploring the Benefits of Integrative Medicine. A Study of Mind-Body Interventions in Chronic Pain Management.
The Social Determinants of Health. A Review of the Literature on the Impact of Income, Education, and Employment on Health Outcomes.
The Role of Global Health Policies and Preparedness in Mitigating Outbreaks? An analysis of emerging infectious diseases:

Stellar Research Paper Topics

Here’s another list of thought-provoking research paper topics.

Mental Health Stigma: Breaking Down Barriers for Access to Care”
“Exploring the Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health”
The Role of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Promoting and Reducing Symptoms of Anxiety
Social Media, Body Image and Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review
Psychological Trauma and Post-Traumatic Growth: A Meta-Analysis of Resilience Factors
“Physical Exercise and Mental Health: A Meta-Analytic Review”
“The Intersection of Culture and Mental Health. A Comparative Study of Asian and Western Approaches”
“The Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change: An Analysis of Vulnerability and Resilience”
“Reframing Mental Health: A Critical Examination of the Medical Model and Alternative Approaches”
“The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health. A Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Effects of the Pandemic”

Interesting Topics for Research:

Presenting a collection of intriguing topics that will delve into the intricacies of entrepreneurship, management, and industry dynamics. Here’s the list:

An Investigation into How Offshore Bank Accounts Work? Legality, Potential, and Impacts on the Global Financial System
The impact of globalization on business strategy and cross-border operations.
The effects of diversity and inclusion in the workplace on organizational culture and performance.
The role of entrepreneurship in economic development and innovation.
The impact of big data on business decision-making and competitive advantage.
Can different leadership styles impact job satisfaction and employee motivation? A thorough analysis.
The role of organizational culture in driving innovation and success in modern business environments.
The impact of e-commerce on traditional brick-and-mortar businesses and retail industries.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on business operations and the future of work.

Education Research Title Ideas:

Let’s examine the key issues and advancements in the field of education. Here’s the list:

Investigating How an Innovative Research Paper Topic Can Improve Teaching and Learning Outcomes?
The Power of Research Papers: Analyzing the Impact of Academic Writing on Knowledge Production, Communication, and Policy Making
The Role of Parental Involvement in Student Success: A Meta-Analytic Review”
What is the Future of Higher Education? A Critical Examination of Online Learning and its Impact on the Traditional Classroom
“The Impact of Diversity and Inclusion on Student Learning and Success”
Technology Integration in K-12 Education. Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Digital Learning Environments
“The Effectiveness of Multicultural Education: A Meta-Analysis of Curriculum Interventions”
How do alternative forms of assessment in K-12 education influence performance? A Study

Argumentative Research Paper Topics:

Step into the realm of intellectual debate with these captivating argumentative research paper topics. These are designed to challenge your perspectives and ignite passionate discussions on contentious subjects. Here’s the list:

The Battle for Online Safety: An Argument for Stronger Regulations and Technologies to Protect Children Online.
Thorough Research: A Critical Component of Evidence-Based Decision Making in Academia and Beyond
Beyond the Hype: An Argument Against the Online Romanticization of Mental Illness and the Implications for Real-World Stigma and Treatment
Beyond the Surface Level: Why Simple Research Paper Topics May Not Be the Best Choice for Students’ Academic Growth and Intellectual Development

Law Topics for Research

Navigate the complex world of law with these intriguing research paper topics:

The role of international law in promoting human rights and global justice.
The impact of intellectual property law on innovation and creativity in the digital age.
The effects of environmental regulations on business operations and sustainable development.
The role of the legal system in addressing and preventing domestic violence and abuse.
The impact of hate crime laws on social justice and equality in diverse societies.

Pop Culture Research Paper Topics

Unveil the fascinating dynamics of pop culture with these best research titles. Here’s the list:

What has music to do in shaping cultural identity and promoting social change? An analysis
The influence of popular culture on political attitudes and participation.
The effects of reality television on viewers’ perceptions of reality and interpersonal relationships.
The impact of social media influencers on consumer behavior and brand loyalty.
The role of pop culture in promoting inclusivity and diversity in society.
The impact of streaming services on the consumption and production of pop culture.
The impact of the Kardashian family on fashion and beauty trends among millennials and Gen Z.
The role of the Kardashians in shaping perceptions of body image and beauty standards among youth.
The influence of the Kardashian brand on consumer behavior among two generations.
The influences of celebrity culture on consumer behavior and fashion trends.
The representation of race and gender in popular films and television shows.
Are video games desensitizing our youth? An analysis of how violence in video games has led to aggression in children.

Choosing a good topic plays a significant role in the paper’s success. As you have reached the conclusion paragraph, we suppose you have already shortlisted a topic or two. Still, if you are having trouble choosing a topic or two for completing your assignment, don’t hesitate to order now. So our professionals can be in touch with you right away.

Why are research paper topics important?

How do research paper topics contribute to academic success, can research paper topics be interdisciplinary.

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10 creative research topics for students (2024)

Last updated

25 November 2023

Reviewed by

Miroslav Damyanov

Research is a key part of student life, but deciding which topic to research can take time and effort. The right research topic typically aligns with your skills and interests, has current relevance, and can positively impact the world.

In this article, you’ll find some helpful examples to help you get started.

What is a research topic, and what is it for?

Research topics enable students to drill down into a specific aspect of a subject to broaden their knowledge and share learnings with others. They are typically used to make discoveries or develop fresh viewpoints.

A research topic defines the specific theme that research will be conducted around. It’s essential for providing a key focus for the work to be completed. Ultimately, it defines a core problem or knowledge gap that needs to be solved.

A clear topic helps define what is being studied and how that information will be communicated to others.

Research topic vs. research question

A research topic is a broad theme of focus that requires further investigation. It’s the project’s overall subject—an aspect of which will be studied.

A research topic example could be “The effects of meditation on stress reduction.”

A research question is a specific inquiry that researchers want to investigate and answer to broaden their knowledge and make new discoveries. Research questions are much more specific, focusing on a very small aspect of the overall topic.

The right research question will specifically set out what is being researched so there is no ambiguity.

Here’s an example of a research question within the topic: “How does meditation impact stress, anxiety, and burnout in the workplace?”

What makes a good research paper topic?

Here are the characteristics that make some topics more favorable and useful than others:

Clarity: a helpful research topic should be clearly understood to ensure the integrity of the research. It should be clear to the student and mentor/professor what the topic is and how it will be explored.

Originality: answering questions that have already been researched and answered many times before could be a waste of resources. Answering original questions is key to getting the most out of research. This might involve researching topics that have already been covered from a different angle or exploring an entirely new topic.

Relevance: it’s helpful to ensure that a research topic is related to your expertise and your access to resources. This will ensure that the research topic is relevant to you.

Ethical : ethics should always be considered when conducting research. Your research shouldn’t cause physical or mental harm to any participants. You should also consider animal and environmental ethics.

How can I choose a good topic for my research paper?

With so many topics to choose from, selecting a topic for your research paper can be overwhelming. That’s why it’s a good idea to consider these three points to make the best choice:

1. Lean into personal interest

Being interested and experienced in a particular field will make the research more interesting, relevant, and straightforward to conduct.

Your interest will mean you’re committed and motivated to discover the answer to your research question. Being personally engaged also makes the process more enjoyable.

One caveat to keep in mind is the potential for bias. If you are invested in the research having a particular result, you must ensure it’s accurate, double-checked, and reviewed by an impartial party.

2. Choose a topic with enough information

Your research project might fail if you don’t have access to sufficient information and resources. There needs to be enough information to gain deep insights into the research at hand.

Consider the resources you have within your project limits. If your research has funding, carefully work out what that funding could be used for. If not, you may need to consider research that you’ll be able to complete with access to public records and other free resources.

Timings, finances, access to participants, and publicly accessible information will all need to be considered before choosing the final topic to research.

3. Consider the guidelines

You’ll need to adhere to the specific guidelines that your school, mentor, or professor have laid out. They may request that the topic be related to public interest, a currently challenging topic for the environment, or another parameter.

When considering those guidelines, make ethical considerations. Your school or university is unlikely to permit unethical research.

How to find research topics to write about

Even though there’s an endless range of topics to research, you might not know where to begin. Starting with background reading, mind mapping, and speaking with mentors can help mold general ideas into useful topics and questions.

Extensive reading: completing background reading of educational databases, journals, and scientific studies can help provide a good working knowledge of what is currently being researched and identify key gaps.

Social problems: current challenges on both a local and global scale can make excellent research questions. Whether it’s investigating climate change, human health, or the impact of pandemics, there’s likely to be large human interest if you research social problems and challenges. The research you conduct may even have a positive impact on the world around you.

Mind mapping: brainstorming different ideas inspired by your background reading and personal interests can lead to ideal research topics. Create a large mind map, whether in a notebook or on a whiteboard, to get all your ideas down on paper. You may be surprised at what unique ideas you come up with.

Speak to mentors: running topics over with your professor or mentor could prove very helpful. They may be able to help you refine your ideas, provide feedback on research questions, and offer useful suggestions to ensure the topic you pick is appropriate.

The top 10 research topics for students

Here are some of the top 10 research topics and research areas for students. Whether in high school, senior high school, or college, these topics are important and relevant for students today.

You might use these ideas as starting points for your own original research topics and research questions.

1. High school research paper topic ideas

Research topics in high school can promote critical thinking , personal growth, and problem-solving skills.

Some of the most relevant research topics for high schoolers revolve around social and political issues, as those are often core topics within the school curriculum. Also, students are often interested in how they can positively impact the world around them, so topics within social change and social issues are particularly relevant.

The impacts of bullying

Bullying and its impacts are an interesting and relevant topic for high school students. Students may want to consider ways to mitigate bullying or explore whether bullying can affect people long-term.

Some specific research questions within the bullying topic are:

What is the evidence that parental support can alleviate the impact of bullying in schools?

What are the effects of bullying and victimization on short-term mental health?

How can we predict adolescents’ bullying participation and understand the participant roles of bullying in different grades?

Social media in high schools

With social media use prolific in the modern world, students may be particularly interested to learn about how it impacts humans. Students may want to research the effects of different social media types, ways to reduce social media use, or how social media is impacting people around the world.

Some topics within social media could be:

Is there a correlation between social media use and academic performance?

What are the effects of social media use on mental health in people aged 12–18?

How does social media use affect self-esteem in students?

2. Psychology research paper topics

Psychology is a broadly studied topic with many possible avenues for exploration. Whether you’d like to understand how the human brain works, ways to boost mental health, or treatment options in psychology, there are endless options.

Here are some of the top 10 research topics for college students in psychology:

Increasing happiness

Some specific research questions related to happiness include the following:

What are the factors driving the fear of leaning into happiness in American society?

How can practicing vulnerability reduce stress and boost happiness?

What impact does forest bathing have on overall mood scores?

Mitigating anxiety

With 37% of US adults more anxious in 2023 than in 2022, anxiety as a research topic is very relevant.

Below are some example research questions:

How does chronic anxiety impact people’s day-to-day lives?

What is the impact of meditation interventions on anxiety?

Is there data to support physical exercise interventions for anxiety disorders?

3. Science research paper topics

Scientific research covers many study fields. From biology and chemistry to physics and biochemistry, science helps researchers discover critical information about humans and our world.

Here are a few potential topics for exploration:

Reducing pandemic risk

Given the impact of COVID-19, mitigating the risk of a future pandemic is of significant human interest. A student may look at ways to improve pandemic responses, identify future pandemics, boost vaccine adoption, and reduce the spread of misinformation.

Specific research questions include the following:

How can AI help predict future pandemics?

How does animal breeding contribute to zoonotic disease risk?

What are the key ways to identify and control a potential future pandemic before it becomes widespread?

Renewable energy

With climate change and the planet’s health a major concern for many scientists, investigations into more environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources are of great social interest.

Here are some research questions about renewable energy to consider:

What is the economic feasibility of widespread renewable energy use across the US?

How could wind, water, and solar energy reduce global emissions?

What are the core factors preventing the widespread use of renewable energy?

4. Good environmental research topics

Climate change impacts every person on the planet, so it can make an excellent research topic. Particularly for the younger generation, climate change is an interesting and often concerning discussion topic. Gen Z, for example, speaks much more actively about climate change both on and offline.

Climate change on a global scale

Some specific research questions within the climate change topic are:

What is the impact of climate change on biodiversity in the Amazon rainforest?

What impact could the use of solar power have in the US in relation to carbon emissions?

How do carbon dioxide emissions affect ocean acidity levels?

5. Argumentative research paper topics

Setting out a specific argument and exploring the topic can make for interesting research. Argumentative research topics are typically related to human interest, issues that impact us on a global scale, or challenges that particular social groups face.

Affirmative action

With rising interest in equality, researching affirmative action—designed to prevent the impacts of discrimination—is a relevant research topic for high school and college students.

Some specific questions relating to affirmative action could be:

Does affirmative action promote equality in the workplace?

What is the evidence that affirmative action is helpful in university admissions?

How has the affirmative action ban impacted the tech industry?

The ethical use of AI

AI use is expanding rapidly across the globe, so there’s growing interest in its impacts and the need for ethical usage.

Some research questions relating to AI include the following:

Could AI lead to more global conflict?

Can ethical legislation reduce the risk of AI and its implementation?

How many jobs could be impacted by AI in 2025?

6. Human rights paper topics

Human rights impact everyone on the planet, so it’s a topic that’s of continual interest.

Research in this area could cover human rights in the workplace, privacy rights, gender equality, and much more.

International human rights

International human rights is a complex yet critical area of global interest. Human rights help protect people’s freedom and safety around the world.

What are ways to reduce human rights violations in conflict zones?

What is the impact of organizations such as Amnesty International on international human rights?

In what ways can governments enforce human rights globally?

LGBTQI+ rights

With LGBTQI+ issues gaining a brighter spotlight in mainstream media, research into this area can be very beneficial, not just for those impacted by discrimination but for society as a whole.

Here are some potential research questions:

How can gender dysphoria impact transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents’ mental health and quality of life?

What are ways to boost mental health for those who experience discrimination due to their sexual orientation or gender identity?

How could genderless bathrooms increase access and safety for LGBTQI+ people?

7. US history research paper topics

The US has a vast and interesting history, which forms part of the curriculum in many high schools and colleges. Different aspects of this history can make relevant fields of research, such as the following:

What factors that led to the abolishment of slavery in the US are relevant in politics today?

How did the Founding Fathers shape the US political system, and what can be learned?

Why did the Louisiana Purchase have such a significant impact on US history?

8. Law enforcement research topics

Maintaining law and order in society is highly complex. Exploring how law enforcement can benefit society as a whole can be a rewarding field of study.

Some possible law enforcement topics include the following:

How can data analysis and intelligence-led policing reduce crime?

What is the role of Crisis Intervention Training in policing?

How can data improve the enforcement of cybersecurity laws?

9. Business research paper topics

Business is a broad area of study with many possible directions for research papers. Business drives the economy, providing jobs and industry. It’s the cornerstone of society, so research in this area is always of social interest.

Here are some possible business research topics to consider:

How can data analysis impact consumer purchasing decisions?

What are some of the key dilemmas in ethical business practices?

How can diversity and inclusion be boosted in the workforce?

10. Economics research paper topics

Whether you choose to focus on microeconomics, macroeconomics, or applied fields, economics research can take you in many directions.

Below are some general economics paper topics:

What are the widespread impacts of the gig economy?

How can investing in female-founded businesses impact economies in developing countries?

How does progressive taxation impact income inequality?

It all starts with the right research question

Successful research starts with the right question, regardless of your chosen topic.

Taking time to pose a relevant and clear research question will help you discover new insights, learnings, and evidence.

Research is the very thing that drives human knowledge. Remember, your research might not just impact you but also the world and people around you.

How can I get research ideas?

To come up with research ideas, you might find it helpful to do some background reading, consider current social issues, lean into your skills and interests, and speak to a mentor or professor. Brainstorming and mind mapping can also help.

What is a good research question?

A good research question should be clear, relevant, original, and ethical. You should also have access to the necessary resources to perform the research thoroughly.

How do I create a title for my research topic?

The right title for a research topic is clear and relevant to your field of study. Ideally, it’s an original idea and refers to the specific question you’re posing.

What are some good qualitative research topics?

Qualitative research involves analyzing people’s attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors.

There are qualitative research topics across almost every field of study, including psychology, education, social sciences, human resources, technology, and healthcare.

What qualitative research topics can be good for STEM students?

For STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) students, qualitative research topics could revolve around social impacts and perceptions of science and technology.

Here are some examples:

How the general population views climate change

The potential social impacts of AI

How to use Big Data ethically

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Show hn: i built a site that tracks short-lived flight deals, environmental group wants answers about rfk jr. chainsawing a whale’s head off, ‘the bachelorette’: what happens to devin after fantasy suites, ai predicts earthquakes with unprecedented accuracy, apple’s iphone 16 glowtime event: what we expect video, today’s wordle hints, answer and help for aug. 27, #1165, today’s nyt strands hints, answers and help for aug. 27, #177, today’s nyt connections hints, answers and help for aug. 27 #443, deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: a general overview, 50 research paper topics: ideas to inspire you.

Running out of topics to write about? Check the suggestions below that can help you choose the right research paper topics:

Business Research Paper Topics:

Cybersecurity
Glass ceiling
Online retail
Outsourcing
White collar crime

Crime and Law Research Paper Topics:

Acquaintance rape
Animal rights
Assisted suicide
Campus violence
Capital punishment
Civil rights
Drinking age, legal
Drug legalization
Gun control
Hate crimes
Insanity defense
Mandatory Minimum sentencing
Patriot Act
Police brutality
Prisons and prisoners
Roe vs. Wade
Serial killers
Sexual harassment
Three Strikes Law

Drugs and Drug Abuse Research Paper Topics:

Doping in sports
Drug testing
Drunk driving

Education Research Paper Topics:

Attention deficit disorder
Charter schools
College admission policies
College athletes
College tuition planning
Distance education
Diploma mills
Education and funding
Grade inflation
Greek letter societies
Home schooling
Intelligence tests
Learning disabilities
Literacy in America
No Child Left Behind
Prayer in schools
Sex education
School vouchers
Standardized tests

Environmental Research Paper Topics:

Alternative fuel/hybrid vehicles
Conservation
Climate Change
Deforestation
Endangered species
Geoengineering
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Marine pollution
Nuclear energy
Population control
Radioactive waste disposal
Soil pollution
Wildlife conservation

Family issues Research Paper Topics:

Battered woman syndrome
Child abuse
Divorce rates
Domestic abuse
Family relationships
Family values

Health Research Paper Topics:

Alternative medicine
Alzheimer’s Disease
Anorexia Nervosa
Artificial insemination
Birth control
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Dietary supplements
Exercise and fitness
Heart disease
Health Care Reform
HIV infection
In vitro fertilization
Medicaid, Medicare reform
Organic foods
Prescription drugs
Plastic surgery
Stem cell research
Teen pregnancy
Vegetarianism
Weight loss surgery

Media and Communications Research Paper Topics:

Children’s programming and advertising
Copyright Law
Freedom of speech
Materialism
Media conglomerates, ownership
Minorities in mass media
Political correctness
Portrayal of women
Reality television
Stereotypes
Television violence

Political Issues Research Paper Topics:

Affirmative Action
Budget deficit
Electoral College
Election reform
Illegal aliensIllegal aliens
Immigration
Impeachment
International relations
Operation Enduring Iraqi Freedom
Partisan politics
Social Security Reform
Third parties

Psychology Research Paper Topics:

Criminal psychology
Physical attraction
Schizophrenia

Religion Research Paper Topics:

Freedom of religion

Social Issues Research Paper Topics:

Airline safety, security
Affirmative Action programs
Child rearing
Discrimination in education
Employee rights
Gambling, online gaming
Gang identity
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender
Gay parenting
Gender discrimination
Genetic screening
Homelessness
Identity theft
Interracial marriage
Race relations
Reverse discrimination
Test biases
Textbook biases

Terrorism Research Paper Topics:

Bioterrorism
Homeland Security
September 11

Women and Gender Research Paper Topics:

Birth control and Pregnancy
Cultural expectations and practices
Discrimination
Eating disorders
Female genital mutilation
Marriage and Divorce
Media portrayals
Menstruation and Menopause
Prostitution
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender)
Sex and Sexuality
Substance abuse
Violence and Rape

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717 Good Research Paper Topics

Jim Peterson has over 20 years experience on speech writing. He wrote over 300 free speech topic ideas and how-to guides for any kind of public speaking and speech writing assignments at My Speech Class.

good and interesting research paper topics

Some examples of common research paper styles include:

Argumentative Research Papers
Persuasive Research Papers
Education Research Papers
Analytical Research Papers
Informative Research Papers

Your research essay topic may also need to be related to the specific class you are taking. For example, an economics class may require a business research paper, while a class on human behavior may call for a psychology research paper.

The requirements for your paper will vary depending on whether you are in high school, college, or a postgraduate student. In high school, you may be able to choose an easy topic and cite five or six sources you found on Google or Yahoo!, but college term papers require more in-depth research from reliable sources, such as scholarly books and peer-reviewed journals.

Do you need some help with brainstorming for topics? Some common research paper topics include abortion, birth control, child abuse, gun control, history, climate change, social media, AI, global warming, health, science, and technology.

But we have many more!

On this page, we have hundreds of good research paper topics across a wide range of subject fields. Each of these topics could be used “as is” to write your paper, or as a starting point to develop your own topic ideas.

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How to Choose Your Research Paper Topic

The first step to developing an interesting research paper is choosing a good topic. Finding a topic can be difficult, especially if you don’t know where to start. Finding the Right Research Paper Topic

If you are in a class that allows you to choose your own term paper topic, there are some important areas to consider before you begin your project:

Your Level of Interest: Research papers are time-consuming; you will be spending countless hours researching the topic and related topics, developing several primary and secondary sources, and putting everything together into a paper that is coherent and accomplishes your objectives. If you do not choose a topic you are passionate about, the process will be far more tedious, and the finished product may suffer as a result.

Your Level of Experience: Being interested in a topic is great, but it is even more helpful if you already know something about it. If you can find a topic that you already have some personal and/or professional experience with, it will vastly reduce the amount of research needed and make the whole process much easier.

Available Information on the Topic: Be sure to choose a topic that is not only interesting but also one that has numerous sources available from which to compile your research. A researchable topic with several potential sources gives you access to the level of information you need to become an authority on the subject.

Your Audience: An interesting topic to you may not necessarily be interesting to your professor or whoever is grading your research paper. Before you begin, consider the level of interest of the person(s) who will be reading it. If you are writing a persuasive or argumentative essay, also consider their point of view on the subject matter.

As you begin researching your topic, you may want to revise your thesis statement based on new information you have learned. This is perfectly fine, just have fun and pursue the truth, wherever it leads. If you find that you are not having fun during the research phase, you may want to reconsider the topic you have chosen.

The process of writing the research paper is going to be very time consuming so it’s important to select a topic that is going to sustain your interest for the duration of the project. It is good to select a topic that is relevant to your life since you are going to spend a long time researching and writing about it. Perhaps you are considering starting your own business or pursuing a career in politics. Look through the suggested research paper topics and find one in a category that you can relate to easily. Finding a topic that you have some personal interest in will help make the arduous task a lot easier, and the project will have better results because of your vested interest.

Our List of Research Topics and Issues

Affirmative action, health, pharmacy, medical treatments, interpersonal communication, marketing and advertising, barack obama, discrimination, bill clinton, hilary clinton, computer crimes and security, cosmetic surgery, controversial, criminal justice, donald trump, easy/simple, environment, family violence, foreign policy, gambling and lotteries, the lgbtq community, generational conflict, gun control, hate crimes, immigration, middle east, maternity/paternity leave, natural disasters, police work, population explosion, pornography, prisons and prisoners, prostitution, ronald reagan, student loan debt, teen issues, women, mothers, what, why, and how, relationships.

We compiled an exhaustive list of topics that would make excellent research papers. The topics are specifically organized to help you find one that will work for your project. Broad topics are headed, and then below them are narrowed topics, all to help you find an area to focus on. The way we have organized the topics for research papers can save you lots of time getting prepared to write your research paper.

We have topics that fit into categories that cover such areas as education, environmental sciences, communication and languages, current events, politics, business, criminal justice, art, psychology, economics to name just a few. Simply get started by choosing the category that interests you and peruse through the topics listed in that category and you’ll be well on your way to constructing an excellent research paper.

Be sure to check other topics ideas: persuasive speech topics , argumentative speech topics , policy speech topics . We also have some sample outlines and essay templates .

What limits are responsible?
What limits are realistic?
How to protect abortion doctors, pregnant women, and the protection of abortion clinics vs. the right to protest
Partial birth abortion
Scientific evidence vs. definition of viability
Stem cell research
Unborn victims of violence
Relative equality has been achieved vs. serious inequities continue
Can racial balance in business, education, and the military be achieved without policies that promote Affirmative Action
Reverse discrimination
NOW, National Organization for Women
No government support vs. fairness to parents who pay twice for education
Separation of church and state vs. religion’s contribution to the public good
Placement by age vs. placement by academic ability
Mainstreaming students with disabilities vs. special classrooms for their special needs
Required standardized tests for advancement vs. course requirements only
National standardized tests vs. local control of education
Discrimination in education
Multicultural/bilingual education vs. traditional basics
Teacher competency tests vs. degree requirements only
Teacher’s needs/demands vs. teaching as a service profession
Policing schools
School’s responsibility vs. parental responsibility for school violence
Drug and alcohol abuse, pregnancy, suicide
Zero tolerance toward violence vs. toughness with flexibility
Permit corporal punishment
Exams often do little more than measure a person’s ability to take exams. Should exams be outlawed in favor of another form of assessment?
Should teens in the U.S. adopt the British custom of taking a “gap year” between high school and college?
In some European schools, fewer than 10% of students get “As”. Is there grade inflation in the U.S.? Why so many “As” for Americans?
Education and funding
Grade inflation
No Child Left Behind Act: Is it working?
Home schooling
Standardized tests
Are children smarter (or more socialized) because of the Internet?
Should the federal government be allowed to regulate information on the internet?
How has the music industry been affected by the internet and digital downloading?
How does a search engine work?
What are the effects of prolonged steroid use on the human body?
What are the benefits and hazards of medical marijuana?
How does tobacco use affect the human body?
Do the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks?
What are some common sleep disorders and how are they treated?
What are the risks of artificial tanning or prolonged exposure to the sun?
Should thin people have to pay Medicare and other health costs for the health problems of obese people? Should obese people have higher premiums?
Low carbohydrate vs. low fat diets
Benefits of weight training vs. aerobics
How much weekly exercise is needed to achieve lasting health benefits
Health websites give too much information
Psychological disorders, such as cutting and self-harm, eating disorders, Autism, Tourette Syndrome, ADHD, ADD, Asperger Syndrome
Are we taking it too far by blaming fast food restaurants for obesity? When is it individual responsibility and when is it appropriate to place blame?
Should companies allow employees to exercise on work time?
Steroids, Antibiotics, Sprays; Are food manufacturers killing us?
Alternative medicine
Alzheimer’s disease
Causes of eating disorders, society’s portrayal of women
Eating disorders statistics
Down’s syndrome
Birth control
Dietary supplements
Exercise and fitness
Heart disease
In vitro fertilization
Attention deficit disorder
Investigate the history and authenticity of ADHD and ADD.
Organic foods
Prescription drugs
Vegetarianism
Learning disabilities
Schizophrenia
Coma recovery: techniques, successes, new strategies.
What are the primary types of cancer, and in what ways are they related?
Investigate the success ratio of holistic and non-medical cancer treatments.
Is Alzheimer’s inevitable? Examine theories regarding its prevention.
What forms of physical degeneracy are seen as linked to aging?
Investigate the connections between emotional stability and physical well-being, and provide evidence as to how the two may be related.
Investigate differences in rates of injury recovery and overcoming illness based on cultural parameters.
Examine the modern history of viral epidemics, researching what is known about the emergence of deadly viruses.
Examine how congenital heart disease may be treated, and how it differs from other forms of heart disease.
Is occasional depression a natural state to an extent, and is society too eager to treat this as a disorder?
Investigate Sociopathy, determine biological and psychological roots, typical patterns, and potentials of treatment.
How are compulsive behaviors determined as such? Explore examples of anal retention and expulsion, OCD, etc., as offering accepted criteria.
Research and analyze the nature of codependency as both a normal state of relations and as an unhealthy extreme.
Investigate the history and practice of electroshock, analyzing how and why this extreme treatment came to be widely used.
Hoarding: symptoms and treatments, causes, types of hoarding
Limits on extraordinary, costly treatments vs. doing everything possible
Nutritional/alternative therapy vs. mainstream medical treatment insurance coverage for alternative treatment?
Government grants for alternative treatment research?
Health superiority of alternative treatments?
Assisted suicide vs. preservation of life
Governmental insurance requirements
Should there be a national database to track controlled substances (i.e., OXYCODONE) or should it be a state issue?
Should parents avoid vaccinating their children?
Decline of communication due to technology
Online social networks and their influence
Impact of texting and cell phones
How do men and women communicate differently using body language, and why does it matter (in dating, the workplace, and social circles)?
Limitations of the media
Marketing to children
Sexual innuendos in marketing
Global marketing trends
Should certain kinds of ads be banned in the interest of health/morality/annoyance – alcohol, cigarettes, prescription meds, etc…?
Children’s programming and advertising
Most controversial political ads
Media response and public outcry to political ads
Campaign funds and their relation to political advertising
Domestic policy
Separation of church and state
Judge nominations and make up of supreme court
Congressional opposition to presidential nominees/filibusters
Affirmative action
Erosion of civil liberties vs. protection against terrorism
Patriot Act One and Two
Most developed nations have universal health coverage. Why doesn’t the U.S., the wealthiest nation, have it?
Tax cut as economic stimulation
Needs of the states vs. needs of the individuals
Budget deficits and deficit spending
Rich vs. poor
Protection of victims vs. freedom of speech/rights of the accused
How to improve race relations
Women still earn only 75 cents for every $1 a man earns. Explain why.
Discrimination in the workplace: analyzing issues for today’s corporations.
Gender discrimination
Interracial marriage
Should government impose restrictions on what kinds of foods can be served in school cafeterias?
Pros and cons of school uniforms.
Do children learn better in boys-only and girls-only schools?
Charter schools
Prayer in schools
Rights of the individual vs. community safety (or campus safety)
Funding for research
U.S. obligation to third world countries
Manufacturing of generic drugs vs. U.S. pharmaceutical companies
How contagious diseases “jump” from animal hosts to human
What treatments are available to people infected with HIV and are they effective?
Right to privacy of a child with AIDS vs. safety of other children
Limits for campus safety vs. personal freedom
Implications on violence and crime
Issues with binge drinking
Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18?
Leniency because of condition vs. community safety
Revoking drivers license vs. being able to attend classes and work
Age discrimination of violators
Animal rights vs. medical research
Should it be illegal to use animals for sports and entertainment?
Humane treatment of animals vs. factory farms
Animal welfare in slaughter houses
Animal protection vs. business, employment interests
School prestige vs. academic standards
Should shoe companies be able to give away free shoes and equipment to high school athletes?
Should college athletes be paid?
Doping in sports
What are the effects on children whose parents push them in sports?
Steroids: Should they be legalized?
Title IX: Has it helped women’s sports? Has it harmed men’s sports?
Social effects of team sports
Needed in public school library/curriculum?
Needed in entertainment industry?
Needed on the Internet?
Should parents censor textbooks and other literature for children in schools?
Parental filters on the Internet. Does censorship actually increase curiosity and use of pornography?
How is internet censorship used in China and around the world?
How has United States censorship changed over the decades?
Democratic kingmaker, influence on political succession
Impact of global initiative
Influence on fundraising
Influence as Secretary of State
Foreign policies
Influence on women
ACT or SAT score requirements
Promotional techniques, such as 1st time scholarships
4 year vs. 2 year colleges
College admission policies
College tuition planning
Distance education
Diploma mills
Online porn vs. freedom of speech
Stalking, invasion of privacy vs. reasonable access
Hacking crimes–workable solutions?
What are the latest ways to steal identity and money?
From where does spam email come and can we stop it?
How do computer viruses spread and in what ways do they affect computers?
Cyber security
Securing Internet commerce: is it possible in today’s arms’ race of hackers and evolving technology?
Is downloading of media (music, videos, software) infringing on the rights of media producers and causing economic hardships on media creators?
Should media producers prosecute students and individuals that they suspect of downloading copyrighted materials?
Programs such as SPOTIFY and PANDORA
Copyright Law
Age limitations on surgery
Addiction to surgery
Demand for beauty by society
The dangers of breast implants for teenagers
The cost of cosmetic surgery
Plastic surgery
Weight loss surgery
Are surgeons “scissor happy,” and are surgeries widely unnecessarily
Negative texting, instant messaging, email
Is cyber-bullying as bad as face-to-face?
Kinds of punishment for cyber-bullying
Media response
Should the state or federal government put laws into place to prevent bullying?
Is homosexuality a choice, or are people born gay?
Evolution vs. Creationism.
Should “under God” remain in the Pledge of Allegiance?
Is healthcare a right or a privilege?
Fossil fuels vs. alternative energy.
Transgender bathroom policies.
Capitalism vs. socialism.
Should parents be allowed to spank their children?
Should sanctuary cities lose their federal funding?
The pros and cons of gun control.
Should the U.S. continue drone strikes in foreign countries?
Was the U.S. justified in going to war with Iraq?
How to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The pros and cons of animal testing.
Do pro athletes have the right to sit during the national anthem?
Incarceration rates in the U.S.
Technology and the criminal justice system.
Police brutality and minorities.
Should the police wear body cameras?
In what circumstances should the death penalty be allowed?
Should we have stiffer penalties for drunk driving?
Should those who text while driving be put in jail?
White-collar crime and punishment.
Criminalizing protests and activism.
The rise of wrongful convictions.
Mutual consent vs. exploitation
Campuses with “no touch” policy
Drugs associated to Date Rape
Violence and Rape
Government support vs. parental financing
Benefits vs. harmful effects
Trump’s unconventional presidential campaign.
The psychology of Donald Trump.
Who is behind Trump’s political rise?
Donald Trump and evangelical voters.
Donald Trump the businessman.
Trump’s war on the press (aka “fake news”).
The Trump Organization and conflicts of interest.
The border wall and illegal immigration policy.
Global warming and climate change policy.
Trump-Russia collusion.
The rapid rise of “The Resistance.”
Trump’s legislative agenda; e.g., health care, tax policy, deregulation, etc.
Trump’s “America First” trade and foreign policy.
The case for (or against) the Trump presidency.
Punishment vs. treatment
Family reactions
Social acceptance
Community safety vs. legalization
United States military involvement in Colombian drug trade?
Drug legalization
Abstinence Program: Do they work?
Should the federal government legalize the use of marijuana?
What is the true key to happiness?
What is the cause of America’s obesity crisis?
Why sleep is necessary.
Are plastic bottles really bad for you?
How to encourage people to recycle more.
How 3D printers benefit everyone.
How do GPS systems on smartphones work?
How have oil spills impacted the environment?
Verbal vs. nonverbal communication.
The accuracy of lie detector tests.
How Bill Gates and Steve Jobs changed the world.
The pros and cons of hitchhiking.
The PC vs. the Mac.
What causes tornadoes?
Pollution, air, and water
Endangered species
What are the risks of climate change and global warming?
Rain forests
Alternative energy
Alternative fuel/hybrid vehicles
Conservation
Deforestation
Greenhouse effect
Marine pollution
How have oil spills affected the planet and what steps are being taken to prevent them?
Sustainability of buildings
Recycling programs
Cost of “green” programs
Wind turbines
Landfill issues
Renewable fuels
Radioactive waste disposal
Soil pollution
Wildlife conservation: what efforts are being taken to protect endangered wildlife?
Excessive burden on industries?
Drilling for oil in Alaska’s ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge)
Gasoline consumption vs. SUV’s popularity
Wildlife protection vs. rights of developers
Clean air and water standards–weakened vs. strengthened
What are the dangers of scuba diving and underwater exploration?
Should the use of coal be subjected to stricter environmental regulations than other fuels?
Is global warming a hoax? Is it being exaggerated?
How much is too much noise? What, if anything, should we do to curb it?
Protecting victims vs. rights of the accused
Women who kill abusive husbands vs. punishment for murder
Marital rape?
How to protect children vs. respect for parental rights
Children who kill abusive parents
Child abuse–workable solutions?
Child abuse
Domestic abuse
Organic farming vs. mainline use of chemical sprays
How to best protect the environment; conservation
Family vs. corporate farms
Food production costs
Interventionism?
Third world debt and World Bank/International Monetary Fund
Military support vs. economic development of third world countries
Human rights violations
European Union in competition with the U.S.
Unilateralism
Relevance of the United Nations
Neocon role in foreign policy
Christian right influence on foreign policy
Pentagon vs. State Department
Nation building as a policy
Arms control
Obama’s National Strategy for Counterterrorism
Control of al Qaeda
Drawdown of U.S. Armed Forces in the Middle East
Cats vs. dogs: which makes the better pet?
My pet can live forever: why I love animal clones.
According to my social media profile, my life is perfect.
Football vs. baseball: which sport is America’s favorite pastime?
Starbucks vs. Caribou: whose coffee is better?
What does your dog really think of you?
Why millennials deserve lower pay.
What makes people end up with so many mismatched socks?
How to become a research paper master.
How reading Tuesdays with Morrie can make you wiser.
Easy way to earn revenues vs. social damage
Individual freedom vs. social damage
Do lotteries actually benefit education or is it a scam?
Can gamblers ever acquire a statistical advantage over the house in casino games?
Should there be a constitutional amendment that allows gays and lesbians to legally marry?
Adoption rights?
Need special rights for protection?
College campus response
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender
Gay parenting
Elderly to share in the tax burden vs. government support of elderly
Future of social security
Job discrimination
Child rearing
Employment issues
Generational differences
Community and police safety vs. unrestricted right to bear arms
NRA (National Rifle Association)
2nd Amendment
Do states that allow citizens to carry guns have higher or lower crime rates?
Community safety vs. freedom of Speech
Punishment inequities
Persecution of alternative lifestyles
Church Arson: Hate crime?
Prevention of hazing
Greek organizations and rituals of hazing
Statistics of death or injury due to Hazing
High Schools and Hazing
What happened during the Salem witch trials?
How did trains and railroads change life in America?
What may have occurred during the Roswell UFO incident of 1947?
What Olympic events were practiced in ancient Greece?
How did Cleopatra come to power in Egypt? What did she accomplish during her reign?
What are the origins of the conflict in Darfur?
What was the women’s suffrage movement and how did it change America?
How was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln plotted and executed?
How did Cold War tension affect the US and the world?
What happened to the lost settlers at Roanoke?
How did Julius Caesar affect Rome?
How did the Freedom Riders change society?
What was the code of the Bushido and how did it affect samurai warriors?
How did Joan of Arc change history?
What dangers and hardships did Lewis and Clark face when exploring the Midwest?
How are the Great Depression and the Great Recession similar and different?
What was the Manhattan Project and what impact did it have on the world?
Why did Marin Luther protest against the Catholic Church?
How did the Roman Empire fall?
How did the black plague affect Europe?
How did Genghis Khan conquer Persia?
How did journalists influence US war efforts in Vietnam?
Who is Vlad the Impaler and what is his connection to Count Dracula?
Who was a greater inventor, Leonardo di Vinci or Thomas Edison?
What was the role of African Americans during the Revolutionary War?
What was Britain’s view of India during British rule?
What were the factors in the China-Tibet conflict?
Research and analyze the emergence of the Catholic Church as a political force following the collapse of the Roman Empire.
Investigate Dr. Eileen Powers’ claim that the Roman Empire was lost primarily due to an inability to perceive itself as subject to the change inevitable to all governments, or her “force of nature” theory.
Explore and discuss the actual cooperation occurring through the centuries of Barbarian conquest of Rome.
Examine the differences and similarities between Western and Eastern concepts and practices of kingship.
Investigate and explain the trajectory of ALEXANDER THE GREAT’s empire, with minimal emphasis on personal leadership.
To what extent did commerce first link Eastern and Western cultures, and how did this influence early international relations?
Research and analyze how Japan moved from a feudalistic to a modern state, and how geographic isolation played a role in the process.
Analyze the process and effects of Romanization on the Celtic people of ancient England: benefits, conflicts, influences.
Overview of British dominance of Ireland, Wales, and Scotland! How was this justified in each case, and what motivated the attempts over centuries of rebellion and failure?
Investigate the known consequences of Guttenberg’s printing press within the first 30 years of its invention, and only in regard to the interaction between European nations.
Identify and analyze the point at which the Reformation became fused with European politics and nationalist agendas.
To what extent did Henry VIII promote the Reformation, despite his vigorous persecution of heretics in England?
Trace and discuss the uses of papal power as a military and political device in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Research the city/state of Florence from the 13th to the 16th centuries, discussing how and why it evolved as so fiercely republican.
Compare and contrast the Russian Czarism of Peter, Elizabeth, and Catherine with the monarchies of England and France in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Investigate the enormous significance of Catholic Orthodoxy as the dominant faith in Russia, and its meaning and influence in an empire populated by a minimal aristocracy and predominant serfdom.
To what extent did Philip II’s religious convictions shape European policy and conflict in the 16th century?
Trace the path leading to the convocation of the Estates in France in the late 18th century, leading to the Revolution. Assess political and social errors responsible.
What eventually ended serfdom in Russia, and why were numerous attempts to end it by the Czars in power consistently unsuccessful?
Research and report on how England was transformed in the 19th century by the industrial revolution and the advent of the railroad.
Compare and contrast the consequences of the industrial revolutions in England and America in terms of urbanization.
What were the circumstances leading to World War I, and how might the war have been averted?
Assess the Cold War of the 20th century in an historical context: can any parallels be made between this conflict and other ongoing tensions between major powers in earlier centuries?
Analyze Roosevelt’s decisions in implementing the New Deal, beginning with the closing of the banks. Suggest alternative strategies, or reinforce the rationale of the actions.
What architectural marvels were found in Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire?
What was the cultural significance of the first moon landing?
Food programs
Welfare reform
Governmental supplementation
Homeless: urban restrictions vs. needs of the destitute
Workable solutions?
Realistic limits vs. openness toward people in need
English as official language vs. respect for diversity
Should illegal immigrants be made legal citizens?
Access to public school and public programs for Illegal Aliens
Policing borders–workable solutions?
Employment and/or taxation for Illegal Aliens
International trade
Democratization
“Shock and awe”
U.S. occupation vs. liberation
Iraqi run vs. U.S. puppet state
Oil and Gas prices-Control of resources
Effective self-government
War on Terrorism
Is America winning or losing the War? What is the measurement of success? Have the benefits outweighed the costs?
Parental leave for both parents
FMLA (Family Medical Leave Act)
Bonding time
Preemptive strike policy
Precision weapons
Intelligence reliability
Afghanistan – a success or stalemate
Should the U.S. have mandatory military conscriptions? For whom?
Governmental support
Preparedness
School emergency plans
Community warning systems
Damage costs
U.S. presidential elections should be decided by the popular vote, rather than the Electoral College.
The minimum wage should be increased to provide a “livable” wage for working families.
There should be stiffer penalties for those who commit animal cruelty.
School vouchers increase competition and create better quality schools.
The corporate tax rate should be lowered to create more jobs.
Social Security should be privatized.
Human torture should be banned in all circumstances.
Affirmative action is still needed to ensure racial and gender equality.
The U.S. dollar should go back on the gold standard.
Euthanasia and assisted suicide should be outlawed.
Police brutality vs. dangers that police face
Racially motivated brutality?
Politician’s right to privacy vs. the public’s right to know
Amount of money going into presidential campaigns
Views on abortion, gay marriage, and other controversial topics
Political debates throughout history
Third-party candidates at presidential debates
Rights of religious citizens vs. freedom from imposition (e.g. prayer in schools)
Religious motivation for political involvement vs. cultural pluralism
Christian Right’s influence on foreign policy
How serious? Causes? Workable solutions?
Funding abortion as a form of birth control in third world countries?
What would happen globally if the demand for natural resources is greater than the supply?
Limitation of social deterioration vs. freedom of speech
Definition of Pornography
Child Pornography
Building prisons vs. alternative sentencing
Adjusted sentencing for lesser crimes
Community service
Diversion Programs for inmates
How does the prison population in America compare to other nations?
Prostitution laws in the US and abroad
Benefits and drawbacks to legalizing prostitution
Psychological effect on prostitutes and former prostitutes
Sex slavery, buying and selling
Should the government be allowed to wire tap without permission?
What limitations, if any, should be applied to the paparazzi?
What medical information should be confidential? Who, if anybody, should have access to medical records?
Does the public have a right to know about a public figure’s private life?
Privacy rights
Do harsher punishments mean fewer convictions?
Date rape: consent vs. exploitation
Drugs-Rohypnol, GHB, KETAMINE
Legalization of Date Rape Drugs
Recently, a 17-year-old boy was sentenced to 10 years in prison for having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old girl. Are statutory rape laws patronizing to girls and discriminatory to boys?
Acquaintance rape
Is there one true religion?
Freedom of religion
Offer distinct reasons why the Bible should be studied as literature, removed from religious significance.
From Hollywood to the White House: the political rise of Ronald Reagan.
The Great Communicator: how Reagan captured the hearts of Americans.
1981 assassination attempt: bullet wound leaves Reagan inches away from death.
Reagan appoints the first female Supreme Court justice.
The PATCO breakup and decline of the labor unions.
Tax cuts and “Reaganomics.”
The “Iran-Contra” scandal.
Reagan, Gorbachev, and the end of the Cold War.
The final act: Reagan’s Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and long goodbye.
How has airport security intensified since September 11th, 2001?
Identity theft
Homeland Security: Are we safer since the creation of this department?
Should the government use invasive pat-downs and body scans to ensure passenger safety or are there better methods?
Is arming Pilots a good idea?
What responsibilities do secret service agents have?
Student loan scams
How to avoid student loan debt
Managing student loan debt
Driverless cars and the future of transportation.
Breaking the glass ceiling: the impact of the women’s rights movement.
How seniors contribute to societal well-being.
How disabled individuals are viewed by society.
The modern-day civil rights movement.
Has technology made us more detached from society?
The role of religion in society.
In today’s society, are we better off or worse off than previous generations?
Popular music and its impact on the culture.
Class and geographical segregation.
The differences between life in the city, suburbs, and/or rural areas.
Should parents be able to create designer babies?
Should microchips be implanted inside humans for better tracking and security?
Will smart watches eventually replace cell phones?
The pros and cons of being a global citizen.
Progressive vs. flat tax
Excessive taxes vs. worthwhile programs
Is text messaging contributing to teen illiteracy?
How eating disorders impact teens.
Tablets vs. textbooks.
Do standardized tests improve teen education?
Are violent video games contributing to juvenile delinquency?
Is English literature relevant for today’s teens?
Should the HPV vaccine be required for teen girls?
Do teachers inflate grades so students can pass?
Should advertisers be allowed to target teens?
How to encourage teens to stop smoking.
The causes and effects of teen alcohol and drug abuse.
How to prevent teen pregnancy.
Osama Bin Laden
World Trade Center and Pentagon bombings
September 11, 2001
War on terrorism
Afghanistan
Bioterrorism
Al Qaida: Has U.S. policy actually spread terrorism rather than contained it? Will it get better or worse? Why and how?
Can terrorism ever be justified?
What kind of person becomes a suicide bomber?
What were the circumstances surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden?
Has the Patriot Act prevented or stopped terrorist acts in America?
How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?
Cell Phones: How have they changed us socially?
Does the Information Age mean we are losing important historical information?
Where did hip-hop music originate?
A day in the life of a Buddhist monk.
How does the brain store and retrieve memories?
What life is like inside an ant colony.
The case for and against the existence of UFOs.
Can virtual reality adequately substitute for actual reality?
Are dreams hidden messages or just hot air?
Why do people collect the most ridiculous things?
When is it time to get out of an abusive relationship?
The art of pretending to care.
Public attitudes toward veterans
Health issues caused by service time
Organizations for veterans
Governmental support for veterans
What programs are available to help war veterans get back into society?
Iraq War Vets: Are they being cheated on medical benefits?
Is there a glass ceiling?
Obstacles to women running for political office?
Should women be priests, pastors, ministers, and rabbis?
What differences, if any, are there in children who are raised by stay-at-home moms and working moms? Does society today still discriminate against working mothers who wish to have flexible work schedules?
Should stay-at-home moms get a salary from the government?
Why do we sleep?
How do GPS systems work?
Who was the first person to reach the North Pole?
Did anybody ever escape Alcatraz?
What was life like for a gladiator?
Are there any effective means of repelling insects?
How is bulletproof clothing made?
How was the skateboard invented and how has it changed over the years?
What is life like inside of a beehive?
Where did hip hop originate and who were its founders?
What makes the platypus a unique and interesting mammal?
What is daily life like for a Buddhist monk?
How did gunpowder change warfare?
How were cats and dogs domesticated and for what purposes?
What do historians know about ninjas?
Are humans still evolving?
What is the curse of the pharaohs?
Why was Socrates executed?
How did ancient sailors navigate the globe?
How are black holes formed?
How do submarines work?
Do lie detector tests accurately determine truthful statements?
How does a hybrid car save energy?
What ingredients can be found in a hotdog?
How does a shark hunt?
How does the human brain store and retrieve memories?
How does stealth technology shield aircraft from radar?
What causes tornados?
How does night vision work?
What causes desert mirages, and how do they affect wanderers?
What are sinkholes, and how are they formed?
What are the major theories explaining the disappearance of the dinosaurs?
Should we reform laws to make it harder to get a divorce?
Divorce rates
Family relationships
Family values
Race relations
Marriage and Divorce
A view of home life and its effect on child development
How 4 generations in the workplace can work together.
Building positive employee relationships
Modern work environments
Business leadership
Workforce regulations
Small business and taxation
Corporate law
Issues in modern Human Resources: Are today’s corporations patronizing employees or being more responsible for them?
Cultural conflict in globalization: Strategies for successfully establishing a presence in a foreign culture
Corporate abuse: How can executives so successfully manipulate corporations criminally?
Identifying stakeholders in non-public companies: is the corporate responsibility the same as for public offerings?
Devise a new model of leadership for business today, incorporating elements of existing leadership models and theories.
Examine the actual impact of social media as a business promotion instrument.
Devise a scenario in which traditionally unethical business practices may be justified.
Should newspaper reporters be required to reveal their sources?
Do the media (both print and broadcast) report fairly? Do they ever cross the line between reporting the news and creating the news?
Does news coverage favor whites?
What steps are involved in creating a movie or television show?
How have the film and music industries dealt with piracy?
Media conglomerates/ownership
Minorities in mass media
Portrayal of women
Reality television
Television violence
Media portrayals
Sensationalized media
Examine the issues of responsibility in pharmaceutical companies’ promotion of drugs in the media.
Forensic science technology
What are the current capabilities and future goals of genetic engineers?
What obstacles faced scientists in breaking the sound barrier?
What is alchemy and how has it been attempted?
What technologies are available to home owners to help them conserve energy?
Nuclear energy
Clean energy resources
Wind energy: Is wind energy really that inexpensive? Is it effective? Is it practical?
What are the dangers and hazards of using nuclear power?
Investigate Freud’s contributions to psychology as they exist today: what value remains?
Are there gender foundations to psychology and behavior that are removed from cultural considerations? To what extent does gender actually dictate thought process?
To what extent is sexual orientation dictated by culture, and is there an orientation not subject to social and cultural influences?
Investigate the psychological process in group dynamics with regard to the emergence of leaders and the compliance of others.
Compare and contrast Jung, Freud, and Adler: explore distinctions and commonalities.
What is “normal,” and to what extent is psychology reliant on culture to define this?
Research and assess the effectiveness of radical psychotherapies and unconventional treatments.
Research the concept of human will as both a component of individual psychology and a process or element removed from it.
To what extent is self-image influenced by culture in regard to eating disorders? Are external factors entirely to blame?
How do centuries-old beliefs of madness and dementia relate to modern conceptions of mental illness?
Is psychology itself inevitably a non-science in that virtually any theory may be substantiated, or is there a foundation of science to the subject to which all theorists must conform?
Examine Euripides and gender psychology: what do the Trojan Women and Medea reveal?
Using three characters, explore Chaucer’s insight into human behavior in The Canterbury Tales.
Identify the true relationship between Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy, emphasizing Dante’s reliance on the poet.
Research and discuss the English fascination for euphemism and ornate narratives in the 16th century, beginning with John Lyly.
Examine any existing controversies regarding Shakespearean authorship, citing arguments on both sides.
Analyze similarities and differences between Marlowe and Shakespeare in regard to Tamburlaine and Titus Andronicus.
Defend or support Bloom’s assertion of Shakespeare as the “inventor of the human being.”
To what degree are Shakespeare’s plays influenced by, or reflective, of the Elizabethan era? Identify specific cultural and national events linked to at least 3 plays.
Analyze the unusual construction of A Winter’s Tale in regard to transition from comedy to drama. Is this valid? Does the transition benefit or harm the play?
Support the belief that Shakespeare is representing himself as Prospero through evidence, or similarly refute the belief.
Why was extreme violence so popular in English Reformation drama? Cite Marlowe, Kyd, Webster, and Shakespeare.
Analyze the metaphysical in Donne’s poetry: is it spiritual, existential, or both?
What is Shelley seeking to say in Frankenstein? Support your answer with passages from the novel.
Compare and contrast Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina with Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, noting the characters of the heroines.
It is argued that Dickens failed when he turned to serious, romantic narrative in his novels. Using Copperfield, Great Expectations, and Dombey and Son, defend or refute this claim.
Assess Dickens’ stance as a moralist in Bleak House and Hard Times: to what extent does he seek reform, and to what does he comment on the human condition?
Was the Harry Potter phenomenon warranted by quality of storytelling or more a matter of public receptivity at the time combined with media exposure?

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20 thoughts on “717 Good Research Paper Topics”

How has music evolved? How has music effected history? Music of the past vs music of the present. How has the music industry effected the music’s quality?

Do you think abortion is legal? Why they do abortion?

Why are people instinctively afraid of animals that are not mammals?

Should abortion be legalized? Should domestic abuse and child abuse victims be granted clemency for killing their abuser?

Jewish holocaust and its contribution to European History, specifically Germany

What is the most popular college in the United States?

The Black Knight: Space Waste or Alien Satellite? The Moon Landing: Real or Hollywood Hoax? Have We Become Too Politically Correct? Paranormal Research: Real? Fake? Should it be offered in college? Who really was Jack the Ripper? Can a zombie apocalypse truly occur? Who is the best or worst president of the USA? The Men in Black: real or hoax?

Why Marching Band is a sport.

Marching band is not a sport

how did aids start?

Topic : Alternative medicine Research question : Does the alternative medicine is safe and standardized Hypothesis : analyse the quality controle of alternative medicine formulations

Does our nostalgic music/childhood songs affect our present lifestyle, and in what ways?

reverse discriminations is still discrimination so there’s no such thing as that. like reverse racism isn’t a thing because that is still racism

Men on birth control and not women.

You forget the topic Islamophobia 😉

You should add a music section. Is Muzio Clementi overshadowed by Mozart? The Toccata and Fugue in D- really wasn’t written by Bach The use of the “Dies Irae” in cinema Why is modern music so repetitive and simple compared to classical music?

I want to do a research project on Education

I want to research but not get a perfect topic help me give me a best topic about current affairs

Topic: History. Are the Crusades oversimplified? where they justified? If so, how? Topic: Current affairs. Is the term “conspiracy theory” used to discredit any non-mainstream, controversial opinions. Topic: Gun control. Does limiting magazine capacity for firearms have any effect on gun crime? Are high-capacity magazines ever necessary for self-defense? Topic: Economics. Are minimum wage laws necessary to guarantee “decent”, or do the laws of supply and demand automatically ensure that?

Are women funny?

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271 Strong Argumentative Research Paper Topics You Must Know

Writing good argumentative research paper topics can always place you in a rock and a hard place. Writing from scratch can be daunting, but writing to a deadline is worse. Creating a terrific academic argumentative research paper takes a few tweaks. Through them, you will eventually craft a standardized paper that would earn you all points and, if not all, perhaps better grades.

This article will discuss the various angles you could take flawlessly to finish an argumentative research paper. Consequently, do not let terror take over you when writing a research paper.

Instead, it will be your forte after reading through this article’s steps.

What Is An Argumentative Research Paper?

An argumentative research paper is a paper that is structured in a way that allows you to present and defend your ideas about the topic, and that’s what definitional argument paper topics involve. The main purpose of an argumentative research paper is to make it possible for you to demonstrate your arguments. They may be based on either scientific knowledge or personal experience.

College argumentative research paper topics can be a single paper or a collection of several papers that you have written. Alternatively, it can be a series of papers in which you have analyzed different aspects of the topic. It will take you a while of introspection to understand this.

An award-winning research paper or one that could earn you better grades must be deeply rooted in facts. Generally, you must employ extensive evidence to defend your opinion or point.

What Are The Different Types Of Argumentative Research Paper Topics?

The are many different types of argumentative research paper topics. Here we explore the classic classification of the topics and their characteristics

Classical Western Argument These types of classical argument paper topics have always been footed on two bases: to convince the audience that they are right and give well-reasoned answers to questionsThey are easy argument paper topics. Topics for argumentative research paper tasks do not necessarily have to be complicated. An introduction is imperative for a classical western argument since it welcomes the audience and builds goodwill and a connection with the readers. It also announces the overall theme or thesis of the argument.It must have a narration that portrays necessary background facts. It is intended to inform the listener about the setting and occurrences that produced the argument.A classic western argument must have confirmation, refutation, and summation. Remember, the summary must be concrete, echoing the gravity of the argument and equally reflecting the best solution to the readers.
Toulon Argument The primary goal of a Toulmin argument is frequently to gather the most compelling proof in favor of the presented statements. For example, if you take “Philosophy argument paper topics”, you have to work through this topic well and understand it.The goal of a Toulmin argument is precise, unlike the previous types. It is made up of six parts, namely: introduction, data, warrants, qualifiers, rebuttal, and backing. It has a conclusion intended to trigger evocative thought among the readers.
Rogerian Argument The Rogerian argument seeks the greatest plausible solution based on the wants and preferences of everyone concerned, or, in other words, some form of unanimity. The essay structure of this type of argument does not bear innate disparities to the different types. It has a structure that aims at reaching a consensus amidst the contest.The Rogerian argument topics for a paper focus on expanding comprehension between conflicting viewpoints by noting that an issue can be viewed from various perspectives. Its building blocks are; an introduction, an acknowledgement of the opposition, a thesis statement, support for the thesis, and a conclusion.Notably, the summary has to highlight the imperatives of a classical argument paper topic, even if it cannot resolve the problem wholly. Also, it has to acknowledge that more work needs to be done in the future to find lasting remedies.

How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement

A thesis statement outlines the topic of your assignments, that is, argumentative research essay topics, and provides a summary of the article’s content, particularly your position on the subject. It is helpful to pose a concern before making your assertion in a thesis, so that your thesis can provide a resolution.

This is a powerful strategy for getting the reader interested in your subject and the viewpoint you advocate. The basic custom of any argument should be briefly covered in a thesis. By accomplishing this-getting thesis writing help, you can assist the reader in becoming ready for the essay’s main body.

When writing a thesis statement, you must include: A question A provocative statement A well-laid description An anecdote that compels the readers to find out more about the essay

Whenever you start writing, make an effort to define your aim explicitly. This is what argumentative research paper topics college institutions demand. Constantly write on your subject if you cannot express your purpose effectively.

How To Select A Topic For An Argumentative Essay

You might occasionally find yourself debating points you do not particularly agree with. That is just good – making a convincing argument does not need you to believe what you are saying fervently.

However, picking a subject you are passionate about is a fantastic option when you have complete freedom over it. A strong perspective and various supporting arguments are the two essential elements of a high quality successful argumentative essay.

It will be simpler for a student to obtain proof to back up an argument if they are fascinated and enthusiastic about the issue that they chose. The evidence itself is what matters most.

Decide on a topic by considering issues that are important to you, irrespective of whether they are good or bad. Create a list of concepts, and then pick a couple to focus on. You will then elaborate upon such concepts by addressing a few compensatory picks.

Making these lists may lead you to discover that a few are more powerful than others. The greater the issue, the more proof you have and the more compelling you believe that proved to be.

Again, choosing a different argument research topic is acceptable if you think one issue would have more verifiable data, but you would prefer not to pen about it. If you are enthusiastic about our topic, it might be much simpler to uncover solid arguments and evidence to support your claims than if you are not.

Well, here is a list of sample argumentative research paper topics you could decide to choose from and develop a terrific essay.

Good Argument Paper Topics On Education

Here are some ingenious argumentative essay sample topics touching on matters of education:

Can parents be able to alter their unborn children’s characteristics?
Should pupils need to be immunized to attend a public school?
Should global governments take action to combat climate change?
Should physical education classes have an impact on a student’s grades?
Is free college a good idea?
Should Greek life be banned from academic institutions?
Should comprehensive sex education be given to scholars?
It should be possible for pupils to choose the high school curriculum.
The importance of physical education in education.
Schools should not permit the use of cell phones.
Like scholars, teachers need to pass a professional exam.
Less work should be assigned to pupils in schools.
High schools should be required to include sex education.
The Best Alternative to Regular School is Home Schooling
Scholars should only spend three months studying and nine months vacationing.
Sporting Activities Can Help You Change Your Life.
Lies Are a Vital Component of a Healthy Relationship
There Are Aliens
Keeping a Journal Is a Fun Stress Reduction Technique
Colleges need medical facilities to aid scholars in overcoming stress and depression.
You Can Learn Important Life Skills from Video Games
Having a pet is a way to improve your happiness.
Better Off Renting Than Buying a Home
Is the American educational system ideal for the modern world?

Interesting Argument Paper Topics On Ethics

When faced with an argumentative essay touching on ethics, here are samples to jog your mind:

Do GMOs benefit or hurt humans?
Should Facebook be permitted to gather user data?
Should autonomous vehicles be made legal?
Is it moral to use automation to replace human labor?
Should use a cell phone while driving is prohibited by law?
Has the Internet had a good or bad impact on society?
Should college athletes receive compensation for playing on teams?
Must fracking be permitted?
Same-sex couples ought to be permitted to wed.
Death Penalties: Are They Still Valid in the Twenty-First Century?
Benefits of Medical Marijuana Legalization
Without organized religion, the world might be a better place.
More harm than good is caused by technology.
What would life be like if animals ruled the world?
What if scholars and teachers switched places?
How will having flying automobiles affect our daily lives?
The most prosperous people are school dropouts.
Why drinking is advisable before a test
What if humans were to view the world as dogs do?
The causes behind Starbucks’ delicious flavor
How defying your parents can help you succeed?
Why passing the driving test is crucial
The top pupils are those who do not attend class.
The best visitors are those who arrived already stuffed.
Why I enjoy junk mail
Why setting your school on fire is not an option
Clowns are not as terrifying as you would imagine.
The reason why your washing won’t do itself
Why you should continue to wear a mask even after COVID-19
Which film has ever been the worst?
How playing video games can benefit your career search
Why I don’t like country music
Why films are superior to books
Is it wrong to show sex scenes on television?
Should learning institutions condone cheating?
Should young people have access to birth control?
Is religion a valid justification for terrorism?
Does bullying make one stronger?
Do you think young kids should have access to cell phones and tablets?
Should minors be allowed to obtain contraception without their parent’s permission?
Is it time for single-payer healthcare in the US?
Should assisted suicide be allowed to exist?
Should nutritional supplements and products for weight loss, such as teas, be allowed to use influencer marketing?
Should physicians be permitted to promote medications?
Is the electoral college still a useful mechanism in contemporary America?
Should Puerto Rico gain statehood?
Is automatic voter registration a good idea?
Should prisoners have the right to vote?
Should justices of the Supreme Court be voted into power?
Children should not be served soda at restaurants.
Should sexual labor be made legal?
Should Indigenous Peoples’ Day take the place of Columbus Day?
Should executions be permitted?
Are uniforms for schools a good idea?
Should using animals for clinical tests be permitted?
Should the crime of drug possession be dropped?
Must unpaid internships be permitted?
Must abortion be outlawed?
Do individuals misuse their freedom to carry weapons?
Is there a racial component to police violence?
It is time to raise the legal drinking age.
A child’s sexual orientation is established when they are young.
All around the world, same-sex unions should be permitted.
Inmates should not be kept as illegal immigrants.
Should all women have access to reproductive health care and birth control?
Would anyone benefit equally from our tax system?
Is vaping just as dangerous as cigarette smoking?
Is global consumption a serious problem?
Is social media a privacy infringement?
Does everyone need to get vaccinated?
Do food firms have a say in what we eat?
Does our system of education fit our culture?
Why should certain languages be recognized as official in the US?
Is the death penalty ever justified?
Victims of rape ought to abort their unborn children.
Equal paternity leave should be granted to fathers.
Do trouble-making behaviors among teenagers stem from boredom?
Parents who have failed their children should be disciplined.
Animal testing ought to be prohibited.
Gaming that is violent needs to be prohibited.
Adopting parents with mental impairments should not be permitted.
Islamist nations should allow alcohol usage.
Everyone should receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
School dress codes ought to be abolished
Assignments should not be required
Pets ought to be allowed in learning institutions
Cellphone use should be permitted in class for scholars.
The daily schooling hours ought to be cut shorter
Why longer school breaks are necessary
Every classroom needs a TV.
We must extend our summer vacation.
Schools ought to have recess in between class sessions.
A pet belongs in every classroom.
Is a College Education Still Required?
Should High School Graduates Have a Gap Year?
Cyberbullying in High School Is a Serious Problem
Scholars ought to be permitted to dress however they like.
The Existing Grading System Does Not Reflect Scholars’ Knowledge in the Contemporary World
Is a Lower Voting Age Needed?
The Benefits of Offering Free Condoms to Scholars
Partners expecting a child ought to take parenting classes
Sex education ought to be taught in schools.
Should the legal drinking age be lowered?
Standardized Tests Need to Be Banned
Scholar loans: Are They Favorable or Bad?
Is drug use on campuses a test or a genuine issue?
Do College Relationships Last a Long Time?
Children should not be permitted to attend college classes by scholars.
Fraternities’ detrimental effects on scholars’ behavior and performance
When Is a Gap Year a Welcomed Idea?
There should be more benefits for college athletes when schooling.
Most college units are already obsolete and unfit for the contemporary world.
The cost of lodging in universities ought to be zero.
Celebs ought not to serve as teenage girls’ role models.
Diet obsession can result in a variety of eating conditions and health complications.
School uniforms ought to be required.
Males and females can have friendships that are limited to just that.
The vegetarian lifestyle is not practical
Democracy is currently the sanest form of government.
GMO diets aren’t as risky as we once thought
Horror films may harm one’s mental health.
Junk food ought not to be offered in school lunches.

Easy Argument Paper Topics On Sports

Sports argumentative essay topics can prove hard to formulate. Here are samples:

Should there be a gender divide in sports?
Should baseball’s designated hitter system be eliminated?
Should American sports treat soccer with more respect?
Should players and coaches receive the same compensation?
Girls should be urged to participate in sports and put just as much effort into their studies as boys do.
College Sports Players Must Be Paid
Sports should allow women to compete against men.
Countries benefit economically and socially by hosting the Olympic Games.
Media coverage of female athletes is still sexist.
Certain sports can encourage violent behavior.
Injury Has a Significant Impact on an Athlete’s Mental Health
Among Athletes, Eating Disorders Are a Common Issue
Schools and Colleges should emphasize physical education more
Taking part in sports can have calming, resonant effects on the body and mind.
Motivating girls to participate in sports is important.

Argument Paper Topics On Religion

Argumentative essay topics on religion could prove contentious. Below are samples:

Should religious institutions be subject to taxation?
Should schools allow religious clubs?
Should the pledge of allegiance include “one nation under God”?
Should religion be covered in the classroom?
Should clerics be permitted to wed?

Professional Argument Paper Topics On Economics

Argumentative topics in economics essays are easy. Here are some examples:

Is raising the minimum wage necessary?
Do monopolies deserve to exist?
Is the concept of universal basic income wisely?
Should the tax rate on companies be higher or cheap?

Argument Paper Topics On Society And Culture

Formulating argumentative essay topics on culture and society, in general, should not bother you that much. Here are samples. But if you have problems with your writing you can order a dissertation online .

Is graffiti considered destruction or art?
Should books with offensive language be prohibited?
Should YouTube content be more strictly regulated?
Is the study of art important?
Should people be able to share their art and music online?
Current assessments do not match the scholar’s ability.
Breastfeeding in public should be permitted for women.
To bring about change, the Internet was developed.
When it comes to giving their kids a nutritious diet, parents should be accountable.
Churches ought to be taxed as well.
The Contribution of Art to the Evolution of Our World
Using Art Therapy to Treat Mental Illness
Scholars that participate in the arts excel academically.
Unlike traditional art, digital art lacks soul.
Everybody ought to enrol in art classes in school
Is Art Actually Required?
What Inner Fears Do Children Express in Their Art?
What Is Art For?
How Has the Representation of Women in Art Changed Over the Centuries?
Most art forms were created in ancient Greece, which is where they originated.
A potent treatment for psychological issues is music.
Hard Rock Harmfully influences teenage Behavior
If You Pay Attention, You Can Hear Music in the Natural World
Billie Eilish Is Not Your Average Teen Pop Star-Star
The Human Brain is Positively affected by Music
The Calming Power of Celtic Music
Modern music is largely commercial rather than artistic.
Rap music encourages aggression.
A better pregnancy can be ensured by classical music.
College scholars’ academic performance is improved through music

Technology Argument Paper Topics

Many learners avoid technology-related argumentative topics due to their technicality. Below are samples:

Owners of social media platforms should keep an eye on and delete comments that use offensive language.
Does technology contribute to individuals feeling more alone?
Will there ever be a moment when no new technological developments take place?
Vlogging is not a legitimate career.
Is LinkedIn useful in terms of job search?
The number of business opportunities has significantly increased thanks to social media.
Is Java going out of style?
Are social media profiles of candidates something employers should look through?
Social media cause teenage despair.

Science Argument Paper Topics

Below are argumentative topics touching on the science field:

The Morality of Cloning the Benefits of Genetic Engineering and How They Can Change the World the Potential Benefits of Investing in Space Exploration
Universities should spend more money on scientific programs.
How Do New Scientific Discoveries Affect Our Everyday Lives?
Do New Technologies Pose Health Risks?
The use of animals in scientific research should be prohibited
The Science of Medical Marijuana’s Healing Effect
Food that has been genetically modified: Is it healthy for us or not?
Why Science Should Be Taught to Everyone.

Argument Paper Topics On The Environment

Argumentative topics on the environment tend to be broad. Here are useful samples:

Existing environmental statutes do not avert human encroachment and habitat obliteration
Human encroachment endangers the lives of plants and animals
Climate change is real
Developed nations primarily cause global warming
A change in farming practices is required to cease environmental obliteration.
Environment-friendly effects of vegetarianism
The worst polluters of air and water are industrial by-products and farming additives
Overpopulation is the root cause of city pollution
We must protect the world’s resources.
Hunting is a sinful activity.
Is using animals in a circus acceptable?
Evil dogs ought to be put to sleep.
Recycling ought to be required.
Should recycling be made required?
Is competition advantageous?
Does blogging as a profession have a future?
Is it possible for people to ever exist without the Internet?
Should everyone volunteer and donate to charities?
Does the media infringe on famous people’s privacy?

Argument Paper Topics On Government

Politics is not everyone. Below are argumentative topics on governance you could exploit:

In wealthy nations, unlawful immigration is a serious problem.
Citizenship should always be granted to persons sired within a particular country’s borders. Stricter immigration laws should be enforced against illegal immigration
Border restrictions should be tightened to stop illegal immigration.
The main driver of unlawful immigration is poverty.
Deporting illegal immigrants to their nations of origin is usually pointless.
High Illegal Immigration Rates May Encourage Prostitution
High levels of unlawful immigration are one of the main causes of terrorism.
Lowering immigration costs may help avert illegal immigration
Refugee applicants ought not to be viewed as unauthorized immigrants.
Is Racial Profiling Still Appropriate in Today’s World?
Euthanasia for terminally ill patients should be made legal.
All should have access to free higher education.
Is Donald Trump’s presidency detrimental to the US and the rest of the world, or beneficial?
In colleges and schools, energy drinks have to be prohibited.
In the US, gambling ought to be outlawed.
Should abortion be outlawed globally?
Should the death penalty be carried out universally?
Certain kinds of animal experimentation and other forms of study ought to be prohibited.
Should the government take additional steps to provide accessibility for the physically challenged?
Are people born with the skill to be a politician, or do they learn it?

High Quality Argument Paper Topics On Health

There are numerous argumentative topics on health to choose from. Below are samples:

Everyone should have access to free health care.
It is possible to discover a working cure for AIDs
Art therapy can be effective for a wide range of health issues
Healthy alternatives: benefits and drawbacks
The negative consequences of a head injury
Does the media accurately represent the risk of coronavirus?
Are electronic cigarettes more harmless than smoke?
Could 3D printing help the medical field?
Nanotechnology can aid in cancer treatment
How would stem cells reduce cardiac arrest patients’ mortality rates?
Pro-life vs. Pro-choice views on abortion
Alcoholism harms all aspects of life, not just health
The production and sale of tobacco should be prohibited
Vaping is safer than cigarette smoking.
The risks of the COVID-19 vaccine outweigh the benefits.

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Best Social Media Research Topics | Inspiration & Ideas

Introduction

What distinguishes social media from other communication, why research social media, what can i research about social media, conducting research on social media.

Social media has become an integral part of modern communication, influencing how people connect, share information, and interact with the world. As a rapidly evolving field, it presents a wealth of opportunities for research that can offer valuable insights into societal trends, behavioral patterns, and technological advancements. This article aims to provide inspiration and ideas for selecting compelling social media research topics. We’ll explore what makes social media unique, the importance of studying it, and offer suggestions for areas you can investigate.

Social media is a unique form of communication that differs significantly from traditional methods such as face-to-face interactions, phone calls, or even emails. Several key characteristics set social media apart, making it a fascinating area for research.

Interactivity and user-generated content

One of the most distinctive features of social media is its interactivity. Unlike traditional media, where communication is typically one-way, social media platforms enable two-way interactions between users. This interactivity allows users to not only consume content but also to create and share their own, leading to an environment rich in user-generated content. This aspect of social media fosters a participatory culture where individuals can contribute to discussions, share their perspectives, and engage with others in real-time.

Networked communication

Social media operates on a networked model of communication, where information is shared across a web of interconnected users. This networked nature allows content to spread rapidly through shares, likes, comments, and other forms of engagement. The viral potential of social media content is a key characteristic that distinguishes it from other forms of communication, where information dissemination is often more controlled and linear.

Personalization and algorithms

Another defining feature of social media is the use of algorithms to personalize user experiences. These algorithms analyze user behavior, preferences, and interactions to curate content that is most relevant to each individual. This level of personalization is unmatched by traditional communication methods and has profound implications for how people receive information, form opinions, and engage with the world around them. The algorithm-driven nature of social media also raises important questions about echo chambers, filter bubbles, and the impact of personalized content on societal discourse.

Multimedia integration

Social media platforms seamlessly integrate various forms of multimedia, including text, images, videos , and live streams. This multimedia approach enhances the richness of social media communication and allows users to express themselves in diverse and creative ways. The ability to combine different media types in a single platform sets social media apart from other communication methods, which may be more limited in their use of media.

Global reach and immediacy

Finally, a solid social media presence offers unprecedented global reach and immediacy. With social media exposure, users can connect with others across the world instantly, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling cross-cultural communication. The real-time nature of social media allows for immediate responses and updates, making it a powerful tool for sharing news, organizing events, and mobilizing movements for marketing endeavors, political campaigns, and other collective efforts.

Researching social media is crucial because of its pervasive influence on various aspects of society, including communication, culture, politics, and even mental health. As social media continues to evolve and integrate into everyday life, understanding its impact becomes increasingly important for several reasons.

First, social media shapes public opinion and discourse in ways that traditional media cannot. The speed at which information spreads on platforms like Twitter/X, Facebook, and Instagram can amplify voices and ideas, often creating significant cultural or political movements. Studying these phenomena can reveal insights into how public opinion is formed, how misinformation spreads, and how social movements gain traction.

Second, social media platforms collect vast amounts of data about user behavior, preferences, and interactions. This data offers a unique opportunity for researchers to analyze trends, understand user engagement, and explore the effects of algorithmic content curation. By examining these aspects, researchers can shed light on how social media influences decision-making, consumer behavior, and even voting patterns.

Moreover, social media has a profound impact on mental health and well-being. The constant connectivity and exposure to curated lives can lead to issues such as anxiety, depression, and feelings of inadequacy. Research in this area can help identify the factors contributing to these mental health challenges and guide the development of interventions or policies to mitigate them.

Finally, as social media becomes a key tool for marketing, education, and even governance, understanding its mechanisms and effects is vital for professionals across various fields. Whether it’s to improve social media marketing strategies, enhance educational outreach, or design more effective public policies, social media research papers provide valuable insights that can inform practice and policy.

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Choosing a social media research topic can be a difficult decision among numerous research opportunities across various disciplines. Here are three key areas to consider when selecting a research topic related to social media: societal impact, psychological effects, and technological advancements.

Societal impact of social media

One of the most significant aspects of social media is its profound impact on society. Researching this area can provide valuable insights into how social media influences cultural norms, political movements, and social behavior.

Social media and political movements : Social media platforms have played a crucial role in organizing and mobilizing political movements around the world. From the Arab Spring to the Black Lives Matter movement, these platforms have facilitated the rapid spread of information and coordination among activists. Researching the role of social media in political movements can reveal how these platforms influence public opinion, empower grassroots movements, and even shape election outcomes. Additionally, you can explore the potential downsides, such as the spread of misinformation or the role of bots and fake accounts in manipulating political discourse.
Cultural diversity and social media : Social media platforms are global in reach, connecting people from different cultures and backgrounds. This connectivity can promote cultural diversity by exposing users to new ideas, traditions, and perspectives. However, it can also lead to cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures overshadow minority voices. Researching the impact of social media on cultural diversity can explore how these platforms either promote or hinder cultural exchange and the preservation of cultural identities. You might also investigate the role of social media in fostering cross-cultural understanding or exacerbating cultural tensions.
Social media and public health campaigns : Social media has become a vital tool for public health communication, particularly during global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Platforms like Twitter/X and Facebook have been used to disseminate important health information, raise awareness about preventive measures, and combat misinformation. Researching the effectiveness of social media in public health campaigns can provide insights into how these platforms can be used to promote healthy behaviors, increase vaccination rates, and improve public health outcomes. Additionally, you can examine the challenges of combating health misinformation and the social media strategies that have been successful in addressing it.

Psychological effects of social media

In studying social media, psychology has many potential theoretical and practical research questions . Understanding how these platforms influence mental health, self-esteem, and social interactions is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive outcomes.

Social media and mental health : One of the most extensively studied areas is the relationship between social media use and mental health. Research has shown that excessive use of social media can lead to negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and loneliness. However, these effects can vary depending on factors like age, personality, and the type of content consumed. Researching the impact of social media on mental health can involve exploring the specific mechanisms through which social media affects well-being, such as comparison with others, cyberbullying, or the pressure to present a perfect image online. You might also investigate the potential benefits of social media, such as providing support networks for individuals with mental health challenges.
The role of social media in shaping self-identity : Social media platforms provide users with the tools to curate and present their identities online. This process of identity construction can have both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, social media can empower individuals to express themselves and connect with like-minded communities. On the other hand, the pressure to conform to societal standards and the constant exposure to idealized images can lead to issues like low self-esteem and body image concerns. Researching the role of social media in shaping self-identity can involve examining how different groups (e.g., teenagers, adults, marginalized communities) use social media to explore and express their identities. Additionally, you can study the impact of social media on self-perception and the ways in which online interactions influence offline behaviors and attitudes.
Social media addiction : As social media becomes increasingly integrated into daily life, the phenomenon of social media addiction has garnered significant attention. Social media addiction is characterized by excessive use of social media platforms, leading to negative consequences in an individual's personal, academic, or professional life. Researching social media addiction can involve exploring the factors that contribute to addictive behaviors, such as the design of social media platforms, individual personality traits, and social influences. Additionally, you can investigate the impact of social media addiction on mental health, relationships, and productivity, as well as potential interventions to address this issue.

Technological advancements and social media

Technological advancements play a pivotal role in shaping the evolution of social media platforms. Understanding these advancements and their implications can offer valuable insights into the future of social media and its impact on society.

Artificial intelligence and social media algorithms : Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to power the algorithms that drive content curation on social media platforms. These algorithms analyze user behavior, preferences, and interactions to deliver personalized content, ads, and recommendations. While AI can enhance user experience by providing relevant content, it also raises concerns about privacy, echo chambers, and the manipulation of information. Researching the role of AI in social media can involve exploring how these algorithms work, their impact on user behavior, and the ethical implications of AI-driven content curation. Additionally, you can study the potential of AI to combat issues like misinformation, hate speech, and online harassment.
The evolution of social media platforms : Social media platforms are constantly evolving, with new features, tools, and platforms emerging regularly. Understanding the technological trends driving these changes can provide insights into the future of social media. Researching the evolution of social media platforms can involve examining how new technologies, such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and live streaming, are being integrated into social media. You can also explore the impact of these technologies on user engagement, content creation, and social interactions. Additionally, consider investigating the rise of niche social media platforms and how they cater to specific communities or interests.
Data privacy and security on social media : As social media platforms collect vast amounts of user data, concerns about data privacy and security have become increasingly prominent. Researching data privacy on social media can involve exploring the ways in which platforms collect, store, and use user data, as well as the potential risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access. Additionally, you can examine the impact of data privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), on social media platforms and their practices. Studying user perceptions of data privacy and their behaviors in response to privacy concerns can also provide valuable insights into how social media platforms can build trust with their users.

Conducting research on social media requires careful consideration of the methodologies employed, the ethical implications involved, and the approaches to data analysis. Each of these factors plays a crucial role in ensuring that the research is both rigorous and responsible.

Choosing appropriate methodologies

Selecting the appropriate research methodology is a foundational step in addressing social media research questions . The choice of methodology largely depends on the research questions and objectives. Qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews , focus groups , and content analysis , offer valuable insights into the subjective experiences and perceptions of social media users.

For example, interviews can reveal how individuals construct and present their identities online, while content analysis allows researchers to explore patterns and themes within social media interactions, such as how users discuss specific topics or respond to particular events.

On the other hand, quantitative methods, like surveys and experiments, are essential for gathering data that can be measured and analyzed statistically. Surveys can provide a broad overview of user behaviors and attitudes across large populations, enabling researchers to identify trends and correlations. Experiments, meanwhile, are useful for testing specific hypotheses, such as the impact of social media use on academic performance or mental health.

In some cases, combining qualitative and quantitative methods in a mixed-methods approach can offer a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena being studied, allowing researchers to explore both the depth and breadth of social media interactions.

Accounting for ethical issues

Ethical considerations are paramount in social media research, given the sensitive nature of the data often involved. One of the primary ethical challenges is obtaining informed consent from participants , especially in environments where users may not be fully aware that their posts or interactions are being analyzed.

Researchers must navigate this challenge by ensuring that their methods of obtaining consent are clear and transparent, particularly when dealing with content that users might consider private, despite being posted on public platforms.

Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of participants is another critical concern. This involves anonymizing data to prevent the identification of individuals and securing the data to protect it from unauthorized access. Researchers must also be sensitive to the potential risks associated with their studies, particularly when dealing with vulnerable populations or sensitive topics such as mental health or political beliefs.

Transparency in the research process is essential; researchers should openly communicate their intentions, methods, and any potential conflicts of interest, ensuring that participants understand how their data will be used. Engaging with the communities involved in the research can also help to mitigate ethical concerns, as it fosters trust and collaboration, making the research process more inclusive and respectful of participants' rights and perspectives.

Conducting data analysis

The analysis of social media data presents its own set of challenges, given the vast amount of information that can be generated on these platforms. Effective data analysis requires not only technical proficiency but also a deep understanding of the social context in which the data is produced.

Data cleaning and preparation are crucial initial steps, as social media data often contains noise and irrelevant information that can skew results. Researchers must carefully filter and organize their data to ensure that the analysis is accurate and meaningful. Once the data is prepared, researchers can apply various analytical techniques, depending on the research objectives.

For qualitative data , thematic analysis can be used to identify recurring themes and patterns within the content, providing insights into user behaviors and perceptions. Quantitative data , on the other hand, may require statistical analysis to uncover correlations, trends, or causal relationships.

Throughout the analysis process, it is important for researchers to remain mindful of the limitations of their data and the potential biases that may influence their findings. This includes being aware of the algorithms that social media platforms use to curate content, which can impact the data collected and the conclusions drawn from it.

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Open access
Published: 26 August 2024

Evaluating panel discussions in ESP classes: an exploration of international medical students’ and ESP instructors’ perspectives through qualitative research

Elham Nasiri ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0644-1646 1 &
Laleh Khojasteh ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-2759 1

BMC Medical Education volume 24 , Article number: 925 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

This study investigates the effectiveness of panel discussions, a specific interactive teaching technique where a group of students leads a pre-planned, topic-focused discussion with audience participation, in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses for international medical students. This approach aims to simulate professional conference discussions, preparing students for future academic and clinical environments where such skills are crucial. While traditional group presentations foster critical thinking and communication, a gap exists in understanding how medical students perceive the complexities of preparing for and participating in panel discussions within an ESP setting. This qualitative study investigates the perceived advantages and disadvantages of these discussions from the perspectives of both panelists (medical students) and the audience (peers). Additionally, the study explores potential improvements based on insights from ESP instructors. Utilizing a two-phase design involving reflection papers and focus group discussions, data were collected from 46 medical students and three ESP instructors. Thematic analysis revealed that panel discussions offer unique benefits compared to traditional presentations, including enhanced engagement and more dynamic skill development for both panelists and the audience. Panelists reported gains in personal and professional development, including honing critical thinking, communication, and presentation skills. The audience perceived these discussions as engaging learning experiences that fostered critical analysis and information synthesis. However, challenges such as academic workload and concerns about discussion quality were also identified. The study concludes that panel discussions, when implemented effectively, can be a valuable tool for enhancing critical thinking, communication skills, and subject matter knowledge in ESP courses for medical students. These skills are transferable and can benefit students in various academic and professional settings, including future participation in medical conferences. This research provides valuable insights for ESP instructors seeking to integrate panel discussions into their curriculum, ultimately improving student learning outcomes and preparing them for future success in professional communication.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

In the field of medical education, the acquisition and application of effective communication skills are crucial for medical students in today’s global healthcare environment [ 1 ]. This necessitates not only strong English language proficiency but also the ability to present complex medical information clearly and concisely to diverse audiences.

Language courses, especially English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses for medical students, are highly relevant in today’s globalized healthcare environment [ 2 ]. In non-English speaking countries like Iran, these courses are particularly important as they go beyond mere language instruction to include the development of critical thinking, cultural competence, and professional communication skills [ 3 ]. Proficiency in English is crucial for accessing up-to-date research, participating in international conferences, and communicating with patients and colleagues from diverse backgrounds [ 4 ]. Additionally, ESP courses help medical students understand and use medical terminologies accurately, which is essential for reading technical articles, listening to audio presentations, and giving spoken presentations [ 5 ]. In countries where English is not the primary language, ESP courses ensure that medical professionals can stay current with global advancements and collaborate effectively on an international scale [ 6 ]. Furthermore, these courses support students who may seek to practice medicine abroad, enhancing their career opportunities and professional growth [ 7 ].

Moreover, ESP courses enable medical professionals to communicate effectively with international patients, which is crucial in multicultural societies and for medical tourism, ensuring that patient care is not compromised due to language barriers [ 8 ]. Many medical textbooks, journals, and online resources are available primarily in English, and ESP courses equip medical students with the necessary language skills to access and comprehend these resources, ensuring they are well-informed about the latest medical research and practices [ 9 ].

Additionally, many medical professionals from non-English speaking countries aim to take international certification exams, such as the USMLE or PLAB, which are conducted in English, and ESP courses prepare students for these exams by familiarizing them with the medical terminology and language used in these assessments [ 10 ]. ESP courses also contribute to the professional development of medical students by improving their ability to write research papers, case reports, and other academic documents in English, which is essential for publishing in international journals and contributing to global medical knowledge [ 11 ]. In the increasingly interdisciplinary field of healthcare, collaboration with professionals from other countries is common, and ESP courses facilitate effective communication and collaboration with international colleagues, fostering innovation and the exchange of ideas [ 12 ].

With the rise of telemedicine and online medical consultations, proficiency in English is essential for non-English speaking medical professionals to provide remote healthcare services to international patients, and ESP courses prepare students for these modern medical practices [ 13 ].

Finally, ESP courses often include training on cultural competence, which is crucial for understanding and respecting the cultural backgrounds of patients and colleagues, leading to more empathetic and effective patient care and professional interactions [ 14 ]. Many ESP programs for medical students incorporate group presentations as a vital component of their curriculum, recognizing the positive impact on developing these essential skills [ 15 ].

Group projects in language courses, particularly in ESP for medical students, are highly relevant for several reasons. They provide a collaborative environment that mimics real-world professional settings, where healthcare professionals often work in multidisciplinary teams [ 16 ]. These group activities foster not only language skills but also crucial soft skills such as teamwork, leadership, and interpersonal communication, which are essential in medical practice [ 17 ].

The benefits of group projects over individual projects in language learning are significant. Hartono, Mujiyanto [ 18 ] found that group presentation tasks in ESP courses led to higher self-efficacy development compared to individual tasks. Group projects encourage peer learning, where students can learn from each other’s strengths and compensate for individual weaknesses [ 19 ]. They also provide a supportive environment that can reduce anxiety and increase willingness to communicate in the target language [ 20 ]. However, it is important to note that group projects also come with challenges, such as social loafing and unequal contribution, which need to be managed effectively [ 21 ].

Traditional lecture-based teaching methods, while valuable for knowledge acquisition, may not effectively prepare medical students for the interactive and collaborative nature of real-world healthcare settings [ 22 ]. Panel discussions (hereafter PDs), an interactive teaching technique where a group of students leads a pre-planned, topic-focused discussion with audience participation, are particularly relevant in this context. They simulate professional conference discussions and interdisciplinary team meetings, preparing students for future academic and clinical environments where such skills are crucial [ 23 ].

PDs, also known as moderated discussions or moderated panels, are a specific type of interactive format where a group of experts or stakeholders engage in a facilitated conversation on a particular topic or issue [ 22 ]. In this format, a moderator guides the discussion, encourages active participation from all panelists, and fosters a collaborative environment that promotes constructive dialogue and critical thinking [ 24 ]. The goal is to encourage audience engagement and participation, which can be achieved through various strategies such as asking open-ended questions, encouraging counterpoints and counterarguments, and providing opportunities for audience members to pose questions or share their own experiences [ 25 ]. These discussions can take place in-person or online, and can be designed to accommodate diverse audiences and settings [ 26 ].

In this study, PD is considered a speaking activity where medical students are assigned specific roles to play during the simulation, such as a physician, quality improvement specialist, policymaker, or patient advocate. By taking on these roles, students can gain a better understanding of the diverse perspectives and considerations that come into play in real-world healthcare discussions [ 23 ]. Simulating PDs within ESP courses can be a powerful tool for enhancing medical students’ learning outcomes in multiple areas. This approach improves language proficiency, academic skills, and critical thinking abilities, while also enabling students to communicate effectively with diverse stakeholders in the medical field [ 27 , 28 ].

Theoretical framework

The panel discussions in our study are grounded in the concept of authentic assessment (outlined by Villarroel, Bloxham [ 29 ]), which involves designing tasks that mirror real-life situations and problems. In the context of medical education, this approach is particularly relevant as it prepares students for the complex, multidisciplinary nature of healthcare communication. Realism can be achieved through two means: providing a realistic context that describes and delivers a frame for the problem to be solved and creating tasks that are similar to those faced in real and/or professional life [ 30 ]. In our study, the PDs provide a realistic context by simulating scenarios where medical students are required to discuss and present complex medical topics in a professional setting, mirroring the types of interactions they will encounter in their future careers.

The task of participating in PDs also involves cognitive challenge, as students are required to think critically about complex medical topics, analyze information, and communicate their findings effectively. This type of task aims to generate processes of problem-solving, application of knowledge, and decision-making that correspond to the development of cognitive and metacognitive skills [ 23 ]. For medical students, these skills are crucial in developing clinical reasoning and effective patient communication. The PDs encourage students to go beyond the textual reproduction of fragmented and low-order content and move towards understanding, establishing relationships between new ideas and previous knowledge, linking theoretical concepts with everyday experience, deriving conclusions from the analysis of data, and examining both the logic of the arguments present in the theory and its practical scope [ 24 , 25 , 27 ].

Furthermore, the evaluative judgment aspect of our study is critical in helping students develop criteria and standards about what a good performance means in medical communication. This involves students judging their own performance and regulating their own learning [ 31 ]. In the context of panel discussions, students reflect on their own work, compare it with desired standards, and seek feedback from peers and instructors. By doing so, students can develop a sense of what constitutes good performance in medical communication and what areas need improvement [ 32 ]. Boud, Lawson and Thompson [ 33 ] argue that students need to build a precise judgment about the quality of their work and calibrate these judgments in the light of evidence. This skill is particularly important for future medical professionals who will need to continually assess and improve their communication skills throughout their careers.

The theoretical framework presented above highlights the importance of authentic learning experiences in medical education. By drawing on the benefits of group work and panel discussions, university instructor-researchers aimed to provide medical students with a unique opportunity to engage with complex cases and develop their communication and collaboration skills. As noted by Suryanarayana [ 34 ], authentic learning experiences can lead to deeper learning and improved retention. Considering the advantages of group work in promoting collaborative problem-solving and language development, the instructor-researchers designed a panel discussion task that simulates real-world scenarios, where students can work together to analyze complex cases, share knowledge, and present their findings to a simulated audience.

While previous studies have highlighted the benefits of interactive learning experiences and critical thinking skills in medical education, a research gap remains in understanding how medical students perceive the relevance of PDs in ESP courses. This study aims to address this gap by investigating medical students’ perceptions of PD tasks in ESP courses and how these perceptions relate to their language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and ability to communicate effectively with diverse stakeholders in the medical field. This understanding can inform best practices in medical education, contributing to the development of more effective communication skills for future healthcare professionals worldwide [ 23 ]. The research questions guiding this study are:

What are the perceived advantages of PDs from the perspectives of panelists and the audience?

What are the perceived disadvantages of PDs from the perspectives of panelists and the audience?

How can PDs be improved for panelists and the audience based on the insights of ESP instructors?

Methodology

Aim and design.

For this study, a two-phase qualitative design was employed to gain an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of PDs from the perspectives of both student panelists and the audience (Phase 1) and to acquire an in-depth understanding of the suggested strategies provided by experts to enhance PPs for future students (Phase 2).

Participants and context of the study

This study was conducted in two phases (Fig. 1 ) at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran.

Participants of the study in two phases

In the first phase, the student participants were 46 non-native speakers of English and international students who studied medicine at SUMS. Their demographic characteristics can be seen in Table 1 .

These students were purposefully selected because they were the only SUMS international students who had taken the ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course. The number of international students attending SUMS is indeed limited. Each year, a different batch of international students joins the university. They progress through a sequence of English courses, starting with General English 1 and 2, followed by the ESP course, and concluding with academic writing. At the time of data collection, the students included in the study were the only international students enrolled in the ESP course. This mandatory 3-unit course is designed to enhance their language and communication skills specifically tailored to their profession. As a part of the Medicine major curriculum, this course aims to improve their English language proficiency in areas relevant to medicine, such as understanding medical terminology, comprehending original medicine texts, discussing clinical cases, and communicating with patients, colleagues, and other healthcare professionals.

Throughout the course, students engage in various interactive activities, such as group discussions, role-playing exercises, and case studies, to develop their practical communication skills. In this course, medical students receive four marks out of 20 for their oral presentations, while the remaining marks are allocated to their written midterm and final exams. From the beginning of the course, they are briefed about PDs, and they are shown two YouTube-downloaded videos about PDs at medical conferences, a popular format for discussing and sharing knowledge, research findings, and expert opinions on various medical topics.

For the second phase of the study, a specific group of participants was purposefully selected. This group consisted of three faculty members from SUMS English department who had extensive experience attending numerous conferences at national and international levels, particularly in the medical field, as well as working as translators and interpreters in medical congresses. Over the course of ten years, they also gained considerable experience in PDs. They were invited to discuss strategies helpful for medical students with PDs.

Panel discussion activity design and implementation

When preparing for a PD session, medical students received comprehensive guidance on understanding the roles and responsibilities of each panel member. This guidance was aimed at ensuring that each participant was well-prepared and understood their specific role in the discussion.

Moderators should play a crucial role in steering the conversation. They are responsible for ensuring that all panelists have an opportunity to contribute and that the audience is engaged effectively. Specific tasks include preparing opening remarks, introducing panelists, and crafting transition questions to facilitate smooth topic transitions. The moderators should also manage the time to ensure balanced participation and encourage active audience involvement.

Panelists are expected to be subject matter experts who bring valuable insights and opinions to the discussion. They are advised to conduct thorough research on the topic and prepare concise talking points. Panelists are encouraged to draw from their medical knowledge and relevant experiences, share evidence-based information, and engage with other panelists’ points through active listening and thoughtful responses.

The audience plays an active role in the PDs. They are encouraged to participate by asking questions, sharing relevant experiences, and contributing to the dialogue. To facilitate this, students are advised to take notes during the discussion and think of questions or comments they can contribute during the Q&A segment.

For this special course, medical students were advised to choose topics either from their ESP textbook or consider current medical trends, emerging research, and pressing issues in their field. Examples included breast cancer, COVID-19, and controversies in gene therapy. The selection process involved brainstorming sessions and consultation with the course instructor to ensure relevance and appropriateness.

To accommodate the PD sessions within the course structure, students were allowed to start their PD sessions voluntarily from the second week. However, to maintain a balance between peer-led discussions and regular course content, only one PD was held weekly. This approach enabled the ESP lecturer to deliver comprehensive content while also allowing students to engage in these interactive sessions.

A basic time structure was suggested for each PD (Fig. 2 ):

Time allocation for panel discussion stages in minutes

To ensure the smooth running of the course and maintain momentum, students were informed that they could cancel their PD session only once. In such cases, they were required to notify the lecturer and other students via the class Telegram channel to facilitate rescheduling and minimize disruptions. This provision was essential in promoting a sense of community among students and maintaining the course’s continuity.

Research tools and data collection

The study utilized various tools to gather and analyze data from participants and experts, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the research topic.

Reflection papers

In Phase 1 of the study, 46 medical students detailed their perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of panel discussions from dual perspectives: as panelists (presenters) and as audience members (peers).

Participants were given clear instructions and a 45-minute time frame to complete the reflection task. With approximately 80% of the international language students being native English speakers and the rest fluent in English, the researchers deemed this time allocation reasonable. The questions and instructions were straightforward, facilitating quick comprehension. It was estimated that native English speakers would need about 30 min to complete the task, while non-native speakers might require an extra 15 min for clarity and expression. This time frame aimed to allow students to respond thoughtfully without feeling rushed. Additionally, students could request more time if needed.

Focus group discussion

In phase 2 of the study, a focus group discussion was conducted with three expert participants. The purpose of the focus group was to gather insights from expert participants, specifically ESP (English for Specific Purposes) instructors, on how presentation dynamics can be improved for both panelists and the audience.

According to Colton and Covert [ 35 ], focus groups are useful for obtaining detailed input from experts. The appropriate size of a focus group is determined by the study’s scope and available resources [ 36 ]. Morgan [ 37 ] suggests that small focus groups are suitable for complex topics where specialist participants might feel frustrated if not allowed to express themselves fully.

The choice of a focus group over individual interviews was based on several factors. First, the exploratory nature of the study made focus groups ideal for interactive discussions, generating new ideas and in-depth insights [ 36 ]. Second, while focus groups usually involve larger groups, they can effectively accommodate a limited number of experts with extensive knowledge [ 37 ]. Third, the focus group format fostered a more open environment for idea exchange, allowing participants to engage dynamically [ 36 ]. Lastly, conducting a focus group was more time- and resource-efficient than scheduling three separate interviews [ 36 ].

Data analysis

The first phase of the study involved a thorough examination of the data related to the research inquiries using thematic analysis. This method was chosen for its effectiveness in uncovering latent patterns from a bottom-up perspective, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of complex educational phenomena [ 38 ]. The researchers first familiarized themselves with the data by repeatedly reviewing the reflection papers written by the medical students. Next, an initial round of coding was independently conducted to identify significant data segments and generate preliminary codes that reflected the students’ perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of presentation dynamics PDs from both the presenter and audience viewpoints [ 38 ].

The analysis of the reflection papers began with the two researchers coding a subset of five papers independently, adhering to a structured qualitative coding protocol [ 39 ]. They convened afterward to compare their initial codes and address any discrepancies. Through discussion, they reached an agreement on the codes, which were then analyzed, organized into categories and themes, and the frequency of each code was recorded [ 38 ].

After coding the initial five papers, the researchers continued to code the remaining 41 reflection paper transcripts in batches of ten, meeting after each batch to review their coding, resolve any inconsistencies, and refine the coding framework as needed. This iterative process, characterized by independent coding, joint reviews, and consensus-building, helped the researchers establish a robust and reliable coding approach consistently applied to the complete dataset [ 40 ]. Once all 46 reflection paper transcripts were coded, the researchers conducted a final review and discussion to ensure accurate analysis. They extracted relevant excerpts corresponding to the identified themes and sub-themes from the transcripts to provide detailed explanations and support for their findings [ 38 ]. This multi-step approach of separate initial coding, collaborative review, and frequency analysis enhanced the credibility and transparency of the qualitative data analysis.

To ensure the trustworthiness of the data collected in this study, the researchers adhered to the Guba and Lincoln standards of scientific accuracy in qualitative research, which encompass credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability [ 41 ] (Table 2 ).

The analysis of the focus group data obtained from experts followed the same rigorous procedure applied to the student participants’ data. Thematic analysis was employed to examine the experts’ perspectives, maintaining consistency in the analytical approach across both phases of the study. The researchers familiarized themselves with the focus group transcript, conducted independent preliminary coding, and then collaboratively refined the codes. These codes were subsequently organized into categories and themes, with the frequency of each code recorded. The researchers engaged in thorough discussions to ensure agreement on the final themes and sub-themes. Relevant excerpts from the focus group transcript were extracted to provide rich, detailed explanations of each theme, thereby ensuring a comprehensive and accurate analysis of the experts’ insights.

1. What are the advantages of PDs from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

The analysis of the advantages of PDs from the perspectives of both panelists and audience members revealed several key themes and categories. Tables 2 and 3 present the frequency and percentage of responses for each code within these categories.

From the panelists’ perspective (Table 3 ), the overarching theme was “Personal and Professional Development.” The most frequently reported advantage was knowledge sharing (93.5%), followed closely by increased confidence (91.3%) and the importance of interaction in presentations (91.3%).

Notably, all categories within this theme had at least one code mentioned by over 80% of participants, indicating a broad range of perceived benefits. The category of “Effective teamwork and communication” was particularly prominent, with collaboration (89.1%) and knowledge sharing (93.5%) being among the most frequently cited advantages. This suggests that PDs are perceived as valuable tools for fostering interpersonal skills and collective learning. In the “Language mastery” category, increased confidence (91.3%) and better retention of key concepts (87.0%) were highlighted, indicating that PDs are seen as effective for both language and content learning.

The audience perspective (Table 4 ), encapsulated under the theme “Enriching Learning Experience,” showed similarly high frequencies across all categories.

The most frequently mentioned advantage was exposure to diverse speakers (93.5%), closely followed by the range of topics covered (91.3%) and increased audience interest (91.3%). The “Broadening perspectives” category was particularly rich, with all codes mentioned by over 70% of participants. This suggests that audience members perceive PDs as valuable opportunities for expanding their knowledge and viewpoints. In the “Language practice” category, the opportunity to practice language skills (89.1%) was the most frequently cited advantage, indicating that even as audience members, students perceive significant language learning benefits.

Comparing the two perspectives reveals several interesting patterns:

High overall engagement: Both panelists and audience members reported high frequencies across all categories, suggesting that PDs are perceived as beneficial regardless of the role played.

Language benefits: While panelists emphasized increased confidence (91.3%) and better retention of concepts (87.0%), audience members highlighted opportunities for language practice (89.1%). This indicates that PDs offer complementary language learning benefits for both roles.

Interactive learning: The importance of interaction was highly rated by panelists (91.3%), while increased audience interest was similarly valued by the audience (91.3%). This suggests that PDs are perceived as an engaging, interactive learning method from both perspectives.

Professional development: Panelists uniquely emphasized professional growth aspects such as experiential learning (84.8%) and real-world application (80.4%). These were not directly mirrored in the audience perspective, suggesting that active participation in PDs may offer additional professional development benefits.

Broadening horizons: Both groups highly valued the diversity aspect of PDs. Panelists appreciated diversity and open-mindedness (80.4%), while audience members valued diverse speakers (93.5%) and a range of topics (91.3%).

2. What are the disadvantages of PDs from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

The analysis of the disadvantages of panel discussions (PDs) from the perspectives of both panelists and audience members revealed several key themes and categories. Tables 4 and 5 present the frequency and percentage of responses for each code within these categories.

From the panelists’ perspective (Table 5 ), the theme “Drawbacks of PDs” was divided into two main categories: “Academic Workload Challenges” and “Coordination Challenges.” The most frequently reported disadvantage was long preparation (87.0%), followed by significant practice needed (82.6%) and the time-consuming nature of PDs (80.4%). These findings suggest that the primary concern for panelists is the additional workload that PDs impose on their already demanding academic schedules. The “Coordination Challenges” category, while less prominent than workload issues, still presented significant concerns. Diverse panel skills (78.3%) and finding suitable panelists (73.9%) were the most frequently cited issues in this category, indicating that team dynamics and composition are notable challenges for panelists.

The audience perspective (Table 6 ), encapsulated under the theme “Drawbacks of PDs,” was divided into two main categories: “Time-related Issues” and “Interaction and Engagement Issues.” In the “Time-related Issues” category, the most frequently mentioned disadvantage was the inefficient use of time (65.2%), followed by the perception of PDs as too long and boring (60.9%). Notably, 56.5% of respondents found PDs stressful due to overwhelming workload from other studies, and 52.2% considered them not very useful during exam time. The “Interaction and Engagement Issues” category revealed more diverse concerns. The most frequently mentioned disadvantage was the repetitive format (82.6%), followed by limited engagement with the audience (78.3%) and the perception of PDs as boring (73.9%). The audience also noted issues related to the panelists’ preparation and coordination, such as “Not practiced and natural” (67.4%) and “Coordination and Interaction Issues” (71.7%), suggesting that the challenges faced by panelists directly impact the audience’s experience.

Workload concerns: Both panelists and audience members highlighted time-related issues. For panelists, this manifested as long preparation times (87.0%) and difficulty balancing with other studies (76.1%). For the audience, it appeared as perceptions of inefficient use of time (65.2%) and stress due to overwhelming workload from other studies (56.5%).

Engagement issues: While panelists focused on preparation and coordination challenges, the audience emphasized the quality of the discussion and engagement. This suggests a potential mismatch between the efforts of panelists and the expectations of the audience.

Boredom and repetition: The audience frequently mentioned boredom (73.9%) and repetitive format (82.6%) as issues, which weren’t directly mirrored in the panelists’ responses. This indicates that while panelists may be focused on content preparation, the audience is more concerned with the delivery and variety of the presentation format.

Coordination challenges: Both groups noted coordination issues, but from different perspectives. Panelists struggled with team dynamics and finding suitable co-presenters, while the audience observed these challenges manifesting as unnatural or unpracticed presentations.

Academic pressure: Both groups acknowledged the strain PDs put on their academic lives, with panelists viewing it as a burden (65.2%) and the audience finding it less useful during exam times (52.2%).

3. How can PDs be improved for panelists and the audience from the experts’ point of view?

The presentation of data for this research question differs from the previous two due to the unique nature of the information gathered. Unlike the quantifiable student responses in earlier questions, this data stems from expert opinions and a reflection discussion session, focusing on qualitative recommendations for improvement rather than frequency of responses (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The complexity and interconnectedness of expert suggestions, coupled with the integration of supporting literature, necessitate a more narrative approach (Creswell & Poth, 2018). This format allows for a richer exploration of the context behind each recommendation and its potential implications (Patton, 2015). Furthermore, the exploratory nature of this question, aimed at generating ideas for improvement rather than measuring prevalence of opinions, is better served by a detailed, descriptive presentation (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). This approach enables a more nuanced understanding of how PDs can be enhanced, aligning closely with the “how” nature of the research question and providing valuable insights for potential implementation (Yin, 2018).

The experts provided several suggestions to address the challenges faced by students in panel discussions (PDs) and improve the experience for both panelists and the audience. Their recommendations focused on six key areas: time management and workload, preparation and skill development, engagement and interactivity, technological integration, collaboration and communication, and institutional support.

To address the issue of time management and heavy workload, one expert suggested teaching students to “ break down the task to tackle the time-consuming nature of panel discussions and balance it with other studies .” This approach aims to help students manage the extensive preparation time required for PDs without compromising their other academic responsibilities. Another expert emphasized “ enhancing medical students’ abilities to prioritize tasks , allocate resources efficiently , and optimize their workflow to achieve their goals effectively .” These skills were seen as crucial not only for PD preparation but also for overall academic success and future professional practice.

Recognizing the challenges of long preparation times and the perception of PDs being burdensome, an expert proposed “ the implementation of interactive training sessions for panelists .” These sessions were suggested to enhance coordination skills and improve the ability of group presenters to engage with the audience effectively. The expert emphasized that such training could help students view PDs as valuable learning experiences rather than additional burdens, potentially increasing their motivation and engagement in the process.

To combat issues of limited engagement and perceived boredom, experts recommended increasing engagement opportunities for the audience through interactive elements like audience participation and group discussions. They suggested that this could transform PDs from passive listening experiences to active learning opportunities. One expert suggested “ optimizing time management and restructuring the format of panel discussions ” to address inefficiency during sessions. This restructuring could involve shorter presentation segments interspersed with interactive elements to maintain audience attention and engagement.

An innovative solution proposed by one expert was “ using ChatGPT to prepare for PDs by streamlining scenario presentation preparation and role allocation. ” The experts collectively discussed the potential of AI to assist medical students in reducing their workload and saving time in preparing scenario presentations and allocating roles in panel discussions. They noted that AI could help generate initial content drafts, suggest role distributions based on individual strengths, and even provide practice questions for panelists, significantly reducing preparation time while maintaining quality.

Two experts emphasized the importance of enhancing collaboration and communication among panelists to address issues related to diverse panel skills and coordination challenges. They suggested establishing clear communication channels and guidelines to improve coordination and ensure a cohesive presentation. This could involve creating structured team roles, setting clear expectations for each panelist, and implementing regular check-ins during the preparation process to ensure all team members are aligned and progressing.

All experts were in agreement that improving PDs would not be possible “ if nothing is done by the university administration to reduce the ESP class size for international students .” They believed that large class sizes in ESP or EFL classes could negatively influence group oral presentations, hindering language development and leading to uneven participation. The experts suggested that smaller class sizes would allow for more individualized attention, increased speaking opportunities for each student, and more effective feedback mechanisms, all of which are crucial for developing strong presentation skills in a second language.

Research question 1: what are the advantages of PDs from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

The results of this study reveal significant advantages of PDs for both panelists and audience members in the context of medical education. These findings align with and expand upon previous research in the field of educational presentations and language learning.

Personal and professional development for panelists

The high frequency of reported benefits in the “Personal and Professional Development” theme for panelists aligns with several previous studies. The emphasis on language mastery, particularly increased confidence (91.3%) and better retention of key concepts (87.0%), supports the findings of Hartono, Mujiyanto [ 42 ], Gedamu and Gezahegn [ 15 ], Li [ 43 ], who all highlighted the importance of language practice in English oral presentations. However, our results show a more comprehensive range of benefits, including professional growth aspects like experiential learning (84.8%) and real-world application (80.4%), which were not as prominently featured in these earlier studies.

Interestingly, our findings partially contrast with Chou [ 44 ] study, which found that while group oral presentations had the greatest influence on improving students’ speaking ability, individual presentations led to more frequent use of metacognitive, retrieval, and rehearsal strategies. Our results suggest that PDs, despite being group activities, still provide significant benefits in these areas, possibly due to the collaborative nature of preparation and the individual responsibility each panelist bears. The high frequency of knowledge sharing (93.5%) and collaboration (89.1%) in our study supports Harris, Jones and Huffman [ 45 ] emphasis on the importance of group dynamics and varied perspectives in educational settings. However, our study provides more quantitative evidence for these benefits in the specific context of PDs.

Enriching learning experience for the audience

The audience perspective in our study reveals a rich learning experience, with high frequencies across all categories. This aligns with Agustina [ 46 ] findings in business English classes, where presentations led to improvements in all four language skills. However, our study extends these findings by demonstrating that even passive participation as an audience member can lead to significant perceived benefits in language practice (89.1%) and broadening perspectives (93.5% for diverse speakers). The high value placed on diverse speakers (93.5%) and range of topics (91.3%) by the audience supports the notion of PDs as a tool for expanding knowledge and viewpoints. This aligns with the concept of situated learning experiences leading to deeper understanding in EFL classes, as suggested by Li [ 43 ] and others [ 18 , 31 ]. However, our study provides more specific evidence for how this occurs in the context of PDs.

Interactive learning and engagement

Both panelists and audience members in our study highly valued the interactive aspects of PDs, with the importance of interaction rated at 91.3% by panelists and increased audience interest at 91.3% by the audience. This strong emphasis on interactivity aligns with Azizi and Farid Khafaga [ 19 ] study on the benefits of dynamic assessment and dialogic learning contexts. However, our study provides more detailed insights into how this interactivity is perceived and valued by both presenters and audience members in PDs.

Professional growth and real-world application

The emphasis on professional growth through PDs, particularly for panelists, supports Li’s [ 43 ] assertion about the power of oral presentations as situated learning experiences. Our findings provide more specific evidence for how PDs contribute to professional development, with high frequencies reported for experiential learning (84.8%) and real-world application (80.4%). This suggests that PDs may be particularly effective in bridging the gap between academic learning and professional practice in medical education.

Research question 2: what are the disadvantages of pds from the perspective of panelists and the audience?

Academic workload challenges for panelists.

The high frequency of reported challenges in the “Academic Workload Challenges” category for panelists aligns with several previous studies in medical education [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The emphasis on long preparation (87.0%), significant practice needed (82.6%), and the time-consuming nature of PDs (80.4%) supports the findings of Johnson et al. [ 24 ], who noted that while learners appreciate debate-style journal clubs in health professional education, they require additional time commitment. This is further corroborated by Nowak, Speed and Vuk [ 50 ], who found that intensive learning activities in medical education, while beneficial, can be time-consuming for students.

Perceived value of pds relative to time investment

While a significant portion of the audience (65.2%) perceived PDs as an inefficient use of time, the high frequency of engagement-related concerns (82.6% for repetitive format, 78.3% for limited engagement) suggests that the perceived lack of value may be more closely tied to the quality of the experience rather than just the time investment. This aligns with Dyhrberg O’Neill [ 27 ] findings on debate-based oral exams, where students perceived value despite the time-intensive nature of the activity. However, our results indicate a more pronounced concern about the return on time investment in PDs. This discrepancy might be addressed through innovative approaches to PD design and implementation, such as those proposed by Almazyad et al. [ 22 ], who suggested using AI tools to enhance expert panel discussions and potentially improve efficiency.

Coordination challenges for panelists

The challenges related to coordination in medical education, such as diverse panel skills (78.3%) and finding suitable panelists (73.9%), align with previous research on teamwork in higher education [ 21 ]. Our findings support the concept of the free-rider effect discussed by Hall and Buzwell [ 21 ], who explored reasons for non-contribution in group projects beyond social loafing. This is further elaborated by Mehmood, Memon and Ali [ 51 ], who proposed that individuals may not contribute their fair share due to various factors including poor communication skills or language barriers, which is particularly relevant in medical education where clear communication is crucial [ 52 ]. Comparing our results to other collaborative learning contexts in medical education, Rodríguez-Sedano, Conde and Fernández-Llamas [ 53 ] measured teamwork competence development in a multidisciplinary project-based learning environment. They found that while teamwork skills improved over time, initial coordination challenges were significant. This aligns with our findings on the difficulties of coordinating diverse panel skills and opinions in medical education settings.

Our results also resonate with Chou’s [ 44 ] study comparing group and individual oral presentations, which found that group presenters often had a limited understanding of the overall content. This is supported by Wilson, Ho and Brookes [ 54 ], who examined student perceptions of teamwork in undergraduate science degrees, highlighting the challenges and benefits of collaborative work, which are equally applicable in medical education [ 52 ].

Quality of discussions and perception for the audience

The audience perspective in our study reveals significant concerns about the quality and engagement of PDs in medical education. The high frequency of issues such as repetitive format (82.6%) and limited engagement with the audience (78.3%) aligns with Parmar and Bickmore [ 55 ] findings on the importance of addressing individual audience members and gathering feedback. This is further supported by Nurakhir et al. [ 25 ], who explored students’ views on classroom debates as a strategy to enhance critical thinking and oral communication skills in nursing education, which shares similarities with medical education. Comparing our results to other interactive learning methods in medical education, Jones et al. [ 26 ] reviewed the use of journal clubs and book clubs in pharmacy education. They found that while these methods enhanced engagement, they also faced challenges in maintaining student interest over time, similar to the boredom issues reported in our study of PDs in medical education. The perception of PDs as boring (73.9%) and not very useful during exam time (52.2%) supports previous research on the stress and pressure experienced by medical students [ 48 , 49 ]. Grieve et al. [ 20 ] specifically examined student fears of oral presentations and public speaking in higher education, which provides context for the anxiety and disengagement observed in our study of medical education. Interestingly, Bhuvaneshwari et al. [ 23 ] found positive impacts of panel discussions in educating medical students on specific modules. This contrasts with our findings and suggests that the effectiveness of PDs in medical education may vary depending on the specific context and implementation.

Comparative analysis and future directions

Our study provides a unique comparative analysis of the challenges faced by both panelists and audience members in medical education. The alignment of concerns around workload and time management between the two groups suggests that these are overarching issues in the implementation of PDs in medical curricula. This is consistent with the findings of Pasandín et al. [ 56 ], who examined cooperative oral presentations in higher education and their impact on both technical and soft skills, which are crucial in medical education [ 52 ]. The mismatch between panelist efforts and audience expectations revealed in our study is a novel finding that warrants further investigation in medical education. This disparity could be related to the self-efficacy beliefs of presenters, as explored by Gedamu and Gezahegn [ 15 ] in their study of TEFL trainees’ attitudes towards academic oral presentations, which may have parallels in medical education. Looking forward, innovative approaches could address some of the challenges identified in medical education. Almazyad et al. [ 22 ] proposed using AI tools like ChatGPT to enhance expert panel discussions in pediatric palliative care, which could potentially address some of the preparation and engagement issues identified in our study of medical education. Additionally, Ragupathi and Lee [ 57 ] discussed the role of rubrics in higher education, which could provide clearer expectations and feedback for both panelists and audience members in PDs within medical education.

Research question 3: how can PDs be improved for panelists and the audience from the experts’ point of view?

The expert suggestions for improving PDs address several key challenges identified in previous research on academic presentations and student workload management. These recommendations align with current trends in educational technology and pedagogical approaches, while also considering the unique needs of medical students.

The emphasis on time management and workload reduction strategies echoes findings from previous studies on medical student stress and academic performance. Nowak, Speed and Vuk [ 50 ] found that medical students often struggle with the fast-paced nature of their courses, which can lead to reduced motivation and superficial learning approaches. The experts’ suggestions for task breakdown and prioritization align with Rabbi and Islam [ 58 ] recommendations for reducing workload stress through effective assignment prioritization. Additionally, Popa et al. [ 59 ] highlight the importance of acceptance and planning in stress management for medical students, supporting the experts’ focus on these areas.

The proposed implementation of interactive training sessions for panelists addresses the need for enhanced presentation skills in professional contexts, a concern highlighted by several researchers [ 17 , 60 ]. This aligns with Grieve et al. [ 20 ] findings on student fears of oral presentations and public speaking in higher education, emphasizing the need for targeted training. The focus on interactive elements and audience engagement also reflects current trends in active learning pedagogies, as demonstrated by Pasandín et al. [ 56 ] in their study on cooperative oral presentations in engineering education.

The innovative suggestion to use AI tools like ChatGPT for PD preparation represents a novel approach to leveraging technology in education. This aligns with recent research on the potential of AI in scientific research, such as the study by Almazyad et al. [ 22 ], which highlighted the benefits of AI in supporting various educational tasks. However, it is important to consider potential ethical implications and ensure that AI use complements rather than replaces critical thinking and creativity.

The experts’ emphasis on enhancing collaboration and communication among panelists addresses issues identified in previous research on teamwork in higher education. Rodríguez-Sedano, Conde and Fernández-Llamas [ 53 ] noted the importance of measuring teamwork competence development in project-based learning environments. The suggested strategies for improving coordination align with best practices in collaborative learning, as demonstrated by Romero-Yesa et al. [ 61 ] in their qualitative assessment of challenge-based learning and teamwork in electronics programs.

The unanimous agreement on the need to reduce ESP class sizes for international students reflects ongoing concerns about the impact of large classes on language learning and student engagement. This aligns with research by Li [ 3 ] on issues in developing EFL learners’ oral English communication skills. Bosco et al. [ 62 ] further highlight the challenges of teaching and learning ESP in mixed classes, supporting the experts’ recommendation for smaller class sizes. Qiao, Xu and bin Ahmad [ 63 ] also emphasize the implementation challenges for ESP formative assessment in large classes, further justifying the need for reduced class sizes.

These expert recommendations provide a comprehensive approach to improving PDs, addressing not only the immediate challenges of preparation and delivery but also broader issues of student engagement, workload management, and institutional support. By implementing these suggestions, universities could potentially transform PDs from perceived burdens into valuable learning experiences that enhance both academic and professional skills. This aligns with Kho and Ting [ 64 ] systematic review on overcoming oral presentation anxiety among tertiary ESL/EFL students, which emphasizes the importance of addressing both challenges and strategies in improving presentation skills.

This study has shed light on the complex challenges associated with PDs in medical education, revealing a nuanced interplay between the experiences of panelists and audience members. The findings underscore the need for a holistic approach to implementing PDs that addresses both the academic workload concerns and the quality of engagement.

Our findings both support and extend previous research on the challenges of oral presentations and group work in medical education settings. The high frequencies of perceived challenges across multiple categories for both panelists and audience members suggest that while PDs may offer benefits, they also present significant obstacles that need to be addressed in medical education. These results highlight the need for careful consideration in the implementation of PDs in medical education, with particular attention to workload management, coordination strategies, and audience engagement techniques. Future research could focus on developing and testing interventions to mitigate these challenges while preserving the potential benefits of PDs in medical education.

Moving forward, medical educators should consider innovative approaches to mitigate these challenges. This may include:

Integrating time management and stress coping strategies into the PD preparation process [ 59 ].

Exploring the use of AI tools to streamline preparation and enhance engagement [ 22 ].

Developing clear rubrics and expectations for both panelists and audience members [ 57 ].

Incorporating interactive elements to maintain audience interest and participation [ 25 ].

Limitations and future research

One limitation of this study is that it focused on a specific population of medical students, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other student populations. Additionally, the study relied on self-report data from panelists and audience members, which may introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Future research could explore the effectiveness of PDs in different educational contexts and student populations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the benefits and challenges of panel discussions.

Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions and exploring how PDs can be tailored to the unique demands of medical education. By addressing the identified challenges, PDs have the potential to become a more valuable and engaging component of medical curricula, fostering both academic and professional development. Ultimately, the goal should be to transform PDs from perceived burdens into opportunities for meaningful learning and skill development, aligning with the evolving needs of medical education in the 21st century.

Future research could also examine the long-term impact of PDs on panelists’ language skills, teamwork, and communication abilities. Additionally, exploring the effectiveness of different training methods and tools, such as AI technology, in improving coordination skills and reducing workload stress for panelists could provide valuable insights for educators and administrators. Further research could also investigate the role of class size and audience engagement in enhancing the overall effectiveness of PDs in higher education settings. By addressing these gaps in the literature, future research can contribute to the ongoing development and improvement of PDs as a valuable learning tool for students in higher education.

However, it is important to note that implementing these changes may require significant institutional resources and a shift in pedagogical approaches. Future research could focus on piloting these recommendations and evaluating their effectiveness in improving student outcomes and experiences with PDs.

Data availability

We confirm that the data supporting the findings are available within this article. Raw data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author, upon request.

Abbreviations

Artificial Intelligence

English as a Foreign Language

English for Specific Purposes

Panel Discussion

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

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Nasiri, E., Khojasteh, L. Evaluating panel discussions in ESP classes: an exploration of international medical students’ and ESP instructors’ perspectives through qualitative research. BMC Med Educ 24 , 925 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05911-3

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Advancements in deep learning techniques for time series forecasting in maritime applications: a comprehensive review.

1. Introduction

2. literature collection procedure.

Search scope: Titles, Keywords, and Abstracts
Keywords 1: ‘deep’ AND ‘learning’, AND
Keywords 2: ‘time AND series’, AND
Keywords 3: ‘maritime’, OR
Keywords 4: ‘vessel’, OR
Keywords 5: ‘shipping’, OR
Keywords 6: ‘marine’, OR
Keywords 7: ‘ship’, OR
Keywords 8: ‘port’, OR
Keywords 9: ‘terminal’
Retain only articles related to maritime operations. For example, studies on ship-surrounding weather and risk prediction based on ship data will be kept, while research solely focused on marine weather or wave prediction that is unrelated to any aspect of maritime operations will be excluded.
Exclude neural network studies that do not employ deep learning techniques, such as ANN or MLP with only one hidden layer.
The language of the publications must be English.
The original data used in the papers must include time series sequences.

3. Deep Learning Algorithms

3.1. artificial neural network (ann), 3.1.1. multilayer perceptron (mlp)/deep neural networks (dnn), 3.1.2. wavenet, 3.1.3. randomized neural network, 3.2. convolutional neural network (cnn), 3.3. recurrent neural network (rnn), 3.3.1. long short-term memory (lstm), 3.3.2. gated recurrent unit (gru), 3.4. attention mechanism (am)/transformer, 3.5. overview of algorithms usage, 4. time series forecasting in maritime applications, 4.1. ship operation-related applications, 4.1.1. ship trajectory prediction, 4.1.2. meteorological factor prediction, 4.1.3. ship fuel consumption prediction, 4.1.4. others, 4.2. port operation-related applications, 4.3. shipping market-related applications, 4.4. overview of time series forecasting in maritime applications, 5. overall analysis, 5.1. literature description, 5.1.1. literature distribution, 5.1.2. literature classification, 5.2. data utilized in maritime research, 5.2.1. automatic identification system data (ais data), 5.2.2. high-frequency radar data and sensor data, 5.2.3. container throughput data, 5.2.4. other datasets, 5.3. evaluation parameters, 5.4. real-world application examples, 5.5. future research directions, 5.5.1. data processing and feature extraction, 5.5.2. model optimization and application of new technologies, 5.5.3. specific application scenarios, 5.5.4. practical applications and long-term predictions, 5.5.5. environmental impact, fault prediction, and cross-domain applications, 6. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Ref.	Architecture	Dataset	Advantage
[ ]	MSCNN-GRU-AM	HF radar	It is applicable for high-frequency radar ship track prediction in environments with significant clutter and interference
[ ]	CNN-BiLSTM-Attention	6L34DF dual fuel diesel engine	The high prediction accuracy and early warning timeliness can provide interpretable fault prediction results
[ ]	LSTM	Two LNG carriers	Enables early anomaly detection in new ships and new equipment
[ ]	LSTM	sensors	better and high-precision effects
[ ]	Self-Attention-BiLSTM	A real military ship	Not only can it better capture complex ship attitude changes, but it also shows greater accuracy and stability in long-term forecasting tasks
[ ]	CNN–GRU–AM	A C11 containership	better accuracy of forecasting
[ ]	GRU	A scaled model test	good prediction accuracy
[ ]	CNN	A bulk carrier	good prediction accuracy

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Wang, M.; Guo, X.; She, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liang, M.; Chen, Z.S. Advancements in Deep Learning Techniques for Time Series Forecasting in Maritime Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Information 2024 , 15 , 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080507

Wang M, Guo X, She Y, Zhou Y, Liang M, Chen ZS. Advancements in Deep Learning Techniques for Time Series Forecasting in Maritime Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Information . 2024; 15(8):507. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080507

Wang, Meng, Xinyan Guo, Yanling She, Yang Zhou, Maohan Liang, and Zhong Shuo Chen. 2024. "Advancements in Deep Learning Techniques for Time Series Forecasting in Maritime Applications: A Comprehensive Review" Information 15, no. 8: 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080507

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What’s on the EU research and innovation policy agenda for autumn 2024?

As EU policymakers return from the summer break, we look at key decisions that will affect the R&I community in the months ahead

European Commission, Berlaymont building, Brussels, Belgium. Photo credits: Fred Romero / Flickr

After several crisis-filled years characterised by wars, pandemic and economic challenges, the recent European elections and subsequent summer break offer an opportunity to pause and take stock.

Now, as Europeans filter back to their desks, it’s a good time to look at what the research and innovation community can expect this autumn. The current geopolitical environment has placed R&I topics firmly in the mainstream debate, and that is not likely to change any time soon. Here are some of the stories we expect to be covering in the months ahead.

New commissioner

The first question is, Who will be the next commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth? Bulgaria’s Iliana Ivanova has held the post since 2023 after compatriot Mariya Gabriel left to return to national politics , but the country has yet to put forward a commissioner candidate for the upcoming mandate.

Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has given member states until 30 August to nominate candidates for the College of Commissioners, after which she will assign portfolios. Bulgaria is one of several countries currently dragging its feet.

Whoever is nominated as the new research commissioner will then be quizzed by MEPs in the Parliament committee for industry, research and energy ITRE, and culture and education committee, with hearings expected to take place in September or October.

Defence funding

For the first time, von der Leyen’s team will include a Commissioner for Defence . During her bid for re-election, she pledged to build a “veritable defence union”, and to present a white paper on the future of European defence.

The white paper, which should be published in the first 100 days of her new mandate, will identify investment needs. Research and innovation may not be at the top of the list, considering the urgent need to provide Ukraine with ammunition, but von der Leyen has promised to reinforce the European Defence Fund which supports R&D projects.

Competitiveness agenda

Speaking to MEPs ahead of her re-election vote, von der Leyen said prosperity and competitiveness would be her top priority. But perhaps the flagship policy of this new strategy, to propose a European competitiveness fund, will have to wait until the EU’s next long-term budget for 2028-2034. The Commission should publish its proposal for this budget by mid-2025.

However, there are several proposals in von der Leyen’s political guidelines that may be put forward before the end of the year and could have an R&D component. For example, she plans to propose a Clean Industrial Deal in her first 100 days to “help create lead markets in everything from clean steel to clean tech” and “speed up planning, tendering, and permitting”.

Further proposals are likely to be influenced by former Italian prime minister Mario Draghi’s highly-anticipated report on EU competitiveness. He was expected to submit his findings to the Commission over the summer, but publication was delayed and should now happen some time this autumn.

FP10 expert group

All eyes will be on the independent group set up to advise the Commission on the interim evaluation of Horizon Europe and its successor, Framework Programme 10. The group’s feedback should be influential in shaping the next framework programme.

The group of 15 experts , led by former Portuguese research minister Manuel Heitor, is meeting monthly between January and October 2024, and is due to deliver its report to the Commission on 16 October.

After taking the advice on board, the Commission should publish its interim evaluation of Horizon Europe early next year, and then present its proposal for FP10 mid-way through 2025.

2025 work programmes

The post-election transition will mean delays to the publication of the Horizon Europe work programmes for 2025 . These are set to be adopted in March or April 2025. We already have some idea of what will feature because the Commission has published its strategic plan for the final years of Horizon Europe, including nine proposed new public-private partnerships.

We are waiting on the work programmes under Pillar II for large collaborative research projects, research infrastructures and the Widening programme for cohesion in research. For other parts of Horizon Europe, such as the European Research Council and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, the Commission has extended the current work programmes to cover 2025.

Research lobbies

As well as awaiting the conclusions of the Draghi report, the R&I community will be expecting progress towards implementing Enrico Letta’s recommendations to create a ‘fifth freedom’ of a single market dedicated to the free movement of research, innovation, knowledge and education.

Research lobbies expect the composition of the new Commission to set the tone.

“R&I has never been so central in the political guidelines of the Commission president before the start of a new European Commission,” said Kurt Deketelaere, secretary general of the League of European Research Universities. “Hopefully this will be reflected in the R&I portfolio and its holder.”

Deketelaere is hoping research, innovation and education will remain a standalone portfolio, rather than being integrated into a larger competitiveness, internal market or economy portfolio. That is the case in “a number of member states”, he noted, saying much will depend on who is picked for the role. “Let's hope we get someone with experience and expertise on or in Europe, research, innovation and education.”

Deketelaere also wants to see member states step up. “They can start with stopping the annual circus of opposing the annual Horizon Europe budget as proposed by the European Commission and supported by the European Parliament,” he said. The Council has proposed cutting €400 million from the Horizon budget for 2025.

Muriel Attané, secretary general of the European Association of Research and Technology Organisations, said she is looking forward to working with the new research commissioner in the coming months, including on preparations for FP10 and the next long-term budget, with competitiveness set to have a central role in the discussions.

“Luckily, about 70% of the current FP Horizon Europe budget thanks to its Pillar II is geared towards pan-EU collaborative R&D&I with key industrial partnerships,” she told Science|Business.

“We believe this will be the main asset the new commissioner will have in their pocket, to actually ensure a strong FP10 as well as avoid the FP budget being cannibalised by the announced new competitiveness fund and to avoid that we would be exchanging R&D&I grants for loans.

“We do not need a new Juncker Plan, which did not foster R&D&I,” she added, referencing the 2015 programme that used loan guarantees to secure financing for infrastructure and other projects that were otherwise too risky to invest in. There have been calls to replicate that plan to decarbonise Europe’s industry.

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Published: 19 June 2024

Why do patients with cancer die?

Adrienne Boire ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-1248 1 na1 ,
Katy Burke 2 na1 ,
Thomas R. Cox ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9294-1745 3 , 4 na1 ,
Theresa Guise 5 na1 ,
Mariam Jamal-Hanjani 6 , 7 , 8 na1 ,
Tobias Janowitz ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-3727 9 , 10 na1 ,
Rosandra Kaplan 11 na1 ,
Rebecca Lee ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-2009 12 , 13 na1 ,
Charles Swanton ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-3018 7 , 8 , 14 na1 ,
Matthew G. Vander Heiden ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6702-4192 15 , 16 na1 &
Erik Sahai ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-5086 12 na1

Nature Reviews Cancer volume 24 , pages 578–589 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Cancer therapy

Cancer is a major cause of global mortality, both in affluent countries and increasingly in developing nations. Many patients with cancer experience reduced life expectancy and have metastatic disease at the time of death. However, the more precise causes of mortality and patient deterioration before death remain poorly understood. This scarcity of information, particularly the lack of mechanistic insights, presents a challenge for the development of novel treatment strategies to improve the quality of, and potentially extend, life for patients with late-stage cancer. In addition, earlier deployment of existing strategies to prolong quality of life is highly desirable. In this Roadmap, we review the proximal causes of mortality in patients with cancer and discuss current knowledge about the interconnections between mechanisms that contribute to mortality, before finally proposing new and improved avenues for data collection, research and the development of treatment strategies that may improve quality of life for patients.

You have full access to this article via your institution.

The changing landscape of cancer in the USA — opportunities for advancing prevention and treatment

Causes of death among people living with metastatic cancer

Deceptive measures of progress in the NHS long-term plan for cancer: case-based vs. population-based measures

Introduction.

The phrase ‘metastasis accounts for 90% of cancer deaths’ is one of the most widely used in cancer research, yet it is overly simplistic, imprecise and it is difficult to find any primary analysis supporting the statement. Although patients with metastatic disease are overwhelmingly more likely to die than patients with non-metastatic cancer 1 , 2 , the determinants of cancer mortality are multifaceted and frequently involve dysfunction of multiple interconnected systems within the body. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning the causes of mortality, and subsequently intervening, has the potential to make cancer a less destructive disease, improving both the quality and length of life for patients with cancer. However, systematic analyses of the acute and root causes of mortality in patients with cancer are scarce, in part because death certificates rarely record enough information to understand the exact reason why the patient died beyond them having a malignancy. Causes of death may be simply listed as ‘metastatic carcinoma’ or ‘complications of cancer’, which give little insights into why a patient actually died. Potentially concomitant comorbidities are also not fully recorded. Even in cases in which the cause of death may be attributed to a single event, for example, a thromboembolism , the underlying cause of that specific event may be complex. Indeed, metastatic cancer leads to perturbed function of multiple organ systems, and importantly, not just the organs to which disease has spread. This is probably due to the exuberant activation of local and systemic inflammatory, tissue repair and immune-suppressive programmes.

A simple view would be that death from metastatic disease correlates with the burden of disease. However, evidence suggests that the situation is more complex, with many factors influencing how metastases impact vital functions and ultimately lead to death. First, metastases to different organs will lead to different impacts on overall health. For example, brain metastases can lead to dysfunction of the central nervous system 3 , whereas peritoneal metastases may cause obstruction of the bowel 4 . In addition, the size or extent of metastases may not necessarily correlate with dysfunction of the organ where it is located 5 . Second, the production of the molecular mediators of organ dysfunction can vary between metastases and cancers of different origins. Third, individual patient characteristics such as age, sex, overall health, pre-existing comorbidities, genetics and socio-economic status vary 6 . Together, these factors directly influence the course of and physiological response to metastatic disease and can have profound indirect effects by limiting available treatment options and/or the ability of patients to tolerate or complete all intended treatment 7 , 8 . To understand why patients with cancer die, a closer examination of the factors contributing to mortality in patients with cancer and a dissection of the intricate web of causes that shape the frequency and dynamics of death are required.

Death may be related to an acute event, but the underlying mechanisms which trigger it may be modifiable or even preventable. In addition, other deaths may be the end stage of a continuum of deterioration, allowing the possibility of targeted intervention to improve quality of life. Moreover, it has been noted that early palliative care improves survival 9 . Ultimately, increased understanding of the processes occurring in patients with advanced disease should lead to improved strategies to minimize ill-health and suffering at the end of life. Coupled to this, patients and those around them should be enabled to have essential discussions about their wishes and preferences, minimizing potentially inappropriate treatments and maximizing quality of life 10 . Therefore, in this Roadmap, we briefly review data considering the immediate causes of mortality, highlight the intricate interconnections between different aspects of patient deterioration and conclude with recommendations for future studies of late-stage cancer that may shed new light on this important aspect of cancer biology and medicine.

Acute events leading to mortality

Although some cancers can be considered a chronic condition, with many patients living with their disease for years, the immediate cause of mortality can often be an acute event. Here, we briefly summarize common acute events leading to death in patients with cancer (Fig. 1 ). Although it is not possible to precisely determine, it is likely that the acute causes discussed subsequently may account for up to half of cancer deaths 11 , 12 . Immediate causes of mortality in other patients are less clear, with a more gradual deterioration typically occurring in vital organ systems (Fig. 1 ).

This schematic shows organs that frequently become dysfunctional in patients with late-stage cancer.

Vascular coagulation and cardiac failure

Patients with cancer are at an elevated risk of thromboembolism, which may trigger respiratory failure, fatal strokes, heart failure or myocardial infarction 13 . In some cases, disseminated intravascular coagulation can lead to thrombotic obstruction of small and midsize vessels leading to organ failure 14 . Haemorrhagic complications from depletion of platelets, via either immune or non-immune mechanisms 15 , 16 , and reduced levels of coagulation proteins can also be life-threatening 14 . Congestive heart failure can also be a proximal cause of mortality, although the underlying causes are complex and include loss of cardiac muscle (associated with cachexia), shifts in intravascular fluid status and thromboembolic events 17 . Interestingly, bone metastases are particularly associated with cardiovascular problems, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear 18 . Comorbidities affecting the cardiovascular system may also make patients more prone to such events. Spatial occlusion of or invasion into vessels by cancer metastases can also lead to failure in blood supply or catastrophic haemorrhage 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 .

Displacement, functional impairment or obstruction of vital organs

The volume of disease may impair the function of a vital organ. This can be the case with brain metastases and glioblastoma or other primary brain cancers, with extensive invasion, brain herniation or oedema resulting in midline shift or increased intracranial pressure irreversibly compromising brain function 22 , 23 , 24 . In addition, patients may develop seizures, which, if uncontrolled, can result in death 25 , 26 . However, this does not apply to all brain metastases, with leptomeningeal metastases having minimal impact on intracranial pressure and brain structure; instead, these commonly obstruct cerebrospinal fluid flow and/or affect nerve function resulting in hydrocephalus , deterioration of neurological function and death 26 .

Large lung metastases may impair the essential function of gas exchange. However, patients with miliary-like disease — characterized by nodules too numerous to count — can live with extensive disease in an organ with surprisingly little impact on function until a hard-to-predict tipping point is reached, which is then followed by rapid deterioration 27 . As with brain metastases, the volume of disease is often not sufficient to account for organ failure, as even a relatively small volume (<100 ml lung metastases volume compared with 4–5 l total lung volume) can be fatal 28 . Lung oedema and pleural effusion are additional common contributors to death. Oedema may be caused by other pathologies such as infection or heart failure, whereas pleural effusion may be related to the presence of disease within the pleura as opposed to total tumour volume 28 , 29 .

Bowel obstruction can be a cause of mortality, especially in patients with peritoneal disease as found in particular in ovarian, colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers 30 . Both liver and kidney failure will also cause death in patients with cancer. Reasons for the failure of these organs include obstruction of the bile duct or ureters by metastases, therapy-induced toxicity leading to compromised normal organ function (discussed subsequently) and reduced tissue perfusion owing to hypotension or dehydration 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 . In addition, sepsis can result from obstruction of the bile ducts or ureters, which occurs unpredictably and often progresses rapidly leading to multiple organ failure and ultimately death.

Bacterial infections are the most common infection in patients with cancer, owing to impaired immune systems resulting from both the cancer itself and certain cancer treatments (discussed in detail subsequently), which induce myelosuppression and leukopenia. Patients with cancer can have an elevated risk of opportunistic viral, fungal and protozoal infections, which would typically be considered mild in healthy individuals, but which can cause serious life-threatening complications in those with cancer. Pneumonia and other lung infections leading to respiratory failure are often listed as causes of mortality in patients with cancer 35 , 36 . One of the most striking recent examples of this is the increased mortality observed in patients with cancer, particularly those with haematological cancers, who succumbed to COVID-19 compared with the general population 36 , 37 .

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that can occasionally cause irreversible damage to critical organs and death. They are most associated with lung, breast, ovarian and lymphatic cancers, causing tissue or organ dysfunction at sites distinct from the location of the tumour 38 . Various mechanisms underpin paraneoplastic syndromes, including the inappropriate production of cytokines, hormones and antibodies. For example, excess parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) production by tumours can lead to hypercalcaemia 39 , 40 . Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone production is commonly associated with small-cell lung cancer resulting in hyponatraemia 41 . Furthermore, some neuroendocrine pancreatic tumours (insulinomas) secrete large amounts of insulin 42 . Tumours can also trigger the aberrant production of autoantibodies leading to disorders such as Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) or anti- N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and myasthenia gravis 43 . Although treatment can usually manage the symptoms, in a subset of cases the syndromes cannot be controlled and are fatal 38 .

Therapy-induced toxicity

Although therapies are developed and administered with the intent of primarily targeting the tumour, almost all have some detrimental impact on normal tissue function. In some cases, the unintended consequences of therapy can be life-threatening. Autoimmune reactions resulting from targeting immune checkpoints can have fatal consequences, including myocarditis and encephalitis 44 , 45 , 46 . Chemotherapy can lead to death as a result of acute neutropenic sepsis 47 . Depletion of platelets because of therapy can lead to fatal bleeding 16 . Arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and coronary vasospasm are also a cause of death related to some anticancer treatments such as 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine 48 , 49 , 50 . The long-term detrimental effects of some therapies are discussed in detail subsequently.

Underlying causes

Determination of the proximal cause of mortality prompts further questions around the underlying factors giving rise to lethal pathology and ultimately how metastatic cancer triggers or accelerates those factors. In this section, we consider how chronic disruption of three major physiological organ systems is perturbed in patients with cancer and how these might contribute to mortality.

The immune and haematopoietic systems

In patients with cancer, the immune system becomes progressively less able to mount effective responses to infectious challenge, a phenomenon often generically termed ‘immune exhaustion’ (this usage is distinct from the more specific usage of immune exhaustion as a failure of tumour-reactive T cells to function). As a result, patients with metastatic disease have increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections and typically suffer more severe consequences than would otherwise be observed in healthy individuals 51 . Multiple mechanisms contribute to the reduced capability of the immune system to respond to infection. The presence of cancer cells in diverse organs triggers similar cellular and molecular events to wound responses 52 . The production of cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM–CSF), both by tumour cells and by other cells of the tumour microenvironment (TME), perturbs haematopoiesis leading to altered subsets of leukocytes 53 . Although, in the short term, this may have limited consequences on the ability of the body to respond to other challenges, prolonged disruption to haematopoiesis can strain the ability of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate sufficient cells of the right type to cope with infections, with increased myeloid-to-lymphoid cell ratios. Clonal haematopoiesis can be increased in patients with cancer, with myeloid skewing of immune cells and overall myeloid-mediated immune suppression and diminished naive T cell reservoirs 53 . Reduced production of platelets and altered iron metabolism leading to compromised oxygen carrying by red blood cells is also observed in many patients 54 . Other problems such as immunoparesis can arise, with a high frequency observed in patients with multiple myeloma 55 .

T cell responses to infection are impaired in the presence of cancer with decreased proliferation and expression of granzyme B typically observed 56 . The chronic stimulation of T cells with neoantigens arising from ongoing mutational processes may also contribute to their weakened functionality. Moreover, immune surveillance of tumours inevitably selects for the production of immune suppressive factors by cancer cells, which further compound the issue 57 . Once again, comorbidities leading to either immune suppression or autoimmunity can intersect with the detrimental effects of cancer on the immune system.

Other consequences of cancer can indirectly result in an increased likelihood of infection. For example, vessel obstruction from cancer results in decreased flow of fluids such as bile, urine and lymph, creating environments in which bacteria can thrive 58 . Blockage of the bronchial tree can lead to pneumonia 59 . The invasive phenotype of cancer can result in fistula formation (for example, rectovaginal in colorectal cancer), which enables bacteria to invade 60 . Furthermore, patients are often rendered bedbound or have limited mobility as cancer progresses, resulting in an increased chance of infections through decreased respiratory ventilation and atelectasis , as well as pressure sores and oedema 61 .

Disruption to haematopoiesis can also contribute to defects in coagulation and haemostasis . Elevated platelet numbers, termed thrombocytosis, are found in patients with cancer and are correlated with higher mortality 62 . The altered inflammatory cytokine milieu caused by the tumour may promote megakaryopoiesis, potentially through increasing thrombopoietin (TPO) production by the liver, and leading to higher platelet numbers. The risk of clotting can be further increased by the production of tissue factor , which is responsible for initiating the clotting cascade, by tumour cells 63 . These mechanisms increase the likelihood of fatal thromboembolisms 63 .

Iatrogenic effects also have a role in the reduced immune function in patients with cancer. Cytotoxic therapies interfere with the proliferation and division of haematopoietic stem cells and can leave the immune system unable to mount effective responses to pathogens, leading to mortality 64 . In severe cases, pancytopenia results, marked by a substantial decrease in all three major blood cell lineages (red cells, white cells and platelets) 65 . This can lead to severe anaemia, increased infection susceptibility and increased likelihood of bleeding 47 , 66 , 67 . In other cases, more limited subsets of haematopoietic cells are affected. Thrombocytopenia — low platelet levels — leads to hypocoagulation and elevates the likelihood of haemorrhage 66 . Therefore, during cancer development and treatment, haemostasis mechanisms may be either augmented or attenuated; in both cases, the result is less predictable and less well-controlled coagulation. Neutropenia — low neutrophil levels — renders patients less able to fight infection and contributes to cancer mortality from infections that in many cases are thought to arise from resident mucosal flora 68 . Treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, often result in the breakdown of mucosal barriers (for example, oral mucositis) resulting in higher numbers of infections from pathogens, which normally reside on these surfaces 69 . In addition, corticosteroids, which are often given to alleviate symptoms or manage toxicity, can also contribute to the suppression of immune responses and compound the risk of infections in patients 70 . Clonal haematopoiesis, which as mentioned earlier is already more frequent in patients with cancer, can be further increased by chemotherapy 71 . More generally, cancer therapies can increase ageing-associated processes and reduce organ function 72 . Opioid pain relief administered to those with late-stage disease can also suppress the function of various bodily systems 73 . Finally, infections can arise owing to the insertion of drains and stents, or central venous catheters (CVCs; also known as lines) for the delivery of therapies. Infections from such lines are estimated to be around 0.5–10 per 1,000 CVC-days 74 , 75 .

Immunotherapies present a different set of immune complications from conventional therapies. These primarily relate to over-activation of the immune system leading to autoimmunity and, in some cases, cytokine storms that are treated with anti-cytokine therapies such as tocilizumab, anakinra and ruxilitinib, all of which can further suppress the immune response 76 . However, deaths attributable to autoimmune side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors are rare (<1% in an analysis of more than 8,000 patients) especially if toxicity is managed promptly 77 , 78 . Colitis is a frequent problem, with disruption to colonic barrier function leading to increased susceptibility to perforation, which can be life-threatening. Guillain–Barré syndrome , hepatitis and myocarditis are also causes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related deaths 79 , 80 , 81 . Once again, high-dose corticosteroids are the main first-line treatment to manage autoimmune side effects in patients receiving immunotherapy and can lead to suppression of the immune system. Hyperprogressive disease is observed in some patients following immunotherapy, the reasons for which are still being delineated, but there is probably a role for innate lymphoid cells releasing pro-growth cytokines 82 . Cell-based immunotherapies can also lead to disrupted bone marrow function and subsequent myelosuppression 83 .

The nervous system

The brain serves as a central nexus, orchestrating all vital functions. It is the hub of thought processes, emotions and sensory perception and regulates, directly or indirectly, everything from heartbeat and breathing to appetite. In addition to physical disruption of brain structure and intracranial pressure (discussed earlier) 84 , brain metastases impact the nervous system in multiple ways. Tumours in the brain or its surrounding tissues can substantially impair neural connections, leading to cognitive deficits, motor and sensory dysfunction, and even personality changes 84 , 85 , 86 . Interactions between brain metastases and neurons lead to changes in cortical function 87 , 88 , 89 . Even in regions of the brain without overt metastases, neuro-excitability can be increased, leading to changes in cognition, alertness and mood 90 . Tumours can slow the posterior dominant rhythm, leading to reduced alertness, loss of working memory and deterioration of quality of life 91 . Circadian rhythms are also impacted, leading to problems in memory and sleep, which is vital for the repair processes of the body that are essential for overall health and functioning 92 . Ultimately, many of these changes are not sustainable long-term. How these changes may lead to death is unclear, but they may follow similar trajectories to those in patients with dementia.

Brain function can also be disrupted in patients without brain metastases, with autonomic nervous system dysfunction often reported 93 . Intriguingly, anhedonia — a lack of ability to experience pleasure — occurs in many patients 94 . The mechanistic causes of this are unclear, but it is not restricted to patients with brain metastasis suggesting that circulating systemic factors may play a role. The wider effects of metastatic cancer on the mental well-being of a patient are discussed in Box 1 . However, beyond an effect on well-being, the disruption of brain function can contribute to anorexia, and reduced nutrition can influence many other physiological and pathophysiological processes 95 , 96 .

The role of the peripheral nervous system in cancer-related death is not well described. Although the burgeoning field of cancer neuroscience provides evidence that the efferent system can support local and metastatic tumour growth 97 , 98 , 99 , at this time, it is unclear whether the reverse is also true. As mentioned earlier, there is clear evidence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with cancer 93 , raising the possibility that cancer-mediated interruption of afferent impulses might impact overall survival. Further studies are needed to explore this possibility.

Box 1 Psychosocial and societal factors contributing to the deterioration of patients with late-stage cancer

Psychological and social factors can have major and wide-ranging impacts on patients with incurable cancer. This manifests in more than threefold higher suicide rates 145 , 146 , 147 . Of note, these rates were further exacerbated in less advantaged sociodemographic groups 148 , arguing that financial issues and possibly health-care access are linked to suicide in patients with cancer. However, psychological symptoms are far more extensive than those captured in studies of suicide. Anhedonia and depression are frequent in patients with cancer, impacting their overall well-being, treatment adherence and outcomes including mortality 149 . These psychological challenges often intertwine with physical symptoms, compounding the burden of each 150 . Several studies have linked stress-related psychosocial factors to cancer mortality 151 , with recent work beginning to uncover the cellular and molecular mechanisms at play 152 .

Research on the psychosocial aspects of cancer care, including emotional and cognitive well-being, remains under-emphasized. Barriers to the integration of psychosocial care into cancer care include stigma, difficulty identifying substantial distress, limited access to evidence-based psychosocial treatments and concerns about cost 153 . Yet, an integrated system of psychosocial care including population-based screening and targeted treatment and access to good-quality palliative care improves emotional wellbeing 154 and physical symptoms 155 and is likely to be cost-saving 156 . A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuropsychological systems and insights into how metastatic disease impacts the physiological and chemical axes of the brain will be crucial. Such insights could inform tailored interventions, therapies and support structures that address the emotional toll of cancer, enhancing the holistic care approach and improving quality of life. Expanding psychosocial research can help bridge gaps in addressing mental health in patients with cancer, ultimately improving quality of life of patients during and after treatment 146 , 147 .

Metabolism and cachexia — catabolic effects of cancer

The presence of metastases presents altered energetic and anabolic demands on the body, leading to detrimental imbalances in metabolism 100 . Progressive and involuntary loss of body weight — termed cachexia — is a widespread multiorgan phenomenon commonly seen in patients with metastatic cancer 100 , 101 . This complex syndrome is characterized by a net negative energy balance, driven by the combination of increased energy expenditure and catabolism, with reduced appetite and caloric intake. A persistent decrease in nutrient intake is a key component across patients with many different cancer types, leading to breakdown of host tissues, with the degree of loss of adipose tissue and muscle mass varying between patients and among different cancer types 102 . However, the contribution of increased energy expenditure (as a result of tumour burden) is less clear. Sarcopenia may be particularly prominent in some patients, possibly representing an independent pathology from other more global tissue wasting phenotypes, and in extreme cases, loss of cardiac or intercostal muscle mass can be fatal owing to insufficient cardiac or respiratory function, respectively 103 , 104 . These events have also been observed in the context of extreme starvation in patients with non-cancer conditions; for example, anorexia nervosa, in which cardiac dysfunction, in particular bradycardia and sinus pauses, can cause pulseless electrical activity and death 105 , 106 . Electrolyte disturbances and hypoglycaemia that are often observed in cases of severe malnutrition may exacerbate the risk of such arrhythmias 105 . Cachexia also has effects on other organs and tissues, including the brain and immune system 107 . Compromised immune function is a major consequence of starvation-induced tissue wasting 108 and suggests that altered systemic metabolism leading to, or associated with cachexia, may be a contributor to the immune dysfunction present in some patients with cancer 108 . Conversely, several studies have shown that both the brain and immune system can contribute to cachexia 100 , 101 .

Cachexia is multifactorial and has many potential causes. In some limited cases, tumour metabolism leads to systemic changes that increase energy usage. For example, high levels of lactate secretion by tumours can trigger the liver to convert lactate back to glucose, which requires energy input — termed the Cori cycle 109 . Such cycles can increase metabolic demand on the liver leading to further perturbation of liver function. However, cachexia does not correlate with disease volume in many cancer types 110 . Therefore, it is hard to reconcile a model in which the energetic and anabolic demands of the volume of disease are the main trigger for cachexia. Numerous studies have begun to reveal the possible molecular underpinnings of cachexia in some cancer types. Disruption of signalling by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and related ligands is a recurring theme 111 , 112 , 113 . For example, circulating growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15; also known as MIC1), a highly conserved member of the TGFβ superfamily, is a known mediator of anorexia and weight loss, and increased circulating levels of this molecule in patients with lung cancer have been shown to correlate with cachexia development 114 . Clinical trials are currently underway to determine whether blockade of GDF15 ameliorates cachexia 115 . TGFβ itself can also promote muscle loss via the induction of myostatin 116 , and the induction of signalling by activin — another TGFβ superfamily ligand — can also have similar effects on muscle mass 117 , 118 . Furthermore, modulation of ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) downstream of TGFβ can perturb sarcomere organization and thereby lead to muscle weakness 111 . As such, preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential utility of TGFβ blockade in preventing cachexia 112 .

Elevated levels of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1 and IL-6, can also have roles in cachexia 119 , 120 , 121 . TNF induces multiple aspects of cachexia 122 . Muscle wasting is promoted through increased TNF and downstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of muscle protein 123 , 124 . IL-6 triggers muscle loss through both NF-κB-dependent and JAK/STAT-dependent mechanisms 120 . Lipid metabolism is impacted by TNF reducing the expression of lipoprotein lipase and free fatty acid transporters, thereby reducing the accumulation of fat 125 . TNF can also reduce appetite through the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). IL-1, which triggers similar proximal changes in cell signalling to TNF, can activate many of the same processes 125 . It is also interesting to note that TGFβ, IL-1 and IL-6 are associated with programmes in cancer cells that drive metastasis, which could potentially explain why metastatic disease is linked to cachexia more strongly than the presence of primary disease alone.

Whole body dysfunction

Although consideration of different organ systems is useful for highlighting some of the key events contributing to cancer mortality, the interconnected nature of body systems and the pleiotropic characteristics of the molecular mediators at play mean that it is essential to consider whole body dysfunction when thinking about causes of cancer mortality. Furthermore, such analyses may explain cancer deaths without an acute proximal cause. As discussed earlier, cytokines with potent effects on the immune system, as well as effects on appetite, can be contributors to cachexia. Therefore, it is unsurprising that tumours impact both immune and metabolic function. The immune and nervous systems are highly sensitive to metabolite availability; for example, the brain has a high demand for glucose 108 , 126 . Several factors, including lactic acid production and kidney dysfunction, can lead to life-threatening systemic acidosis in patients with cancer, particularly haematological malignancies with high cell turnover 127 . These can be further exacerbated upon initiation of cytotoxic therapy resulting in tumour lysis syndrome which can be fatal 128 . Consequently, metabolic perturbations and cachexia impact these systems. Over time, the cumulative stress of metabolic alterations caused by metastases, chronic changes in the level of cytokines, constant generation of tumour (neo)-antigens, aggressive therapies and incidental infections lead to exhaustion of the adaptive immune system and hamper the regenerative capacity of many organ systems with debilitating effects 18 . This multifaceted burden can ultimately trigger a body-wide shutdown leading to death.

Are mortality causes cancer-specific?

Although a subset of mortality causes are cancer-specific, such as metastatic invasion compromising specific organ function, the progressive and interconnected deterioration of multiple organ systems probably underlies many cancer-related deaths. This may be further influenced by interaction with other comorbidities. Of note, similar progressive deterioration is sometimes observed in the context of chronic infection and inflammation, with both cachexia and immune exhaustion associated with diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection 129 , 130 , 131 . This raises the question of whether the causes of death in patients with cancer are specific to cancer, or whether cancer (or any other chronic disease) is simply an accelerant of ageing processes occurring in healthy individuals. This hypothesis has practical implications because, if proven, it would suggest that lessons and approaches from other disease contexts could be readily transferable to patients with metastatic cancer. For example, the targeting or modulation of senescent cells is an active area of anti-ageing research, and numerous preclinical studies have indicated that similar strategies can attenuate the systemic effects of cancer 132 , 133 , 134 .

Recommendations

One goal of this Roadmap is to propose ways to improve our understanding of why patients with cancer die and thereby develop better strategies to ameliorate symptoms and prolong life with good quality. To this end, we propose that the following steps would be useful (Fig. 2 ).

This scheme shows how recommendations can interlink to provide both an improved understanding of the underlying biology behind late-stage cancer and strategies to improve quality of life of patients.

Improved records and reporting

It is notable that systematic reviews of the precise causes of cancer mortality are infrequent. This gap in knowledge, and recognition that this is often simply not known, is a major hindrance to learning and progress. Although improved accuracy of reporting on death certificates would be desirable, it would require a shift in longstanding clinical habits and may not be easily achievable in health-care systems under strain. Nonetheless, we advocate for locally enacting more consistency in death certificates, with specific acute causes included in addition to the underlying cause of cancer where known. Palliative care primarily focuses on symptom control for patients while balancing the potential benefits and burdens of additional diagnoses. Nevertheless, to address the gaps in our knowledge, it would be desirable to fund and establish prospective studies that continue active monitoring of patients as they transition from active disease treatment to palliative care. If possible, monitoring should be non-invasive as to not compromise patient comfort at the end of life. The great advances being made in patient monitoring with wearable technologies might facilitate this and could be used for earlier detection of infections enabling quicker intervention. Caregiver involvement in reporting of symptoms may also play a role. Furthermore, consent to obtain more detailed information from the community and palliative care teams on the contributing factors to death would provide further insight. Patient and public engagement in this type of research will be critical, with studies indicating patient desire to participate in the right context 135 , 136 . In addition to information gathered before death, research autopsies have the potential to shed further light on the aetiology of death, such as thromboembolic events that may not have been detected in the absence of symptoms or diagnostic testing — discussed in Box 2 . Moreover, the availability of post-mortem samples can aid research into the biological underpinnings of metastases and processes leading to death. The greatest amount of information would be gained from cohorts additionally enrolled into warm autopsy programmes (Box 2 ).

Box 2 Research Autopsy Programmes and their optimization

Research autopsies are initiatives that involve the prompt collection of tissues from deceased individuals shortly after death, whereas tissue morphology is intact, and cells and tissues have not undergone substantial post-mortem changes. Research autopsy studies can be labour-intensive, and care is required in their logistical planning. The post-mortem interval (PMI) to autopsy can vary depending on the infrastructure available and can have implications for the utility of samples collected after death. For example, shorter PMIs achieved in rapid warm autopsy studies can more effectively facilitate in vitro (for example, cell line) and in vivo (for example, organoid and xenograft) models and can derive better quality RNA 157 , 158 . However, such studies are not easily established in the absence of out-of-hours facilities and expert input. Autopsies performed with longer PMIs, for example, up to several days after death, have been shown to have maintained tissue morphology and adequate DNA and RNA to facilitate cellular imaging techniques and genomic sequencing approaches 159 , 160 . Therefore, there is merit and general scientific value with autopsies regardless of the PMI, provided that consideration is given to the question being addressed, and the experimental approach.

The most powerful data are obtained from patients already involved in clinical studies before death. Information about disease course, longitudinal scans and tissue and blood analysis (cell counts, electrolytes, cytokines, metabolites and possibly circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)) greatly enhances what can be learnt from post-mortem tissues. However, sensitivity is required to align the desire to acquire data with the wishes of the patients and their families, such that ultimately each autopsy has the potential to be meaningful and shed light on the biological processes leading to death.

More detailed observational clinical studies

Disease burden is not well correlated with survival; however, we propose that the accurate identification of prognostic factors correlating with survival should provide important insights into what ultimately precipitates mortality. As the cost of both targeted and non-targeted analyses of proteins and metabolites decreases, it should also become more feasible to explore molecular predictors of survival. Once identified, such factors could then be monitored in a targeted way prospectively with the potential to intervene where possible. In this setting, both the tumour and patient trajectory would receive precision-tailored treatments, the impact of which would need to be studied in randomized controlled trials. Even in the context of early phase trials, additional data could be obtained about patient symptoms in addition to safety considerations and tumour burden. Clinical imaging could also be exploited. Many patients receive computed tomography (CT) and positron-emission tomography (PET) scans, which contain abundant information about the burden and location of metastases and offer the opportunity to study changes in extent of adipose and muscle tissue and therefore body composition in relation to cachexia. Machine learning and artificial intelligence can be capitalized on to accurately measure these parameters, meaning that what would have previously been prohibitive owing to hours of radiologist time being required is now feasible 137 , 138 . In addition to the analysis of scans, the application of machine-learning approaches to metabolite, cytokine, immune cell and wearable technology-derived multimodal and multidimensional data may also uncover previously unknown parameters that correlate with mortality 139 . As outlined in Box 1 , incorporating psychosocial metrics into the study of late-stage cancer could also enable improvements in mental well-being of patients.

Increasing the relevance of model systems

Preclinical models will also have a place in determining the linkage between events found to precede death and cause of death; however, there should be an emphasis on reverse translation of questions from human studies to preclinical models. By way of example, this could involve modelling how metastases impinge on the ability of the body to respond to infection by challenging metastatic mouse models with a pathogen. Animal ethics and husbandry considerations mean that mice are housed in controlled environments in which exposure to pathogens is rare and the types of pathogen exposure are very narrow, so this type of information is currently lacking. To be optimally informative, practical and ethical complications around studying end-of-life physiology seen in patients need to be considered. Most models are chosen for their rapid progression, often with less than a month between primary or metastatic tumour seeding and death. These are not optimal for studying longer timescale chronic changes in patients. The development of slower progressing models, implementation of multiple lines of treatment and mimicking presence of other comorbidities should enable models to more accurately recapitulate observations made in patients. Furthermore, most preclinical cancer research currently uses young mice that fail to accurately mirror the interplay between ageing and cancer seen in humans 140 , with differences between chronological and immunological age providing a further confounding factor 141 . Researchers need to recognize the importance of and adopt more age-appropriate mouse models to better understand cancer mortality. In addition, most studies focus solely on tumour burden (which may only be possible at the point of death rather than longitudinally) or tumour size as a marker of disease, owing to the technical challenges of accurately quantifying organ impairment. Furthermore, tumour volume response and progression are poor surrogates of mortality in patients 142 ; therefore, better modelling of other metrics of tumour activity and impact on the body system may lead to better drug development. Minimizing and alleviating suffering in experimental animals is critical; hence ethical considerations limit the ability to study mortality in mice. Therefore, an expanded repertoire of analysis would help to understand how metastases impact specific systems and events, including the haematopoietic and nervous systems, as well as whole-body physiology and metabolism. Analysis of small volumes of blood can provide data on metabolites and cytokines, as well as complete blood counts (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), whereas increasingly sophisticated and automated technology is available to monitor mouse behaviour 143 . It is worth noting that weight loss is frequently used as a humane end point, which indicates that many cancer models trigger cachexia and that with appropriate measurements there is an opportunity to learn more about this phenomenon in existing models. We advocate more detailed reporting of why mice were culled in experimental studies — for example, tumour volume, weight loss, laboured breathing, complete blood cell counts and blood chemistry.

Clinical trials

The types of analyses detailed earlier will provide correlation between different factors and mortality, but not causative linkage. Ultimately, this information depends on testing in the context of clinical trials. Many of the mediators of immune dysfunction and cachexia can now be targeted with function blocking antibodies or forms of receptor traps and are being actively explored in clinical trials 115 , 144 . Several of these interventions were originally developed for chronic inflammatory conditions, which further highlights links between cancer and inflammation. The use of appropriately chosen secondary end points would provide an opportunity for testing whether correlative associations have a causal basis. In addition, many cancer drug trials stop providing an intervention at the point where a cancer progresses. The mechanisms behind cancer cachexia suggest that trials should be adapted to additionally consider clinical benefit in terms of weight, muscle loss and other specific determinants of efficacy, rather than solely monitor cancer progression.

Concluding remarks

Although efforts at cancer prevention and the development of curative treatment rightly receive considerable attention, we argue that understanding the precise events leading to cancer mortality should not be overlooked by funding bodies. Understanding the causes of dysfunction across multiple organ systems may provide novel strategies to manage symptoms of advanced cancer. Furthermore, better knowledge of the processes leading to death could enable patients and those around them to have essential discussions about their wishes and preferences, minimizing potentially inappropriate treatments and maximizing quality and enjoyment of life. In addition, more precise biomarkers of the likely timing of death may enable patients and their families to better utilize the time that is left. In the longer term, strategies to prevent organ dysfunction should offer considerable benefits to both patients with high tumour burden and those who have low disease burden but die from factors produced by cancer.

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Acknowledgements

A.B. is funded by National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute P30 CA008748 and R01-CA245499. K.B. is employed by the UK National Health Service. T.R.C. acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Ideas (2000937), Project (1129766, 1140125), Development (2013881) and Fellowship (1158590) schemes, a Cancer Institute NSW Career Development Fellowship (CDF171105), Cancer Council NSW project support (RG19-09, RG23-11) and Susan G. Komen for the Cure (CCR17483294). T.G. is funded by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Grant 00011633. M.J.-H. has received funding from CRUK, NIH National Cancer Institute, IASLC International Lung Cancer Foundation, Lung Cancer Research Foundation, Rosetrees Trust, UKI NETs and NIHR. T.J. acknowledges funding from Cancer Grand Challenges (NIH: 1OT2CA278690-01; CRUK: CGCATF-2021/100019), the Mark Foundation for Cancer Research (20-028-EDV), the Osprey Foundation, Fortune Footwear, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory (CSHL) and developmental funds from CSHL Cancer Center Support Grant 5P30CA045508. R.K. is funded by the Intramural Research Program, the National Cancer Institute, NIH Clinical Center and the National Institutes of Health (NIH NCI ZIABC011332-06 and NIH NCI ZIABC011334-10). R.L. is supported by a Wellcome Early Career Investigator Award (225724/Z/22/Z). E.S. is supported by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (CC2040), the UK Medical Research Council (CC2040) and the Wellcome Trust (CC2040) and the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant CAN_ORGANISE, Grant agreement number 101019366). E.S. reports personal grants from Mark Foundation and the European Research Council. C.S. is a Royal Society Napier Research Professor (RSRP\R\210001). His work is supported by the Francis Crick Institute that receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (CC2041), the UK Medical Research Council (CC2041) and the Wellcome Trust (CC2041) and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Advanced Grant PROTEUS Grant agreement number 835297). M.G.V.H. reports support from the Lustgarten Foundation, the MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, the Ludwig Center at MIT and NIH grants R35 CA242379 and P30 CA1405141.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Adrienne Boire, Katy Burke, Thomas R. Cox, Theresa Guise, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani, Tobias Janowitz, Rosandra Kaplan, Rebecca Lee, Charles Swanton, Matthew G. Vander Heiden, Erik Sahai.

Authors and Affiliations

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Adrienne Boire

University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust Palliative Care Team, London, UK

Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

Thomas R. Cox

School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Theresa Guise

Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK

Mariam Jamal-Hanjani

Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK

Mariam Jamal-Hanjani & Charles Swanton

Cancer Research UK Lung Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK

Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbour, New York, NY, USA

Tobias Janowitz

Northwell Health Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA

Paediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Rosandra Kaplan

Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK

Rebecca Lee & Erik Sahai

Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Rebecca Lee

Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK

Charles Swanton

Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Matthew G. Vander Heiden

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA

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Contributions

All authors researched data for the article. A.B., K.B., T.R.C., T.G., T.J., C.S., M.G.V.H, R.K., M.J.-H. and E.S. contributed substantially to discussion of the content. T.C., R.L. and E.S. wrote the article. All authors reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Thomas R. Cox or Erik Sahai .

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Competing interests.

A.B. is an inventor on pending patents 63/449,817, 63/052,139 as well as awarded patents 11,305,014 and 10,413,522; all issued to the Sloan Kettering Institute. She has received personal fees from Apelis Pharmaceuticals and serves as an unpaid member of the Evren Technologies SAB. K.B., T.R.C., T.G., T.J. and R.K. declare no competing interests. M.J.-H. reports support from Achilles Therapeutics Scientific Advisory Board and Steering Committee, Pfizer, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Oslo Cancer Cluster and Bristol Myers Squibb outside the submitted work. R.L. reports personal fees from Pierre Fabre and has research funding from BMS, Astra Zeneca and Pierre Fabre outside the submitted work. E.S. reports grants from Novartis, Merck Sharp Dohme, AstraZeneca and personal fees from Phenomic outside the submitted work. C.S. reports grants and personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Roche-Ventana, personal fees from Pfizer, grants from Ono Pharmaceutical, Personalis, grants, personal fees and other support from GRAIL, other support from AstraZeneca and GRAIL, personal fees and other support from Achilles Therapeutics, Bicycle Therapeutics, personal fees from Genentech, Medixci, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CiCoR) formerly Roche Innovation Centre, Metabomed, Relay Therapeutics, Saga Diagnostics, Sarah Canon Research Institute, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, Illumina, MSD, Novartis, other support from Apogen Biotechnologies and Epic Bioscience outside the submitted work; in addition, C.S. has a patent for PCT/US2017/028013 licensed to Natera Inc., UCL Business, a patent for PCT/EP2016/059401 licensed to Cancer Research Technology, a patent for PCT/EP2016/071471 issued to Cancer Research Technology, a patent for PCT/GB2018/051912 pending, a patent for PCT/GB2018/052004 issued to Francis Crick Institute, University College London, Cancer Research Technology Ltd, a patent for PCT/GB2020/050221 issued to Francis Crick Institute, University College London, a patent for PCT/EP2022/077987 pending to Cancer Research Technology, a patent for PCT/GB2017/053289 licensed, a patent for PCT/EP2022/077987 pending to Francis Crick Institute, a patent for PCT/EP2023/059039 pending to Francis Crick Institute and a patent for PCT/GB2018/051892 pending to Francis Crick Institute. C.S. is Co-chief Investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL. He is Chief Investigator for the AstraZeneca MeRmaiD I and II clinical trials and Chair of the Steering Committee. C.S. is cofounder of Achilles Therapeutics and holds stock options. M.G.V.H. is a scientific adviser for Agios Pharmaceuticals, iTeos Therapeutics, Sage Therapeutics, Faeth Therapeutics, Droia Ventures and Auron Therapeutics on topics unrelated to the presented work.

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Nature Reviews Cancer thanks Vickie Baracos, Clare M. Isacke, who co-reviewed with Amanda Fitzpatrick and Erica Sloan and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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An autoimmune encephalitis characterized by complex neuropsychiatric features and the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptors in the central nervous system.

Partial collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung.

Pressure-induced movement of brain tissue.

An ageing-associated process in which haematopoiesis becomes dominated by one or a small number of genetically distinct stem or progenitor cells. Clonal haematopoiesis is linked to an increased risk of haematological malignancies.

Inability of the heart to pump blood properly.

Constriction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

(CRH). One of the major factors that drives the response of the body to stress.

(DIC). A rare but serious condition in which abnormal blood clotting occurs throughout the blood vessels of the body.

Inflammation of the brain.

An abnormal connection that forms between two body parts, such as an organ or blood vessel and another often unrelated structure in close proximity.

A rare disorder in which the immune system of a body attacks the nerves, which can lead to paralysis.

The stopping of flow of blood, typically associated with the bodies response to prevent and stop bleeding.

A build-up of fluid within the cavities of the brain.

Elevated calcium levels in the blood, often caused by overactive parathyroid glands. Hypercalcaemia is linked to kidney stones, weakened bones, altered digestion and potentially altered cardiac and brain function.

(HPD). Rapid tumour progression sometimes observed during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment.

The condition that occurs when the level of sodium in the blood is low.

Harm, which is often unavoidable, caused by cancer treatments.

The marked suppression of polyclonal immunoglobulins in the body.

(LEMS). A neuromuscular junction disorder affecting communication between nerves and muscles, which manifests as a result of a paraneoplastic syndrome or a primary autoimmune disorder. Many cases are associated with small-cell lung cancer.

When cancer cells spread to the tissue layers covering the brain and spinal cord (the leptomeninges).

Also known as pulmonary oedema is a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the alveoli compromising function and making it difficult to breathe.

The observation of displacement of brain tissue across the centre line of the brain, suggestive of uneven intracranial pressure.

Decreased blood flow to the myocardium, commonly called a heart attack.

Inflammation specifically of the middle layer of the heart wall.

A group of rare disorders that occur when the immune system reacts to changes in the body triggered by the presence of a neoplasm.

A dense network of nerves that transmit information from the brain (efferent neurons) to the periphery and conversely transmit information from the periphery to the brain (afferent neurons). A component of the peripheral nervous system is the autonomic nervous system.

A build-up of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest wall.

A condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function.

The lodging of a circulating blood clot within a vessel leading to obstruction. Thromboembolisms may occur in veins (venous thromboembolism) and arteries (arterial thromboembolism).

A key component of the pathway regulating blood clotting, specifically the receptor and cofactor for factor VII/VIIa.

A syndrome occurs when tumour cells release their contents into the bloodstream, either spontaneously or more typically, in response to therapeutic intervention.

Devices worn on the body, typically in the form of accessories or clothing, that incorporate advanced electronics and technology to monitor, track or enhance various aspects of human life. Examples include smartwatches and fitness trackers.

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Boire, A., Burke, K., Cox, T.R. et al. Why do patients with cancer die?. Nat Rev Cancer 24 , 578–589 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00708-4

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Published : 19 June 2024

Issue Date : August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00708-4

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