animal farm essay

A Summary and Analysis of George Orwell’s Animal Farm

By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University)

Animal Farm is, after Nineteen Eighty-Four , George Orwell’s most famous book. Published in 1945, the novella (at under 100 pages, it’s too short to be called a full-blown ‘novel’) tells the story of how a group of animals on a farm overthrow the farmer who puts them to work, and set up an equal society where all animals work and share the fruits of their labours.

However, as time goes on, it becomes clear that the society the animals have constructed is not equal at all. It’s well-known that the novella is an allegory for Communist Russia under Josef Stalin, who was leader of the Soviet Union when Orwell wrote the book. Before we dig deeper into the context and meaning of Animal Farm with some words of analysis, it might be worth refreshing our memories with a brief summary of the novella’s plot.

Animal Farm: plot summary

The novella opens with an old pig, named Major, addressing his fellow animals on Manor Farm. Major criticises Mr Jones, the farmer who owns Manor Farm, because he controls the animals, takes their produce (the hens’ eggs, the cows’ milk), but gives them little in return. Major tells the other animals that man, who walks on two feet unlike the animals who walk on four, is their enemy.

They sing a rousing song in favour of animals, ‘Beasts of England’. Old Major dies a few days later, but the other animals have been inspired by his message.

Two pigs in particular, Snowball and Napoleon, rouse the other animals to take action against Mr Jones and seize the farm for themselves. They draw up seven commandments which all animals should abide by: among other things, these commandments forbid an animal to kill another animal, and include the mantra ‘four legs good, two legs bad’, because animals (who walk on four legs) are their friends while their two-legged human overlords are evil. (We have analysed this famous slogan here .)

The animals lead a rebellion against Mr Jones, whom they drive from the farm. They rename Manor Farm ‘Animal Farm’, and set about running things themselves, along the lines laid out in their seven commandments, where every animal is equal. But before long, it becomes clear that the pigs – especially Napoleon and Snowball – consider themselves special, requiring special treatment, as the leaders of the animals.

Nevertheless, when Mr Jones and some of the other farmers lead a raid to try to reclaim the farm, the animals work together to defend the farm and see off the men. A young farmhand is knocked unconscious, and initially feared dead.

Things begin to fall apart: Napoleon’s windmill, which he has instructed the animals to build, is vandalised and he accuses Snowball of sabotaging it. Snowball is banished from the farm. During winter, many of the animals are on the brink of starvation.

Napoleon engineers it so that when Mr Whymper, a man from a neighbouring farm with whom the pigs have started to trade (so the animals can acquire the materials they need to build the windmill), visits the farm, he overhears the animals giving a positive account of life on Animal Farm.

Without consulting the hens first, Napoleon organises a deal with Mr Whymper which involves giving him many of the hens’ eggs. They rebel against him, but he starves them into submission, although not before nine hens have died. Napoleon then announces that Snowball has been visiting the farm at night and destroying things.

Napoleon also claims that Snowball has been in league with Mr Jones all the time, and that even at the Battle of the Cowshed (as the animals are now referring to the farmers’ unsuccessful raid on the farm) Snowball was trying to sabotage the fight so that Jones won.

The animals are sceptical about this, because they all saw Snowball bravely fighting alongside them. Napoleon declares he has discovered ‘secret documents’ which prove Snowball was in league with their enemy.

Life on Animal Farm becomes harder for the animals, and Boxer, while labouring hard to complete the windmill, falls and injures his lung. The pigs arrange for him to be taken away and treated, but when the van arrives and takes him away, they realise too late that the van belongs to a man who slaughters horses, and that Napoleon has arranged for Boxer to be taken away to the knacker’s yard and killed.

Squealer lies to the animals, though, and when he announces Boxer’s death two days later, he pretends that the van had been bought by a veterinary surgeon who hadn’t yet painted over the old sign on the side of the van. The pigs take to wearing green ribbons and order in another crate of whisky for them to drink; they don’t share this with the other animals.

A few years pass, and some of the animals die, Napoleon and Squealer get fatter, and none of the animals is allowed to retire, as previously promised. The farm gets bigger and richer, but the luxuries the animals had been promised never materialised: they are told that the real pleasure is derived from hard work and frugal living.

Then, one day, the animals see Squealer up on his hind legs, walking on two legs like a human instead of on four like an animal.

The other pigs follow; and Clover and Benjamin discover that the seven commandments written on the barn wall have been rubbed off, to be replace by one single commandment: ‘All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.’ The pigs start installing radio and a telephone in the farmhouse, and subscribe to newspapers.

Finally, the pigs invite humans into the farm to drink with them, and announce a new partnership between the pigs and humans. Napoleon announces to his human guests that the name of the farm is reverting from Animal Farm to the original name, Manor Farm.

The other animals from the farm, observing this through the window, can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the men, because Napoleon and the other pigs are behaving so much like men now.

Things have gone full circle: the pigs are no different from Mr Jones (indeed, are worse).

Animal Farm: analysis

First, a very brief history lesson, by way of context for Animal Farm . In 1917, the Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II, was overthrown by Communist revolutionaries.

These revolutionaries replaced the aristocratic rule which had been a feature of Russian society for centuries with a new political system: Communism, whereby everyone was equal. Everyone works, but everyone benefits equally from the results of that work. Josef Stalin became leader of Communist Russia, or the Soviet Union, in the early 1920s.

However, it soon became apparent that Stalin’s Communist regime wasn’t working: huge swathes of the population were working hard, but didn’t have enough food to survive. They were starving to death.

But Stalin and his politicians, who themselves were well-off, did nothing to combat this problem, and indeed actively contributed to it. But they told the people that things were much better since the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the Tsar, than things had been before, under Nicholas II. The parallels with Orwell’s Animal Farm are crystal-clear.

Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the formation of a Communist regime in Russia (as the Soviet Union). We offer a fuller definition of allegory in a separate post, but the key thing is that, although it was subtitled A Fairy Story , Orwell’s novella is far from being a straightforward tale for children. It’s also political allegory, and even satire.

The cleverness of Orwell’s approach is that he manages to infuse his story with this political meaning while also telling an engaging tale about greed, corruption, and ‘society’ in a more general sense.

One of the commonest techniques used in both Stalinist Russia and in Animal Farm is what’s known as ‘gaslighting’ (meaning to manipulate someone by psychological means so they begin to doubt their own sanity; the term is derived from the film adaptation of Gaslight , a play by Patrick Hamilton).

For instance, when Napoleon and the other pigs take to eating their meals and sleeping in the beds in the house at Animal Farm, Clover is convinced this goes against one of the seven commandments the animals drew up at the beginning of their revolution.

But one of the pigs has altered the commandment (‘No animal shall sleep in a bed’), adding the words ‘ with sheets ’ to the end of it. Napoleon and the other pigs have rewritten history, but they then convince Clover that she is the one who is mistaken, and that she’s misremembered what the wording of the commandment was.

Another example of this technique – which is a prominent feature of many totalitarian regimes, namely keep the masses ignorant as they’re easier to manipulate that way – is when Napoleon claims that Snowball has been in league with Mr Jones all along. When the animals question this, based on all of the evidence to the contrary, Napoleon and Squealer declare they have ‘secret documents’ which prove it.

But the other animals can’t read them, so they have to take his word for it. Squealer’s lie about the van that comes to take Boxer away (he claims it’s going to the vet, but it’s clear that Boxer is really being taken away to be slaughtered) is another such example.

Communist propaganda

Much as Stalin did in Communist Russia, Napoleon actively rewrites history , and manages to convince the animals that certain things never happened or that they are mistaken about something. This is a feature that has become more and more prominent in political society, even in non-totalitarian ones: witness our modern era of ‘fake news’ and media spin where it becomes difficult to ascertain what is true any more.

The pigs also convince the other animals that they deserve to eat the apples themselves because they work so hard to keep things running, and that they will have an extra hour in bed in the mornings. In other words, they begin to become the very thing they sought to overthrow: they become like man.

They also undo the mantra that ‘all animals are equal’, since the pigs clearly think they’re not like the other animals and deserve special treatment. Whenever the other animals question them, one question always succeeds in putting an end to further questioning: do they want to see Jones back running the farm? As the obvious answer is ‘no’, the pigs continue to get away with doing what they want.

Squealer is Napoleon’s propagandist, ensuring that the decisions Napoleon makes are ‘spun’ so that the other animals will accept them and carry on working hard.

And we can draw a pretty clear line between many of the major characters in Animal Farm and key figures of the Russian Revolution and Stalinist Russia. Napoleon, the leader of the animals, is Joseph Stalin; Old Major , whose speech rouses the animals to revolution, partly represents Vladimir Lenin, who spearheaded the Russian Revolution of 1917 (although he is also a representative of Karl Marx , whose ideas inspired the Revolution); Snowball, who falls out with Napoleon and is banished from the farm, represents Leon Trotsky, who was involved in the Revolution but later went to live in exile in Mexico.

Squealer, meanwhile, is based on Molotov (after whom the Molotov cocktail was named); Molotov was Stalin’s protégé, much as Squealer is encouraged by Napoleon to serve as Napoleon’s right-hand (or right-hoof?) man (pig).

Publication

Animal Farm very nearly didn’t make it into print at all. First, not long after Orwell completed the first draft in February 1944, his flat on Mortimer Crescent in London was bombed in June, and he feared the typescript had been destroyed. Orwell later found it in the rubble.

Then, Orwell had difficulty finding a publisher. T. S. Eliot, at Faber and Faber, rejected it because he feared that it was the wrong sort of political message for the time.

The novella was eventually published the following year, in 1945, and its relevance – as political satire, as animal fable, and as one of Orwell’s two great works of fiction – shows no signs of abating.

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Animal Farm by George Orwell: Literary Analysis Essay

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The Significance of the Novel’s Title

The major themes emerging from the novel, important passages and their significance, the setting of the novel and its effects on the plot, the main characters and their motivations, important relationships among characters in the novel, the narrator of the story and impact of his perspective on the narration, the ending of the novel, recommendation of the novel, works cited.

George Orwell’s Animal Farm is often discussed as an allegorical story having the features of the fable and satire. The significance of the novella’s title is in its satirical nature. An animal farm is traditionally discussed as a place where animals are bred by humans. The farms are usually named after the owner. However, Animal Farm is rather different. It is a place where animals are owners of the properties (Orwell 6). While referring to the meaning and significance of the phrase which is used for the title of the novella, it is important to emphasize the opposition between animals and humans as well as their differences.

The name “Animal Farm” is chosen by the characters in order to accentuate the meaning of this specific place where animals can rule instead of humans and without being exploited by them. However, the ownership of the farm by animals is a rather provocative idea. While focusing on the fact that the purpose of the novella is to present the political regime in the Soviet Union before World War II, it is possible to state that the title is significant because it stresses on the inhuman nature of Joseph Stalin’s regime.

Providing the title for the work, Orwell seems to ask the questions about the differences in the regime of the Soviet Union and irrational rule of animals at the farm. The satirical title is significant because the reader also starts asking questions about the political and social meaning of the work’s message and ideas. Using the metaphor in the title, Orwell draws the readers’ attention to the Animal Revolution as his allegory to demonstrate the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917. That is why, the title is significant to represent the double meaning of the story and stimulate the readers’ interpretation of the literal and allegorical aspects of the title’s meaning.

The major themes represented in the novella are the leadership and power in the Soviet Union, corruption, inequality, the role of an individual in the society, exploitation, and control. In his novella, Orwell discusses the power in the Soviet Union as unlimited and focused in the hands of the elite, as it is typical for the totalitarian governments. These leaders are allegorically described in the characters of pigs which are powerful, but selfish, brutal, and vicious.

The theme of corruption is discussed with the help of stating that the absolute power makes people corrupted or depraved because of receiving the unlimited resources. Thus, those pigs which were the leaders of the Animal Revolution betrayed their ideals and principles and chose to live in Manor’s house because of the convenience and extreme desire to satisfy their needs while ignoring the needs of the other working animals.

These animals chose to follow the principle “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others” (Orwell 112). Thus, Orwell also discusses the themes of inequality and the role of an individual in the society. In spite of the fact that the Animal Revolution was declared to be organized for the welfare of all animals, only the leaders received the real benefits. The same situation was observed in the Soviet Union. The social stratification and the division into rich and poor were not overcome, but these problems were hidden now.

The other significant themes discussed in the fable are exploitation and control supported by the leaders of the revolution. The pigs were satisfied with the work of hard-working animals, but any differences in the views could result in violent punishment. This allegory represents how Stalin chose to resolve the problems with dissenters. Thus, the institution of control in the Soviet Union was People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, and the guarantee of the pig’s control was dogs which were used to persecute dissenters.

The first passage that attracts the reader’s attention is Major’s speech about the role of a man in the world. Thus, Major states in his speech, “Man is the only creature that consumes without producing…Yet he is lord of all the animals” ( Orwell 6 ). Major notes that a man makes animals work, but he does not care about them and only “prevent them from starving” ( Orwell 6). Major persuades the animals that they are better than men, and they have to rebel while focusing on the threats of exploitation. This statement reflects the Socialists’ arguments declared during the Revolution period. However, the significance of the passage is in the fact that the pigs forget about their statements and ideals while receiving some power, and they begin to exploit the others.

In Chapter 3, the principles of the Socialists’ attitude to work and the belief of the poor men in the better future are reflected. The horse Boxer becomes the inspiration for each animal at the farm because he follows the principle “I will work harder!” (Orwell 25). This principle is actively followed by lower class animals, but it is also used by the pigs to exploit workers. The ideology prevents these animals from seeing the real situation at Animal Farm.

The expulsion of Snowball with the help of dogs can be discussed as the important allegorical description of the struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky observed in the Soviet Union. Napoleon used any means to realize his goals. Thus, he even used dogs to fear Snowball and other animals, “there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws” (Orwell 48). Napoleon could not support his leadership with the other resources, and he used violence to state his high social position. This moment is symbolic to represent the deterioration of any Socialist principles declared at Animal Farm.

The next significant passage is about judging Snowball as a scapegoat. This moment is important to describe the reality of Animal Farm and make the reader think about the Soviet Union. Snowball was accused of any crime at the farm only because he did not support Napoleon. Thus, “If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it” (Orwell 66). This situation is the first step in persecution of ‘suspicious’ animals who were killed because of possible relations with Snowball. Thus, the authorities used all the cruel methods to justify and support their regime while violating the basic principles of their ideologies.

The setting of the novella is imaginary Manor Farm located in England. This place becomes the communal territories owned by the animals after the Animal Revolution. The time period associated with the described events is not stated clearly. Animal Farm becomes the place where animals live according to the principles of Animalism and equality of all the animals. These equal animals have the only enemy in men who previously exploited them (Orwell 4).

Concentrating on the allegorical meaning of the novella, it is possible to note that the setting of the story is the Soviet Union after the period of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and during the rule of Joseph Stalin. The setting can be considered as affecting the plot significantly because all the described events occur at Animal Farm where animals try to develop the communal way of life. This farm becomes the place where the pigs win the people and receive the power.

It is possible to state that the story could be told in a different setting, but the features of the fable can be lost because the main distinctive feature of the novella is its allegorical character. While putting the characters of the novella in the real-life setting, it is possible to discuss the moments from the history of the Soviet Union without using any allegories and metaphors in order to accentuate the dramatic features of the regime. That is why, this story about the corrupted leaders and exploited workers presented in a different setting can be discussed as ineffective to reveal the author’s main idea.

The main characters of the novella are Napoleon, Snowball, Boxer, Squealer, and Old Major. The character of Napoleon is based on the personality of Joseph Stalin. This ambitious pig tries to become a leader at Animal Farm after the death of Old Major. Napoleon uses all the means to achieve the goal, and these means are mostly persuasive speeches and unlimited violence. As a result, Napoleon can be described as a political tyrant.

The character of Snowball is based on the personality of Leon Trotsky, the main rival of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Snowball is an idealist, and he also wants to become a leader at Animal Farm, but he fails because of avoiding the use of extremely violent means and because of basing only on clear reasoning. That is why, Napoleon makes Snowball to become a scapegoat in order to receive the opportunity to cope with the smart competitor.

Boxer is a cart-horse who represents the working class at Animal Farm. Boxer works hard in order to contribute to the farm’s intensive development. He is loyal, strong, naïve, and dedicated to the ideals of Animalism. Boxer can be discussed as motivated by the belief in the better future and achievements of the working animals.

Squealer is a pig who develops the active propaganda at Animal Farm in order to support Napoleon’s ideas and personality (Orwell 20). This pig speaks in a language that is understandable for other animals, and he is motivated by possible Napoleon’s appraisal.

Old Major is an old pig whose character is written basing on the personalities of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Old Major is rather wise, and he is focused on finding better ways for living at farm while avoiding the exploitation of the animals as the lower class (Orwell 3-4).

The character to whom it is possible to relate oneself is Boxer. This cart-horse is the appropriate choice because he discusses the hard work as the only way to build the better future, and he tries to inspire the others to do their best to create something good.

The novella is based on the description of the problematic relationships between Napoleon and Snowball. These pigs are rivals in their fight for leadership at Animal Farm. In spite of the fact that both Napoleon and Snowball orient to receiving the unlimited leadership and influence, the methods which they use to complete the goals are different. That is why, Napoleon who uses violence and fear becomes more powerful than Snowball who uses reasoning. Although Napoleon and Snowball start applying the ideals of Animalism to the regime at Animal Farm as a team, they need more leadership after the death of Old Major. These relations are typical for the ruling class where the fight for power is not only extreme but also prolonged.

The other type of relationships is described with references to workers Boxer and Benjamin. Orwell describes these animals’ relations the following way, “the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking” (Orwell 4). The horse and the donkey represent different visions and attitudes to the world and situation, but they live to support each other. Boxer can be described as more enthusiastic and positive while discussing the ideals of Animalism. Benjamin is more passive in spite of the fact that he understands the real situation at Animal Farm. Benjamin chooses not to do anything to fight cruelty of Napoleon’s regime. Thus, this character represents the visions of the majority in the Soviet Union.

The narrative point used in Animal Farm is third-person, and this point of view can be discussed as impersonal and omniscient because Orwell is not presented as a character in the work. First, it seems that the narrator’s perspective is limited, but then it can be found that readers know more than animals which are discussed in the story. Thus, the anonymous narrator not only retells the actions of the animals, but he also presents the motives and thoughts of such characters as Napoleon, Squealer, Boxer, and Benjamin (Orwell 3-14). As a result, this perspective can affect the way according to which the story is told and understood by the reader. The used approach helps accentuate the differences observed in the pigs’ words and their actions toward horses and other animals who work hard to support the commune.

The narrator can also be described as detached, and there are more opportunities for the author to present and develop the allegorical meaning of the novella while focusing on the real motivation of such characters as Napoleon and Squealer while comparing their words, thoughts, and actions with the activities of the other animals at the farm (Orwell 58-64). This point of view is effective to be used in the allegorical novella because the reader can understand all the hidden meanings of the described activities and words while referring to the narrator’s ironical remarks and hints. That is why, the choice of the perspective is rather appropriate to address the idea or message of this satirical story.

The ending of the novella can be discussed as appropriate to represent the result of corruption of the ideals and principles developed at Animal Farm. Thus, animals betrayed their ideals because of the benefits of working with their human enemies. However, the last scene demonstrates that animals and men have many features in common because of their focus on cheating, exploiting, and expanding only their own properties. The quarrel between animals’ leaders and people observed by the other animals through windows of the house reveals that “the creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which” (Orwell 118). Thus, Orwell effectively stresses on how tyrants can use the ideals against the lower classes and support their power with the methods used by the previous leaders.

Animal Farm should be recommended for reading to others because this allegorical novella is helpful to understand the nature of the totalitarian regimes which can be based on the effective ideals. Furthermore, the novella is interesting to help readers become detached from the historical reality associated with the Russian Revolution and look at the events from the other perspective. The satirical anti-utopian story makes the reader think about the true nature of many things observed in different types of the society. In his work, Orwell effectively discussed the threats of the totalitarian regimes which can be corrupted because of the aspects of the human nature. That is why, the novella can be actively recommended to the readers to look at the political events from the perspective of the satirical fable.

Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1990. Print.

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Animal Farm

George orwell.

Ask LitCharts AI: The answer to your questions

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on George Orwell's Animal Farm . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

Animal Farm: Introduction

Animal farm: plot summary, animal farm: detailed summary & analysis, animal farm: themes, animal farm: quotes, animal farm: characters, animal farm: symbols, animal farm: literary devices, animal farm: theme wheel, brief biography of george orwell.

Historical Context of Animal Farm

Other books related to animal farm.

• Full Title: Animal Farm
• When Written: 1944-45
• Where Written: England
• When Published: 1945
• Literary Period: Modernism
• Genre: Allegorical Novel
• Setting: A farm somewhere in England in the first half of the 20th century
• Climax: The pigs appear standing upright and the sheep bleat, “Four legs good, two legs better!”
• Antagonist: Napoleon specifically, but the pigs and the dogs as groups are all antagonists.
• Point of View: Third Person

Extra Credit for Animal Farm

Tough Crowd. Though Animal Farm eventually made Orwell famous, three publishers in England and several American publishing houses rejected the novel at first. One of the English editors to reject the novel was the famous poet T.S. Eliot, who was an editor at the Faber & Faber publishing house. One American editor, meanwhile, told Orwell that it was “impossible to sell animal stories in the U.S.A.”

Red Scare. Orwell didn’t just write literature that condemned the Communist state of the USSR. He did everything he could, from writing editorials to compiling lists of men he knew were Soviet spies, to combat the willful blindness of many intellectuals in the West to USSR atrocities.

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Animal Farm

Background of the novella.

George Orwell wrote this novel to warn the people against the impacts and perils of Stalinism and totalitarian government.  This novel got published at the end of World War II. The book is an allegory and all the characters symbolize different historical characters. The original title of this allegorical novella was Animal Farm: A Fairy Tale. But when it was published in the United States, the subtitle A Fairy Tale was dropped.

When they are liberated from the dictator Jones, life on the homestead is useful for some time and there is a promise for a more joyful eventual fate of less work, better training and more nourishment. However, conflict arises as Napoleon and Snowball battle for the leadership of animals on the homestead. Napoleon holds onto power forcibly and winds up abusing the animals similarly as Farmer Jones does. The story closes with the pigs acting and dressing like the people which the animals expel from the farm.

Setting of the Novella

Historical background, animal farm summary, chapter 1 summary.

Mr. Jones is the owner of the animal farm. Mr. Jones is heavily drunk and he hardly makes it to bed. As he goes towards the bed, the animals start to make noise and bustle because they are to hold a grand meeting on the farm. The agenda of the meeting is to have a discussion about the strange dream of the Old Major. The animals are slowly showing up in the barn.

Chapter 2 Summary

Chapter 3 summary.

The pigs help in making a room for study where trade is studied. Some Committees are made including The Clean Tails League, Re-Education Committee, and Egg Production Committee. But the committees are unable to produce the results. The animals do not have good intelligence and are unable to remember the seven features of Animalism so one basic commandment is made for them and it is “four legs good and two legs bad.”

Chapter 4 Summary

Chapter 5 summary.

In the winter, the animals feel that Mollie is not performing the assigned duties. Mollie is also sympathetic towards humans and usually talks to humans at the borders of Animal Farm. It is also noted that Mollies has sugar and ribbon stash. After some time, Mollies disappears from the farm.

Snowball suggests that animals will be able to complete the windmill in a year but Napoleon thinks that all the animals might die in one year if they do not focus on the production of food.  Some of the animals start chanting for the windmill, while the other chant for food production. Benjamin is the only animal who thinks that both plans are beneficial for animals.

In the meeting, the animals are not allowed and the pigs decide the schedule for the next week. Napoleon starts dictating all the other animals and decides that he will not only complete the windmill but will also carry out other welfare plans for the animals too.

Chapter 6 Summary

Chapter 7 summary.

After a few days Napoleon orders for the assembly. He is wearing the awards of the battles. Some of the pigs have opposed the ideas of Napoleon and the dogs of Napoleon drag them out from the crowd. The pigs are forced to tell the animals of their activities and they confess that they are plotting with Snowball to take over the farm. They also confess that they have destroyed the windmill with the help of Snowball. Napoleon orders to kill the pigs and similarly some other animals are killed too. After the assembly, the animals are terrified and the Squealer comes to announce that the anthem of the Animal Farm is replaced with the new anthem by Napoleon.

Chapter 8 Summary

Chapter 9 summary, chapter 10 summary, animal farm characters analysis.

He is the leader who is corrupt and feeds on the production of his subjects providing them nothing of benefit. For Orwell, Napoleon represents Napoleon Bonaparte. In the novel, the pig Napoleon represents Stalin because he also changed his policies and orders frequently.

Benjamin also stands for Orwell himself because Orwell too remained pessimistic due to the political scenario and the totalitarian governments.

Boxer is the male horse that lives on the farm. He is the tallest and strongest of the animals on the farm. His appearance is not very good and his intelligence, too, is of the second class but he is respected for his strength and valor.

After the rebellion, he works more than the other animals. He becomes a supporter of Napoleon because he thinks that he needs to serve fellow animals. For the sake of the betterment of Animal Farm, he works hard and tirelessly.

Boxer is an allegorical representation of the working class or the proletariats in human society. Although they have the strength and power to serve the bourgeoisie yet they lack the mental capabilities which make them understand that they can stand for their own rights.

This class of people does not understand the actual tactics of the propagandist governments and they suffer throughout their lives.

Frederick is the owner of Pinchfield. Pinchfield is a small farm in the surroundings of the Manor Farm. He has a good business and is usually busy with legal issues. He makes a deal with Napoleon for the purchasing of timber but he cheats the animals by giving them unreal notes of banks.

He is also a leader in the pigs. He is a young pig. He is an intelligent character but the only shortcoming in his character is that he does not have political depth which Napoleon possesses.

He is a solicitor and works as an agent for the animals to make deals with the surrounding farms and human beings. He takes his commission from Napoleon. He makes visits to the animal farm on every Monday. He does not bother himself with injustices of the animal farm rather he is interested in his commission.

Themes in Animal Farm

Education used for oppression.

This shows that they are also opportunists. The education and the intelligence of pigs permit them to subdue the rest of the animals of the farm. At the end of the book, the readers witness Napoleon’s arrangements for the education of a new generation of pigs so that they could continue to subdue the animals of the farm.

Violence as a tool of Suppression

The executions represent the Great Purge and the Red Terror, yet they stand for the maltreatment of intensity. For instance, they are like the open executions of Taliban in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The death penalty for crooks is a fervently discussed issue. Executing lawbreakers like Napoleon is another issue. The executions symbolize the Trails of Moscow which Stalin arranged to make the people afraid. The traitors were forced to confess so that they could be executed.

The return of Mr. Jones is a serious risk because it kills the interests of animals in questioning. The other significant case of dread strategies in the novel is the danger of Snowball and his colleagues. Napoleon uses Snowball`s return as the cause of fear because he makes them believe that his return is dangerous. Snowball is a more awful danger than Jones since Jones is at any rate securely out of Animal Farm. Snowball is demonstrated to be sneaking along the boundaries of Animal Farm.

Class Stratification

The novel sheds light on the fact the various animals representing various classes are one against the enemy but once the peril of elimination and enemy is eliminated, the unity of the classes goes away and they start dividing themselves into different groups.

Once Mr. Jones is removed from the leadership of the farm, a run for leadership is shown among the animals of the farm and Napoleon being the main manipulator becomes the leader to exploit all the animals. The animals divide themselves as the working class and the other class who control the working class. The pigs are classified into the class that holds all the privileges and the rest of the animals on the farm constitute the working class and they work tirelessly. This class is given no proper food and shelter while the pigs enjoy every luxury of the farm.

Naive Working Class and its dangers

Boxer states that Napoleon is always right and this is a clear indication which gives Napoleon more strength and power to subdue this class of animal. This novel manifests that the inability of the oppressed increases the suffering of this class because they are unable to make progress in order to free themselves from the tyrant and cruel masters.

The Failure of Intellect

Animal Farm is profoundly doubtful about the estimation of scholarly movement. The pigs are distinguished as the canniest creatures. However, their insight rarely delivers anything of significant worth.

Animal Exploitation by Humans

The novella proposes that there is a genuine association between the abuse of creatures and the misuse of human specialists. Mr. Pilkington jokes to Napoleon that on the off chance that you have your lower creatures to fight with we have our lower classes. From the perspective of the decision class, creatures and laborers are the equivalents.

Animal Farm Analysis

Stalinism satirized.

This novel is a satire of extremist governments of totalitarian governments in their numerous pretenses. Orwell formed this book for an explicit reason: to stand as a cautionary tale of warning against Stalinism.

Therefore, he was unable to publish this book because the Allies were helping out the Soviet Union. Although the book got ready for publishing yet Orwell could not get any publisher for the book to publish it. The characters of this novel portray some authentic figures and various groups of Imperial Russian and Soviet society. The Major stands for Karl Marx, the Boxer for the workers, Napoleon stands for Joseph Stalin, Frederick for Adolf Hitler, and Snowball stands for Leon Trotsky.

Regardless of this fantasy story composed for satirizing some of the events Soviet history Orwell is less concerned about other events of history. For instance, the killing in Chapter VII associates the Great Purge and the Red Terror. The executions are the representation of these events. Squealer’s declarations that the executions have finished the Rebellion associate them to the time of the Red Terror.

Napoleon Analyzed

From the initial points in the novella, Napoleon rises as a person who is always in search of opportunities for corruption.  Napoleon never makes a solitary commitment by participating actively in the Revolution, not to the definition of its belief system, not to the grisly battle that it requires, not to the new society’s underlying endeavors to build up itself. He never shows enthusiasm for the quality of Animal Farm itself, just in the quality of his control over it.

One by one, he changes all the seven commandments of Animalism for his own benefits. It is a demonstration of Orwell’s intense political insight that Napoleon can without much of a stretch represent any of the extraordinary despots and political rascals in world history, even the individuals who emerged after Animal Farm was composed. In the conduct of Napoleon and his partners in crime, one can identify the lying and tormenting strategies of authoritarian pioneers, for example, Mao, Josip Tito, Augusto Pinochet, Pol Pot and Milosevic are treated in a very corrosive manner.

Some Animals are more equal than others

Animal Farm demonstrates that the intelligence of the pigs is not the main tool through which they control the other animals of the farm because pigs do not produce anything that is beneficial for the animals of the farms.

Power Corrupts

Failure of the farm.

While the pigs are blessed with the food, drinks and luxury, the rest of the animals are hand to mouth on the farm.  When the animals come to a stage of life where they are of no use, the pigs sell them and enjoy the whiskeys over the money received.

After the publicly killing of four pigs, three sheep, three hens, and a goose, the residents of the animal farm realize that something is going wrong with the sixth commandments.  They come to know that the sixth commandment of Animalism is changed from No Animal shall kill any other animal to no animal shall kill any other animals without a cause. 

Propaganda as a tool for exploitation

Thus, in Orwell’s Animal Farm where animals take control of the far and set their own state in function. Napoleon, a pig, and his main propagandist, Squealer, subdue the animals completely. The use of propaganda by various characters reflects Russia in the reign of Stalin’s imperious guideline.

Generally, he turns into Squealer`s pawn. Since Squealer can’t reach everywhere anytime, he abuses Boxer’s numbness and reliability to certify Napoleon’s concern for animals of the farm. Fighter does this subliminally; he controls the animals for Napoleon without being aware of it. Through this Orwell suggests that the use of slogans by characters without any resistance spread the ideas very quickly.

More From George Orwell

Animal Farm

73 pages • 2 hours read

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Chapters 8-10

Character Analysis

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Important Quotes

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Discussion Questions

Why might Orwell have chosen the format of an animal fable for his satire of the Soviet Union? Does this format make for more effective satire? Why or why not?

Could the message of Animal Farm be appreciated by readers who did not know about the history of the Soviet Union and the real-life prototypes of the characters? Why or why not?

Who is the real hero of Animal Farm ? Is there one? Why or why not?

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Animal Farm

By george orwell.

• Animal Farm Summary

Animal Farm is a satirical fable set on Manor Farm, a typical English farm. Orwell employs a third-person narrator, who reports events without commenting on them directly. The narrator describes things as the animals perceive them.

Old Major calls a meeting of all the animals in the big barn. He announces that he may die soon and relates to them the insights he has gathered in his life. Old Major tells the animals that human beings are the sole reason that “No animal in England is free” and that “The life of an animal is misery and slavery.” Therefore the animals must take charge of their destiny by overthrowing Man in a great Rebellion. He relates his dream of rebellion.

Old Major dies soon after the meeting and the other animals prepare for the Rebellion under Snowball , Napoleon , and Squealer ’s leadership. One night, Mr. Jones passes out drunk, creating the perfect opportunity for the animals to rebel. They are so hungry that they break into the store-shed. When Jones and his men try to whip them into submission, the animals run them off the farm. The animals burn all reminders of their former bondage but agree to preserve the farmhouse “as a museum.” Snowball changes the name of the farm to “Animal Farm” and comes up with Seven Commandments, which are to form the basis of Animalism. They are:

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animals shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal.

The pigs milk the cows, and then the animals go out to begin the harvest. When they return, the milk has disappeared mysteriously. The first harvest is a great success. The animals adhere to the tenets of Animalism happily, and with good result. Each animal works according to his ability and gets a fair share of food.

Every Sunday, Snowball and Napoleon lead a meeting of all the animals in the big barn. The pigs are the most intelligent animals, so they think up resolutions for the other animals to debate. Soon after, the pigs set up a study-center for themselves in the harness-room. Snowball embarks on various campaigns for social and economic improvement. Napoleon opposes whatever Snowball does. Because most of the animals lack the intelligence to memorize the Seven Commandments, Snowball reduces them to the single maxim, “Four legs good, two legs bad.” The sheep take to chanting this at meetings.

As time goes by, the pigs increase their control over the animals and award themselves increasing privileges. They quell the animals’ questions and protests by threatening Mr. Jones’s return. During this time, Napoleon also confiscates nine newborn puppies and secludes them in a loft in order to “educate” them.

By late summer, Snowball’s and Napoleon’s pigeon-messengers have spread news of the Rebellion across half of England. Animals on other farms have begun lashing out against their human masters and singing the revolutionary song “Beasts of England.” Jones and other farmers try to recapture Animal Farm but fail. The animals celebrate their victory in what they call “The Battle of the Cowshed.”

The animals agree to let the pigs make all the resolutions. Snowball and Napoleon continue to be at odds and eventually clash over the windmill. Snowball wants to build a windmill in order to shorten the work week and provide the farm electricity, but Napoleon opposes it. Napoleon summons nine fierce dogs (the puppies he trained) to run Snowball off the farm. Napoleon announces that Sunday meetings will cease and that the pigs will make all the decisions in the animals’ best interest. At this point, Boxer takes on his own personal maxims, “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.” In the spring, Napoleon announces plans to build the windmill, claiming that it was his idea all along—rewriting history.

Building the windmill forces the animals to work harder and on Sundays. Shortages begin to occur, so Napoleon opens up trade with the human world. Through Squealer, he lies that no resolutions against interaction with humans or the use of money had ever been passed. Napoleon enlists Whymper to be his intermediary, and the pigs move into the farmhouse. Squealer assures the animals that there is no resolution against this, but Clover and Muriel discovers that one of the resolutions has been changed to: “No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets .” Squealer convinces her that there was never a resolution against beds at all.

One night, strong winds shake the farm and the animals awake to discover the windmill destroyed. Napoleon blames Snowball and sentences the expelled pig to death.

In the winter, as conditions become worse on Animal Farm, Napoleon deceives the human world into thinking Animal Farm is prospering. He signs a contract for a quota of four hundred eggs per week, inciting a hen rebellion that results in several deaths. Around the same time, Napoleon begins negotiating with Frederick and Pilkington to sell Animal Farm’s store of timber. He also spreads propaganda against Snowball, claiming that Snowball was always a spy and a collaborator while Napoleon was the true hero of the Battle of the Cowshed, and Squealer warns against Snowball’s secret agents.

Four days later, Napoleon holds an assembly in which he makes several animals confess to treachery and then has the dogs execute them. The dogs try to get Boxer to confess but leave him alone when they cannot overpower him. Afterwards, Clover and some other animals huddle together on a hill overlooking the farm. They reminisce about Animalism’s ideals and consider how much they differ from the violence and terror of Napoleon’s reign. They sing “Beasts of England,” but Squealer informs them that the song is useless now that the Rebellion is completed and that it is now forbidden. The new anthem begins with the lyrics: “Animal Farm, Animal Farm, / Never through me shalt thou come to harm!”

Another commandment is changed to read: “No animal shall kill any other animal without cause .” Clover and Muriel convince themselves that the commandment has always been this way. Squealer begins reading the animals statistics regularly to convince them that production is increasing. Napoleon seldom appears in public. The animals now call him “our Leader, Comrade Napoleon.” They attribute all misfortunes to Snowball and all success and luck to Napoleon.

Napoleon continues to negotiate with the farmers and eventually decides to sell the timber to Mr. Pilkington. At last, the windmill is finished and named “Napoleon Mill.” Soon after, Napoleon announces that he will sell the timber to Frederick, quickly changing his allegiance and disavowing his earlier vilification of Frederick. Napoleon says that Pilkington and Snowball have been collaborating. Frederick pays for the timber in fake cash, and the next morning, Frederick and his men invade the farm and blow up the windmill. The animals manage to chase the humans off, though many die or are injured in what they call “The Battle of the Windmill.”

After the battle, the pigs discover a case of whisky in the farmhouse. They drink to excess and soon, Squealer reports that Napoleon is dying and, as his last action, has made the consumption of alcohol punishable by death. But Napoleon recovers quickly and then sends Whymper to procure manuals on brewing alcohol. Squealer changes another commandment to “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess .”

Napoleon plans to build a schoolhouse for the thirty-one young pigs he has parented. Towards the end of the winter, Napoleon begins increasing propaganda to distract the animals from inequality and hardship. He creates special “Spontaneous Demonstrations” in which the animals march around and celebrate their triumphs.

In April, Napoleon declares the farm a Republic and is elected unanimously as President. The animals continue to work feverishly, most of all Boxer. One day, Boxer collapses while overexerting himself. Napoleon promises to send him to the veterinarian in Willingdon. A few days later, a horse-slaughterer takes Boxer away in his van. The animals are none the wiser until Benjamin reads the lettering on the side of the van. A few days later, Squealer reports that Boxer died in the hospital despite receiving the best possible care. He claims that Boxer’s last words glorified Animal Farm and Napoleon. He also claims that the van belongs to the veterinarian, who recently bought it from the horse slaughterer and had not yet managed to paint over the lettering. Napoleon promises to honor Boxer with a special banquet. But the pigs use the money from his slaughter to buy a case of whisky, which they drink on the day appointed for the banquet.

Years go by, and though Animal Farm’s population has increased, only a few animals that remember the Rebellion remain. Conditions are still harsh despite technological improvements. The pigs and dogs continue to do no manual labor, instead devoting themselves to organizational work. One day, Squealer takes the sheep out to a deserted pasture where, he says, he is teaching them a song. On the day the sheep return, the pigs walk around the yard on their hind legs as the sheep chant, “Four legs good, two legs better .” The other animals are horrified. Clover consults the barn wall again. This time Benjamin reads to her. The Seven Commandments have been replaced with a single maxim: “All animals are equal / But some animals are more equal than others.”

The pigs continue the longstanding pattern of awarding themselves more and more privileges. They buy a telephone and subscribe to magazines. They even wear Jones’s clothing. One night, Napoleon holds a conciliatory banquet for the farmers. Pilkington makes a speech in which he says he wants to emulate Animal Farm’s long work hours and low rations. Napoleon announces that the farm will be called “Manor Farm” again, the animals will call each other “Comrade” no longer, and they no longer will march ceremoniously past Old Major’s skull (a practice he denies understanding). He also declares that the farm’s flag will be plain green, devoid of the symbols of the Rebellion. As the animals peer through the windows to watch the humans and pigs play poker, they cannot distinguish between them.

Animal Farm Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Animal Farm is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

The skin I’m in

Maleeka is teased because her skin is too dark. Miss Saunder's gets made fun of because she has a rare skin disease. Maleeka is ashamed of her skin, and Miss Saunders is proud of her own.

Animal Farm contains mainly extremely effective scenes. Some are humorous or witty, others bitterly ironic or pessimistic . Which scene did you find most effective and memorable? why?

A seen that sticks with me is a terrifying one: I suppose that is why it has stayed with me for so long. The scene is when Boxer the horse. One afternoon, a van comes to take Boxer away. It has “lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in...

What is the relationship between Snowball and Napoleon?

Both Snowball and Napoleon are leaders. They see leadership in each other. Napoleon sees Snowball's loyalty to the animals as a threat to his dictatorship. While Snowball works for the good of the farm, Napoleon works only for his own interests.

Study Guide for Animal Farm

Animal Farm study guide contains a biography of George Orwell, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Animal Farm
• Animal Farm Video
• Character List

Essays for Animal Farm

Animal Farm essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Animal Farm by George Orwell.

• Bit and Spur Shall Rust Forever: Hollow Symbols in George Orwell's Animal Farm
• Consent to Destruction: the Phases of Fraternity and Separation in Animal Farm
• Character Textual Response - Benjamin
• Non vi, sed verbo (Not by force, but by the word)
• Comparison of Values: Animal Farm and V for Vendetta

Lesson Plan for Animal Farm

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Animal Farm
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Animal Farm Bibliography

Wikipedia Entries for Animal Farm

• Introduction

44 Facts About Krasnodar

Written by Margo Rhone

Modified & Updated: 25 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Sherman Smith

Krasnodar is a vibrant and fascinating city located in the southern part of Russia. Known for its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning natural landscapes, Krasnodar offers an array of attractions and experiences for visitors to enjoy. From its iconic architecture to its delicious cuisine, this city truly has something for everyone.

In this article, we will explore 44 intriguing facts about Krasnodar. Whether you’re planning a trip to this dynamic city or simply want to learn more about it, you’ll find plenty of interesting tidbits to satisfy your curiosity. So, let’s dive in and uncover the hidden gems of Krasnodar!

Key Takeaways:

• Krasnodar, the 16th largest city in Russia, offers a warm climate, vibrant culinary scene, and rich cultural heritage, making it a beautiful gift for visitors and residents alike.
• With its diverse culture, thriving community, and rich history, Krasnodar provides something for everyone to enjoy, from outdoor activities to vibrant cultural events.

Krasnodar is the 16th largest city in Russia.

Located in the southern part of the country, Krasnodar occupies an area of about 300 square kilometers.

The city’s name translates to “beautiful gift” in Russian.

Krasnodar was named by Catherine the Great in 1794, who was impressed by the natural beauty of the region.

Krasnodar is the capital of Krasnodar Krai.

Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia , and Krasnodar serves as its administrative center.

The city is known for its warm climate.

Krasnodar experiences hot summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (95°F) and mild winters with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing.

Krasnodar is a major transportation hub.

The city is well-connected by air, rail, and road networks, making it a crucial transportation node in southern Russia.

Krasnodar is home to the popular FC Krasnodar football team.

FC Krasnodar competes in the Russian Premier League and has gained a significant following in the region.

The city is known for its vibrant culinary scene.

Krasnodar offers a wide variety of restaurants, cafes, and street food stalls serving both traditional Russian cuisine and international dishes.

Krasnodar is a major agricultural center.

The fertile land surrounding the city is ideal for agriculture, and Krasnodar is known for its production of grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Krasnodar is home to the Kuban River.

The Kuban River flows through the city, providing a picturesque backdrop and recreational opportunities for residents and visitors.

Krasnodar has a rich cultural heritage.

The city boasts numerous museums, theaters, and art galleries, showcasing the history and artistic talent of the region.

The famous artist Ivan Shishkin was born in Krasnodar.

Ivan Shishkin is one of Russia’s most renowned landscape painters and is known for his realistic and detailed depictions of nature.

Krasnodar is known for its annual Krasnodar Jazz Festival.

The Krasnodar Jazz Festival attracts jazz musicians and enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing both local talents and international artists.

The city is a cultural melting pot.

Krasnodar is home to people of various ethnicities, contributing to its diverse cultural landscape.

Krasnodar is famous for its traditional Cossack culture.

The Cossacks have a strong presence in Krasnodar, and their customs, dances, and music are celebrated throughout the city.

Krasnodar is a popular destination for outdoor activities.

The surrounding area offers opportunities for hiking, camping, and exploring the beautiful nature reserves and national parks.

The city is a center for higher education.

Krasnodar is home to several universities and colleges, attracting students from all over Russia and abroad.

Krasnodar has a thriving business and entrepreneurial ecosystem.

The city has experienced significant economic growth, with a range of industries contributing to its success.

Krasnodar has a bustling nightlife scene.

There are numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues where locals and visitors can enjoy music, dancing, and socializing.

Krasnodar hosts the annual Krasnodar International Film Festival.

The film festival showcases local and international films, attracting filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts.

The city has a well-developed public transportation system.

Krasnodar offers a network of buses, trams, and trolleybuses, making it convenient for residents and tourists to get around.

Krasnodar is home to the largest open-air market in southern Russia.

The central market, known as “Tsentralniy Rynok,” offers a wide variety of fresh produce, clothing, and other goods.

The city has hosted international sports events.

Krasnodar has been a host city for major events such as the FIFA World Cup and the European Athletics Championships.

Krasnodar is a center for healthcare and medical research.

The city is home to state-of-the-art medical facilities and renowned research institutes .

Krasnodar is known for its beautiful parks and gardens.

The city boasts numerous green spaces where residents can relax, exercise, and enjoy nature.

Krasnodar is experiencing rapid urban development.

The city’s skyline is continuously evolving with the construction of new residential and commercial buildings.

The city has a rich history dating back to ancient times.

Archaeological discoveries in the region have revealed traces of early civilizations that once thrived in Krasnodar.

Krasnodar is a city of sports enthusiasts.

From football and basketball to martial arts and water sports, Krasnodar offers a wide range of sporting activities and facilities.

The city is known for its warm and welcoming locals.

Krasnodar residents are known for their hospitality and friendly nature.

Krasnodar has a vibrant music scene.

The city hosts music festivals and concerts throughout the year, showcasing a variety of genres and talents.

Krasnodar has a developed network of bike lanes.

Cycling enthusiasts can explore the city and its surroundings using the extensive bike paths available.

Krasnodar has a rich tradition of folk dances and music.

Traditional dance groups and music ensembles perform regularly, preserving the cultural heritage of the region.

The city has a thriving technology sector.

Krasnodar is home to numerous tech startups and companies driving innovation in various fields.

Krasnodar is famous for its vibrant food markets.

Locals and tourists flock to the markets to find fresh produce, local delicacies, and traditional Russian ingredients.

Krasnodar has a strong sense of community.

Residents actively engage in volunteer work and community initiatives, fostering a close-knit and supportive environment.

The city has a rich architectural heritage.

From historical buildings to modern structures, Krasnodar showcases a blend of architectural styles.

Krasnodar is a gateway to the Black Sea coast.

The city’s proximity to popular coastal destinations makes it an ideal starting point for beach getaways.

Krasnodar celebrates various cultural festivals throughout the year.

The city embraces diversity by hosting festivals that showcase the traditions and customs of different ethnic groups.

Krasnodar has a well-established theater scene.

From classical plays to contemporary performances, theater enthusiasts can enjoy a range of productions in the city.

The city is known for its innovative urban planning.

Krasnodar has implemented modern urban planning principles to create livable and sustainable neighborhoods.

Krasnodar has a strong sense of environmental awareness.

Efforts are made to preserve the natural beauty of the region and promote eco-friendly practices within the city.

The city is home to the Kuban State University.

Kuban State University is one of the oldest and most prestigious educational institutions in southern Russia.

Krasnodar is a center for sports medicine.

The city offers state-of-the-art medical facilities and professionals specialized in sports-related injuries and rehabilitation.

Krasnodar has a well-developed retail sector.

From shopping malls to boutique stores, residents and visitors have access to a wide variety of retail options.

Krasnodar is known for its vibrant cultural events.

Throughout the year, the city hosts festivals, concerts, and exhibitions that showcase the creative talents of its residents.

As you can see, Krasnodar is a city with a rich history, diverse culture, and thriving community. From its warm climate to its vibrant culinary scene, there is something for everyone to enjoy in this beautiful gift of a city.

In conclusion, Krasnodar is a vibrant city that offers a wealth of history, culture, and natural beauty. With its rich architectural heritage, delicious cuisine, and friendly locals, it is no wonder that Krasnodar is a popular destination for travelers from all over the world. Whether you are interested in exploring the city’s museums and art galleries, experiencing its lively nightlife, or simply indulging in its delicious local dishes, Krasnodar has something for everyone. So, if you are looking for an exciting and memorable travel experience, be sure to add Krasnodar to your bucket list.

1. What is the best time to visit Krasnodar?

The best time to visit Krasnodar is during the spring and autumn seasons when the weather is pleasant and mild. Summers can be quite hot and humid, while winters are cold with occasional snowfall.

2. How can I reach Krasnodar?

Krasnodar is well-connected by air, rail, and road. The city has an international airport, and there are regular flights from major cities in Russia and Europe. Additionally, there are train and bus services available for travelers.

3. Are there any must-visit attractions in Krasnodar?

Yes, there are several must-visit attractions in Krasnodar. Some of the popular ones include the Kuban State University Botanical Garden, Krasnodar Regional Art Museum, Red Street, and the Krasnodar Safari Park.

4. Is it safe to travel to Krasnodar?

Yes, Krasnodar is generally a safe city to visit. However, it is always recommended to take normal precautions and be aware of your surroundings, especially in crowded areas.

5. What is the local cuisine like in Krasnodar?

The local cuisine in Krasnodar is diverse and delicious. Some popular dishes include Kuban-style barbecued meats, borscht ( beetroot soup), pirozhki (stuffed pastries), and traditional Russian desserts like blini (thin pancakes) and medovik (honey cake).

6. Are there any outdoor activities to do in Krasnodar?

Yes, there are plenty of outdoor activities to enjoy in Krasnodar. You can visit the beautiful parks and gardens, go hiking in the nearby mountains, or explore the stunning countryside on a bike tour.

7. Can I take day trips from Krasnodar?

Absolutely! Krasnodar is a great base for day trips to nearby attractions such as the Black Sea coast, the picturesque town of Gelendzhik, and the historic city of Anapa.

8. Is English widely spoken in Krasnodar?

While English is not widely spoken, you can still manage to communicate with basic English in major tourist areas. Having a few basic Russian phrases handy can also be helpful.

Krasnodar's vibrant sports scene is just one facet of this captivating city. Football enthusiasts will enjoy learning more about FC Krasnodar's impressive history and accomplishments . Kuban Krasnodar, another prominent local club , has its own intriguing tale to tell. For those curious about the visionary behind Krasnodar's transformation, Sergey Galitsky's fascinating story is a must-read.

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Krasnodar Krai, Russia

The capital city of Krasnodar krai: Krasnodar .

Krasnodar Krai - Overview

Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia located in the south-west of the country, part of the Southern Federal District. Krasnodar is the capital city of the region.

The population of Krasnodar Krai is about 5,687,400 (2022), the area - 75,485 sq. km.

Krasnodar krai flag

Krasnodar krai coat of arms.

Krasnodar krai map, Russia

Krasnodar krai latest news and posts from our blog:.

13 September, 2021 / Park "Krasnodar" - one of the best parks in Russia .

4 April, 2019 / Cities of Russia at Night - the Views from Space .

14 April, 2018 / Parus (Sail) Rock - a natural monument near Gelendzhik .

21 December, 2016 / Flying over diverse Russia .

29 October, 2016 / Krasnodar - the view from above .

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News, notes and thoughts:

8 July, 2012   / Unexpected flooding that occurred on July 6-7 in Krasnodar krai killed at least 150 people mostly in small town of Krymsk. The water level in Krymsk region rose to 7 meters, entire villages were washed away. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the flood occurred at night, when most people were asleep in their homes.

History of Krasnodar Krai

The territory of today’s Krasnodar Krai was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic, about 2 million years ago. It was inhabited by various tribes and peoples since ancient times. There were several Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast, which later became part of the Kingdom of the Bosporus. In 631, the Great Bulgaria state was founded in Kuban. In the 8th-10th centuries, the territory was part of Khazaria.

In 965, the Kievan Prince Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar Khanate and this region came under the power of Kievan Rus, Tmutarakan principality was formed. At the end of the 11th century, in connection with the strengthening of the Polovtsy and claims of Byzantium, Tmutarakan principality came under the authority of the Byzantine emperors (until 1204).

In 1243-1438, this land was part of the Golden Horde. After its collapse, Kuban was divided between the Crimean Khanate, Circassia, and the Ottoman Empire, which dominated in the region. Russia began to challenge the protectorate over the territory during the Russian-Turkish wars.

More historical facts…

In 1783, by decree of Catherine II, the right-bank Kuban and Taman Peninsula became part of the Russian Empire after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate. In 1792-1793, Zaporozhye (Black Sea) Cossacks resettled here to protect new borders of the country along the Kuban River. During the military campaign to establish control over the North Caucasus (Caucasian War of 1763-1864), in the 1830s, the Ottoman Empire for forced out of the region and Russia gained access to the Black Sea coast.

Prior to the revolutionary events of 1917, most of the territory of present Krasnodar krai was occupied by the Kuban region, founded in 1860. In 1900, the population of the region was about 2 million people. In 1913, it ranked 2nd by gross harvest of grain, 1st place for the production of bread in the Russian Empire.

Kuban was one of the centers of resistance after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. In 1918-1920, there was a non-Bolshevik Kuban People’s Republic. In 1924, North-Caucasian Krai was founded with the center in Rostov-on-Don. In 1934, it was divided into Azov-Black Sea Krai (Rostov-on-Don) and North Caucasus Krai (Stavropol).

On September 13, 1937, the Azov-Black Sea region was divided into Rostov Oblast and Krasnodar Krai that included Adygei Autonomous Oblast. During the Second World War, the region was captured by the Germans. After the battle for the Caucasus, it was liberated. There are about 1,500 monuments and memorials commemorating heroes of the war on the territory of Krasnodar Krai.

In 1991, the Adygei Autonomous Oblast withdrew from Krasnodar Krai and became the Republic of Adygea.

Beautiful nature of Krasnodar Krai

Sunflower field in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Alexander Egorov

Krasnodar Krai landscape

Author: Vladislav Shutyy

On the coast in the Krasnodar region

Author: Sotnikov

Krasnodar Krai - Features

Krasnodar Krai is located in the south-western part of the North Caucasus. The territory is washed by the Azov and Black Seas. The length of the region from north to south - 327 km, from west to east - 360 km. The Republic of Adygea, another federal subject of Russia, is located entirely within the Krasnodar region.

The Kuban River divides Krasnodar Krai into two parts: the northern - lowland (2/3 of the territory), located on the Kuban-Azov plain, and the southern - foothills and mountains (1/3 of the territory), located in the western highlands of the Greater Caucasus. The highest point is Mount Tsakhvoa (3,345 m).

The population is concentrated in the basin of the Kuban (also known as the Cossack land). The main cities and towns of Krasnodar Krai are Krasnodar (974,000), Sochi (433,500), Novorossyisk (277,000), Armavir (186,000), Anapa (95,900), Eisk (83,200), Kropotkin (76,300), Gelendzhik (75,100), Slavyansk-na-Kubani (67,200), Tuapse (60,400).

Krasnodar Krai is the warmest region of Russia. The climate is mostly temperate continental, on the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Tuapse - semi-arid Mediterranean climate, south of Tuapse - humid subtropical. Winters are mild and summers are hot. The average temperature in January in the plains is minus 3-5 degrees Celsius, on the Black Sea coast - 0-6 degrees Celsius, in July - plus 22-24 degrees Celsius.

Krasnodar Krai - Economy and Tourism

There are reserves of oil, natural gas, iodine-bromine water, marble, limestone, sandstone, gravel, silica sand, iron ore, rock salt, mercury, gypsum, gold. Krasnodar krai is Russia’s oldest oil producing region (since 1865).

The local economy is based on the industrial, construction, fuel and energy, agriculture, transport, resort and recreational, tourist sectors.

The seaports of the Krasnodar region provide direct access, through the Azov and the Black Seas, to international trade routes and handle more than 35% of foreign trade and transit cargoes of all Russian seaports. The air gateway of the region is Krasnodar International Airport (Pashkovsky Airport) - one of the largest airports in Russia.

Tourism is an important sector of the economy of Krasnodar krai. It is actively developing on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as in mountain and steppe districts of the region. The main centers of tourism are the resorts of federal significance (Sochi, Gelendzhik and Anapa) and the resorts of regional significance (Yeisk, Goryachiy Klyuch and Tuapse district).

Due to a combination of favorable climatic conditions, availability of mineral waters and curative mud, Krasnodar krai is the most popular resort and tourist region of Russia and in fact the only one in Russia seaside spa and recreational center.

Krasnodar krai of Russia photos

Krasnodar krai scenery.

Cretaceous rocks in Krasnodar Krai

Steep cliffs on the coast in the Krasnodar region

Author: Aleksey Kleymenov

Country road in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Nikola Mitinskiy

Pictures of Krasnodar Krai

Memorial Field of Cossack glory in Kushchevskaya village in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Sergey Timofeev

Jet fighter monument in the Krasnodar region

Author: Konstantin Seryshev

Village in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Alena Amplieva

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