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Taj mahal: construction of its invincible foundation.

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The Taj Mahal is a perfectly symmetrical monument representing the finest architectural and artistic achievements through excellent craftsmanship and perfect harmony in the design. Its foundation, in particular, was a herculean task to build as in those days clayey soil was usually avoided for construction due to its unpredictable nature.

The mausoleum is located on the southern bank of the river Yamuna in the city of Agra, India.  It was constructed by the emperor Shah Jahan as a homage to his partner Mumtaz Mahal. The construction began in the year 1632 and was completed in 1653.

The Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world and was recognized as a world heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1983.

Owing to the age of the structure, initial drawings used for the construction of the Taj Mahal are no longer available. Also, with time, conditions around the site have altered significantly. Therefore, the exact construction details of the foundation are not known. However, the information provided in this article is based on previous research studies.

The structure still stands tall and intact even after so many centuries essentially because of the construction technique adopted for its foundation. This article explains the design and construction sequence of the foundation along with the materials used in its construction.

1. Location of Taj Mahal

The monument exhibits exemplary designs of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture. To add to the aesthetics, a moonlight garden and elegant trees were integrated into the design. The fusion of these elements made it an ideal site for the construction of the monument. The site is near to the point where the river makes a sharp bend far from the monolith, ensuring enough supply of water for the gardens.

Figure-3 illustrates the sloping landscape on the riverside with Mehtab Bagh on the other side.

2. Geology of Taj Mahal

The following points describe the geology of the Taj Mahal:

• Clay of low to intermediate compressibility (CL- CI) is available from reduced level (RL) 149 to 133 m.
• The non-plastic to silty sand (SP- SM) is available from RL 133 to 123.8 m.
• A thicker clay layer of intermediate compressibility is available from RL 123.8 to 60.2 m.
• Fine to medium-grained quartzitic sandstone is available below 60.2 m.
• The depth of the groundwater table is located at 5.25 m.

2.1 Settlement

Based upon the consolidation test result, 99.4 % of the total settlement had taken place during the construction of the Taj Mahal.

2.2 Groundwater

The observation well closest to the Taj Mahal is the Shahganj Prithvi Nath well in the Bichpuri area of Agra. Figure-5 shows the groundwater information for four different seasons throughout the year.

3. Foundation of Taj Mahal

The information of the superstructure should be known before constructing the foundation of any structure. The superstructure of the Taj Mahal is huge and loads due to its weight are very high. The following points describe the superstructure of the Taj Mahal:

• The main structure of the Taj Mahal is made up of white marble.
• Its height above the garden level is 74.4 m.
• Weight of the dome is 12,000 tons.
• Inner diameter of the dome is 17.6 m with a thickness of 4.3 m.
• Pressure intensity due to dome of the Taj Mahal is around 218 KPa (evenly dispersed load) and 397 KPa (concentrated load).
• Pressure intensity due to the walls is around 766 KPa.

3.1 Foundation Details

The loads acting on the foundation due to the superstructure were very high. Therefore, special attention was given towards the construction of the foundation. The techniques and details for the construction of foundation are discussed below:

• The excavation for the foundation of the Taj Mahal was very deep. Researchers have figured out the precise depth of the foundation, to be 17.5 m, using the ground penetration radar method.
• After the excavation, the well foundation was constructed over the excavated stratum.
• In addition, the wells were filled with stone debris. Strong masonry of stone and lime were used as filling material.
• Furthermore, a structural system was built on top of the wells. This system consists of piers and arches. Arches were connected to piers so that the superstructure load can be distributed evenly on the well foundation.
• After that, a big sandstone base was created on top of the structural system.

3.2 Materials Used in the Foundation

Bricks, stones, mortar, iron, and wood were used in the foundation construction of the Taj Mahal.

3.2.1 Brick

Bricks were extensively used in the construction of domes and arches. For preparing bricks, clay and sand were mixed, shaped, and baked at the site of the construction. Mughal paintings of the construction work show the brick kilns set up on the worksite of Taj Mahal.

The common brick size of 203.2 mm × 190.5 mm × 44.5 mm was brought down to 177.8 mm × 114.3 mm × 25.4 mm to make the bricks lighter and bricklaying faster.

3.2.2 Mortar

Mortar is a vital element for foundation construction . The significance of mortar is rather apparent from Mughal-era paintings of building and construction.

For the foundation of the Taj Mahal, a unique water-resistant mortar called “Sarooj” was prepared. The basic contents of Sarooj were lime, clay, and sand. In addition, ash obtained from different sources such as wood and animal dung was added in the Sarooj mortar. Further, local ingredients such as jaggery, pulse, sugar bubbles, gram flour, resin, jute, and gum were also added. This helped in manufacturing a strong bonding agent. Local ingredients and fibers made the Sarooj mortar impenetrable.

The use of iron in the foundation was limited to the external works, such as iron nails used to secure the stones to the links of the vertical arches. Iron nails were also used in splitting the stones.

3.2.4 Timber

Mughal houses utilized wood in various parts of the foundation, such as circular braces in the wells. The parts made of wood were used on the riverside wall of the foundation to reduce the river’s scouring. Mostly, Sagwan wood (teak) and bamboo were used for this function. Bamboo was used to make large scaffolding structures, while Sagwan wood was used to build wheels to support the core of the well foundation.

4. Construction Sequence of Taj Mahal's Foundation

The Taj Mahal’s massive weight needed a very robust foundation, as any soil displacement would have been disastrous for the superstructure. A possible construction sequence of its foundation is discussed in two segments.

4.1 Construction of Wells

The following points describe a possible construction sequence of well foundation:

• Prior to construction, the builders used their surveying tools to find any modifications to the site. Measurements were done using bamboo and jute ropes.
• The first construction operation was the excavation for the well foundation.
• During excavation, the walls of the well were secured with wood. This process continued till workers reached a strong ground bed.
• Wood axles with spokes were used for the bracing of the wells. The bracing was provided at a suitable interval along the well core. Figure-10 illustrates this process.
• Further, the well core was filled with stone debris and bounded with leak-proof mortar. Figure-11(a) illustrates this process.
• In a similar style, a series of wells were constructed close by so that the base of the foundation can be set upon them.
• Lastly, the debris of stone blended with lime mortar and sand were filled in the area between the wells. Figure-11(b) demonstrates this process.

4.2 Construction of Piers and Arches

Arches and piers were constructed so that the load of the superstructure can be distributed evenly on the well foundation. A possible construction sequence for piers and arches is discussed below:

• After the construction of the well foundation, the next step was to raise the piers. The bricks mixed with lime mortar were used for constructing the piers. Moreover, Sarooj mortar was used to make the piers waterproof. Figure-11(c) illustrates this process.
• The next step involved the construction of arches and linking them to the piers. Figure-11(d) illustrates this process.
• Following this, the area between arches was filled with sand, mortar, and debris of stones. Sarooj mortar was extensively used for this purpose. Figure-11(e) illustrates this process.
• The resulting arches enabled a well-balanced distribution of the load to the series of wells located underneath it.
• To avoid any kind of differential settlement, the construction of a big red sandstone base was carried out on top of the arches.
• Since the entire structure was constructed on a natural slope, the thickness of the sandstone base was provided as 13 m on the riverside and 1.8 m on the garden side. Figure-11(f) illustrates the final version of the Taj Mahal’s foundation.

The parts made of wood were used on the riverside wall of the well foundation to reduce the river's scouring. Mostly, Sagwan wood (teak) and bamboo were utilized for this purpose.

Various kinds of stones were used to construct the Taj Mahal's foundation. Stones were used in the walls of well foundation. Also, stone debris was used to fill the areas around the piers, wells, and arches. Red sandstone was used for constructing the foundation base. Sang-I-Gwalior (yellow and grey sandstone) and Sang-I-Surkh (red sandstone) were used in the Taj Mahal's foundation.

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THE WONDER THAT IS TAJ

Exploring myriad depictions and details of the taj mahal, archaeological survey of india.

AN INTRODUCTION Built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, the Taj Mahal (ताज महल, “crown of palaces”) is one of the seven wonders of the world. It is eulogised as the most beautiful building built by the Mughals in India - a country they ruled from 1526 to the beginning of the British Raj in 1858. Shah Jahan (born, Khurram) was the 5th Mughal emperor of India and ruled from 1628-58. Historians refer to his period of rule as the peak of the Mughal Golden Era, with advances in culture and architecture, administration and territorial consolidation, the precedent of which was set by his father Humayun and grandfather Akbar. Shah Jahan also founded the new imperial capital of Shahjahanabad, today known as Old Delhi. In June 1631, Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu Begum) died during the birth of their 14th child Gauhar Begum and popular history suggests that Shah Jahan devasted by this loss, drifted into a long period of mourning before he ordered and oversaw the building of the Taj.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE The Mughal civilisation, a “fusion of Islamic, Persian, Hindu and Mongol sources (from whence the name Mughal derives) dominated the Indian subcontinent for several centuries and strongly influenced its subsequent development” . The Great Mughals - as they came to be known - Babar, Humayun, Akbar and Jahangir established a stronghold over most of Northern India by 1627. Shah Jahan assumed the title of The Emperor at a time when there was relative peace and the kingdom flourished. Stepping into the shoes of his father Jahangir, Shah Jahan was “the Quintessential Great Mughal, who by the splendour of his dress and ornaments and his lordly nearing and conduct, personified the opulence and grandeur of the Empire. Under him, the Mughal rumbustiousness was at last tamed under the influence of Persian courtly formalism” Unlike his immediate ancestors, Shah Jahan was staunchly orthodox and played a significant role in unraveling the established Mughal policy of tolerance towards other faiths. Multiple historical accounts mention demolitions and vandalism of places of faith, apart from those that celebrated Islam. Mumtaz Begum is said to have been a powerful administrator, along with Shah Jahan. She is said to have had control over the imperial seal and was closely involved in the running of the empire. The niece of Nur Jahan, she was considered to be formidable and strong-willed but also a woman of utmost beauty.  Shah Jahan was usurped by Aurangzeb, his son who finds place in Indian history as the least tolerant of the Mughals and perhaps certain facts have been largely contorted over years of historical telling. Aurangzeb's policies and governance exacerbated the less pluralistic and inclusive ways of Shah Jahan and positioned him in the role of a staunchly fundamentalist ruler. It remains tragic however, that a father as great as Shah Jahan was kept captive by this son for the last eight years of his life in the Agra Fort, in quarters that overlooked the Taj. After his death Aurangazeb had Shah Jahan interred in the Taj Mahal, next to Mumtaz Mahal. The two graves lie beneath two 'false' tombstones, underground. Many believe that Shah Jahan had not planned to be buried with his wife within the Taj and their graves sit asymmetrically in the centre of the monument. ------------------ 1. World Heritage Centre, Unesco 2. The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age by Abraham Eraly, Weidenfeld & Nicolson

The companionship Shah Jahan enjoyed with Mumtaz Mahal, is well documented by the court historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini. Mumtaz Mahal, her adopted name literally translates to 'the chosen one of the Palace' Qazwini writes, “The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favor which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence [another title of Mumtaz] exceeded by a thousand times what he felt for any other. And always that Lady of the Age was the companion, close confidante, associate and intimate friend of that successful ruler, in hardship and comfort, joy and grief, when travelling or in residence…. The mutual affection and harmony between the two had reached a degree never seen between a husband and wife among the sultans and rulers, or among the ordinary people.”

Shah Jahan was "a generous master who treated his servants with respect, and a far-sighted leader with a strict sense of justice."-British Library Learning Archives

Shah Jahan, a lover of gardens is said to have commissioned 999 of them in Kashmir, during his reign. Of these Shalimar Gardens are preserved as a World Heritage Site in Kashmir and are a highlight on the tourist trail in the Valley.

TAJ- DISCOVERED, DOCUMENTED AND CHERISHED From the time it was completed till this day, the Taj has captured the imaginations of visitors and the proud residents of Agra - which is evident in how the local economy of this town revolves around tourists at the Taj and other Mughal sites such as the Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri. There have been some spectacular renditions of the Taj created by artists and photographers over the centuries - celebrating this mausoleum built on the banks of the Yamuna. It is these images that have also helped historians, geographers and archeologists study the movement of the river over the years, its dramatic shrink in size and the extensive gardens that were laid out surrounding the Taj at the time that it was built. Some of these images, find place in this story.

Detail from the Tomb Detail from the Tomb

ARCHITECTURE Often described as the most beautiful and perfect building in the world, the Taj is often simplified into an expression of one man's love for his wife. What its multiple architects and builders achieve architecturally, is perhaps worth an elaboration. In its state of being, the Taj stands magnificent and tall and almost awkward sometimes, in its embodiment of a extravagant gesture, that is perhaps also too personal. Built as a complex of elaborate buildings and gardens, the precinct of the Taj spans over 55 acres. With construction that began in 1632, the Taj was completed in 1648. Over more than 20 years, the Emperor supervised building of what he considered a reflection of the befitting home in paradise for Mumtaz. Set within a four garden plan, the 'Mythical Garden of Paradise' (charbagh), the mausoleum boasts of a perfect onion tomb sat on the central structure, inturn placed on a raised terrace of 22'. This main structure of the Taj (186' wide) is flanked by geometrically fascinating minarets (137' tall) and the entire building is sheathed in marble with inlay work all over. The walls of the tomb are adorned with geometric  and floral motifs, most symmetrical and inscriptions from the Quran in refined calligraphic tradition. “..Its refined elegance is a conspicuous contrast both to the Hindu architecture of pre-Islamic India, with its thick walls, corbeled arches, and heavy lintels, and to the Indo-Islamic styles, in which Hindu elements are combined with an eclectic assortment of motifs from Persian and Turkish sources.”  —Marvin Trachtenberg and Isabelle Hyman. Architecture: from Prehistory to Post-Modernism. p223.

In the words of Shah Jahan's early historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini, “..And a dome of high foundation and building of great magnificence was founded - a similar and equal to it the eye of the Age has not seen under these nine vaults of enamel-blue sky, and of anything resermbling it the ear of Time has not heard in any of the past ages..it will be the masterpiece of the days to come, and that which adds to the astonishment of humanity at large..” Muhammad Amin Qazwini, Padshahnama, British Library Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections

In the central hall of the mausoleum are two false graves, covered by exquisite jaali (lattice) screens. These 'protect' the tombs from the gaze of the onlookers, whilst the actual graves of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal are enshrined a level below, in a chamber directly under the main hall.

“The interior of the building is dimly lit through pierced marble lattices and contains a virtuoso display of carved marble. Externally the building gains an ethereal quality from its marble facings, which respond with extraordinary subtlety to changing light and weather.” — Sir Banister Fletcher. A History of Architecture. p624, 630.

“From our investigations, the reign of Shah Jahan emerges at a time when the visual arts were most consistently and systematically explored as a means of promulgating imperial ideology. The written texts and the arts were seen as equally necessary means to represent the ruler and his state for wider public and to provide a lasting memorial to his fame..” -Ebba Koch, Taj Mahal: Architecture, Symbolism and Urban Significance; Institute fur Kunstgeschichte, University of Vienna

TRACING ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES The Humayun's tomb (built in 1569-70) is considered the primary architectural precusor to the Taj in India. Built by Hamida Begum for her husband Humayun, during the reign of Akbar, the Humayun's tomb is the first of its kind in the Indian subcontinent. It carries off succinctly the elements of the central dome, geometric symmetrical planning and integrates with these particular elements from Hindu architecture. The chhatris and red sandstone feature with the double dome, arched alcoves, a central octagonal chamber and fine marble inlay to create a monument that still rivals the Taj in its splendour and perfection.  The construction of this tomb set a new language and introduced the garden tomb to the architectural lexicon of the Mughals.

It is interesting also to note the parallels of power Muslim women enjoyed in the times of the Great Mughal Emperors. While Hamida Begum commissions and oversees the building of the Humayun's Tomb, it is “a measure of prominence of Mughal women.. that it was a Mughal princess who inspired the building of what is certainly the most famous monument raised by the dynasty: the Taj Mahal.” - The Most Magnificent Muslims, William Dalrymple; The New York Review of Books, Nov 22, 2007

LEFT, BELOW: Humayun's Tomb, Delhi RIGHT: Taj Mahal

The Biwi ka Maqbara, a monument commissioned by Aurangzeb in Aurangabad for his wife Dilras Banu Begum strongly resembles the architecture of the Taj, yet lacks its pristine proportion and grandeur.

Around the Taj Mahal and the city of Agra, are monuments built by the Mughal dynasties that are diverse and magnificent. Of these, the Agra Fort, The Moti Masjid and Fatehpur Sikri often feature on tourist itineraries.

Explore Fatehpur Sikri through Street View.

It is one of the most photographed monuments across the world and for good reason. The experience of being at the Taj Mahal is far more pronounced and overwhelming than one can imagine. In this age of easy access and constant bombardment of visual stimuli, the Taj is often reduced to a symbol - however reclaims its mantle when one visits it. It never fails to surprise, and never fails to welcome - people from all walks of life, irrespective of their faith or class.

Narrative—Payal Wadhwa, Designer and Interpretation strategist

Hampi - Poetry in Stone

Mahabalipuram - sculpture by the sea, rajghat: varanasi through the millennia, rajghat: varanasi through the millenia, sarnath - turning the wheel of law, kesa-vinyas: hairstyles in early indian art - i, nalanda: from mound to monument, the wonder that is taj, vignettes of ajanta & ellora, a journey across india.

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Taj Mahal Essay

The Taj Mahal is one of the World's Seven Wonders. The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan had this monument built in 1632 for the burial of Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved wife, and it serves as a symbol of love. This monument can be seen in India in the Uttar Pradesh city of Agra. The Taj Mahal is a testament to Mughal architecture's superiority. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Taj Mahal’.

100 Words Essay on Taj Mahal

200 words essay on taj mahal, 500 words essay on taj mahal.

The Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful and well-known historical sites. It is situated in the Uttar Pradesh city of Agra. It is in a spacious area with a river on the backside. It appears to be a sight from nature. It seems to be heaven on earth. It is constructed from white marble. Every year, it draws tourists from all around the world. The Taj Mahal represents the enduring love of Shah Jahan, who erected it in honour of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The monument is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It serves as the famous Empress Mumtaz Mahal's mausoleum.

About Taj Mahal

The world-famous Taj Mahal was created because of the vision of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. After she passed away, he built this monument in honour of his devoted wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

In honour of his beloved wife, Shah Jahan hired the best artisans worldwide to build it. He was going to make something that had never been done before. The emperor desired to give his beloved wife one last present. People still praise Shah Jahan for his fantastic deed. It encourages you to value and cherish love in new ways. We may also see how the bodies of the immortal lovers are interred beneath the tomb. Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan were buried close to one another and remained there after death for a very long time.

My Experience with Taj Mahal

On the day of the full moon in October of this year, I went to the Taj Mahal with a few of my schoolmates. The silvery moonlight glistening everywhere and glamorising the Taj brings out the best in its splendour. Greenery and flowerbeds nicely adorn the area around it. I was ecstatic to visit the Taj. Hundreds of men, women, and kids gathered to admire the Taj's magnificence. There were sizable groups of foreigners arriving. We also clicked many pictures in front of the monument.

A Symbol of Love

The Taj Mahal was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983 and is regarded as one of the most exquisite structural compositions in the entire world. After Mumtaz Mahal passed away, Shah Jahan erected the Taj Mahal in her honour and as a memorial. According to legend, Shah Jahan gave his wife the Taj Mahal as a gift. It is regarded as a representation of love and the tie between a husband and wife. It's interesting to note that the Taj Mahal is thought to represent Mumtaz's various emotions because it appears pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening, and golden when the moon is out.

When Shah Jahan's wife was alive, he made her four vows. These commitments include constructing the Taj, getting remarried, going to the grave on each anniversary of his passing, and being kind to his kids. After two years, he decided to erect a memorial in her honour. Therefore, he decided to create a unique monument that had never been built before. With the help of 20,000 workers, he made the Taj Mahal—turning his vision into reality. The Taj Mahal's construction took 22 years to complete. Additionally, it was said that Shah Jahan had all 20,000 labourers' hands amputated to prevent them from ever again constructing monuments of this nature.

My Visit to Taj Mahal

A trip to a historical site is always a thrilling adventure. It is an exciting journey. During my recent summer vacation, when I visited Agra, I had one such encounter. I took the train to get to Agra with my family. After a short period of recovery, we started our sight seeing tour. Agra has a rich history. In India, numerous stunning historical sites are worth visiting. The most spectacular of all, though, is the Taj Mahal in Agra. First, we went to the Taj Mahal. The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan erected the Taj Mahal 350 years ago as a tribute to his beloved queen Mumtaj. It is situated along the Yamuna River's bank.

On all sides, it appeared white and identical. Green glass tufts and hot Cyprus tree shoots enhanced its majestic majesty. We descended the stairs and under the dome, in a dim room, we discovered the king and queen's graves. The side walls were ornamented with bits of glass in various colours and Quranic couplets. Each of the four minarets at the major buildings served as a watchman.

We finished our tour of the Taj Mahal at about noon and left the area. My journey to the Taj Mahal was a lot of fun. It was a unique event that, in addition to being intellectually stimulating, provided us with a taste of our nation's great heritage.

Taj Mahal's beauty and tradition are something that every Indian is proud of. This structure is highly known all around the world. The Taj Mahal receives between 2 and 4 million visitors annually. The monument is well-known worldwide due to its beauty and rich history, which attract the most tourists.

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Taj Mahal — A Study and History of the Taj Mahal

A Study and History of The Taj Mahal

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Words: 872 |

Updated: 16 November, 2024

Words: 872 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Table of contents

Introduction to the taj mahal, the construction of the taj mahal, legends and historical anecdotes, architectural marvel of the taj mahal, the cultural and symbolic significance, conclusion: the legacy of the taj mahal.

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The Complete Story of India's Taj Mahal

One of the Most Beautiful Mausoleums in the World

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The Taj Mahal is a breathtaking white-marble mausoleum commissioned by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Located on the southern bank of the Yamuna River near Agra, India, the Taj Mahal took 22 years to build and finally reached completion in 1653.

This exquisite monument, considered one of the New Wonders of the World , astounds visitors with its symmetry, structural beauty, intricate calligraphy, inlaid gemstones, and magnificent garden. More than just a memorial dedicated to a spouse, the Taj Mahal was a declaration of lasting love from Shan Jahan to his departed soulmate.

The Love Story

In 1607, Shah Jahan, grandson of Akbar the Great , first met his beloved. At the time, he was not yet the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire . Sixteen-year-old Prince Khurram, as he was then called, flitted around the royal bazaar, flirting with the girls from high-ranking families that staffed the booths. 

At one of these booths, Prince Khurram met Arjumand Banu Begum, the 15-year-old young woman whose father was soon to be the prime minister and whose aunt was married to Prince Khurram’s father. Although it was love at first sight, the two were not allowed to marry right away. Prince Khurram first had to marry Kandahari Begum. He later took a third wife as well.

On March 27, 1612, Prince Khurram and his beloved, to whom he gave the name Mumtaz Mahal (“chosen one of the palace”), were married. Mumtaz Mahal was beautiful, smart, and tender-hearted. The public was enamored with her, largely because she cared for the people. She diligently made lists of widows and orphans to ensure they received food and money. The couple had 14 children together but only seven lived past infancy. The birth of the 14 th child killed Mumtaz Mahal.

The Death of Mumtaz Mahal

In 1631, three years into Shah Jahan’s reign, a rebellion led by Khan Jahan Lodi was underway. Shah Jahan took his military out to the Deccan, about 400 miles from Agra, to crush the usurper.

As usual, Mumtaz Mahal accompanied Shah Jahan’s side despite being heavily pregnant. On June 16, 1631, she gave birth to a healthy baby girl in an elaborately decorated tent in the middle of the encampment. At first, all seemed well, but Mumtaz Mahal was dying.

The moment Shah Jahan received word of his wife’s condition, he rushed to her side. Early in the morning on June 17, just one day after the birth of their daughter, Mumtaz Mahal died in her husband's arms. She was buried immediately, according to Islamic tradition, near the encampment at Burbanpur. Her body would not stay there long.

Reports say that in Shah Jahan’s anguish, he went to his tent and cried for eight days without ceasing. When he emerged, he was said to have aged considerably, sporting white hair and glasses.

Bringing Mumtaz Mahal Home

In December 1631, with the feud against Khan Jahan Lodi won, Shah Jahan asked that Mumtaz Mahal's body be dug up and brought 435 miles or 700 kilometers to Agra. Her return was a grand procession with thousands of soldiers accompanying her body and mourners lining the route.

When the remains of Mumtaz Mahal reached Agra on January 8, 1632, they were temporarily buried on land donated by nobleman Raja Jai Singh, near where the Taj Mahal would be built.

Plans for the Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan, filled with grief, poured his emotion into designing an elaborate and expensive mausoleum grander than any other. It was also unique because it was the first large mausoleum dedicated to a woman.

Although we know of no primary architect for the Taj Mahal, it's believed that Shah Jahan, passionate about architecture himself, worked on the plans directly with the input and aid of a number of the best architects of his time. The intention was for the Taj Mahal, “the crown of the region”, to represent Heaven, Jannah , on Earth. Shah Jahan spared no expense in making this happen.

Building the Taj Mahal

The Mughal Empire was one of the richest empires in the world at the time of Shah Jahan's reign, and this meant that he had the resources to make this monument incomparably grand. But though he wanted it to be breathtaking, he also wanted it erected quickly.

To speed up the production, an estimated 20,000 workers were brought in and housed nearby in a town built especially for them called Mumtazabad. Both skilled and unskilled craftsmen were contracted.

Builders first worked on the foundation and then the giant, 624-foot-long plinth or base, which would become the base of the Taj Mahal building and the pair of matching red sandstone buildings that would flank it, the mosque and guest house.

The Taj Mahal, sitting on a second plinth, was to be an octagonal structure constructed of marble-covered brick. As is the case for most large projects, the builders created a scaffolding to build higher. Their choice of bricks for this scaffolding was unusual and remains perplexing to historians.

White marble is one of the most striking and prominent features of the Taj Mahal. The marble used was quarried in Makrana, 200 miles away. Reportedly, it took 1,000 elephants and an untold number of oxen to drag the extremely heavy marble to the building site.

A giant, 10-mile-long earthen ramp was built for the massive marble pieces to reach higher spaces of the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is topped with a huge double-shelled dome that stretches 240 feet and is also covered in white marble. Four thin, white marble minarets stand tall at the corners of the second plinth and surround the mausoleum.

Calligraphy and Inlaid Flowers

Most pictures of the Taj Mahal show only a large white building. Though lovely, this image doesn't do the structure justice. These photos leave out many intricacies that make the Taj Mahal astoundingly feminine and opulent.

Passages from the Quran or Koran (the holy book of Islam) written in calligraphy appear on the mosque, guest house, and large main gate at the southern end of the complex. Shah Jahan hired master calligrapher Amanat Khan to work on these inlaid verses.

Masterfully done, the finished verses from the Quran are inlaid with black marble. They are a stately yet soft feature of the building. Although made of stone, the curves mimic real handwriting. The 22 passages from the Quran are said to have been chosen by Amanat Khan himself. Interestingly, Amanat Khan was the only person Shah Jahan allowed to sign his work on the Taj Mahal.

The delicate inlaid flowers throughout the Taj Mahal complex are almost more impressive than the calligraphy. In a process known as parchin kari , highly-skilled stone cutters carved intricate floral designs into the white marble and then inlaid these with precious and semi-precious stones to form interwoven vines and flowers.

There are 43 kinds of precious and semi-precious stones—sourced from around the world—used for these flowers, including lapis lazuli from Sri Lanka, jade from China, malachite from Russia, and turquoise from Tibet .

Islam holds the image of Paradise as a garden. Thus, the garden at the Taj Mahal was an integral part of making it Heaven on Earth.

The Taj Mahal’s garden, situated south of the mausoleum, has four quadrants. These are divided by four “rivers” of water (another important Islamic image of Paradise) that gather in a central pool. The Yamuna River filled these gardens and rivers via a complex underground water system. Unfortunately, no records remain to tell the exact plants in these gardens.

Shah Jahan's Death

Shah Jahan remained in deep mourning for two years and never fully healed after the death of his favorite wife. This gave Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan’s fourth son,  Aurangzeb , the opportunity to successfully kill his three elder brothers and imprison his father.

After 30 years as emperor, Shah Jahan was usurped and placed in the luxurious Red Fort in Agra in 1658. Forbidden to leave but with most of his usual luxuries, Shah Jahan spent his final eight years gazing out a window at the Taj Mahal.

When Shah Jahan died on January 22, 1666, Aurangzeb had his father buried with Mumtaz Mahal in the crypt beneath the Taj Mahal. On the main floor of the Taj Mahal above the crypt now sits two cenotaphs (empty public tombs). The one in the center of the room belongs to Mumtaz Mahal and the one just to the west is for Shah Jahan.

Surrounding the cenotaphs is a delicately carved, lacy marble screen. Originally it had been a gold screen but Shah Jahan had that replaced so thieves would not feel tempted to steal it.

Destruction of the Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan was wealthy enough to support the Taj Mahal and its mighty maintenance costs, but over the centuries, the Mughal Empire lost its riches and the Taj Mahal fell into ruins.

By the 1800s, the British ousted the Mughals and took over India. The Taj Mahal was dissected for its beauty—the Britch cut gemstones from its walls, stole silver candlesticks and doors, and even tried to sell the white marble overseas. It was Lord Curzon, the British viceroy of India, who put and to this. Rather than looting the Taj Mahal, Curzon worked to restore it.

The Taj Mahal Now

The Taj Mahal has once again become a magnificent place with 2.5 million visitors each year. People can visit during the daytime and watch as the white marble appears to take on different hues throughout the day. Once a month, visitors have the opportunity to make a short visit during a full moon to see how the Taj Mahal seems to glow from the inside out in the moonlight.

The Taj Mahal was placed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1983, but this protection has not guaranteed its safety. It is now at the mercy of pollutants from nearby factories and excessive humidity from the breath of its visitors. 

• DuTemple, Lesley A.  The Taj Mahal . Lerner Publications Company, 2003.
• Harpur, James, and Jennifer Westwood.  The Atlas of Legendary Places . 1st ed., Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1989.
• Ingpen, Robert R., and Philip Wilkinson.  Encyclopedia of Mysterious Places: The Life and Legends of Ancient Sites Around the World . Metro Books, 2000.
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Taj Mahal Essay

500+ words essay on the taj mahal.

The Taj Mahal is a great Indian monument that attracts thousands of people from all over the world every year. It is located on the bank of the Yamuna River in the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. It is situated around 2.5 km away from the Agra Fort. It is known as the symbol of love as Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built it in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is the best-known and most famous example of Mughal architecture, which combined elements from Islamic and Indian architectural styles. The essay on the Taj Mahal is the most common topic which is asked in the English paper. So, students must go through this essay and try to write their own essay on the Taj Mahal in English.

Taj Mahal: The Symbol of Love

The Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world. It is recognized as one of the most beautiful structural compositions in the world and was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his honourable and beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, after she passed away. It is said that Shah Jahan gifted the Taj Mahal to his wife. It represents the love and bond of husband and wife and is recognized as the symbol of love. Interestingly, the Taj Mahal is believed to reflect the different moods of Mumtaz because it is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden when the moon shines.

Shah Jahan made four promises to his wife when she was alive. These promises include building the Taj, marrying again, visiting the tomb on every death anniversary, and being gentle with his children. After two years, he decided to make a monument to honour the memory of his wife. So, he decided to build an exceptional monument that had never been constructed before. He turned it into a reality by making the Taj Mahal with the effort of 20,000 workers. It took 22 years to complete the construction of the Taj Mahal. It was also suspected that Shah Jahan cut the hands of all the 20,000 workers so that they would never build this type of monument again.

What Makes the Taj Mahal So Special?

The Taj Mahal is termed “the jewel of Muslim art in India”. The architecture of the Taj Mahal has five different main elements. The main gateway of the Taj Mahal is a curved shape and looks beautiful. There comes a beautiful garden after entering through the main gate. The garden has a long pool of water. The garden has beautiful beds of flowers and green trees. The Masjid is located on the left side of the Taj, which is built using red sandstones. The rest house is located on the right side of the Taj; it is named Saqqara Khaana. The Taj Mahal is constructed using 28 different types of precious stones and varieties of marble. It has been structured by combining various architectural styles like Indian, Persian, Islamic and Turkish. The white marbles used in the construction of the Taj Mahal are very expensive, and the architecture is decorated with ornamental gem materials.

The Archaeological Survey of India carries out the management of the Taj Mahal. It is one of the most beautiful monuments in India. Tourists from all over the world visit the place to enjoy the beauty of this monument of love. So, every individual must help in preserving and maintain such an incredible monument.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Taj Mahal Essay

Why is the taj mahal known as the symbol of love.

Taj Mahal was built in the span of 20 years by emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Thus it is seen as a depiction of love.

Is the Taj Mahal still one of the World’s Wonders?

Yes, the Taj Mahal had constant visitors even during the COVID pandemic season and remains one of the famous World Wonders.

How to write a descriptive and impressive essay?

It is important for a student to use different words while writing essays, as repetitive words can lead to boring content. Students should thus read articles, newspapers, blogs, etc., to improve their vocabulary skills.

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Essay on Taj Mahal for Students and Children 1000+ words

November 6, 2020 by ReadingJunction 4 Comments

Here, you will read Essay on Taj Mahal for Students and Children in 1000+ words. This essay includes history, architecture, visiting summary of Taj Mahal, Agra, India.

Table of Contents

Taj Mahal is one of seven wonders of the modern world. It is a beautiful ivory-white marble mausoleum built on the southern bank of the Yamuna River in Agra city. 

It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It represents the excellence of Mughal architecture. Around the world, many people associate the Taj Mahal with India ; this is one reason India is famous.

It has one of the most splendid architecture, but for most people, it symbolizes the powerful love of a husband for his wife. It also reminds us of power of love and how it has set an example for the generations to come.

History of Taj Mahal

In 1631 the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan ordered the Taj Mahal to be built in memory of wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died on 17th June of the same year while giving birth to their 14th child.

The construction of the major building started in 1632 and got completed in 1648, whereas the surrounding buildings and the construction of the garden were completed five years later.

The grief of Shah Jahan for his wife’s death was documented by the imperial court, illustrates the love story, which was the inspiration for the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan brought the finest artisans from around the world to build the building and honour the memory of his loving wife.

He wished to build something that had never been done before and wished to give the last gift to his wife to whom he loved so much.

Even today, people sing praises for the Shah Jahan’s great gesture. Taj Mahal makes you appreciate and believe in love like never. The bodies of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal buried next to each other, symbolizing that even after death, they stayed side by side and registered themselves as the eternal lovers in the lovers.

The Architecture of Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal was declared as a UNESCO heritage site in 1983. The marble with which they built the Taj Mahal, imported from the various countries from all over the world.

All the previous Mughal buildings were primarily built by the red sandstone. It believed that around a thousand elephants were used to transport the building to the materials.

The design of the Taj Mahal incorporates the traditional Persian design and the earlier Mughal architecture. The specific inspiration was taken by the Timurid, specifically Timur’s tomb in the Samarkand and other Mughal architectural buildings.

Under the patronage of Shah Jahan, the Mughal architecture reached new levels of refinement. The most spectacular feature of Taj Mahal is the marble dome that transcends the tomb. The top decorated with a lotus design, which serves to accentuate its height.

The shape of the dome also emphasized by four smaller domes known as the chattris places at the corners. The gilded decoration tops the dome and chattris with the mix of traditional Persian and Indian decorative elements. The tomb is a central focus of the Taj Mahal.

Like most of the Mughal tombs, the basic elements are of Persian in origin. The basic structure is a large multi-chambered cube with a chamfered corner with unequal eight sides.

The four minarets frame the tomb which at each of the chamfered corners. It showcases the smart architecture as the four minarets are inclined a little towards outside to prevent monument from any kind of natural disaster.

The interior chambers of the Taj Mahal reach beyond the traditional decorative elements, with the inlay works are decorated with precious and semi-precious gemstones. The inlay is with delicate detail with twining vines, fruits, and flowers adorned with semi-precious stones.

The complex of the Taj Mahal is set around by a 300-meter Mughal garden. In the center of the garden is a raised marble water tank known as the Hawd al – Kawthar act as a reflecting pool positioned on a north-south axis to reflect the image of the Taj Mahal.

The garden of the Taj Mahal is unusual from other Mughal architecture. In this garden, the Taj Mahal located at the end of the garden compared to other Mughal architecture situated in the center of the garden.

Visiting Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, which is approximately 200 kilometres from Delhi. It is part of India’s popular Golden Triangle Tourist circuit. Agra is a well-connected rail and road, and the major railway station is Agra Cantt.

Taj Mahal opened from 6 am to 7 pm every day except for Friday, which is closed for prayer. It also opened during full moon night from 8:30 pm to 12:30 pm.

10 Lines on Taj Mahal

• Taj Mahal is one of the favourite destinations for tourists around the world.
• Taj Mahal was built at the time of the Mughal era by the best artisans from an around world with the help of a lot of planning and enormous investments.
• The interior of the Taj Mahal, decorated by precious gemstones and flower design, is engraved on the marble’s surface.
• An area of 300-meter Mughal garden surrounds Taj Mahal.
• Taj opens every day (except Friday) from 6 am to 7 pm.
• The best time to visit Taj Mahal is from October to February as the weather in Agra remains cool.
• Taj festival is organised in February for ten days to revisit the memories of the Mughal era.
• Taj Mahal built by using a thousand elephants for transporting the raw materials to the construction site.
• Taj Mahal symbolises the eternal love of Shah Jahan, built in the memory of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• From time to time, the Indian government allocates funds for preserving the famous historical asset of India that is the Taj Mahal.

India takes pride in the heritage and beauty of the Taj Mahal. It is a famous monument all over the world and is daily visited by two to four million people every year.

The beauty and the feeling that it symbolizes attract people from around the world to visit it. Hope you liked this informative essay on taj mahal for students and children.

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