endangered species in india essay

Essay on Endangered Species in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Endangered Species in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Endangered Species in India

Introduction.

Endangered species are those facing the risk of extinction. India, with its diverse ecosystems, is home to many such species.

Reasons for Endangerment

Endangered species in india.

India hosts many endangered species like the Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Indian Rhinoceros, and Great Indian Bustard. Their numbers are dwindling due to human activities.

Conservation Efforts

India has established protected areas and launched projects like Project Tiger to conserve these species. However, more efforts are needed for their survival.

250 Words Essay on Endangered Species in India

Threats to wildlife.

The primary threats to wildlife in India include habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization, poaching, and climate change. These factors have resulted in a dramatic decline in the population of many species, pushing them towards extinction.

Endangered Species

Species like the Bengal Tiger, Indian Rhinoceros, and Asiatic Lion are on the brink of extinction. The Great Indian Bustard, one of the world’s heaviest flying birds, is critically endangered with fewer than 150 individuals remaining. The Ganges River Dolphin, India’s national aquatic animal, is also in danger due to pollution and dam construction.

India has taken several steps to conserve its biodiversity. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Project Tiger, and Project Elephant are notable initiatives. Moreover, the establishment of numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries has provided safe havens for these species.

While the efforts to conserve endangered species in India are commendable, much more needs to be done. It is crucial to balance development with conservation, ensuring that the rich biodiversity of India is preserved for future generations. The survival of these species is not just a matter of national pride, but also an ecological necessity.

500 Words Essay on Endangered Species in India

Endangered species are those at risk of extinction due to a rapid decrease in their population or a loss of their critical habitat. India, with its diverse ecosystems ranging from the Himalayas in the north to the evergreen rain-forests of the south, the desert sands of the west to the marshy mangroves of the east, is home to numerous species, many of which are endangered.

Causes of Endangerment

Notable endangered species.

The Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Indian Rhinoceros, Great Indian Bustard, and the Ganges River Dolphin are among the critically endangered species in India. Each of these species is a symbol of the rich biodiversity of India, and their potential loss would not only be a biological disaster but also a blow to the country’s natural heritage.

India has taken significant steps towards the conservation of its endangered species. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 provides for the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants. The Act also empowers the Central and State governments to declare any area a wildlife sanctuary, national park, or closed area. Additionally, India is a signatory to various international conventions aimed at biodiversity conservation, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and the Ramsar Convention.

The Way Forward

It is also essential to raise public awareness about the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of species extinction. This can be achieved through education and outreach programs, which can foster a sense of responsibility towards the environment and motivate individuals to participate in conservation efforts.

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10 of the Most Endangered Species in India in 2024

In the past 50 years, the planet has experienced rapid growth of human population , development, and urbanisation, deforesting hundreds of million acres of forests across the globe along the way. As a result, wildlife is losing more habitats and food by the day. According to a 2020 analysis, the sixth mass extinction of wildlife on Earth is accelerating with more than 500 species of land animals on the brink of extinction that will likely be lost within the next two decades. As India is one of the most densely populated countries in the world,  it comes as no surprise that human activity and land development are increasing rapidly. These are just 10 endangered species in India that are under threat and urgently need protecting. 

10 Endangered Species in India  

1. bengal tiger.

Bengal tigers account for about half of the world’s total tiger population, 70% of which can be found living in India. Though this big cat is an adaptable animal that can live in various habitats including forests, mangroves and wetlands, and has the ability to cope with hot or cold temperatures, Bengal tiger populations have plummeted over the years. The animal has been endangered following decades of persistent poaching for its skin and body parts, trophy hunting, and severely reduced habitat from urban development. The species now live in just 7% of their historical habitat range , with fewer than 2,000 individuals left in the wild. In a densely populated country like India, human-wildlife conflict is also a contributing factor to its dwindling numbers. 

2. Asiatic Lion

The Asiatic lion is about 10-20% smaller than its African cousins with a larger tail tuft and a distinct belly fold. As the name suggests, the Asiatic Lion was historically native across south-west Asia to eastern India . But now, the species’ entire population can only be found in India and restricted to the Gir National Park and environs in Gujarat. Listed as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) since 2010, the Asiatic lion only has about 500-650 individuals left in the country. While the animal is mostly confined to the Gir Forest, many farmers still use crude and illegal electrical fences to protect their crops where lions often get caught up in it. Likewise, nearly 20,000 open wells dug by farmers in the area for irrigation have led to many accidental drownings of lions.

3. Snow Leopard

Much like the Asiatic Lion, snow leopards used to have much larger habitats and prowled across the mountain ranges of Asia. Now, they can only be found in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the western and eastern parts of the Himalayas, with population numbers down to about 500 in India. Unsurprisingly, this drop is the result of human interference, namely animal poaching for its pelt and body parts, and a rapid decline of prey due to increasing domestic livestock , which depletes the high altitude pasture lands. Conflicts between remote communities and snow leopards have also been a threat to the species, as well as hydroelectric and mining projects, which reduces the leopard’s natural habitat. As female snow leopards tend to produce only one to two cubs once every two years, it also makes it harder for the species to recover its numbers. 

4. One-horned Rhinoceros

Also known as the Indian rhinoceros, this animal is mostly found in India and the foothills of Himalayas. One-horned rhinoceros has been heavily targeted for their horns for decades, which allegedly have medicinal properties, and killed as agricultural pests. The population is also impacted by frequent flooding seasons , forcing rhinos to move to higher ground and outside of national parks, increasing risks of human-wildlife conflicts. These factors have consequently driven the population to near extinction at the start of the 20th century, dropping down to as little as 200 animals. But with the help of strict and targeted conservation measures, current population numbers have risen back up to around 3,700 in northeastern India and the Terai grasslands of Nepal, making it “one of the most successful conservation efforts in history”.

5. Blackbuck

Due to severe poaching – hunted especially in the princely states of India for their pelts – and habitat loss, the blackbuck, or Indian antelope, is now one of the most endangered species in India. In 1947, there were around 80,000 blackbucks. But that number had fallen to 8,000 in less than 20 years. Despite conservation efforts that help population numbers go back up to around 25,000, factors such as preying stray dogs – which India has one of the highest rates of – pesticides and moving vehicles all continuing threats to the species. You can find blackbucks in small herds in open grasslands, dry scrub areas, and thinly forested areas across India, and have been introduced in Argentina and the United States to help increase their numbers. 

You might also like: 10 of the Most Endangered Species in the US

6. Lion-tailed Macaque

Endemic to the small and severely fragmented rainforests of Western Ghats of South India, the lion-tailed macaque is a recognisable monkey identifiable by its silver-white mane that surrounds its head. Estimates place the total wild population of the macaque around 4,000 individuals, and is projected to decline more than 20% in the next 25 years should threats like hunting, roadkills and habitat loss persist. These rare primates are mostly shy and tend to remain in the upper canopies of rainforest, which continues to dwindle due to deforestation and land clearing. The species’ easy access to human food is also changing their behaviours, driving the animal to spend less time foraging for food. 

7. Resplendent Tree Frog 

This mysterious frog species was only discovered in 2010 at the highest peak of the Western Ghats, and has a striking orange hue and several big glands covering its body surface. The resplendent tree frog is so rare that they can only be found in the Anamudi summit in Kerala within the Eravikulam National Park. Scientists estimate that there are only about 300 remaining animals and recommend top-priority conservation for this species. 

8. Kashmiri Red Stag

The Kashmiri red stag has been listed as a critically endangered species by the IUCN for decades and is among the top 15 species of high conservation priority by the Indian Government. As a result, the species is now largely restricted within a 141 sq km area in Dachigam National Park. In the early 1990s, the number of red stags was estimated to be around 5,000 but dramatically decreased to about 150 in 1970, and around 110-130 in 2015. Habitat fragmentation , land encroachment for grazing, and very low fawn-female ratio are attributed to be the main causes behind red stag’s population decline. Many ongoing conservation drives are attempting to tackle these issues to help protect this critically endangered species in India. 

9. Nilgiri Tahr

This endangered mountain goat species only has about 2,500-3,000 individuals remaining in the wild. Much like the other animals are on the list, wildlife poaching and habitat loss has led the nilgiri tahr to be contained within the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, covering less than 10% of their former range. But for these mountain goats, climate change is expected to be an even bigger threat. The animal lives in high-altitude mountainous grasslands and rocky cliffs of the Western Ghats, and is projected to become unsuitable habitats for the goats as global surface temperatures rise.

10. Indian Bison (Gaur)

The largest and tallest in the family of wild cattle, the Indian bison is an animal native to South Asia and South-East Asia but one that is severely threatened by wildlife poaching (for its meat, horns and medicinal products), shrinking habitats and food scarcity from the destruction of grasslands. Famously the inspiration behind the branding of the popular energy drink, Red Bull, the bison has unfortunately lost more than 70% of its population in many parts of their range. The gaur is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN and is protected by India’s 1972 Wild Life Protection Act, which calls for the reintroduction of native plants and regulation of indiscriminate cattle grazing around areas where the gaurs roam.

You might also like: 12 of the Most Endangered Animals in the World

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24 Endangered Species of India

Prof. Daizy Batish

1.      Learning outcomes

• Endangered plant species of India Endangered Animal species of India
• Reasons for species becoming endangered Factors affecting endangered species
• International and National efforts to protect endangered species National Conservation Plan

Introduction

In previous modules we have learnt about endemism. In this module we will study about Endangered Species of India.

Endangered species

A plant, animal or microorganism that is in immediate risk of biological extinction is called “endangered species” or “threatened species”. In other words, these are those species whose life is under risk or threat and which are about to be extinct. These species which was native to a region and their population strength has reduced from 50 per cent to 5 per cent, such species are known as endangered species. Many factors are responsible for this which may be natural or man-made.

Endangered plant species of India

The flora of India is one of the richest in the world due to the country’s wide range of climate, topology, and environment. There are over 15,000 species of flowering plants in India which account for 6% of all plant species in the world. Many plant species are being destroyed, however, due to their prevalent removal. Roughly 1/4 of all plant species in the world are at  risk of being endangered or going extinct. The combination of global warming and habitat destruction is the sole reason for the disappearance of many plants. Though there are thousands of interesting and unusual plants, here are some common plants which have become rare and endangered species in the past 30 years due to habitat destruction. The combination of global warming and habitat destruction is the sole reason for the disappearance of many plants from earth’s face. Though there are thousands of interesting, and unusual plants are there here are some common plants which we have seen thirty years back have become rare and endangered species. The examples of some endangered plant species were represented in the Table 1.

Endangered Animal species of India

India, a megadiverse country with only 2.4% of the world’s land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species, including over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals. Being one of the 17 identified megadiverse countries; India has 10 biogeographic zones and is home to 8.58% of the mammalian species documented so far, with the corresponding figures for avian species being 13.66%, for reptiles 7.91%, for amphibians 4.66%, for fishes 11.72% and for plants 11.80%. Four of the 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots, namely the Himalaya, Indo-Burma, the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Sundaland, are represented in India. India, with only about 2.4% of world’s total land surface, it is known to have over 6.7% of the animal species that the world holds. This percentage represents nearly 96,373 known species, including 63,423 insect species. In India, 450 plant species have been identified as endangered species. 100 mammals and 150 birds are estimated to be endangered.

Figure 1. Representing the total numbers of endemic and threatened endemic species of India. Source: IUCN (2013)

Reasons for species becoming endangered

In India, 450 plant species have been identified as endangered species. 100 mammals and 150 birds are estimated to be endangered. India’s biodiversity is threatened primarily due to:

i) Habitat destruction

ii) Degradation and

iii) Over exploitation of resources

Factors affecting endangered species

Human beings dispose wastes indiscriminately in nature thereby polluting the air, land and water. These pollutants enter the food chain and accumulate in living creatures resulting in death.

Over-exploitation of natural resources and poaching of wild animals also leads to their extinction.

Climate change brought about by accumulation of green houses gases in the atmosphere. Climate change threatens organisms and ecosystems and they cannot adjust to the changing environmental conditions leading to their death and extinction.

Endangered animals of India

The world is filled with endangered species of animals, many of which can be found in India. While some of these species are critically endangered, some are near threatened and some are even extinct. There are some species that are left in such few numbers that your next generation may not be able to ever see them, if nothing is done for their conservation. While we hope that more efforts are taken to conserve these species, here’s a list of some endangered animals that you can find in different parts of India.

International and National efforts to protect endangered species

International efforts

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): An international treaty to help protect endangered wildlife. This treaty is now signed by 160 countries .CITES lists 900 species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products as they are in range of extinction. CITES restricts trade of 2900 other species as they are endangered.

National efforts

Various organizations deal with the protection of endangered species of India these are:

a)  Wildlife protection society of India (WPSI): It is a registered non-profit organization funded by a wide range of Indian and international donors. The society’s  board  members include leading conversationalists and business people. It was founded in 1994 by Belinda Wright, its executive director, who was an award-winning wildlife photographer and filmmaker till she took up the cause of conservation. WPSI main aim has been to bring a new focus to the daunting task of tackling India’s growing wildlife crisis. It does this by providing support and information to government authorities to combat poaching and the escalating illegal wildlife trade particularly in wild tigers.

b)  Wildlife trust of India (WTI): Non-profit organization set up to prevent destruction of India’s wildlife, especially endangered species (tigers, elephants, rhinos) & threatened habitats; aids research & projects, educates public, acquires land for wildlife conservation.

c)  Wildlife Conservation Society: Indian programme of the global wildlife society that focuses on endangered mega fauna in protected reserves; focuses on studying tigers, leopards, & their ungulate & primate prey species.

d)  Wildlife Institute of India (WII): It was established in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India in 1982 with an aim to provide training and courses, and promote wildlife research and management. WII is actively involved in research of biodiversity and major wildlife issues in India.

e) Wildlife Conservation Trust (WCT): It works to protect the vulnerable animals and biodiversity of India through spreading awareness across forest departments and NGOs. WCT even trains individuals for wildlife conservation.

f) Conservation India (CI): It is a non-profit, non-commercial portal which is working in order to promote strategies for wildlife conservation. CI believes in working on ground rather than simply speaking about wildlife conservation.

g)  People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA): PETA, India has been functional in Mumbai since 2000. It works to survey the segments of society where animals are poorly treated, like in food or leather industries, entertainment industry. etc. PETA, India is known for spreading public awareness, triggering animal rescue missions and  legislative work, but most importantly for improving and saving the lives of innocent animals.

h) Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF): works in varied animal habitats, including that of coral reefs, tropical rainforests and as far as the Himalayas. NCF works to know the fundamental needs of elephants, snow leopards and even spiders and corals. NCF even conducts research in order to address the impact of commercial usage and its effects on ecology.

i) Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS) : It was established in 1984 in Bengaluru with an aim to promote conservation of the tiger and other large mammals, along with equal emphasis for ecology through collaboration with State and Central Governments. Today, CWS is an internationally known institute for excellence in the field of wildlife research and conservation.

j) The Corbett Foundation: The Corbett Foundation involves actions taken by passionate men and women who wish to protect wildlife and bring forth harmony. This Foundation raises funds, conserves various ecosystems, draws the government’s attention towards major wildlife issues and promotes wildlife research projects. This foundation works for protection of other regions such as Bandhavgarh, Kutch and Kanha as well.

k) Bombay Natural History Society: Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), established in 1883, is associated with wildlife research and conservation in India for over 130 years. BNHS mainly focuses on research, education and public awareness about wildlife and nature.

National Conservation Plan

For the conservation of various endangered species several projects has been initiated. The list of various is given below:

a) Vulture Conservation: Because of a serious decline in the population of the main species of vulture, a series of meetings and seminars are being held in India in order to  address the need for vulture conservation. The National Workshop held in New Delhi in 2004, for the same cause was attended by Chief Wildlife Wardens, BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society), SACON (Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore), GEER (Gujarat Ecological and Education Research Foundation, Gandhinagar), Department of Animal Husbandry.

b)  GOI – UNDP Sea Turtle Project: Executed by Ministry of Environment along with Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, The Government of India- UNDP Sea Turtle Project works to protect sea turtles. Launched in 1999, this project carries out rigorous surveys along the coastal areas, checks the community and legal conservation, creates awareness, gathers information about main nesting areas and also provides training to fisheries managers, researchers and biologists.

c)  Crocodile Conservation Project: It was launched in 1976; the main objective of this project is to protect the three most endangered species of crocodile: the fresh water crocodile, gharials and salt water crocodiles. The Crocodile Conservation Project undertakes captive breeding of various species of crocodiles, looks after the hatching and rearing of gharials in order to decrease the mortality rate of crocodiles. Under Gharial Rehabilitation Project, about 200 gharials were sheltered and consequently released in the Ramganga River in Corbett National Park.

d)  Project Elephant: It was initiated by the Government of India in 1992 as a centrally sponsored scheme, the main objective of Project Elephant is to conserve elephants, their habitat, work for issues such as human-elephant conflict and look after the welfare of domestic elephants.  

e)  Project Tiger: Project Tiger is a scheme centrally sponsored by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. This scheme covers around 47 tiger reserves located across more than 17 regions populated with tigers. Project Tiger mainly focuses on conducting assessments of number of tigers, their habitat, hunting habits, etc. All these activities are sanctioned by the Tiger Task Force.

f) Indian Rhino Vision 2020: India Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 is an effort of pact made by the Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF (World Wildlife Fund), IRF (International Rhino Fund) and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The main objective of IRV is to conserve at least 3000 greater one-horned rhinos in Assam, India by 2020.

Laws and Acts

In India, various laws were made to protect plants and animal species these were followings:

• i) Indian Forest act, 1927
• ii) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
• iii) Forest (conservation) Act, 1981
• iv) Environment protection Act, 1986
• v) The biological diversity Act, 2002

A detailed account of these Acts is given in paper 13 (Environmental Laws and Policies)

• https://owlcation.com/stem/Rare-and-Endangered-plants-of-India.
• https://www.slideshare.net/Zareen15/endangered-and-threatened-plants-and-animals. Conservation International: www.conservation.org; www.cepf.net.
• IUCN (2013) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland (http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics).

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On the occasion of World Environment Day, celebrated on 5th June, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) presents a story on wildlife crime in India.

India: Our endangered wildlife - a cause for concern

India is a bio-diverse country, with nearly 6.5% of the world's known wildlife species. Approximately, 7.6% of the world's mammals and 12.6% of the world's birds are found in India.  The illicit  demand, globally,  for wildlife and its products has seen the rise of wildlife crime across the subcontinent.

As defined by the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC), wildlife crime refers to acts committed contrary to national laws and regulations intended to protect natural resources and to administer their management and use. This includes the illicit exploitation of natural resources, such as poaching of animals and unauthorized logging of trees. It may also include subsequent acts, such as the processing of fauna and flora into products, their transportation, sale and possession.

The UNODC is mandated to support its member states fight wildlife crime. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is an important instrument providing the necessary legal framework for international cooperation in combating wildlife crime.

In India, wildlife crime is a pervasive problem damaging ecosystems, impacting food security and affecting livelihoods of rural communities. In many cases, cross-border smuggling of live animals and plants can result in the spread of disease through carrier animals and plants.

Major wildlife crime in India includes poaching of tigers, rhinos and the sale of Star tortoises. Tigers are an endangered species, poached for their skin and bones to cater to an illegal market. Their body parts are used in Asian medicines and tiger claws are used in jewellery. Tiger whiskers are considered a dreadful poison in Malaysia and a powerful aphrodisiac in Indonesia.

Ancient trade routes for salt, spices and wool are being used to smuggle tiger skins and bones.   These illegal goods are sent to buyers based largely in northern India and are then smuggled out of the country through couriers. The main route is via Nepal, with whom India has a porous border, or directly across the border to China. More recently, routes through Myanmar have also been used.

Apart from tigers, India is also witnessing a rise in wildlife crime against Rhinoceros. Driven by a soaring demand for their horn, hundreds of rhinos are being killed, illegally. According to a report 1 by TRAFFIC and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), sophisticated poachers are using veterinary drugs, poison, cross bows and high calibre weapons to kill rhinos.

It is not only large mammals, but also smaller species that are under threat. Star tortoises from South India are illegally traded in huge numbers. Due to their popularity in Feng Shui, they are kept as pets, believed to bring prosperity and can cost as much as $500 in the illegal market. Many protected marine species such as sea cucumbers, molluscs, sea horses and coral are also illegally harvested in Indian waters for export.

In India, the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 is a strong legislation that covers wildlife crime. However, the implementation and enforcement needs to be strengthened in order to curb this transnational crime.

References:

• Traffic and IUCN Report

The UNODC would like to acknowledge the Wildlife Protection Society of India for their support.

Copyright © 2024   UNODC, All Rights Reserved, Legal Notice

People and Wildlife in India

India is home to endangered wildlife like the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ), tiger ( Panthera tigris ), and leopard ( Panthera pardus ) and approximately 1.4 billion people. Use this set of ideas to engage your classroom in learning about biodiversity and conservation challenges and efforts in India.

Biology, Ecology, Geography, Human Geography

India is a country in South Asia with a rich cultural and natural heritage. It’s the seventh largest in the world, approximately 3.25 million sq.km, and is known for its diverse range of climates and landscapes from the Himalaya in the north to the spice fields and biodiverse-rich tropical forests in the south. It’s also home to iconic, yet endangered wildlife like the Asian elephant, tiger, and leopard. India’s population of 1.3 billion is expected to grow by 16 percent by 2030, and finding the balance between the needs of people and the rest of the environment will continue to be a challenge. Use this set of ideas to engage your classroom in learning about biodiversity and conservation challenges and efforts in India.

Exploring the Geography of India

Search for India in Google Earth and fly to this country. India is located in a geographically rich region of the world with many neighboring countries. Have students identify the number of countries that India shares a border with (the answer is six). Using the info cards that pop up on the top right of the screen, have students click Points of Interest in India and read about some of the places featured. Have students choose one to investigate further. They can click on the round blue icon on the info card to fly to this place and then click the text to pull up a page with more information. Students can make a list of five of the most interesting things they learned about the destination.

Exploring Protected Areas from the Air

Have students read the Google Earth Voyager story about National Geographic Explorer Krithi Karanth’s work in India. Then have students visit Anshi National Park in Google Earth, one of the locations where Krithi works.

Since one of the issues facing wildlife in the park is conflict with humans, have your students become investigators to study what signs of human settlement they can identify from the air. Students should look for signs of habitations such as houses and other structures, infrastructure such as roads or fences, and signs of farming; often you can identify crops planted in rows, or rectangular or polygonal shapes that are agricultural fields. Students can take screenshots of these to keep a catalog of examples.

Then lead a discussion with students to build on their findings. Ask: What issues might wildlife face when they come into contact with human settlements? What issues might humans face from wildlife living in the park? What are some possible ways of dealing with these issues that can work for humans and wildlife? You can go further by doing this activity on protecting wildlife or having students read more about Krithi’s work .

Urban Leopards

Have students visit the website for the IUCN Red List and search for “Leopard” (Leopard: panthera pardus ). Select “View on Map” to observe the range of where leopards can be found. You can have students read the encyclopedia entry on species range for more background. Then have students explore protected areas of India using Protected Planet, the interface for the World Database on Protected Areas. Ask them to compare the two maps and consider where the protected areas and leopard ranges intersect. Lead a class discussion about some of the issues humans and leopards might face, based on what students can learn from the maps. Then share this article and photo with students of a leopard at night in a neighborhood in Mumbai, India. Students can open National Geographic MapMaker and search for the place mentioned in the article (Sanjay Gandhi National Park) to explore it more.

Population Density in India

India is the most populated country in the world, but it is the seventh largest country on Earth in terms of size. Have your students open National Geographic MapMaker and explore this population density map to explore population density in India. Click on “Map Layer” to learn how high population density is depicted in blue and low population is depicted in yellow. Ask students to make geographic observations of where people live in India: What patterns can they observe (e.g., people seem to be concentrated on the coast and also near the borders with Nepal and Bangladesh)? Have students hypothesize why people live where they do: What factors affect where people live? Students can turn off the population density data by clicking on the icon in Map Layer that looks like an eye to explore the landscape and see what other geographic factors they can identify. Go further with the topic of population density using this activity or this encyclopedia entry on density.

Activity: Calculating Population Density

Encyclopedia Entry: Density

Biodiversity Hotspots

Have your students read this encyclopedia entry on biodiversity for background on biodiversity hotspots. Lead a discussion about the term “endemic species.” Ask: Where do you think you would find a lot of endemic species? In what types of environments? Why do you think studying endemic species is important? India includes parts of three areas that scientists consider to be biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats mountain range, the Himalaya mountain range, and the Indo-Burma region. Have students open a map of terrestrial biodiversity hotspots in National Geographic MapMaker and locate the three biodiversity hotspots in India. Students can write geographic descriptions of these areas. Then assign groups of students to different continents to look at other biodiversity hotspots around the world. Have the groups make geographic observations of what they see (for example, many biodiversity hotspots are on islands or include mountain ranges) and then come together as a class to compare.

Animal Adaptations

Snow leopards ( Panthera uncia ) are an endangered species found only in the mountains of Central Asia, including parts of northwestern India. Have students read background information on snow leopards and write a geographic question. Then have students visit the website for the IUCN Red List and search for “Snow Leopard”. Select “View on Map” to observe the geographic range of where they live. Students can observe and discuss what types of landscapes they live in and in which countries. Based on what students learn about the snow leopard habitat, lead a discussion on the types of adaptations that snow leopards have developed that make them uniquely fit for those habitats. Students should also revisit and answer the geographic question they developed. Students can read this encyclopedia entry on adaptation for more background on this topic. Then go further with adaptation with these activities.

• Activity: Arctic Adaptations
• Activity: Adaptations: Changes Through Time

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Endangered & Endemic Species in India

Endemism refers to the phenomenon in which certain plant and animal species are only found in a specific region of the world.

Animals or plants are considered to be endangered if there are only a few members of their species left in the wild, and if they are not properly protected, they will eventually become extinct. Endemism refers to the fact that a particular plant or animal species can only be found in a specific region of the planet. These as well will vanish from the globe if conservation efforts are not made. At the Rio+20 Earth Summit, the Red List of 2018 was made public for the first time. There are 132 endangered plant and animal species found here that are native to India.

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The  Asiatic Lion in Gir Forest National Park, the Sangai deer in Keibul Lamjao National Park, the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-Tailed Macaque in the Western Ghats of India are other instances.

The Great Indian Rhinoceros, the Critically Endangered Gharial, the Hoolock Gibbon, the Ganga River Dolphin, the Chinkara, the Blackbuck, the Saara hardwickii, the Indian Star Tortoise, the Indian Bison, the Assam Roofed Turtle, and the Mugger Crocodile are all native wild animals that live on the Indian subcontinent.

Endemic And Endangered Species

Species are said to be endemic when they are exclusive to a single location and cannot be found anywhere else on the planet. Kangaroos, for instance, are a native species that can only be found in Australia; they are not found anywhere else in the globe. The instances in which they have been found outside of their normal habitat are the result of humans releasing them when the animal was in human care.

In addition to these, there are a few species of marsupials that can only be found in Australia and the islands immediately to its north and south. One example of such a rare animal is the Tasmanian Tiger, which used to only exist in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. But that species no longer exists today.

It is possible for a species to become endemic to a certain region through a number of different mechanisms. Because of the changes that have taken place in its natural habitat, a population that was once widespread may have become extinct in one or more of its habitats. The shifts may have been caused by an increase in the number of predators, human activity, a change in climate, or some combination of these three variables.

All of the other organisms of a species that were once widely dispersed over the earth begin to perish one by one until the species is eventually confined to just one place. For instance, endemic species such as those found on small islands, such as the tortoises of the Galapagos and the lemurs of Madagascar, can be found on those islands. The remoteness that small islands give can also be found on larger islands, albeit on a far grander scale.

Large geographical masses such as Antarctica, Hawaii, and Australia each have their own unique animal and plant life since they are isolated from the rest of the world. Kangaroos and polar bears are two examples of animals that are native to a certain region and cannot be found anywhere else.

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Endangered Species

Some species have been designated as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Endangered species are those that are in danger of extinction or are already extinct. In other words, species on the verge of extinction. This is due to a variety of variables, both natural and man-made. Endangered species are doomed to extinction sooner or later. To avoid this, the proper measures must be performed.

An endangered species is a species that was once native to a region but has had its population strength decreased from 50% to 5% of cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval cheval The IUCN classified them and created the red list. The Russian Federation created another document that includes a list of uncommon and endangered species in a given area. The title of this book is Red Data Book. Researchers utilise these records, which contain a list of species, as a guide to determine the level of hazard. There are publications dedicated to both flora and animals.

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Endemic Species of India

The following is a list of the species that are unique to India and can only be found here:

The Asiatic Lion and the Gir Forest

The Asiatic Lion, commonly known as the Indian Lion, is endemic to only the Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat and the areas immediately around it. These animals are considered to be on the verge of extinction. These are two of India’s five big cats; the others are the Indian Leopard and the Bengal Tiger. India is home to a total of five large cats.

Kashmir Stag, Kashmir Valley

The Dachigam National Park in the Kashmir Valley and the Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh are home to the Hangul, another name for the Kashmir Stag. Both of these areas are located in Himachal Pradesh.

The Western Ghats, and the Lion-Tailed Macaque

Only the Western Ghats of Southern India are known to be home to this one-of-a-kind primate species, making it the world’s rarest, most endangered primate.

Purple Frog, Western Ghats

The only place on Earth where you can find the purple frog, also called the Pignose frog, is in the rainforests of India’s western ghats. It burrows underground for most of its existence.

Sangai Deer, Loktak Lake

In addition to its other name, the Brow Antlered Deer, this species can only be found in Manipur’s Keibul Lamjao National Park. This park is a marshy wetland and it is situated in the southern portions of Loktak lake.

Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Hills

It is an endangered species of wild sheep that can only be found in the unique Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats.

Other species that can only be found in India include the following:

Pygmy Hog, Assam

Bronzeback Vine Snake, Western Ghats

Nilgiri Blue Robin, Nilgiri Hills

Malabar Civet, Western Ghats

Anaimalai Gliding Frog, Anaimalai Hills

Namdapha Flying Squirrel, Arunachal Pradesh

Indian Giant Squirrel

Bonnet Macaque

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Endangered species examples

According to the IUCN RED List 2021, a total of 199 species in India are considered to be in the severely endangered category. There were a total of twenty species from India that were added to the IUCN Red List of Critically Endangered Species in the year 2021. There were fourteen animal species and six plant species. The IUCN RED LIST is updated in two rounds: the first round saw the addition of five species, and the second set of updates will be published on September 4, 2021. The IUCN Red List of Critically Endangered Species now includes fifteen additional species that are found in India. The names of these 20 Indian species have been categorised as “Critically Endangered” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Species in India that are on the verge of extinction;

Kolar Leaf-nosed Large bat-like rock rat

Namdapha The Squirrel That Can Fly

Nicobar Hangul, also known as the Chinese Pangolin and Jenkin’s Shrew

Andaman White-toothed Shrew

Sumatran Rhinoceros

Javan Rhinoceros

Malabar Civet.

The Endangered Species Act is a statute that was evidently written by people who had absolutely no clue about how society operates, despite the fact that it is a wonderfully idealistic piece of legislation.

We are able to rescue species without compromising the rights of people or making a select few individuals pay the majority of the expenditures associated with habitat protection. In point of fact, deregulatory efforts might be the only method to rescue a great number of species. Advocates for endangered species need to operate on two different levels to safeguard wildlife and their habitats. According to the findings of scientists, the greatest method to save an endangered species is to save the unique habitats in which they can be found. It is necessary to provide wildlife with sites where they may obtain food and shelter, as well as raise their young. The deterioration of habitat is caused by activities such as logging, oil and gas drilling, overgrazing, and development.

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Frequently asked questions

Get answers to the most common queries related to the UPSC Examination Preparation.

What is the main distinction between endemic and alien species?

In what ways are endemic and native species distinct from one another, what is the most significant danger that is connected to endemic species, what are the benefits of conserving indigenous species, could you please explain what you mean by the term endemism.

Answer. The term “endemic species” refers to those that are native to a certain place, whereas the term “exotic species” refers to those that are native to another region but have been brought to a new one. The range of endemic species is constrained to a certain region, whereas the distribution of foreign species is not.

Answer. The native range of a species is not always constrained to the place in which it was first discovered. It is possible that it can be discovered in other parts of the planet as well. On the other hand, endemic species are only found in a particular area and cannot be found anywhere else in the world.

Answer. The fact that endemic species are more likely to become extinct is the primary danger connected with having them around. Due to the fact that they are uncommon, the loss of the habitats in which they live would have a significant impact on their numbers.

Answer. It is essential to have endemic species in order to keep the ecosystem in a state of equilibrium. An ecosystem that is functioning properly helps to cleanse the surrounding area and gives us clean air to breathe. It is estimated that between ten and thirty endemic animal species are wiped out whenever an indigenous plant species goes extinct. They are the primary focus of efforts to preserve the world’s diverse ecosystems.

Answer. Endemism is the state of being endemic, or native to a particular area, and endemism can also refer to being restricted to a specific area. It provides a description of the range of a group of different species.

Conservation of Biodiversity in India: Current Status and Future Strategies

• First Online: 09 September 2022

Cite this chapter

• Shahid Ahmad Dar 5 ,
• Sajad Ahmad Dar 6 &
• Masarat Nabi 7  

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India being one among the various biogeographical provinces of the world embraces a huge variety of biological diversity. The country has diverse climatic zones ranging from subtropical, tropical, arctic, and temperate climatic conditions. The various climatic zones have produced diverse ecosystem types varying from the cold-deserts (Ladakh), humid tropical (Western ghats), and warm coastline to hot deserts (Rajasthan). The altitudinal gradients along various climatic zones coupled with diversified ecosystems subsidized enormously to the rich biological wealth of the nation with diversified fauna and flora. India is regarded as a mega-biodiverse nation among the 17 megadiversity regions of the world. Despite having only 2.2% of the world’s geographical area, the country represents 12% of the world's species. Globally, out of the entire figure of 12,44,360 species, India ranked 12 th by having a total estimate of 1,50,170 catalogued species. These comprise of 1,01,167 animal species and 49,003 plant and fungal species. The country has a dense web of protected areas including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves, and community reserves covering a total of 1,71,921 km 2 (5.03%) of the total geographical area of the country. This chapter is therefore aimed to provide a complete picture of the status of biodiversity of the country with special insights about the species richness, the pressures they face, and various strategies in place for their conservation.

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Biodiversity and Conservation: India’s Panoramic View

An Introduction to Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State

Hotspots: An Introduction and Role in Conservation

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Dar, S.A., Dar, S.A., Nabi, M. (2022). Conservation of Biodiversity in India: Current Status and Future Strategies. In: Rani, M., Chaudhary, B.S., Jamal, S., Kumar, P. (eds) Towards Sustainable Natural Resources. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06443-2_11

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Why Indian Elephants Are Endangered

Find out what we can do to help this incredible subspecies of the Asian elephant.

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Olivia Young is a writer, fact checker, and green living expert passionate about tiny living, climate advocacy, and all things nature. She holds a degree in Journalism from Ohio University.

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• Endangered Species

What We Can Do

Indian elephants, a subspecies of Asian elephants, have been considered endangered since 1986. While the  Sumatran elephant  and Sri Lankan elephant live only in the lowland forest of Sumatra and the dry zones of Sri Lanka, respectively, the Indian elephant has the most extensive range and represents the majority of the remaining elephants left on the Asian continent. Some experts consider the  Bornean elephant —found exclusively on the island of Borneo—to be a fourth Asian elephant subspecies.

There are only an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 Indian elephants left in the wild, and the global population is believed to be decreasing. This article discusses the threats Indian elephants face and what is being done to protect the remaining population.

The Indian elephant is mainly threatened by habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. The subspecies is also vulnerable to increased issues with human conflict and illegal poaching.

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

Habitat loss is widely considered the biggest threat to Indian elephants. Recent economic growth and subsequent increased development in Asia are the main causes of this habitat loss.

From expanding human settlements and mining to converting land to plantations and linear infrastructure, many activities can block migratory elephant routes and drive them into smaller subpopulations. When animals are forced into smaller pockets of populations, they risk losing genetic diversity and have a higher chance of dying from disease and natural disasters.

In India, elephants have faced a 70% population decline over the last 60 years. When accounting for climate change projections, scientists predict that the elephant population in the country could lose over 40% of its habitat by 2070.

Human-Elephant Conflict

As elephants lose their habitats to human settlements and development, interactions between humans and elephants also rise. Elephant populations, especially those living outside of protected areas, wander into agricultural lands in search of food and cause crop or property loss.

Even worse, these impacts may cause farmers and residents to retaliate against the elephants if they believe their assets are in jeopardy. Poison or other lethal methods have been used.

Illegal Capture

Historically, Indian elephants were captured from the wild to use in the logging industry, most famously in Thailand. When logging was officially banned in the country in 1989, it left thousands of domesticated elephants and their owners jobless. This led them into the tourism industry, which included activities like elephant rides or circus performances.

Studies show that wild-caught elephants have significantly shorter lifespans, up to seven years less than those of captive-born elephants on average. Elephants who are caught in the wild for industry use are typically subjected to harsher treatment depending on their age and personality, but all elephants face the highest risk of death in the year immediately following capture.

Other studies have found that capture from the wild has long-term negative effects on the reproductive success of female Indian elephants.

Although countries like India, Vietnam, and Myanmar have completely banned the capture of wild elephants and elephant calves for any purpose, illegal poaching still happens in those and other nations where Indian elephants live. Young elephants and calves are the most valuable, and the process usually kills mothers or other females as they attempt to protect the babies. Although African elephants are better known for ivory poaching, tusked male Asian elephants are also poached in some areas.

Did You Know?

• Indian elephants help their ecosystems by dispersing germinating seeds and creating pathways through dense forests for other wildlife as they feed and roam.
• Humans have had a close cultural relationship with Asian elephants for centuries, having long played an important role in the religious and artistic heritage of the people that share the landscape with them.
• Elephants are also exceptionally intelligent , social, and emotionally complex animals with a proven capacity for empathy and self-awareness.

saha_avijan / Getty Images

In places where logging has been made illegal, organizations like the Save Elephant Foundation provide homes to elephants and their handlers to keep them from street begging, elephant riding, and circus shows. One of the most well-known, Elephant Nature Park located in Northern Thailand, provides rescue and rehabilitation services to over 100 elephants at a time.

In parts of Myanmar, teams of rangers work to protect and co-manage wild elephant populations with the Wildlife Conservation Society. They use a Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (or SMART), a geographic information systems-based software and patrol protocol used to systematically collect, manage, analyze, and report on data collected on forest patrols.

With SMART, park managers can deploy rangers strategically in hotspots for poaching or other illegal activities, manage efforts, and organize resources.

Save the Indian Elephant

• Donate to charities that directly support Indian elephant conservation, like the Thailand-based  Save Elephant Foundation .
• Always practice sustainable tourism while traveling to countries where Indian elephants live. Elephants that are kept for entertainment (like tourist rides) often live in severely cruel conditions.
• Share your  knowledge about elephants  with family and friends and support bans against poaching and the ivory trade.

Williams, C. et al. 2020. " Elephas maximus ."  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species  2020: e.T7140A45818198. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en

" Indian Elephant Facts ". World Wildlife Fund .

De, Rahul et al. " Pan-India Population Genetics Signifies The Importance Of Habitat Connectivity For Wild Asian Elephant Conservation ." Global Ecology And Conservation , vol. 32, 2021, p. e01888. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01888.

Lahdenperä, M. et al .  " Differences in age-specific mortality between wild-caught and captive-born Asian elephants ."  Nature Communications  9, 3023 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05515-8.

Lahdenperä Mirkka, Jackson John, Htut Win and Lummaa Virpi. 2019. " Capture from the wild has long-term costs on reproductive success in Asian elephants ." Proc. R. Soc. B. 286: 20191584. 20191584. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1584.

Dale, Rachel, and Joshua M. Plotnik. " Elephants Know When Their Bodies Are Obstacles To Success In A Novel Transfer Task ."  Scientific Reports , vol. 7, no. 1, 2017. doi:10.1038/srep46309

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Endangered Animal Species of India

India is a diverse country and this diversity is seen in its flora and fauna as well. It has numerous species of plants, animals, mammals, and reptiles. With this rich diversity, it has 89 national parks, 18 Bio-Reserves, and 400 wildlife sanctuaries. But with an increase in activities like hunting and poaching, the threat of this wildlife getting endangered has increased. India has 6.5% of the world’s total wildlife species according to a report which was published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that includes 7.6% of all mammals and 12.6% of all bird species. According to a report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List in 2022, 15 species of birds, 10 species of mammals, 5 species of reptiles, and 5 species of fish have joined the critically endangered list.

Read: Endangered Plant Species in India

Why Critically Endangered?

According to IUCN Red List, the critically endangered species are at the highest risk of extinction. There are basically five ways to determine whether a particular species are endangered or not. 1. When the species have a limited geographical range. 2. Very limited or small population of less than 50 adult individuals. 3. Whether the population has decreased or will decrease by more than 80% for the last three generations or 10 years. 4. If the population is less than 250 individuals and is continuously declining at 25% for the last one generation or three years. 5. There is a high possibility of extinction in the wild.

Bengal Tiger, Red Panda, Nilgiri Tahr, One-horned Rhinoceros, Snow Leopard, Asiatic Lion, Black Buck, Red Stag, Indian Biason, Hungul and many more are the most endangered animals in India.

Reasons for Endangerment

1. Loss of habitat is one of the primary reasons for the endangerment of species. Today, human intervention plays a major role in the destruction of the natural landscape. Human activities like the removal of trees that provide both food and shelter for an innumerable number of species, mining, and agriculture. 2. Over hunting and poaching have a very destructive and catastrophic effect on the number of animals and fishes all over the world. 3. Pollution like air pollution, water pollution, and waste pollution, especially in the form of plastic plays a very dominant role in the endangerment of animal species. Pollution not only causes health hazards for humans, but it affects animals also. 4. In a robust and hearty environment there is always an accurate balance between the number of predators and their prey animals. The predators who are natural enemies of their prey animals choose the old and sick preys as they cannot keep up with their group. In this scenario, the relationship between them is totally healthy as the predators only eat these prey animals that are already nearing the end of their life. But the problems become more apparent when the predators wander in such an area where they will get only a few numbers of their prey animals. 5. To save the animals from poaching and hunting they are often kept in a sanctuary and shelter. Though for some animals it has proved to be very much beneficial, there are other animals too who suffer and are in trouble for being endangered. The main two reasons are overcrowding and overgrazing . Usually, there are too many animals that are enclosed in small areas. These animals often eat the same grass and trees in a limited area whereas in natural surroundings the grazing animals keep on changing the landscape while eating and keep on moving for most of the time. But in an enclosed and small area they eat from the same plants repeatedly which finally destroys the plants due to overstress.

Few Ways to Save Endangered Animals

• If pollution can be controlled all across the globe then it can have a major positive impact on animals, fish, and birds all over the world. • To save the endangered animals from extinction, a number of breeding programmes have been introduced. The government, NGOs, and the other corporate bodies should come forward for this noble cause as this programme involves dedicated and special people and of course a lot of money. • Reintroducing the endangered animals to the wild once their numbers increase has become successful in some cases though all species have not done well. • If hunting and poaching can be controlled then there can be a significant change in the numbers of the endangered animals.

Steps Taken by the Government for Wildlife Protection

• All the states, excluding Jammu and Kashmir (it has its own Act), adopted Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 which prohibits any type of trade for endangered and rare species. • The Central Government provides every type of financial assistance to the State Governments for the conservation and protection of the endangered species. • National ban was imposed on tiger hunting in 1970 and Wildlife Protection Act became effective in 1972. According to the latest tiger census (2015), there is an overall increase of 30% in the tiger population. In 2010, there were 1700 tigers left in India according to tiger census which has gone up to 2226 tigers in 2015. • Innumerable numbers of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Parks, etc have been established by the government. • In 1992, Central Zoo Authority (CZA) was initiated for the supervision of the management of zoological parks in the country. • In 1996, the Wildlife Advisory Committee and Wildlife Institute were established for seeking advice on different features of Wildlife conservation and matters related to it. There are several other initiatives that have been taken up by the government to save the endangered species of India. India is part of five main International Conventions which are associated with wildlife conservation. They are (i) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), (ii) Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT), (iii) International Whaling Commission (IWC), (iv) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – World Heritage Committee (UNESCO – WHC) and (v) the Convention on Migratory Species (CHS). Numerous positive steps are being taken for saving the endangered species of India. But that is not enough. There is a dire need for more NGOs and the private corporate sectors to come forward for this noble cause.

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Geographic isolation nurtures 1032 endemic species in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

• Out of more than 9100 species recorded in the Islands, 1032 are endemic.
• Endemism in marine habitats is four times lower than that observed on land, even though the marine environment supports the major chunk of Andaman and Nicobar fauna.
• Documenting endemic species is important in the wake of threats of climate change, natural disasters, deforestation and poaching.

Far removed from the mainland, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal support and nurture over a thousand species of animals that are exclusive to this part of the world, including some rare and endangered ones.

Shedding light on the 1032 species, the Zoological Survey of India has surveyed and documented these species that are found nowhere else on the earth, in the 2017 edition of the book ‘Endemic Fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.’

Forming India’s southeast border, the 572 lushly forested islands of the archipelago harbour a total of around 9,130 animal species straddling both terrestrial habitats and marine waters; a mosaic of mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds.

“ Of these, 1032 species are endemic to the islands, i.e. 11.30 percent. The high percentage of endemism is due to geographic isolation and changed ecological conditions,” said Kailash Chandra, director, Zoological Survey of India.

Location, forest cover loss adds to vulnerability

The islands shelter important species such as whales, dolphins, the globally-endangered dugong, saltwater crocodile, hornbills, marine turtles, seashells including the rare and endangered Trochus species, among others. Some of them, such as sea cucumbers, sea-shells, sharks, marine turtles, saltwater crocodiles etc. are under “ severe pressure of overexploitation” from illegal foreign fishing boats and poachers.

The geography of the islands also adds to its vulnerability. While the northernmost Andaman Islands lie only 193 km (120 miles) from Cape Negrais, the tip of mainland Myanmar, the Great Nicobar which marks the southernmost tip of India, is located just about 200 kms northwest of Sumatra.

A Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) report on the ‘Issue Of Poaching in The Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ states that the volume of the poaching has “considerably increased” over the years, in spite of the “best efforts by administration” to contain the menace.

Natural disasters compound the issue. The December 2004 tsunami resulted in significant landscape changes, large scale destruction of forests and wildlife in the Islands.

As for the future, a 2017 ISRO predictive modelling study showed forest cover to the tune of 2305 km square (slightly more than the size of the island nation of Mauritius) in northeast India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, could disappear by 2025.

The same study predicts a loss in forest cover by 2025 – from about 6416 km square in 2013 to 6169 km square for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

According to K. Venkataraman, former ZSI Director, i nventories of endemic species and their population within the hotspots are scarce and very limited, and they are in urgent need of documentation.

“ Assessment of invasive and exotic species, analysis of population trends of flagship and threatened species, strengthening of the effectiveness and extent of coverage of protected areas and fire management strategies are needed urgently. It is important to establish long-term, consistent monitoring of climate change and its impact on biodiversity. Long-term monitoring plots need to be established in order to monitor the Nicobar Islands,” Venkataraman said.

Endemism highlights uniqueness of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The book authored by Kailash Chandra, D. V. Rao and Kamla Devi, reveals that the islands’ marine habitats host the majority of fauna (with 5859 species). The rest of the species (around 35.82 percent) thrive on land.

Interestingly, a high percentage of endemism is noted in the terrestrial fauna (24.95 percent, 816 species). Endemism in marine habitats is four times as low as of that observed in land, despite the marine environment supporting the major chunk of Andaman and Nicobar fauna.

Chandra attributed the high percentage of endemism in terrestrial fauna to the isolation of land masses and their faunal elements from each other while the low endemicity in the marine faunal elements is due to continuity of the water medium.

The non-endemic species reflect a fascinating mixture of taxa from Indo-China, Indo-Malaya and even subcontinental India. This is likely due to the fact that these islands represent submerged peaks what once was a hill range extending from Myanmar to Indonesia.

Geographically these islands fall under the Indo-Malayan biogeographic regime, with Andaman bearing close biogeographical affinities with Myanmar and Thailand, while Nicobar has affinities with Indonesia and South-east Asia, which signifies the close proximity of the Sundaland biodiversity hotspot.

The terrestrial fauna is dominant with 576 insect species being endemics, followed by 88 land molluscs, 78 birds, 29 reptiles, 19 mammals and 10 arachnids species. What has mystified experts is “the absence of large mammals and presence of a sizeable number of endemics, particularly in higher groups.”

“ Even though larger mammals are not distributed in these islands, sizeable number of endemic fauna exists with high diversity. This supports the theory that there is a greater tendency of speciation (species formation) among island fauna,” saidC. Raghunathan, ZSI joint director.

Take for example, the endangered Narcondam hornbill ( Rhyticeros narcondami ). The small, distinctive, dark hornbill with pale blue gular pouch and all-white tail, is endemic to the tiny 6.8 kilometre square Narcodam islands located far east of Andamans with an estimated population of little over 400. It is perceived to be among those vertebrates with extremely restricted distributions in the world.

The striking Andaman day gecko is endemic to the Andaman group. Its occurrence is interesting as its relatives are not oriental but Ethiopian, the book says.

Of the marine vertebrates, fish are the most dominant with 1493 species but the endemism is almost negligible: with only two endemic species. There are no endemic species of marine reptiles and mammals in the island waters.

Raghunathan informed that all marine fauna in reef area is being surveyed by ZSI though diving expeditions. For marine surveys, the Line Intercept Transect methods are largely adopted for coral and its associated fauna as well as fauna of intertidal ecosystem. 

In deep sea waters, trawling operations, long line methods for fishes are applied and grabs and corers are tapped into for benthic fauna. To study the terrestrial fauna, transect method is used.

Pankaj Sekhsaria, a senior project scientist at IIT- Delhi, says the considerable endemism observed in the fauna in the A&N Islands is a characteristic of island systems.

“ Documentation is important because it gives us a better idea of the richness and uniqueness of the place. Hopefully, the increased information and awareness will make the people and government realise the importance and value and contribute to conservation,” Sekhsaria added.

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Snow leopard.

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About Snow leopard

Common name:.

Snow Leopard

Scientific Name:

Panthera uncia

Population:

Researchers estimate that there are between 400 to 700 snow leopards in India. A nationwide snow leopard population assessment to provide a better assessment is underway.

about 60 cm

100 - 130 cm

35-40 kg, Male: 45 - 55 kg

Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN-World Conservation Union’s Red List of the Threatened Species Listed as Schedule I species as per Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Did you know?

Snow leopards do not roar

Habitat and distribution

Snow leopards live in the mountainous regions of Central and Southern Asia. In India, their geographical range encompasses a large part of the western Himalayas, including the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern Himalayas. The last two states form part of the Eastern Himalayas – a priority global region of WWF. Snow leopards prefer steep, rugged terrains with rocky outcrops and ravines and are usually found at an elevation of 3,000-5,000 metres or higher in the Himalayas. Such habitat provides good cover and a clear view to help them sneak up on their prey.  

Characteristics

Snow leopard conservation in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh

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Human beings and endangered species

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What organizations determine which organisms are endangered species?

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What is an endangered species?

An endangered species is any species that is at risk of extinction because of a rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat.

What role does human activity play in causing species to become endangered?

Roughly 99 percent of threatened and endangered species are at risk because of human activities. The principal threats are habitat loss and degradation, the spread of invasive species, the growing influence of global warming, chemical pollution, unsustainable hunting, and disease.

Among the organizations connected with assessing which organisms are endangered species are the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), and the Red List of Threatened Species, created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Recent News

endangered species , any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat . Biodiverse regions that require protection on the grounds that they host a significant number of endangered species are called hot spots .

(Read E.O. Wilson’s Britannica essay on mass extinction.)

Previously, any species of plant or animal that was threatened with extinction could be called an endangered species. The need for separate definitions of “endangered” and “ threatened ” species resulted in the development of various categorization systems, each containing definitions and criteria by which a species can be classified according to its risk of extinction. As a rule, a range of criteria must be analyzed before a species can be placed in one category or another.

Often such categorization systems are linked directly to national legislation, such as the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) or the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA). In addition, regional agreements, such as the European Union’s Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC), and international conservation agreements, such as the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), are connected to species- assessment systems. One of the most-recognized independent international systems of species assessment is the Red List of Threatened Species , created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Roughly 99 percent of threatened species are at risk because of human activities alone. By the early 21st century it could be said that human beings ( Homo sapiens ) are the greatest threat to biodiversity and are the major drivers of biodiversity loss . The principal threats to species in the wild are:

• Habitat loss and habitat degradation
• The spread of introduced species (that is, non-native species that negatively affect the ecosystems they become part of)
• The growing influence of global warming and chemical pollution
• Unsustainable hunting

Although some of these hazards occur naturally, most are caused by human beings and their economic and cultural activities. The most pervasive of these threats is habitat loss and degradation—that is, the large-scale conversion of land in previously undisturbed areas driven by the growing demand for commercial agriculture , logging , and infrastructure development. Because the rates of loss are highest in some of the most biologically diverse regions on Earth , a perpetual battle is waged to manage destructive activities there while limiting the impact that such restrictions may have on the well-being of local communities . The relative importance of each threat differs within and among taxa . So far, incidental mortality from ecological disturbance , temporary or limited human disturbance, and persecution have caused limited reductions in the total number of species; however, these phenomena can be serious for some susceptible groups. In addition, global warming has emerged as a widespread threat, and much research is being conducted to identify its potential effects on specific species, populations , and ecosystems .

Conflicts between human activities and conservation are at the root of many of these phenomena. Such controversies are often highly politicized and widely publicized in the global press and through social media . For example, habitat loss and species loss have resulted from the unregulated exploitation of coltan (the rare ore for tantalum used in consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and computers ) in Kahuzi-Beiga National Park , one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s premier forest parks. The park is also home to much of the population of the threatened Eastern Lowland gorilla ( Gorilla beringei graueri ). Mining has increased gorilla mortality by reducing the animal’s food resources and leading many people displaced by the mining to kill gorillas for their meat . In addition, the mountain gorilla ( G. beringei beringei ), a close relative of the Eastern Lowland gorilla, is also at risk of extinction . However, authorities cite poaching , disease, and crossfire between warring political groups in the vicinity of Virunga National Park as the primary sources of its population decline.

Another example of a widely publicized wildlife controversy involves the relatively recent declines in amphibian populations. Known to be important global indicators of environmental health , amphibians have experienced some of the most serious population declines to date of all groups that have been assessed globally through the IUCN Red List process ( see below ). Amphibians (a group that includes salamanders , frogs , toads , and caecilians [wormlike amphibians]), being particularly sensitive to environmental changes, are severely threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, the spread of a disease called amphibian chytridiomycosis , and climate change .

Beyond these notable examples, many of the world’s birds are also at risk. The populations of some bird species (such as some albatrosses , petrels , and penguins ) are declining because of longline fishing, whereas those of others (such as certain cranes , rails , parrots , pheasants , and pigeons ) have become victims of habitat destruction. On many Pacific islands , the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) has wreaked havoc on many bird populations .

Many fishes and other forms of aquatic and marine life are also threatened. Among them are long-lived species that have life history strategies requiring many years to reach sexual maturity. As a result, they are particularly susceptible to exploitation. The meat and fins of many sharks , rays , chimaeras , and whales fetch high prices in many parts of the world, which has resulted in the unsustainable harvest of several of those species.

Moreover, freshwater habitats worldwide are progressively threatened by pollution from industry, agriculture, and human settlements. Additional threats to freshwater ecosystems include introduced invasive species (such as the sea lamprey [ Petromyzon marinus ] in the Great Lakes ), the canalization of rivers (such as in the streams that empty into the Everglades in Florida), and the overharvesting of freshwater species (as in the case of the extinct Yunnan box turtle [ Cuora yunnanensis ] in China). While an estimated 45,000 described species rely on freshwater habitats, it is important to note that humans are also seriously affected by the degradation of freshwater species and ecosystems.

Against this backdrop of threats related to urban expansion and food production, the unsustainable harvest of animal and plant products for traditional medicine and the pet trade is a growing concern in many parts of the world. These activities have implications for local ecosystems and habitats by exacerbating population declines through overharvesting. In addition, they have cross-border repercussions in terms of trade and illegal trafficking.

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• The Urgency of Protecting Endangered Species from Extinction

The Urgency of Protecting Endangered Species from Extinction  Blogs Home

• 19 May 2023

We come across a lot of information, news, and debates concerning climate change, global warming, environmental pollution, and the extinction of endangered species. Various organizations worldwide have taken numerous necessary steps, but these steps have proven to be just "a drop in the ocean." There is a pressing need to control global warming and reduce environmental pollution in order to protect endangered species.

Endangered Species

Endangered species are those that are at high risk of extinction in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains a Red List of Threatened Species, which categorizes species into different levels of risk. Currently, the IUCN Red List includes over 150,300 species, with more than 42,100 endangered with extinction. This includes 41% of amphibian species, 37% of rays and sharks, 36% of coral reefs, 34% of conifers, 27% of mammals, and 13% of birds. Experts believe that the current rate of animal species extinction is 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate. It has been estimated that 50% of the world's species are currently under the threat of extinction. There is no doubt that human activities have had a significant impact on animal extinction.

Causes of Extinction

The main causes contributing to the increasing extinction rate include poaching, habitat loss, changes in habitats, overexploitation of wildlife for profit, and pollution.

Multiple processes, combined with human activity, reinforce each other, leading to species extinction. Nature is destroyed for housing, agriculture, industry, and commerce, leaving no space for creatures. Land use changes, resource exploitation, climate change, and pollution contribute to the decline of global biodiversity. Landfills, industrial plants, towns, and hazardous chemicals harm biodiversity and worsen climate change. Pollutants affect animals' fertility, cause death, and accumulate toxins in tissues. Human land conversion occurs in tropical, temperate, boreal, and arctic regions. Pollution, especially in temperate zones near cities, and the introduction of harmful species are caused by human activities. Poaching and conflicts between humans and wildlife lead to near extinctions, such as elephants for ivory and rhinos for their horns. The little pangolins are the most trafficked creatures globally.

Importance of Protecting Endangered Species

Throughout the ages, thousands of species have evolved on land, in freshwater, and in the ocean, creating an intricate web of life that sustains our planet. Species serve as the bedrock of ecosystems, contributing to the conditions necessary for life, both individually and collectively. They provide us with food, medicine, and valuable resources. Additionally, they play a crucial role in soil formation, decomposition, water filtration, pollination, pest control, and climate regulation. For instance, pollinators like bees and butterflies are vital for the reproduction of many plants, including essential food crops. Declines in their populations can lead to reduced crop yields and even failures. Similarly, predators such as wolves and big cats help maintain the balance of other species within their ecosystems. Without them, herbivores can overgraze, leading to the destruction of plant communities and alterations in the ecosystem's composition.

Furthermore, species are a primary source of income and resources for millions of people worldwide. They are integral to the histories, cultures, traditions, and folklore of civilizations. Their aesthetic qualities and spiritual roles bring comfort, inspiration, and recreation. All living creatures are interconnected within the biosphere, a complex and delicately balanced network of ecosystems. The extinction of even a single species can trigger a chain reaction with disastrous consequences for the entire system. Therefore, conserving and preserving species diversity has distinct benefits.

In recent years, we have witnessed the recognition of the irreplaceable and critical role of biodiversity by the global community, particularly its connection to the ongoing climate change crisis. Climate change affects biodiversity, which in turn has adverse effects on human health. However, biodiversity, with its supported ecosystem resources, also significantly contributes to mitigating and adapting to climate change. Protecting and responsibly managing biodiversity is essential in addressing climate change.

Conserving endangered species

Various methods are currently used for species protection, including establishing protected areas, reintroducing animals, captive breeding, implementing conservation laws, and raising public awareness.

Protected areas are effective in saving species and habitats, benefiting not only threatened species but also other interconnected species. More areas should be designated for protection, and existing areas should be expanded.

Zoos and aquariums contribute significantly to conservation by maintaining captive populations. Through collaboration at different levels, they manage breeding programs to ensure healthy populations.

Individuals can also contribute by supporting conservation organizations, reducing their carbon footprint, and making sustainable choices in their daily lives.

Governments play a role in protecting endangered species by enacting laws and regulations, preventing activities like poaching and habitat destruction. Conservation organizations and scientists work together to address conservation challenges.

Global Initiatives and Agreements for Protecting Endangered Species

As we commemorate the 50th anniversary of Endangered Species Day, celebrated on May 19th, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) raises awareness about the many endangered and critically endangered wildlife species. It strives to foster partnerships with local communities, governments, and corporations. WWF and HP have formed a collaboration to utilize nature-based solutions, restoring 1,340 acres of vulnerable Brazilian forests and improving forest management on 220,000 acres in China. With an investment of $80 million, this expansion aims to prevent climate change and the loss of nature while inspiring other businesses to address their environmental impact downstream.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) also plays a significant role in global species conservation. It assists governments and communities in developing effective and equitable protected and conserved areas that benefit society. The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology provides a comprehensive classification framework for Earth's ecosystems, considering both functional and compositional characteristics. This typology helps identify ecosystems that will be crucial for biodiversity conservation, management, research, and human well-being in the future. Various significant international environmental agreements have emerged from IUCN congresses, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the World Heritage Convention, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

CITES continues to serve as a cornerstone of international conservation. It has 184 member Parties, and it restricts trade in over 38,000 species. Representatives from CITES nations gather at the Conference of the Parties (COP) every two to three years to review progress and revise protected species listings, which are categorized into three levels of protection. Moreover, CITES promotes collaborative efforts among law enforcement officers from wildlife authorities, national parks, immigration, and police departments to combat wildlife crime against species like elephants and rhinos.

The Role of Government Agencies and NGOs for Conservation and Protection

Governments have implemented several initiatives to conserve wildlife and their habitats. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 imposes severe penalties for violations of its provisions. India, for example, has included rare and endangered species like the Snow Leopard, Tiger, Gangetic Dolphin, Dugong, and Great Indian Bustard under Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, providing them with the highest level of protection. Major wildlife conservation schemes in India include Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Project Snow Leopard, Project Hangul, and Project Crocodile. The establishment of protected areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves across the country aims to provide enhanced protection for wildlife, especially threatened species and their habitats.

The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of 'Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats' provides financial assistance to state and union territory governments for wildlife conservation and habitat improvement. Local communities actively participate in conservation efforts through eco-development activities that support forest agencies in wildlife protection. The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) collaborates with states and union territories to gather information on the poaching and illegal trafficking of wild animals and their products. WCCB shares alerts and warnings on poaching and illegal wildlife trade with relevant state and federal agencies to facilitate preventive action.

The Department of Endangered Species Management (ESM) is responsible for the conservation of India's rare and endangered species. It conducts status surveys, research, monitoring, preparation of conservation action plans, and advocacy. Conservation projects undertaken by ESM include research on olive Ridley turtles, monitoring endangered carnivores, mountain ungulates, and pheasants in the Himalayas, assessing the impact of the tsunami on the Nicobar Megapode (bird), developing a conservation action plan for the Hangul or Kashmir stag, conducting status surveys of the Indian peafowl, Himalayan brown bear, and Asiatic black bear, and reviewing the listing of species in the IUCN Red Lists and the schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act.

In addition to government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in India play a crucial role in protecting wildlife and forests. Some prominent NGOs include WWF-India, Wildlife SOS, Wildlife Protection Society of India, Centre for Wildlife Studies, and Nature Conservation Foundation. These organizations actively work on various fronts to safeguard and conserve biodiversity, collaborating with communities, conducting research, advocating for policy changes, and implementing conservation projects.

Overall, the combined efforts of government agencies and NGOs are essential for effective conservation and protection of endangered species, preserving their habitats, and ensuring a sustainable future for biodiversity.

Conclusion:

The importance of protecting endangered species from extinction cannot be overstated. The loss of even a single species can have far-reaching consequences for the health and stability of our planet's ecosystems, as well as for our cultural heritage and quality of life. We must accept responsibility for this situation and take immediate action to ensure that future generations inherit a diverse and abundant natural world.

https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/background-history

https://greentumble.com/10-reasons-why-species-become-endangered

https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/endangered_species/

https://www.worldwildlife.org/business/hp-inc

https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/cites

https://wii.gov.in/endangeredspeciesmanagement

https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843396

https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/ecosystems-and-biodiversity/about-nature-action

https://iucnsos.org/what-we-do/why-protect-species/

Arifa Nadeem

Arifa Nadeem is from Jhansi, UP. She has qualified UGC NET in Tourism Administration & Management and is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in Tourism from Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.

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Endangered Species

An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation.

Biology, Ecology, Geography, Conservation

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An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction . Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation . Loss of Habitat A loss of habitat can happen naturally. Nonavian dinosaurs , for instance, lost their habitat about 65 million years ago. The hot, dry climate of the Cretaceous period changed very quickly, most likely because of an asteroid striking Earth. The impact of the asteroid forced debris into the atmosphere , reducing the amount of heat and light that reached Earth’s surface. The dinosaurs were unable to adapt to this new, cooler habitat. Nonavian dinosaurs became endangered, then extinct . Human activity can also contribute to a loss of habitat. Development for housing, industry , and agriculture reduces the habitat of native organisms. This can happen in a number of different ways. Development can eliminate habitat and native species directly. In the Amazon rainforest of South America, developers have cleared hundreds of thousands of acres. To “clear” a piece of land is to remove all trees and vegetation from it. The Amazon rainforest is cleared for cattle ranches , logging , and ur ban use. Development can also endanger species indirectly. Some species, such as fig trees of the rainforest, may provide habitat for other species. As trees are destroyed, species that depend on that tree habitat may also become endangered. Tree crowns provide habitat in the canopy , or top layer, of a rainforest . Plants such as vines, fungi such as mushrooms, and insects such as butterflies live in the rainforest canopy. So do hundreds of species of tropical birds and mammals such as monkeys. As trees are cut down, this habitat is lost. Species have less room to live and reproduce . Loss of habitat may happen as development takes place in a species range . Many animals have a range of hundreds of square kilometers. The mountain lion ( Puma concolor ) of North America, for instance, has a range of up to 1,000 square kilometers (386 square miles). To successfully live and reproduce, a single mountain lion patrols this much territory. Urban areas , such as Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, grew rapidly during the 20th century. As these areas expanded into the wilderness, the mountain lion’s habitat became smaller. That means the habitat can support fewer mountain lions. Because enormous parts of the Sierra Nevada, Rocky, and Cascade mountain ranges remain undeveloped, however, mountain lions are not endangered. Loss of habitat can also lead to increased encounters between wild species and people. As development brings people deeper into a species range, they may have more exposure to wild species. Poisonous plants and fungi may grow closer to homes and schools. Wild animals are also spotted more frequently . These animals are simply patrolling their range, but interaction with people can be deadly. Polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ), mountain lions, and alligators are all predators brought into close contact with people as they lose their habitat to homes, farms , and businesses. As people kill these wild animals, through pesticides , accidents such as collisions with cars, or hunting, native species may become endangered.

Loss of Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the diversity found within a species. It’s why human beings may have blond, red, brown, or black hair. Genetic variation allows species to adapt to changes in the environment. Usually, the greater the population of a species, the greater its genetic variation. Inbreeding is reproduction with close family members. Groups of species that have a tendency to inbreed usually have little genetic variation, because no new genetic information is introduced to the group. Disease is much more common, and much more deadly, among inbred groups. Inbred species do not have the genetic variation to develop resistance to the disease. For this reason, fewer offspring of inbred groups survive to maturity. Loss of genetic variation can occur naturally. Cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) are a threatened species native to Africa and Asia. These big cats have very little genetic variation. Biologists say that during the last Ice Age , cheetahs went through a long period of inbreeding. As a result, there are very few genetic differences between cheetahs. They cannot adapt to changes in the environment as quickly as other animals, and fewer cheetahs survive to maturity. Cheetahs are also much more difficult to breed in captivity than other big cats, such as lions ( Panthera leo ). Human activity can also lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overhunting and overfishing have reduced the populations of many animals. Reduced population means there are fewer breeding pairs . A breeding pair is made up of two mature members of the species that are not closely related and can produce healthy offspring. With fewer breeding pairs, genetic variation shrinks. Monoculture , the agricultural method of growing a single crop , can also reduce genetic variation. Modern agribusiness relies on monocultures. Almost all potatoes cultivated , sold, and consumed, for instance, are from a single species, the Russet Burbank ( Solanum tuberosum ). Potatoes, native to the Andes Mountains of South America, have dozens of natural varieties. The genetic variation of wild potatoes allows them to adapt to climate change and disease. For Russet Burbanks, however, farmers must use fertilizers and pesticides to ensure healthy crops because the plant has almost no genetic variation. Plant breeders often go back to wild varieties to collect genes that will help cultivated plants resist pests and drought, and adapt to climate change. However, climate change is also threatening wild varieties. That means domesticated plants may lose an important source of traits that help them overcome new threats. The Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) keeps a “Red List of Threatened Species.” The Red List de fines the severity and specific causes of a species’ threat of extinction. The Red List has seven levels of conservation: least concern , near threatened , vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered , extinct in the wild , and extinct. Each category represents a different threat level. Species that are not threatened by extinction are placed within the first two categories—least concern and near-threatened. Those that are most threatened are placed within the next three categories, known as the threatened categories —vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered. Those species that are extinct in some form are placed within the last two categories—extinct in the wild and extinct. Classifying a species as endangered has to do with its range and habitat, as well as its actual population. For this reason, a species can be of least concern in one area and endangered in another. The gray whale ( Eschrichtius robustus ), for instance, has a healthy population in the eastern Pacific Ocean, along the coast of North and South America. The population in the western Pacific, however, is critically endangered.

Least Concern Least concern is the lowest level of conservation . A species of least concern is one that has a widespread and abundant population. Human beings are a species of least concern, along with most domestic animals , such as dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and cats ( Felis catus ). Many wild animals, such as pigeons and houseflies ( Musca domestica ), are also classified as least concern. Near Threatened A near threatened species is one that is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Many species of violets , native to tropical jungles in South America and Africa, are near threatened, for instance. They have healthy populations, but their rainforest habitat is disappearing at a fast pace. People are cutting down huge areas of rainforest for development and timber . Many violet species are likely to become threatened. Vulnerable Species The definitions of the three threatened categories (vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered) are based on five criteria: population reduction rate , geographic range, population size, population restrictions , and probability of extinction . Threatened categories have different thresholds for these criteria. As the population and range of the species decreases, the species becomes more threatened. 1) Population reduction rate A species is classified as vulnerable if its population has declined between 30 and 50 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer. A generation is the period of time between the birth of an animal and the time it is able to reproduce. Mice are able to reproduce when they are about one month old. Mouse populations are mostly tracked over 10-year periods. An elephant's generation lasts about 15 years. So, elephant populations are measured over 45-year periods. A species is vulnerable if its population has declined at least 50 percent and the cause of the decline is known. Habitat loss is the leading known cause of population decline. A species is also classified as vulnerable if its population has declined at least 30 percent and the cause of the decline is not known. A new, unknown virus , for example, could kill hundreds or even thousands of individuals before being identified. 2) Geographic range A species is vulnerable if its “ extent of occurrence ” is estimated to be less than 20,000 square kilometers (7,722 square miles). An extent of occurrence is the smallest area that could contain all sites of a species’ population. If all members of a species could survive in a single area, the size of that area is the species’ extent of occurrence. A species is also classified as vulnerable if its “ area of occupancy ” is estimated to be less than 2,000 square kilometers (772 square miles). An area of occupancy is where a specific population of that species resides. This area is often a breeding or nesting site in a species range. 3) Population size Species with fewer than 10,000 mature individuals are vulnerable. The species is also vulnerable if that population declines by at least 10 percent within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer. 4) Population restrictions Population restriction is a combination of population and area of occupancy. A species is vulnerable if it is restricted to less than 1,000 mature individuals or an area of occupancy of less than 20 square kilometers (8 square miles). 5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 percent within 100 years. Biologists, anthropologists, meteorologists , and other scientists have developed complex ways to determine a species’ probability of extinction. These formulas calculate the chances a species can survive, without human protection, in the wild. Vulnerable Species: Ethiopian Banana Frog The Ethiopian banana frog ( Afrixalus enseticola ) is a small frog native to high- altitude areas of southern Ethiopia. It is a vulnerable species because its area of occupancy is less than 2,000 square kilometers (772 square miles). The extent and quality of its forest habitat are in decline. Threats to this habitat include forest clearance, mostly for housing and agriculture. Vulnerable Species: Snaggletooth Shark The snaggletooth shark ( Hemipristis elongatus ) is found in the tropical, coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Its area of occupancy is enormous, from Southeast Africa to the Philippines, and from China to Australia. However, the snaggletooth shark is a vulnerable species because of a severe population reduction rate. Its population has fallen more than 10 percent over 10 years. The number of these sharks is declining due to fisheries, especially in the Java Sea and Gulf of Thailand. The snaggletooth shark’s flesh, fins, and liver are considered high-quality foods. They are sold in commercial fish markets, as well as restaurants. Vulnerable Species: Galapagos Kelp Galapagos kelp ( Eisenia galapagensis ) is a type of seaweed only found near the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Galapagos kelp is classified as vulnerable because its population has declined more than 10 percent over 10 years. Climate change is the leading cause of decline among Galapagos kelp. El Niño, the natural weather pattern that brings unusually warm water to the Galapagos, is the leading agent of climate change in this area. Galapagos kelp is a cold-water species and does not adapt quickly to changes in water temperature.

Endangered Species 1) Population reduction rate A species is classified as endangered when its population has declined between 50 and 70 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer. A species is classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 70 percent and the cause of the decline is known. A species is also classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 50 percent and the cause of the decline is not known. 2) Geographic range An endangered species’ extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 square kilometers (1,930 square miles). An endangered species’ area of occupancy is less than 500 square kilometers (193 square miles). 3) Population size A species is classified as endangered when there are fewer than 2,500 mature individuals. When a species population declines by at least 20 percent within five years or two generations, it is also classified as endangered. 4) Population restrictions A species is classified as endangered when its population is restricted to less than 250 mature individuals. When a species’ population is this low, its area of occupancy is not considered. 5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 percent within 20 years or five generations, whichever is longer.

Endangered Species: Scimitar -horned Oryx The scimitar-horned oryx ( Oryx dammah ) is a species of antelope with long horns. Its range extends across northern Africa. Previously, the scimitar-horned oryx was listed as extinct in the wild because the last confirmed sighting of one was in 1988. However, the first group of scimitar-horned oryx was released back into the wild in Chad, in August 2016, and the population is growing. Overhunting and habitat loss, including competition with domestic livestock , are the main reasons for the decline of the oryx’s wild population. Captive herds are now kept in protected areas of Tunisia, Senegal, and Morocco. Scimitar-horned oryxes are also found in many zoos . Critically Endangered Species 1) Population reduction rate A critically endangered species’ population has declined between 80 and 90 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer. A species is classified as critically endangered when its population has declined at least 90 percent and the cause of the decline is known. A species is also classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 80 percent and the cause of the decline is not known. 2) Geographic range A critically endangered species’ extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). A critically endangered species’ area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 square kilometers (4 square miles). 3) Population size A species is classified as critically endangered when there are fewer than 250 mature individuals. A species is also classified as critically endangered when the number of mature individuals declines by at least 25 percent within three years or one generation, whichever is longer. 4) Population restrictions A species is classified as critically endangered when its population is restricted to less than 50 mature individuals. When a species’ population is this low, its area of occupancy is not considered. 5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 percent within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer. Critically Endangered Species: Bolivian Chinchilla Rat The Bolivian chinchilla rat ( Abrocoma boliviensis ) is a rodent found in a small section of the Santa Cruz region of Bolivia. It is critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). The major threat to this species is loss of its cloud forest habitat. People are clearing forests to create cattle pastures .

Critically Endangered Species: Transcaucasian Racerunner The Transcaucasian racerunner ( Eremias pleskei ) is a lizard found on the Armenian Plateau , located in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. The Transcaucasian racerunner is a critically endangered species because of a huge population decline, estimated at more than 80 percent during the past 10 years. Threats to this species include the salination , or increased saltiness, of soil . Fertilizers used for agricultural development seep into the soil, increasing its saltiness. Racerunners live in and among the rocks and soil, and cannot adapt to the increased salt in their food and shelter. The racerunner is also losing habitat as people create trash dumps on their area of occupancy. Critically Endangered Species: White Ferula Mushroom The white ferula mushroom ( Pleurotus nebrodensis ) is a critically endangered species of fungus. The mushroom is critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). It is only found in the northern part of the Italian island of Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea. The leading threats to white ferula mushrooms are loss of habitat and overharvesting. White ferula mushrooms are a gourmet food item. Farmers and amateur mushroom hunters harvest the fungus for food and profit. The mushrooms can be sold for up to $100 per kilogram (2.2 pounds). Extinct in the Wild A species is extinct in the wild when it only survives in cultivation (plants), in captivity (animals), or as a population well outside its established range. A species may be listed as extinct in the wild only after years of surveys have failed to record an individual in its native or expected habitat.

Extinct in the Wild: Monut Kaala Cyanea The Mount Kaala cyanea ( Cyanea superba ) is a large, flowering tree native to the island of Oahu, in the U.S. state of Hawai‘i. The Mount Kaala cyanea has large, broad leaves and fleshy fruit. The tree is extinct in the wild largely because of invasive species. Non-native plants crowded the cyanea out of its habitat, and non-native animals such as pigs, rats, and slugs ate its fruit more quickly than it could reproduce. Mount Kaala cyanea trees survive in tropical nurseries and botanical gardens . Many botanists and conservationists look forward to establishing a new population in the wild. Extinct A species is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last remaining individual of that species has died. Extinct: Cuban Macaw The Cuban macaw ( Ara tricolor ) was a tropical parrot native to Cuba and a small Cuban island, Isla de la Juventud. Hunting and collecting the birds for pets led to the bird’s extinction. The last specimen of the Cuban macaw was collected in 1864. Extinct: Ridley’s Stick Insect Ridley’s stick insect ( Pseudobactricia ridleyi ) was native to the tropical jungle of the island of Singapore. This insect, whose long, segmented body resembled a tree limb, is only known through a single specimen, collected more than 100 years ago. During the 20th century, Singapore experienced rapid development. Almost the entire jungle was cleared, depriving the insect of its habitat.

Endangered Species and People When a species is classified as endangered, governments and international organizations can work to protect it. Laws may limit hunting and destruction of the species’ habitat. Individuals and organizations that break these laws may face huge fines. Because of such actions, many species have recovered from their endangered status. The brown pelican ( Pelecanus occidentalis ) was taken off the endangered species list in 2009, for instance. This seabird is native to the coasts of North America and South America, as well as the islands of the Caribbean Sea. It is the state bird of the U.S. state of Louisiana. In 1970, the number of brown pelicans in the wild was estimated at 10,000. The bird was classified as vulnerable. During the 1970s and 1980s, governments and conservation groups worked to help the brown pelican recover. Young chicks were reared in hatching sites, then released into the wild. Human access to nesting sites was severely restricted. The pesticide DDT , which damaged the eggs of the brown pelican, was banned. During the 1980s, the number of brown pelicans soared. In 1988, the IUCN “delisted” the brown pelican. The bird, whose population is now in the hundreds of thousands, is now in the category of least concern.

Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty to sustain and protect the diversity of life on Earth. This includes conservation, sustainability, and sharing the benefits of genetic research and resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity has adopted the IUCN Red List of endangered species in order to monitor and research species' population and habitats. Three nations have not ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity: Andorra, the Holy See (Vatican), and the United States.

Lonesome George Lonesome George was the only living member of the Pinta Island tortoise ( Chelonoidis abingdoni ) known to exist. The Pinta Island tortoise was only found on Pinta, one of the Galapagos Islands. The Charles Darwin Research Station, a scientific facility in the Galapagos, offered a $10,000 reward to any zoo or individual for locating a single Pinta Island tortoise female. On June 25, 2012, Lonesome George died, leaving one more extinct species in the world.

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The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. It divides species into nine categories: Not Evaluated , Data Deficient , Least Concern , Near Threatened , Vulnerable , Endangered , Critically Endangered , Extinct in the Wild and Extinct .

Data Deficient (DD)

A taxon is Data Deficient (DD) when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking.

Species categorized as Data Deficient (DD)

Least Concern (LC)

A taxon is Least Concern (LC) when it has been evaluated against the Red List criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered , Endangered , Vulnerable or Near Threatened .

Near Threatened (NT)

A taxon is Near Threatened (NT) when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered , Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

Species categorized as Near Threatened (NT)

Vulnerable (VU)

A taxon is Vulnerable (VU) when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species categorized as Vulnerable (VU)

Endangered (EN)

A taxon is Endangered (EN) when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species categorized as Endangered (EN)

Critically Endangered (CR)

A taxon is Critically Endangered (CR) when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species categorized as Critically Endangered (CR)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

A taxon is Extinct in the Wild (EW) when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

Species categorized as Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Extinct (EX)

A taxon is Extinct (EX) when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

Species categorized as Extinct (EX)

Not Evaluated (NE)

A taxon is Not Evaluated (NE) when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

Not Evaluated (NE) species are not published on the IUCN Red List

To date, more than 163,000 species have been assessed for The IUCN Red List.

This is an incredible achievement. However, our work is nowhere near complete. We need to substantially increase the number of wild species assessed, particularly plants, invertebrates and fungi.

Our current goals, based on the IUCN Red List Strategic Plan (2021-2030), are to have 260,000 species assessed and to reassess 142,000 of those species to ensure the information on their status is up-to-date so that we can monitor trends in change of status. Meeting these goals will provide the most up-to-date indication of the health of the world’s biodiversity to guide critical conservation action. This is only achievable with support from people like you.

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