experiment 6.2 physics form 4

SPM Physics

SPM Form 4 Form 5 Revision Notes and Videos

SPM Form 4 Physics (KSSM) Chapter 6 – Light and Optics

• Plane Mirror
• Curved Mirror
• The Ray Diagram and the Types of Image
• Snell’s Law
• Refractive Index
• Natural Phenomenon due to Refraction of Light
• Phenomena Related to Total Internal Reflection
• Power of Lenses
• Convex Lens
• Characteristics of the Image Formed by a Convex Lens 
• Concave Lens
• Characteristics of the Image Formed by a Concave Lens
• Lens Equation
• Magnifying Glass and Camera
• Astronomical Telescope
• Compound Microscope

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Nilam KSSM Physics Form 4

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© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. * Sebagai ahli Fizik, penggunaan unit amat penting. Unit memberikan makna kepada nombor dalam setiap penghitungan dalam Fizik. * Nilai nombor menjadi berbeza apabila unit yang berlainan digunakan, (misalnya, 9.2 m dan 9.2 mm mewakili panjang yang berbeza). * Unit merupakan sebahagian penting dalam ‘bahasa Fizik’ yang kita sering gunakan. Unit mesti disebut dengan jelas apabila kuantiti fizik dikemukakan. Unit dapat ‘menceritakan kisah Fizik’. * Unit menggambarkan konsep fizik dengan lebih jelas. Unit merupakan blok-blok pembinaan dalam Fizik. * Penggunaan unit dalam pengiraan membolehkan murid mengelakkan kesilapan secara automatik. * Dengan menggunakan unit secara teliti dan lengkap dalam pengiraan, seseorang murid akan mencapai kejayaan dalam peperiksaan Fizik dan juga membina batu asas dalam pendidikan Fizik. Walau bagaimanapun, cikgu-cikgu yang mengajar berhak untuk memilih sama ada untuk menggunakan unit dalam pengiraan setiap langkah atau mengikuti format peperiksaan SPM di mana murid hanya perlu meletakkan unit yang betul pada akhir jawapan sahaja. Sebabnya Modul Ini Menitikberatkan Penggunaan Unit S.I. Pada Setiap Langkah Penghitungan Dalam Fizik

I MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. TEMA: ASAS FIZIK THEME: ELEMENTARY PHYSICS TEMA: MEKANIK NEWTON THEME: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS TEMA: HABA THEME: HEAT TEMA: MEKANIK NEWTON THEME: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS 1.1 Kuantiti Fizik Physical Quantities 1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik Scientific Investigation Praktis SPM SPM Practice 4.1 Keseimbangan Terma Thermal Equilibrium 4.2 Muatan Haba Tentu Specific Heat Capacity 4.3 Haba Pendam Tentu Specific Latent Heat 4.4 Hukum Gas Gas Laws Praktis SPM SPM Practice 2.1 Gerakan Linear Linear Motion 2.2 Graf Gerakan Linear Linear Motion Graphs 2.3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas Free Fall Motion 2.4 Inersia Inertia 2.5 Momentum Momentum 2.6 Daya Force 2.7 Impuls dan Daya Impuls Impulse and Impulsive Force 2.8 Berat Weight Praktis SPM SPM Practice 3.1 Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation 3.2 Hukum Kepler Kepler’s Laws 3.3 Satelit Buatan Manusia Man-made Satellites Praktis SPM SPM Practice KANDUNGAN CONTENTS 1 Pengukuran Measurement UNIT 4 Haba Heat UNIT 2 Daya dan Gerakan I Force and Motion I UNIT 3 Kegravitian Gravitation UNIT I 12 81 62

II MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Tahap Penguasaan (TP) Tafsiran Menguasai Tidak menguasai U n i t 1 1 Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran sains mengenai Pengukuran. 2 Memahami Pengukuran serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut. 3 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai Pengukuran untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan melaksanakan tugasan mudah. 4 Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai Pengukuran dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 5 Menilai pengetahuan mengenai Pengukuran dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan. 6 Mereka cipta menggunakan pengetahuan dan kemahiran sains mengenai Pengukuran dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah atau membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat. Untuk mendapatkan senarai lengkap ‘Standard Prestasi’, anda boleh mengimbas kod QR ini. To obtain a complete list of 'Standard Prestasi', you may scan this QR code. Standard Prestasi 6.1 Pembiasan Cahaya Refraction of Light 6.2 Pantulan Dalam Penuh Total Internal Reflection 6.3 Pembentukan Imej oleh Kanta Image Formation by Lenses 6.4 Formula Kanta Nipis Thin Lens Formula 6.5 Peralatan Optik Optical Instruments 6.6 Pembentukan Imej oleh Cermin Sfera Image Formation by Sperical Mirrors Praktis SPM SPM Practice 6 Cahaya dan Optik Light and Optics UNIT 155 TEMA: GELOMBANG, CAHAYA DAN OPTIK THEME: WAVES, LIGHT AND OPTIC 5.1 Asas Gelombang Fundamental of Waves 5.2 Pelembapan dan Resonans Damping and Resonance 5.3 Pantulan Gelombang Reflection of Waves 5.4 Pembiasan Gelombang Refraction of Waves 5.5 Pembelauan Gelombang Diffraction of Waves 5.6 Interferens Gelombang Interference of Waves 5.7 Gelombang Elektromagnet Electromagnetic Waves Praktis SPM SPM Practice 5 Gelombang Waves UNIT 115

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 1 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. U N I T 1 Apakah itu kuantiti fizik? What is physical quantity? Kuantiti yang terdiri daripada kuantiti asas dan kuantiti terbitan . Quantity that consists of base quantities and derived quantities. Apakah itu kuantiti asas? What is a base quantity? Kuantiti fizik yang tidak boleh ditakrifkan dalam istilah kuantiti asas yang lain. A physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other base quantities. Apakah itu kuantiti terbitan? What is derived quantity? Kuantiti fizik yang diterbitkan daripada kuantiti asas melalui pendaraban atau pembahagian atau kedua-duanya. A physical quantity which is derived from base quantities through multiplication or division or both. Nyatakan perbezaan antara unit metrik dan unit imperial. State the differences between metric unit and imperial unit. Unit metrik Metric unit Unit imperial Imperial unit Meter, kilometer, gram, kilogram dan saat. Metre, kilometre, gram, kilogram and seconds. Ela, inci, kaki, batu, gelen dan lain-lain. Yard, inch, foot, mile, gallon and others. Sistem metrik yang mewakili satu unit tunggal bagi sebarang kuantiti fizik digunakan oleh semua negara. Metric system that represents one single unit for any physical quantity that is used by all countries. Unit imperial ini dikenali sebagai ukuran yang pernah digunakan di Britain dan Amerika Syarikat. Imperial unit is known as a measurement that has been used in Britain and United States. Isikan tempat kosong di bawah dengan unit imperial yang betul: Fill in the blanks for the correct imperial units below: Inci / Inch (a) Kaki / Foot (b) Ela / Yard (c) SP 1.1.1 Menerangkan kuantiti fizik 1.1 KUANTITI FIZIK / PHYSICAL QUANTITIES SK 1.1 1 Unit PENGUKURAN MEASUREMENT B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 1 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 2 U N I T 1 Kuantiti terbitan Derived quantity Hubungan dengan kuantiti asas Relationship with base quantity Unit terbitan dari unit asas Derived unit from base units Luas / Area Luas = panjang × panjang Area = length × length m × m = m2 Isi padu Volume Isi padu = panjang × panjang × panjang Volume = length × length × length m × m × m = m3 Ketumpatan Density Ketumpatan = jisim panjang × panjang × panjang Density = mass length × length × length kg m3 = kg m–3 1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang senarai kuantiti asas serta simbol dan unit S.I.nya. Complete the table of base quantities with its symbols and S.I units. Kuantiti asas Base quantity Simbol untuk kuantiti asas Symbol for base quantity Unit S.I. S.I. unit Simbol untuk unit S.I. Symbol for S.I. unit Panjang Length l meter metre m Mass Jisim m kilogram kg Masa Time t saat second s Suhu termodinamik Thermodynamic temperature T kelvin K Arus elektrik Electric current I ampere A Keamatan berluminositi Luminous intensity I candela cd Kuantiti bahan Amount of substance n mol mole mol 2 Tentukan unit terbitan bagi kuantiti terbitan yang berikut. Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities. SP 1.1.2 Menerangkan dengan contoh kuantiti asas dan kuantiti terbitan SP 1.1.3 Memerihalkan kuantiti terbitan dalam sebutan kuantiti asas dan unit asas S.I. B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 2 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 3 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. U N I T 1 Kuantiti terbitan Derived quantity Hubungan dengan kuantiti asas Relationship with base quantity Unit terbitan dari unit asas Derived unit from base units Halaju Velocity Halaju = sesaran masa Velocity = displacement time m s = m s–1 Pecutan Acceleration Pecutan = perubahan halaju masa Acceleration = m s–1 s = m s–2 Berat Weight Berat = jisim × pecutan graviti Weight = mass × gravitational acceleration kg m s–2 Momentum Momentum Momentum = jisim × halaju Momentum = mass × velocity kg m s–1 Daya Force Daya = jisim × pecutan Force = mass × acceleration kg m s–2; newton (N) Tekanan Pressure Tekanan = daya luas Pressure = force area kg m–1 s–2 ; N m–2 ; pascal (Pa) Kerja Work Kerja = daya × sesaran Work = force × displacement kg m2 s–2; joule (J) Kuasa Power Kuasa = kerja masa Power = work time kg m2 s–3 ; watt (W) Tenaga kinetik Kinetic energy Tenaga kinetik = 1 2 × jisim × (halaju)2 Kinetic energy = 1 2 × mass × (velocity) 2 kg m2 s–2 ; joule (J) Tenaga keupayaan graviti Gravitational potential energy Tenaga keupayaan graviti = jisim × pecutan graviti × tinggi Gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational acceleration × height kg m2 s–2 ; joule (J) Cas Charge Cas = arus × masa Charge = current × time A s ; coulomb (C) Voltan Voltage Voltan = kerja cas Voltage = work charge J C–1 ; volt (V) Rintangan Resistance Rintangan = voltan arus Resistance = voltage current V A–1 ; ohm (Ω) change in velocity time B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 3 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 4 U N I T 1 Berikan definisi kuantiti skalar. [suhu, masa, laju, jarak, isi padu] Define scalar quantity. [temperature, time, speed, distance, volume] Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja. A physical quantity which has magnitude only. • Contoh : Seorang budak perempuan berjalan sejauh 4 meter. Example : A girl walks 4 metres. • Magnitud : 4 meter Magnitude : 4 metres • Arah : Tiada arah Direction : No direction Berikan definisi kuantiti vektor. [halaju, pecutan, sesaran, momentum, daya] Define vector quantity. [velocity, acceleration, displacement, momentum, force] Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai kedua-dua magnitud dan arah . A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction . • Contoh : Seorang budak perempuan berjalan sejauh 4 meter ke arah Timur. Example : A girl walks 4 metres towards East. • Magnitud : 4 meter Magnitude : 4 metres • Arah : Timur Direction : East Pertimbangkan kuantiti-kuantiti yang disenaraikan di dalam jadual. Kategorikan setiap kuantiti sama ada kuantiti vektor atau kuantiti skalar. Consider the following quantities listed in the table. Categorise each quantity as being either a vector quantity or a scalar quantity. Kuantiti Quantity Kategori Category 5 m Kuantiti skalar (tiada arah disertakan pada jarak) Scalar quantity (there is no direction listed for the distance) 30 cm s–1, Timur East 30 cm s–1 Kuantiti vektor (terdapat arah disertakan pada kelajuan) Vector quantity (there is direction listed for the speed) 5 km, Utara 5 km, North Kuantiti vektor (terdapat arah disertakan pada jarak) Vector quantity (there is direction listed for the distance) 20 °C Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat) Scalar quantity (there is no direction involved) 256 bit 256 bytes Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat) Scalar quantity (there is no direction involved) 4 000 kalori 4 000 calories Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat) Scalar quantity (there is no direction involved) SP 1.1.4 Menerangkan dengan contoh kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vector B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 4 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

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MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 6 U N I T 1 SP 1.2.2 Menganalisis graf untuk mendapatkan rumusan siasatan Seorang murid telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hubungan antara jisim, m bagi duit syiling dengan isi padunya, V. Duit syiling yang berjisim 20.0 g dimasukkan secara perlahan-lahan ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat yang mengandungi air satu demi satu. Bacaan yang diperoleh ditunjukkan di bawah. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between mass, m for coins with its volume, V. A coin of mass of 20.0 g has been put slowly into a measuring cylinder of water one by one. The readings measured are shown below. • Sekeping duit syiling serupa menyesar 3.0 cm3 air One coin displaced 3.0 cm3 of water • Dua keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 6.0 cm3 air Two identical coins displaced 6.0 cm3 of water • Tiga keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 9.0 cm3 air Three identical coins displaced 9.0 cm3 of water • Empat keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 12.0 cm3 air Four identical coins displaced 12.0 cm3 of water • Lima keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 15.0 cm3 air Five identical coins displaced 15.0 cm3 of water (a) Rekod keputusan yang diperoleh bagi semua nilai m dan V di dalam jadual di bawah. Record the results obtained for all values of m and V in the table below. Jisim / Mass, m (g) 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Isi padu / Volume, V (cm3 ) 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 (b) Lukis graf V melawan m. / Draw the graph of V against m. 2 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 40 60 80 100 Jisim, m / g Mass, m / g Isi padu, V / cm3 Volume, V / cm3 Δy = y2 – y1 Δx = x2 – x1 Contoh / Example B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 6 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 7 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. U N I T 1 (c) Berdasarkan graf tersebut, nyatakan hubungan antara V dan m. Based on the graph, state the relationship between V and m. V berkadar terus dengan m. V is directly proportional to m. (d) Tentukan nilai V apabila m = 50.0 g. Tunjukkan pada graf tersebut bagaimana anda menentukan nilai V. State the value of V when m = 50.0 g. Show in the graph how you obtained the value of V. V = 7.4 cm3 (e) Hitungkan kecerunan, m bagi graf isi padu, V melawan jisim, m. Tunjukkan pada graf tersebut bagaimana anda menghitung nilai m. Calculate the gradient, m for the graph of volume, V against mass, m. Show in the graph how you calculate the value of the gradient. m = Δ y Δ x = y2 – y1 x2 – x1 = (15 – 0) cm3 (100 – 0) g = 0.15 cm3 g–1 (f) Hitungkan luas di bawah graf berserta dengan unitnya. Calculate the area under the graph with its unit. Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph = 1 2 × 100 g × 15 cm3 = 750 cm3 g (g) Sekiranya anda memasukkan duit syiling serupa yang keenam ke dalam selinder air tersebut berapakah isi padu enam duit syiling itu? If you now insert the sixth identical coin into the above cylinder of water, what is the total volume of the six coins? V = 18.0 cm3 B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 7 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 8 U N I T 1 Eksperimen Bandul ringkas / Simple pendulum Experiment Inferens Inference Panjang bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas. The length of a simple pendulum affects the period of oscillation of the simple pendulum. Hipotesis Hypothesis Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan. The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation. Tujuan Aim Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara panjang bandul ringkas dengan tempoh ayunan. To investigate the relationship between the length of a simple pendulum and its period of oscillation. Pemboleh ubah Variables Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable: Panjang bandul, l / The length of the pendulum, l Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable: Tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas, T / The period of the simple pendulum, T Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant (fixed) variable: Jisim ladung bandul / Mass of pendulum bob Bahan dan radas Materials and apparatus Ladung bandul, benang 70 cm panjang, kaki retort dan pengapit, jangka sudut, jam randik dan pembaris meter. / Pendulum bob, 70 cm length of thread, retort stand and clamp, protractor, stopwatch and metre rule. Susunan radas dan prosedur Arrangement of the apparatus and procedure (a) Semua radas disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. All the apparatus are set up as shown in the diagram. (b) Panjang bandul dilaraskan supaya panjang, l = 10.0 cm. The pendulum is adjusted so that its length, l = 10.0 cm. (c) Bandul diayun untuk memulakan ayunan melalui sudut yang kecil (tidak lebih daripada 10o ). The pendulum bob is displaced through a small angle (not more than 10o ). (d) Masa yang diambil untuk 10 ayunan lengkap, t, diambil menggunakan jam randik. / The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t, is taken by using the stopwatch. (e) Tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas, T (iaitu masa yang diambil untuk satu ayunan lengkap) dikira dengan menggunakan: / The period of oscillation of the simple pendulum, T (i.e. the time taken for one complete oscillation) is calculated by using: Tempoh, T = Masa untuk 10 ayunan lengkap 10 Period, T = Time for 10 complete oscillations 10 (f) Langkah (c) hingga (e) diulangi untuk panjang bandul l = 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm dan 60.0 cm. Steps (c) to (e) are repeated with length of pendulum, l = 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 60.0 cm. (g) Semua data direkodkan di dalam jadual. / All data are recorded in the table. Benang Thread l Ladung bandul Pendulum bob Kaki retort Retort stand SP 1.2.3 Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik dan menulis laporan lengkap melalui eksperimen bandul ringkas B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 8 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 9 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. U N I T 1 Keputusan Results Panjang, l (cm) Length, l (cm) Masa yang diambil untuk 10 ayunan lengkap, t (s) The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t (s) Tempoh ayunan bandul, T (s) The period of oscillation of the pendulum, T (s) T2 (s2 ) t1 t2 tpurata taverage 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Analisis data Analysis of data 1 (a) Graf T2 melawan l diplot pada kertas graf. A graph of T2 against l is plotted by using a graph paper. T2 (s2 ) l (cm) 0 2 Berdasarkan graf yang diplot, nyatakan hubungan antara dua pemboleh ubah itu. Based on the graph plotted, state the relationship between the two variables. 3 Tentukan kecerunan graf, m, bagi graf T2 melawan l. Tunjukkan cara pengiraan dengan jelas. Determine the gradient of the graph, m, for T2 against l. Show the calculation clearly. 4 Adakah hipotesis diterima? / Is hypothesis accepted? Ya / Yes Kesimpulan Conclusion Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan bertambah. The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation. 1 Antara ukuran berikut, yang manakah paling pendek? Which of the following measurements is the shortest? A 2.45 × 102 mm B 2.45 × 10–3 cm C 2.45 × 10–2 μm D 2.45 × 103 nm 2 Arus elektrik, I, diberi oleh Electric current, I, is given by I = Q t Apakah unit bagi I? / What is the unit of I? A C s–1 C J C–1 B C s D J C Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions Praktis SPM / SPM Practice B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 9 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 10 U N I T 1 A F berkadar songsang dengan 1 t F is inversely proportional to 1 t B F berkadar terus dengan 1 t F is directly proportional to 1 t C F berkadar secara linear dengan 1 t F is linearly proportional to 1 t D F berkadar secara linear dengan t F is linearly proportional to t 7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf T2 melawan l. Diagram 2 shows a graph of T2 against l. 0.5 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 T 2 / s2 l / m Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 Persamaan yang manakah betul bagi graf ini? Which equation is correct for the graph? A T2 = 4l C T2 = 0.2l B l = 4T2 D l = 0.2T2 8 Pasangan kuantiti manakah adalah benar? Which pair of quantities is correct? Kuantiti skalar Scalar quantity Kuantiti vektor Vector quantity A Mempunyai arah sahaja. Has direction only. Mempunyai magnitud sahaja. Has magnitude only. B Mempunyai magnitud sahaja. Has magnitude only. Mempunyai magnitud sahaja. Has magnitude only. C Mempunyai magnitud sahaja. Has magnitude only. Mempunyai magnitud dan arah. Has magnitude and direction. D Mempunyai magnitud dan arah. Has magnitude and direction. Mempunyai arah sahaja. Has direction only. 3 Simbol manakah menunjukkan perkaitan imbuhan yang tidak betul? Which symbol is not correct in representing its corresponding prefix? Imbuhan Prefix Simbol Symbol A tera T B kilo L C mikro / micro μ D senti / centi c 4 Antara berikut, yang manakah kesemuanya kuantiti terbitan? Which of the following are all derived quantities? A Daya, panjang, masa Force, length, time B Momentum, halaju, daya Momentum, velocity, force C Panjang, halaju, suhu Length, velocity, temperature D Arus elektrik, masa, suhu Electric current, time, temperature 5 Unit S.I. manakah yang betul bagi kuantiti yang diberi? Which of the S.I. units of the quantities given is correct? Kuantiti Quantity Unit S.I. S.I. unit A Panjang Length Sentimeter Centimeter B Jisim Mass Gram Gram C Masa Time Minit Minute D Suhu Temperature Kelvin Kelvin 6 Berdasarkan keputusan graf pada Rajah 1, hubungan yang manakah adalah benar? / Based on the result of the graph in Diagram 1, which relationship is correct? F / N / s–1 1 0 t Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 10 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 11 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. U N I T 1 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan hubungan antara daya, F, dengan pemanjangan, x, bagi sebuah spring. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to determine the relationship between the force, F, and the extension of a spring, x. Daya / Force, F Spring Penunjuk / Pointer Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 (a) Tulis satu hipotesis yang sesuai yang melibatkan daya, F, dan pemanjangan, x. Write a suitable hypothesis involving the force, F, and the extension, x. x bertambah apabila F bertambah. x increases with F. (b) Bagaimanakah kejituan pengukuran bagi x dapat ditingkatkan? How can the accuracy of the measurement of x be increased? Bagi setiap nilai F, ambil sekurang-kurangnya dua bacaan bagi x. Kemudian ambil nilai purata bagi x. Take at least two measurements of x for each value of F. Then take the average of x. (c) Graf di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen itu. The graph below shows the results of the experiment. x / cm 0 F / N Berdasarkan graf di atas, tulis satu kesimpulan terhadap hubungan antara F dan x. Based on the graph above, write a suitable conclusion on the relationship between F and x. x adalah berkadar terus dengan F. x is directly proportional to F. (d) Tulis satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang harus diambil dalam eksperimen di atas. Write one precaution that should be taken in the above experiment. Elakkan ralat paralaks dengan memastikan aras mata adalah sama dengan aras penunjuk. Avoid parallax errors by making sure that the eye-level is the same as the pointer level. Soalan Struktur / Structure Question B1FizikF4(p1-10)csy6p.indd 11 09/01/2020 8:48 AM

0.5 km = 4 km (ii) berapakah jumlah sesaran Rahim dari rumahnya? / what was Rahim’s total displacement from his house? 0 km Utara/North Terangkan jarak Explain distance Jumlah panjang laluan yang dilalui dari satu lokasi ke satu lokasi yang lain. The total path length travelled from one location to another. Kuantiti / Quantity: Skalar / Scalar Unit S.I. / S.I. unit: meter (m) Terangkan sesaran Explain displacement (a) Jarak dalam arah tertentu. / The distance in a specific direction. (b) Jarak antara dua lokasi yang diukur sepanjang laluan yang paling pendek yang menghubungkannya dalam arah tertentu. / The distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them in a specific direction. (c) Jarak kedudukan akhir dari kedudukan awal dalam arah tertentu. The distance of its final position from its initial position in a specified direction. Kuantiti / Quantity: Vektor / Vector Unit S.I. / S.I. unit: meter (m) Rumah Rahim Rahim’s house 0.5 km 1.5 km Warung Pak Din Pak Din’s stall B O K 2.1 GERAKAN LINEAR / LINEAR MOTION SK 2.1 SP 2.1.1 Menghuraikan jenis gerakan linear bagi objek yang berada dalam keadaan: (i) pegun, (ii) halaju seragam, (iii) halaju tidak seragam Contoh / Example 2 Unit DAYA DAN GERAKAN I FORCE AND MOTION I

13 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Terangkan laju Explain speed 1 Laju ialah kadar perubahan jarak. / Speed is the rate of change of distance. Laju, v = Jarak dilalui Masa yang diambil Speed, v = Distance travelled Time taken Kuantiti / Quantity: Skalar / Scalar Unit S.I. / S.I. unit: m s–1 2 Laju purata / Average speed v = Jumlah jarak dilalui, d Jumlah masa yang diambil, t v = Total distance travelled, d Total time taken, t Laju seragam Laju yang magnitudnya kekal sama tanpa mempertimbangkan arahnya. Uniform speed Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless of its direction. Terangkan halaju Explain velocity 1 Halaju, v ialah kadar perubahan sesaran. / Velocity, v is the rate of change of displacement. Halaju, v = Sesaran Masa yang diambil Velocity, v = Displacement Time taken Kuantiti / Quantity: Vektor / Vector Unit S.I. / S.I. unit: m s–1 2 Halaju purata / Average velocity v = Sesaran, s Jumlah masa yang diambil, t v = Displacement, s Total time taken, t Halaju seragam Halaju yang magnitud dan arahnya kekal sama. Uniform velocity Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and direction. 3 Suatu objek mempunyai halaju tidak seragam jika: An object has a non-uniform velocity if: (a) arah gerakan berubah atau gerakan tidak linear. the direction of motion changes or the motion is not linear. (b) magnitud halaju berubah. the magnitude of its velocity changes.

14 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Acceleration, a = Change in velocity Time taken = Final velocity, v – Initial velocity, u Time taken, t = v – u t Pecutan, a = Perubahan halaju Masa yang diambil = Halaju akhir, v – Halaju awal, u Masa yang diambil, t = v – u t Unit S.I. / S.I. unit: m s–2 Pecutan sifar bermaksud suatu objek berada dalam keadaan pegun atau bergerak pada halaju malar, a = 0 Zero acceleration means an object is at rest or is moving at a constant velocity, a = 0 Terangkan pecutan / Explain acceleration 1 Pecutan, a, didefinisikan sebagai kadar perubahan halaju. Acceleration, a, is defined as the rate of change of velocity. 2 Formula dan unit S.I: / Formula and S.I unit: Perhatikan gerakan sebuah kereta dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b) yang merupakan gambar stroboskop. Observe the motion of the car in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) which are stroboscopic pictures. (a) Huraikan perubahan halaju sebuah kereta dalam Rajah (a). Adakah kereta memecut atau menyahpecut? Describe the changes in velocity of the car in Diagram (a). Is the car accelerating or decelerating? Jarak antara dua gambar berturut-turut bertambah. Halaju kereta itu bertambah. Kereta itu memecut. The distance between two consecutive images increases. Velocity of the car is increasing. The car accelerates. (b) Huraikan perubahan halaju sebuah kereta dalam Rajah (b). Adakah kereta memecut atau menyahpecut? Describe the changes in velocity of the car in Diagram (b). Is the car accelerating or decelerating? Jarak antara dua gambar berturut-turut berkurang. Halaju kereta itu berkurang. Kereta itu mengalami nyahpecutan. The distance between two consecutive images decreases. Velocity of the car is decreasing. The car decelerates. (a) (b) Arah gerakan Direction of motion (b) Arah gerakan Direction of motion Arah gerakan Direction of motion Contoh / Example

(400 km)2 = 500 km = 500 km ∴ Halaju purata = Sesaran Masa ∴ Average velocity = Displacement Time = 500 km 2 j = 500 km 2 h = 250 km j–1 = 250 km h–1 Latihan / Exercises

16 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 4 Isikan tempat kosong: / Fill in the blanks: (a) Laju malar 10 m s–1 Jarak sejauh 10 m dilalui setiap saat . A constant speed of 10 m s–1 A distance of 10 m travelled every second . (b) Halaju malar –10 m s–1 Sesaran sejauh 10 m yang dilalui setiap saat dalam arah bertentangan. A constant velocity of –10 m s–1 A displacement of 10 m travelled every second in the opposite direction. (c) Pecutan malar 4 m s–2 Halaju meningkat dengan 4 m s–1 setiap saat . A constant acceleration of 4 m s–2 Velocity increases by 4 m s–1 every second . (d) Nyahpecutan malar 4 m s–2 Halaju berkurang dengan 4 m s–1 setiap saat . A constant deceleration of 4 m s–2 Velocity decreases by 4 m s–1 every second . 3 Seorang penunggang basikal bermula dari keadaan rehat dan menambahkan halajunya pada kadar seragam sehingga dia mencapai halaju 4.0 m s–1 dalam 5.0 s. Berapakah purata pecutannya? A cyclist starts from rest and increases his velocity at a constant rate until he reaches a velocity of 4.0 m s–1 in 5.0 s. What is his average acceleration? Halaju awal / Initial velocity = 0 Halaju akhir / Final velocity = 4.0 m s–1 . Masa yang diambil / Time taken = 5.0 s . pecutan / acceleration, a = v – u t a = (4.0 – 0) m s–1 5.0 s = 0.8 m s–2 Hubung kait Sesaran, Halaju, Pecutan dan Masa Relating Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration and Time Jangka masa detik: / Ticker timer: • Ia disambung ke bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alik 50 Hz. Apabila dihidupkan, bilah pengetuk akan bergetar 50 kali sesaat. / It is connected to an alternating current supply of 50 Hz. When it is switched on, the iron strip will vibrate 50 times per second. • Masa diambil untuk membuat 50 titik pada pita detik ialah 1 saat. Jadi, selang masa antara dua titik yang berturutan ialah 1 50 s = 0.02 s. / The time taken to make 50 dots on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval between 2 consecutive dots is 1 50 s = 0.02 s. • 1 detik didefinisikan sebagai selang masa antara 2 titik. 1 tick is defined as the time interval between 2 dots. 6 – 12 V a.c. Jangka masa detik Ticker timer Troli dinamik Dynamic trolley

17 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 10 detik / ticks A 8.0 cm B Arah gerakan Direction of motion LANGKAH 1: Menentukan masa diambil untuk 1 detik. / STEP 1: Determine the time taken for 1 tick. (a) Masa yang diambil untuk 50 detik = 1 saat (b) Masa yang diambil untuk 1 detik = 0.02 s (c) Masa yang diambil dari A ke B = 10 detik = 0.2 s (a) Time taken for 50 ticks = 1 second (b) Time taken for 1 tick = 0.02 s (c) Time taken from A to B = 10 ticks = 0.2 s LANGKAH 2: Menentukan sesaran / STEP 2: Determine the displacement Sesaran suatu objek ditentukan dengan mengukur panjang pita detik yang ditarik melalui jangka masa detik The displacement of the object is determined by measuring the length of the ticker tape that is pulled through the ticker timer Sesaran A ke B = 8.0 cm / Displacement from A to B = 8.0 cm LANGKAH 3: Menentukan halaju / STEP 3: Determine the velocity Halaju, v = Sesaran Masa = 8.0 cm 0.2 s = 40.0 cm s–1 Velocity, v = Displacement Time = 8.0 cm 0.2 s = 40.0 cm s–1 LANGKAH 4: Menentukan pecutan / STEP 4: Determine the acceleration 1.5 cm 3.5 cm 5.5 cm 7.5 cm A u B C D ν E Arah gerakan Direction of motion Dari jalur pertama: Halaju awal, u, pada AB From the first strip: Initial velocity, u, at AB uAB = 1.5 cm 0.2 s = 7.5 cm s–1 Dari jalur terakhir: Halaju akhir, v, pada DE From the final strip: Final velocity, v, at DE vAB = 7.5 cm 0.2 s = 37.5 cm s–1 Aktiviti 1: Kaedah pengiraan / Activity 1: Method of calculation Menyiasat gerakan dalam makmal untuk menentukan jarak/sesaran, kelajuan/halaju, masa dan pecutan/ nyahpecutan / To investigate motion in laboratory to determine distance/displacement, speed/velocity, time and acceleration/deceleration Selang masa, bagi perubahan halaju, t The time interval, t, for the change in the velocity t = (4 – 1) × 0.2 s = 0.6 s Pecutan / Acceleration, a = (37.5 – 7.5) cm s–1 0.6 s = 50.0 cm s–2

18 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 1 Berdasarkan rajah di bawah, hitungkan pecutan objek itu. / Based on the diagram below, calculate the acceleration of the object. 2 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan suatu pita detik yang mengandungi 5 detik untuk setiap selang AB, BC, CD dan DE. Hitungkan pecutan objek itu. The diagram below shows a ticker tape contains 5 ticks for every interval AB, BC, CD and DE. Calculate the acceleration of the object. 3 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta pita detik bagi sebuah troli yang bergerak. Frekuensi bagi jangka masa detik ialah 50 Hz. Setiap jalur pita mempunyai panjang 10 detik. The diagram below shows a ticker tape chart for a moving trolley. The frequency of the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each strip of the tape is a 10-ticks length. (a) Berapakah selang masa antara dua titik? What is the time interval between two dots? 0.02 s (b) Berapakah selang masa untuk satu jalur? What is the time interval for one strip? 0.02 × 10 = 0.2 s (c) Berapakah halaju awal? / What is the initial velocity? u = 2.0 cm 0.2 s = 10.0 cm s–1 (d) Berapakah halaju akhir? / What is the final velocity? v = 12.0 cm 0.2 s = 60.0 cm s–1 (e) Berapakah selang masa yang diambil untuk berubah dari halaju awal kepada halaju akhir? What is the time interval to change from its initial velocity to its final velocity? t = (11 – 1) × 0.2 s = 2.0 s (f) Berapakah pecutan objek itu? / What is the acceleration of the object? a = (60.0 – 10.0) cm s–1 2.0 s = 25.0 cm s–2 12.0 Panjang 10 detik / cm 10-tick length / cm 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Detik / Ticks Jalur pita Strip of the tape A B C D E 2.0 cm 4.0 cm 6.0 cm 8.0 cm Arah pergerakan Direction of motion Penyelesaian / Solution: u = 8.0 cm 0.1 s = 80.0 cm s–1 v = 2.0 cm 0.1 s = 20.0 cm s–1 t = (4 – 1) × 0.1 s = 0.3 s a = (20.0 – 80.0) 0.3 s = –200 cm s–2 = –2.0 m s–2 Penyelesaian / Solution: u = 0.2 cm 0.02 s = 10 cm s–1 v = 1.4 cm 0.02 s = 70 cm s–1 t = (5 – 1) × 0.02 s = 0.08 s a = (70 – 10) cm s–1 0.08 s = 750 cm s–2 = 7.5 m s–2 Arah pergerakan Direction of motion 0.2 cm 1.4 cm Latihan / Exercises

2as di mana / where: s: sesaran / displacement v: halaju akhir / final velocity u: halaju awal / initial velocity a: pecutan / acceleration t: masa / time Formula Penting / Important Formulae Aktiviti 2: Untuk mengenal pasti jenis gerakan / Activity 2: To identify the types of motion. SP 2.1.3 Menyelesaikan masalah gerakan linear dengan menggunakan persamaan:

0)(8 s) 2 = 160 m Jarak penghalang dari kereta itu selepas berhenti / The distance of the obstacle from the car after it stopped = 180 m – 160 m = 20 m t = 4 s 0 m s–1 Sesaran / Displacement a = 3 m s–2 t = 5 s 20 m s–1 v a = –3 m s–2 t = 5 s 20 m s–1 v a = –3 m s–2 Latihan / Exercises

21 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Pentafsiran jenis gerakan daripada graf sesaran-masa Interpretation of types of motion for displacement-time graph s / m t / s 0 • Objek berada dalam keadaan rehat kerana ia berada pada kedudukan yang sama pada bila-bila masa. The object is at rest because it is at the same position at any time. • Halaju = kecerunan graf Velocity = gradient of the graph = 0 m s–1 • Objek bergerak pada halaju seragam kerana sesaran bertambah secara seragam dalam setiap saat. Object travels at uniform velocity because displacement increases constantly in every second. • Garis lurus graf mempunyai kecerunan yang tetap. The straight line of the graph has a constant gradient. • Halaju = kecerunan Velocity = gradient = 4 m s–1 • Objek bergerak dengan pecutan seragam kerana kadar perubahan sesaran bertambah. Object moves with uniform acceleration because the rate of change of displacement is increasing. • Kecerunan lengkungan bertambah menunjukkan halaju bertambah. The gradient of the curve is increasing showing that velocity is increasing. • Objek mengalami pecutan seragam. The object experiences uniform acceleration. • Kecerunan t2 lebih tinggi daripada kecurunan t1. Gradient of t2 is greater than gradient of t1 1 Objek pada keadaan rehat Object at rest 2 Objek bergerak dengan halaju seragam Object moving at uniform velocity t / s 0 20 5 s / m 3 Objek bergerak dengan pecutan seragam Object moving with uniform acceleration t / s 0 s / m t1 t2 2.2 GRAF GERAKAN LINEAR / LINEAR MOTION GRAPHS SK 2.2 SP 2.2.1 Mentafsir jenis gerakan dari graf: (i) sesaran-masa, (ii) halaju-masa, (iii) pecutan-masa

22 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Pentaksiran jenis gerakan daripada graf halaju-masa Interpretation of types of motion for velocity-time graph • Kecerunan = pecutan = 0 Gradient = acceleration = 0 • Luas di bawah graf = sesaran = 0 Area under the graph = displacement = 0 • Objek berada dalam keadaan rehat . Object is at rest . • Kecerunan / Gradient = pecutan / acceleration = 0 • Luas di bawah graf = sesaran = 10 m s–1 × 2 s = 20 m Area under the graph = displacement = 10 m s–1 × 2 s = 20 m • Sesaran dilalui = 20 m Displacement travelled = 20 m • Objek bergerak dengan halaju seragam Object moves with uniform velocity • Kecerunan / Gradient = malar / constant = 18 m s–1 3 s = 6 m s–2 • Pecutan / Acceleration = 6 m s–2 • Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph = 1 2 (18 m s–1)(3 s) = 27 m • Sesaran dilalui / Displacement travelled = 27 m • Objek bergerak dengan pecutan seragam Object moves with uniform acceleration • Kecerunan graf adalah malar dan negatif The gradient of the graph is constant and negative • Objek itu bergerak dengan nyahpecutan seragam The object is moving with uniform deceleration • Simbol negatif menunjukkan nyahpecutan Negative sign indicates deceleration 1 Objek berada dalam keadaan rehat Object at rest 2 Objek bergerak dengan halaju seragam Object moves with uniform velocity v / m s-¹ 0 t / s v / m s-¹ 0 t / s 2 10 3 Objek bergerak dengan pecutan seragam Object moving with uniform acceleration 4 Objek bergerak dengan nyahpecutan seragam Object moves with uniform deceleration v / m s-¹ 0 t / s 18 3 0 v / m s-¹ t / s

0 – 20) m = 0 (d) Hitungkan / Calculate (i) laju purata (ii) halaju purata gerakan zarah itu. the average speed the average velocity of the moving particle. = jumlah jarak masa = 40 m 35 s = 1.14 m s–1 = total distance time = 40 m 35 s = 1.14 m s–1 = sesaran masa = 0 = displacement time = 0 Sesaran / m Displacement / m B C A D 0 20 10 30 35 Masa / s Time / s SP 2.2.2 Menganalisis graf sesaran-masa untuk menentukan jarak, sesaran dan halaju SP 2.2.3 Menganalisis graf halaju-masa untuk menentukan jarak, sesaran, halaju dan pecutan Halaju / Velocity / m s-1 K L M P J N Q 0 20 –10 10 10 20 30 35 40 45 50 Masa / s Time / s 2 Berikut menunjukkan graf halaju-masa bagi sebuah kereta. Berdasarkan graf, / The following shows the velocity-time graph of a car. Based on the graph, (a) Hitungkan pecutan kereta itu bagi calculate the acceleration of the car for (i) JK a = 20 m s–1 10 s = 2 m s–2 (ii) KL a = (10 – 20) m s–1 (20 – 10) s = –1 m s–2 Latihan / Exercises

25) m – 50 m = 325 m (e) Hitungkan / Calculate (i) laju purata / the average speed (ii) halaju purata / the average velocity Laju purata / Average speed Halaju purata / Average velocity = 425 m 45 s = 9.44 m s–1 = 325 m 45 s = 7.22 m s–1

25 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Graf Graph s melawan t s against t v melawan t v against t a melawan t a against t Halaju sifar Zero velocity s 0 t v 0 t Halaju negatif Negative velocity s 0 t v t 0 Halaju seragam Uniform velocity s 0 t v 0 t a 0 t Pecutan seragam Uniform acceleration s t 0 v 0 t a 0 t Nyahpecutan seragam Uniform deceleration s 0 t v 0 t a 0 t Ringkasan bagi bentuk graf gerakan Summary of shapes of motion graphs SP 2.2.4 Graf sesaran-masa kepada graf halaju-masa dan sebaliknya Graf halaju-masa kepada graf pecutan-masa dan sebaliknya

10)s (10 m s–1) = 175 m Halaju / m s-¹ Velocity / m s-¹ A B C O 0 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 t / s P Q R S O 0 20 10 –10 8 t / s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sesaran / Displacement, s / m Kesimpulan / Conclusion 1 Kecerunan graf s melawan t memberikan halaju suatu objek. Gradient of the graph s against t gives the velocity of an object. 2 Kecerunan graf, v melawan t memberikan pecutan suatu objek. Gradient of the graph v against t gives the acceleration of an object. 3 Luas di bawah graf v melawan t memberikan sesaran yang dilalui oleh objek. Area under the graph v against t gives the displacement travelled by the object. SP 2.2.5 Menyelesaikan masalah melibatkan graf gerakan linear Latihan / Exercises

27 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (a) Bola golf dan sehelai kertas dipegang pada ketinggian yang sama dan dijatuhkan serentak. Hold a golf ball and a piece of paper at the same height and drop them simultaneously. (i) Objek yang manakah mencecah tanah dahulu? Which object reaches the floor first? Bola golf. / The golf ball. (ii) Terangkan mengapa. / Explain why. Kertas mempunyai luas permukaan yang besar. Jadi lebih banyak rintangan udara yang bertindak ke atasnya. The paper has large surface area. As such, the air resistance acting on it is greater. Bola golf Golf ball Kertas yang direnyukkan Paper which is crumpled Bola golf Golf ball Kertas Paper 1 Yang mana satukah akan mencecah tanah dahulu? / Which one will reach the ground first? (b) Ulangi dengan bola golf dan sehelai kertas yang direnyukkan. / Repeat with a golf ball and a piece of paper which is crumpled. (i) Objek yang manakah mencecah tanah dahulu? Which object reaches the floor first? Kedua-duanya mencecah tanah pada masa yang sama. Both reach the floor at the same time. (ii) Terangkan mengapa. / Explain why. Kedua-dua objek mempunyai saiz dan luas permukaan yang sama. Jisim tidak memberi kesan kepada pecutan graviti. / Both objects have same size and surface area. Mass does not affect gravitational acceleration. Apakah jatuh bebas? What is free fall? • Objek dikatakan 'jatuh bebas' apabila ia jatuh di bawah kekuatan medan graviti sahaja. An object is free falls when it is falls under the gravitational field strength only. • Sehelai kertas tidak jatuh bebas kerana kejatuhannya dipengaruhi oleh rintangan udara. A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is affected by air resistance. • Objek hanya jatuh bebas di dalam vakum . Ketiadaan udara bermaksud tiada rintangan udara yang menentang pergerakan objek. An object falls freely only in vacuum . The absence of air means there is no air resistance to resist the motion of the object. • Di dalam vakum, kedua-dua objek yang ringan dan berat jatuh bebas. Ia jatuh dengan pecutan graviti iaitu pecutan disebabkan oleh graviti, g. In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely. They fall with the gravitational acceleration, that is the acceleration due to gravity , g. 2.3 GERAKAN JATUH BEBAS / FREE FALL MOTION SK 2.3 SP 2.3.1 Menjelaskan gerakan jatuh bebas dan pecutan graviti melalui contoh Contoh / Examples

28 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (a) Duit syiling dan bulu pelepah dilepaskan dari ketinggian yang sama secara serentak di dalam makmal. A coin and a feather are released from the same height simultaneously in the laboratory. Pemerhatian / Observation Duit syiling jatuh lebih cepat daripada bulu pelepah. / The coin falls faster than the feather. Penjelasan bagi (a) / Explanation on (a) Rintangan udara yang besar bertindak ke atas bulu pelepah kerana ia mempunyai luas permukaan yang besar. / A bigger air resistance acts on the feather because it has a large surface area . Daya graviti pada duit syiling mampu untuk mengatasi rintangan udara lebih baik daripada bulu pelepah. The gravitational force on the coin is able to overcome air resistance better than the feather. (b) Duit syiling dan bulu pelepah yang sama diletakkan di dalam satu tiub vakum dan kemudian dijatuhkan serentak pada ketinggian yang sama. The same coin and feather are put into a vacuum tube and then dropped simultaneously from the same height. Pemerhatian / Observation Kedua-dua objek mencecah ke bawah silinder pada masa yang sama. Both objects reach the bottom of the cylinder at the same time. Penjelasan bagi (b) / Explanation on (b) Di dalam keadaan vakum, tiada rintangan udara . Hanya terdapat satu daya yang bertindak ke atas objek iaitu daya graviti . In vacuum, there is no air resistance . The only force acting on both objects is the force of gravity . Kedua-dua objek jatuh bebas dengan pecutan yang disebabkan graviti walaupun berbeza dari segi jisim dan bentuk . Both objects free fall with acceleration due to gravity despite the differences in their mass and shapes . 2 Perbezaan antara jatuh bebas di atmosfera (udara) dan jatuh bebas di dalam vakum bagi duit syiling dan bulu pelepah. / The difference between free fall in atmosphere and free fall in a vacuum of a coin and a feather. (a) (b) Bulu pelepah Feather Bulu pelepah Feather Duit syiling Coin Duit syiling Coin

29 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Pecutan disebabkan oleh graviti, g, ialah pecutan bagi objek yang disebabkan oleh kekuatan medan graviti . Acceleration due to gravity, g, is the acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitional field strength . Nilai piawai bagi pecutan graviti, g, ialah 9.81 m s-2. Nilai g yang sering digunakan ialah 10 m s–2. Magnitud bagi pecutan yang disebabkan oleh graviti bergantung pada kekuatan medan graviti . The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g, is 9.81 m s-2. The value of g is often taken to be 10 m s–2 for simplicity. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the gravitional field strength . Terangkan pecutan yang disebabkan oleh graviti, g / Explain acceleration due to gravity, g 1 Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan gambar foto stroboskop bagi bola yang jatuh bebas dan graf halaju, v melawan masa, t bagi gerakannya. / The diagram on the right shows a stroboscopic photograph of a free falling ball and a graph of velocity, v against time, t. (a) Perhatikan gambar foto dan terangkan halaju bola. Observe the photograph and describe the velocity of the ball. Halaju bola itu meningkat dengan seragam The velocity of the ball increases uniformly (b) Apakah yang boleh anda simpulkan daripada graf kecerunan v – t? What can you deduce from the gradient of the v – t graph? Kecerunan ialah pecutan bola itu The gradient is the acceleration of the ball (c) Terangkan gerakan bola tersebut. Describe the motion of the ball. Bola tersebut bergerak dengan pecutan seragam The ball moves with uniform acceleration 2 Pegang dua biji batu yang berbeza saiz pada ketinggian yang sama, kemudian kedua-dua batu itu dijatuhkan serentak daripada ketinggian yang sama. Hold two stones of different sizes at the same height and then drop both stones simultaneously from the same height. (a) Huraikan bagaimana halaju berubah. / Describe how the velocity changes. Halaju meningkat dengan seragam. The velocity increases uniformly. (b) Bandingkan masa yang diambil untuk batu mencecah lantai. Compare the time taken for the stones to reach the floor. Sama / Same (c) Adakah pecutan batu dipengaruhi oleh jisimnya? Is the acceleration of each stone influenced by its mass? Jisim tidak mempengaruhi pecutan. Mass does not affect the acceleration. v 0 t Bola Ball Lantai Floor Contoh / Examples

30 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Tujuan / Aim Menentukan pecutan disebabkan graviti. / To determine the acceleration due to gravity. Radas / Apparatus Jangka masa detik, bekalan kuasa 12 V, bangku, pengapit-G, pemberat, pita detik Ticker timer, 12 V ac power supply, stool, G-clamp, slotted weight, ticker tape. Prosedur / Procedure 1 Potong sekeping pita detik lebih kurang 2.5 m panjang dan lalukan melalui jangka masa detik yang diapit kepada kerusi oleh pengapit-G. Cut a piece of ticker tape about 2.5 m long and pass through the ticker timer which is clamped to a stool using G-clamp. 2 Sambungkan satu hujung pita pada pemberat 100 g. Attach one end of the tape to the 100 g slotted weight. 3 Hidupkan jangka masa detik dan pemberat dilepaskan supaya ia jatuh bebas. Switch on the ticker timer and release the slotted weight so that it falls freely. 4 Kaji pita itu untuk menentukan nilai bagi pecutan disebabkan oleh graviti, g. Analyse the tape to determine the value of the acceleration due to gravity, g. Perbincangan / Discussion 1 Mengapakah sukar untuk menentukan pergerakan objek yang jatuh dengan hanya memerhatikannya jatuh? Why is it difficult to describe the motion of a falling object by just observing it fall? Objek bergerak sangat laju. / The object moves very fast. 2 Apakah jenis pergerakan objek jika ia jatuh di bawah tarikan graviti? What is the type of motion of an object falling under the pull of gravity? Pecutan seragam. / Uniform acceleration. 3 Mengapakah pergerakan pemberat boleh diandaikan sebagai jatuh bebas? Why is it that the motion of the slotted weight can be assumed to be a free fall? Rintangan udara yang kecil boleh diabaikan. The small air resistance is negligible. 4 Apakah langkah yang akan anda ambil untuk mengurangkan geseran antara pita dan jangka masa detik? What steps did you take to minimise the friction between the ticker tape and the ticker timer? Pegang pita detik dalam keadaan menegak dan lepaskannya. Pastikan ia jatuh melalui jangka masa detik dengan lancar. Hold the ticker tape vertically when releasing it. Make sure it slips through the ticker timer smoothly. 5 Terangkan mengapa perlu menjatuhkan pemberat daripada kedudukan yang tinggi. Explain the need for the slotted weight to be dropped from a high position. Pengiraan akan menjadi lebih tepat kerana ralat eksperimen dikurangkan. The calculation will be more accurate because experimental errors are reduced. Pengapit-G G-clamp Jangka masa detik Ticker timer Pita detik Ticker tape Bekalan kuasa, 12 V A.C. Power supply, 12 V Bangku Stool Pemberat Weight Kepingan polistirena Polystyrene sheet SP 2.3.2 Mengeksperimen untuk menentukan nilai pecutan graviti Pecutan yang disebabkan graviti Acceleration due to gravity Eksperimen Experiment Inkuiri / Inquiry

2gs t = masa / time a = g, pecutan graviti / acceleration due to gravity, Nota / Notes: 1 Apabila suatu objek jatuh bebas: a = g = 10 m s-2 (pecutan) When an object fall freely: a = g = 10 m s-2 (acceleration) 2 Apabila suatu objek dilambung ke atas: a = –g = –10 m s-2 (nyahpecutan) When an object is thrown upwards: a = –g = –10 m s-2 (deceleration) 3 Pada kedudukan yang tertinggi, v = 0. At the highest point, v = 0. 4 Jatuh ke bawah, v adalah positif. / Downward direction, v is positive. 5 Arah ke atas, v adalah negatif. / Upward direction, v is negative. Objek dilambung ke atas Object thrown upwards titik tertinggi, v = 0 highest point, v = 0 SP 2.3.3 Menyelesaikan masalah yang melibatkan pecutan graviti bumi bagi objek yang jatuh bebas Formula Penting / Important Formulae

1 2 (10 m s–2)(t 2 ) t 2 = 100 s2 t = 10 s t g h v = 0 u = 30 m s–1 g = –10 m s–2 Latihan / Exercisess

33 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Berikan maksud inersia. Give the definition of inertia. • Inersia suatu objek ialah kecenderungan objek untuk kekal dalam keadaan rehat atau terus bergerak dalam keadaan gerakannya. The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to continue its motion. • Inersia bukan suatu kuantiti fizik. Inertia is not a physical quantity. Apakah Hukum Gerakan Newton Pertama? What is the Newton’s First Law of Motion? • Menyatakan bahawa sesuatu objek akan kekal dalam keadaan pegun atau bergerak dengan halaju malar jika tiada daya luar bertindak ke atasnya. State that an object continue in its state of rest or uniform speed if no external force acted upon it. Syiling Coin Kadbod Cardboard Apabila kadbod ditarik keluar dengan cepat, duit syiling itu terus jatuh ke dalam gelas. Inersia duit syiling itu mengekalkannya dalam keadaan rehat walaupun kadbod itu ditarik keluar. When the cardboard is quickly pulled away, the coin drops straight into the glass. The inertia of the coin maintains it in rest even when the cardboard is withdrawn. Gelas berisi air Glass filled with water Kertas Paper Apabila kertas di bawah gelas itu ditarik dengan sangat cepat, gelas air itu kekal dalam keadaan rehat. Inersia gelas yang berisi air itu cenderung mengekalkan gelas air dalam keadaan rehat. When the paper at the bottom of the glass is pulled very quickly, the glass of water remains at rest. The inertia of the glass of water tends to remain at rest. Buku Books Sebuah buku ditarik keluar dari kedudukan tengahnya. Buku di atasnya akan jatuh ke bawah secara terus. Inersia cuba menentang perubahannya dari keadaan rehat, iaitu, apabila buku ditarik keluar, buku-buku di atas tidak akan bergerak bersamanya. A book is pulled out from its central position. The books on top will drop straight downwards. Inertia tries to resist the change from rest, that is, when the book is pulled out, the books on top not follow suit. Aktiviti yang melibatkan inersia / Activities involving inertia 2.4 INERSIA / INERTIA SK 2.4 SP 2.4.1 Menerangkan konsep inersia melalui contoh

34 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Inferens Inference Inersia bergantung kepada jisim objek The inertia depends on mass of object Hipotesis Hypothesis Apabila jisim objek bertambah, inersianya juga bertambah. When the mass of an object increases, its inertia also increases. Tujuan Aim Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara jisim dengan inersia (tempoh ayunan). To study the relationship between mass and inertia (period of oscillation). Pemboleh ubah Variables Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable: Jisim plastisin, m Mass of plasticine, m Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable: Tempoh ayunan, T Period of oscillation, T Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable: Panjang bilah Hacksaw / amplitud ayunan / kekerasan bilah Hacksaw Length of the Hacksaw blade / amplitude of oscillation / stiffness of Hacksaw blade Bahan dan radas Materials and apparatus Bilah gergaji, pengapit-G, jam randik dan plastisin. Hacksaw blade, G-clamp, stopwatch and plasticine. Prosedur Procedure Pengapit-G / G-clamp Bilah Hacksaw / Hacksaw blade Plastisin / Plasticine 1 Letakkan sejumlah plastisin (berbentuk sfera) dengan jisim 30 g pada hujung bilah Hacksaw. Place a lump of plasticine (sphere-shaped) with a mass of 30 g at the free end of the Hacksaw blade. 2 Sesarkan sedikit bilah Hacksaw dan lepaskannya supaya ia berayun secara mengufuk. Displace the Hacksaw blade slightly and release it so that it oscillates horizontally. 3 Tentukan dan rekodkan masa yang diambil untuk 10 ayunan lengkap, t saat. Determine and record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t seconds. 4 Hitungkan tempoh ayunan, T = t 10 saat. Calculate period of oscillation, T = t 10 seconds. 5 Ulangi langkah 1 – 4 eksperimen dengan jisim 40 g, 50 g, 60 g dan 70 g. Repeat steps 1 – 4 of the experiment with mass of 40 g, 50 g, 60 g and 70 g. 6 Lakarkan graf tempoh ayunan melawan jisim. Plot the graph of period of oscillation against mass. SP 2.4.2 Mengeksperimen untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara inersia dan jisim Inersia dan Jisim Inertia and Mass Eksperimen Experiment

35 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Keputusan Results Analisis Analysis Lakarkan graf T melawan jisim, m. Plot the graph T against mass, m. Perbincangan Discussion Kesimpulan Conclusion Apabila jisim objek bertambah, inersianya juga bertambah. When the mass of an object increases, its inertia also increases. Jisim, m / g Mass, m / g Masa untuk 10 ayunan, t / s Time for 10 oscillation, t / s Tempoh ayunan Period of osillation T / s t1 t2 tpurata / average 30 40 50 60 70 0 T / s m / g 1 Nyatakan kuantiti yang digunakan untuk mewakili inersia dalam aktiviti ini. State the quantity used to represent inertia in this activity. Tempoh ayunan Period of oscillation 2 Apakah hubungan antara tempoh ayunan suatu objek dengan inersianya? What is the relationship between the period of oscillation of an object and its inertia? Semakin panjang tempoh ayunan, semakin besar inersia. The longer the period of oscillation, the larger the inertia. 3 Daripada graf, nyatakan hubungan antara From the graph, state the relationship between (a) tempoh ayunan dengan jisim objek. period of oscillation and mass of object. Semakin besar jisim, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan. The larger the mass, the longer the period of oscillation. (b) inersia suatu objek dan jisimnya. inertia of an object and its mass. Semakin besar jisim objek, semakin besar inersianya. The larger the mass of the object, the larger its inertia.

36 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Contoh-contoh situasi yang melibatkan inersia / Examples of situations involving inertia Apabila bas itu bergerak ke hadapan secara tiba-tiba dari keadaan rehat, inersia badan penumpang cenderung untuk kekal dalam keadaan rehat. Ini menyebabkan badan penumpang terhumban ke belakang. When the bus suddenly moves forward from rest, the inertia of the passenger's body tends to keep them at rest. This causes their body to be thrown backwards. Penumpang berada dalam keadaan gerakan apabila bas itu sedang bergerak. Apabila bas itu berhenti secara tiba-tiba, inersia badan penumpang cenderung untuk terus bergerak ke hadapan. Ini menyebabkan badan penumpang terhumban ke hadapan. The passengers are in a state of motion when the bus is moving. When the bus suddenly stops, the inertia of the passengers tends to continue in its forward motion. This causes their body to be thrown forward. Gerakan ke bawah yang cepat Fast downward motion Botol sos cili Bottle of chili sauce Sos cili dalam botol boleh dituang keluar dengan senang jika botol digerakkan ke bawah dengan cepat dan berhenti secara tiba-tiba. Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is moved downward fast with a sudden stop. • Sos dalam botol bergerak bersama-sama dengan botol semasa pergerakan ke bawah. The sauce in the bottle moves with the bottle during the downward movement. • Apabila botol itu berhenti secara tiba-tiba, inersia sos menyebabkan ia terus bergerak ke bawah dan mengakibatkan sos dituang keluar dari botol itu. When the bottle is stopped suddenly, the inertia of the sauce causes it to continue in its downward movement. Thus, the sauce is poured out of the bottle. • Titisan air pada payung yang basah akan jatuh apabila budak perempuan itu memusingkan payung itu. The water droplets on a wet umbrella will fall when the girl rotates the umbrella. • Ini adalah disebabkan titisan air pada permukaan payung itu bergerak secara serentak apabila payung itu dipusingkan. This is because the water droplets on the surface of the umbrella move simultaneously as the umbrella is rotated. • Apabila payung itu berhenti berpusing, inersia titisan air akan terus mengekalkan pergerakannya. When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of the water droplets will continue in its original motion. Sebuah kapal minyak yang besar mengambil masa yang lebih panjang untuk memecut kepada laju maksimumnya dan ia mengambil beberapa kilometer untuk berhenti walaupun propelernya telah diterbalikkan. Mengapa? A massive oil tanker (a very big ship) takes a long time to accelerate to its full speed and a few kilometers to come to a stop even though the engine has reversed its propeller to slow it down. Why? Kapal minyak yang besar mempunyai jisim yang lebih besar, jadi inersianya juga lebih besar. Oleh itu, ia adalah lebih sukar untuk memberhentikan kapal minyak. The massive oil tanker has larger mass, so it has a larger inertia. So it is more difficult to stop the oil tanker. Bas berhenti secara tiba-tiba The bus suddenly stops Bas bergerak ke hadapan secara tiba-tiba The bus moves suddenly forward SP 2.4.3 Mewajarkan kesan inersia dalam kehidupan seharian

37 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 1 Tali pinggang keledar di dalam kereta dapat mengekalkan pemandu pada tempat duduknya. Apabila kereta berhenti secara mendadak, tali pinggang itu mengelakkan pemandu daripada terhumban ke hadapan . A safety belt in a car secures a driver to his seat. When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt prevents the driver from being thrown forward . 2 Perabot yang dibawa oleh lori biasanya perlu diikat dengan tali kepada bahagian-bahagian lori yang tertentu supaya apabila lori bergerak atau berhenti dengan tiba-tiba, perabot itu tidak akan jatuh atau tidak akan terhumban ke hadapan. Furniture carried by a lorry is normally tied by ropes to certain fixed parts of the lorry so that when the lorry moves or stops suddenly, the furniture will not fall or will not be thrown forward. 3 Lori tangki mempunyai empat tangki kecil di mana jisim muatan dibahagi antara tangki-tangki tersebut akan mempunyai inersia yang lebih kecil. Ini akan mengurangkan impak pada setiap tangki yang disebabkan oleh inersia jika lori tangki itu berhenti dengan tiba-tiba. Four small tanks with distributed mass will have smaller inertia. This will greatly reduce the inertial impact on each tank if the tanker stops suddenly. Kaedah mengurangkan kesan buruk inersia / Method to reduce the negative effects of inertia Inersia (Punca dan Kesan)/Inertia (Cause and Effect) Inersia menjadi besar Inertia becomes large Objek yang berada dalam keadaan rehat akan cenderung kekal dalam keadaan rehat Object at rest will tend to remain at rest Objek yang berada dalam keadaan gerakan cenderung untuk kekal dalam keadaan gerakannya An object in motion tends to remain in motion Jisim objek besar Larger mass of object Hukum Gerakan Newton Pertama Newton's first Law of Motion 1 1 2 2 2 Inersia Inertia Kesan baik dan buruk inersia / Good and negative effect of inertia Peta Pemikiran / Thinking Maps Maklumat tambahan: Additional information: Tali Rope Kepala lori Tractor Lori tangki Tanker Treler dengan 4 tangki kecil Trailer with 4 small tanks Lori Lorry

38 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 2.5 MOMENTUM / MOMENTUM SK 2.5 SP 2.5.1 Menerangkan momentum, p sebagai hasil darab jisim, m dan halaju, v. (p = mv) Berikan definisi momentum. Define momentum. Apakah unit S.I. bagi momentum? What is the S.I. unit for momentum? • Momentum adalah hasil darab jisim dan halaju. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. • Momentum, p dihitung menggunakan rumus berikut: Momentum, p can be calculated using the following formula: p = mv : p = momentum / momentum m = jisim / mass v = halaju / velocity • Unit S.I: kg m s–1 atau N s (Newton saat) S.I unit: kg m s–1or N s (Newton second) • Momentum adalah suatu kuantiti vektor. Arah momentum mengikut arah halaju. Momentum is a vector quantity. The direction of the momentum follows the direction of the velocity. Pemain 2 Player 2 Pemain 1 Player 1 Nenek Granny Bobby 1 Dalam permainan ragbi, seorang pemain berjisim 70 kg bergerak dengan halaju 4 m s-1 dan seorang pemain yang lain yang berjisim 75 kg bergerak dengan 3 m s-1 menghala antara satu sama lain seperti yang ditunjukkan. Hitungkan momentum kedua-dua pemain itu masing-masing. In a rugby game, a player of mass 70 kg is moving with velocity of 4 m s-1 and the other player of mass 75 kg is moving with 3 m s-1 towards each other as shown. Calculate the momentum of the two players respectively. Penyelesaian / Solution: 2 Seorang nenek (m = 80 kg) meluncur mengelilingi gelanggang dengan halaju 6 m s–1. Tiba-tiba dia berlanggar dengan Bobby (m = 40 kg) yang berada dalam keadaan rehat. Hitungkan momentum bagi nenek dan Bobby. A granny (m = 80 kg) skating around the ring with a velocity of 6 m s–1. Suddenly she collides with Bobby (m = 40 kg) who is at rest. Calculate the momentum of granny and Bobby respectively. Penyelesaian / Solution: Momentum pemain 1 / Momentum of player 1, p1 = m1v1 = (70 kg)(4 m s–1) = 280 kg m s-1 Momentum pemain 2 / Momentum of player 2, p2 = m2v2 = (75 kg)(–3 m s–1) = –225 kg m s-1 Momentum nenek / Momentum of granny, p1 = m1v1 = (80 kg)(6 m s–1) = 480 kg m s–1 Momentum Bobby / Momentum of Bobby, p2 = m2v2 = (40 kg) × (0 m s–1) = 0 kg m s–1 (dalam keadaan rehat / at rest) Contoh / Examples

39 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua orang adik-beradik yang sedang meluncur. Abang bergerak dan berlanggar dengan adiknya yang berada dalam keadaan rehat. The diagram below shows two brothers are skating. The elder brother moves and collides with his younger brother who is at rest. (a) Apakah gerakan mereka selepas perlanggaran? / What is their movement after the collision? Selepas perlanggaran, laju abang berkurang, laju adik bertambah. Momentum abang berkurang, momentum adik bertambah. After collison, the speed of the elder brother decreases, the speed of the younger brother increases, momentum of the elder brother decreases, momentum of the younger brother increases. (b) Adakah jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran sama dengan jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran? Is the total momentum before collision equal to the total momentum after collision? Ya / Yes 2 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan Aziz menjentik sekeping duit syiling, A secara terus kepada sekeping, B. The diagram below shows Aziz is flicking a coin, A, directly to coin, B. (a) Apakah yang berlaku kepada gerakan kedua-dua duit syiling tersebut selepas perlanggaran? What happens to the motion of both coins after collision? Duit syiling A berhenti, duit syiling B bergerak. Coin A stops, coin B moves. (b) Apakah yang berlaku kepada momentum duit syiling A selepas perlanggaran? What happens to the momentum of coin A after collision? Momentum duit syiling A dipindahkan kepada duit syiling B selepas perlanggaran. Momentum of coin A is transferred to coin B after collision. Berikan definisi Prinsip Keabadian Momentum. Give the definition of Principle of Conservation of Momentum. • Tanpa kehadiran daya luar, jumlah momentum dalam suatu sistem kekal tidak berubah. In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system remains unchanged. • Jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran = Jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision Situasi-situasi yang melibatkan Prinsip Keabadian Momentum Situations that involved the Principle of Conservation of Momentum A B SP 2.5.2 Mengaplikasi Prinsip Keabadian Momentum dalam perlanggaran dan letupan

m2v2 m1v1 = –m2v2 Catatan: v2 bernilai negatif kerana arah yang bertentangan Remark: v2 is in negative value because of opposite direction

m2)v 1 1 0 2 2 1 0 3 1 2 0 3 2 2 0 4 3 2 0 5 Prinsip Keabadian Momentum Principle of Conservation of Momentum Eksperimen Experiment

0) kg km j–1 = (65 kg)v ∴ v = 1.54 km j–1 m1 = 5 kg u1 = 20 km j–1 m2 = 60 kg u2 = 0 km j–1 m1 = 5 kg m2 = 60 kg v = ? Latihan / Exercises

m2u2 m1u1 = – m2u2 (1.5 kg) (v1) = – (0.010 kg)(300 m s–1) ∴ v = –2.0 m s–1 • Udara di dalam botol dimampatkan (dipam dengan pam angin). / Air inside the bottle is compressed (it is pumped with air pump). • Tekanan di dalam botol menjadi lebih tinggi. Pressure inside the bottle becomes higher. • Air di dalam botol ditolak keluar dengan halaju yang tinggi. / Water inside the bottle is pushed out with high velocity . • Momentum ke arah bawah dihasilkan. Downward momentum is produced. • Momentum ke arah atas dengan magnitud yang sama dihasilkan. / Upward momentum with the same magnitude is produced. • Jumlah momentum terabadi . Total momentum is conserved . Muncung Nozzle Botol plastik Plastic bottle Pam angin Air pump Air dipaksa keluar Water forced out Sayap Wing Aktiviti: Aplikasi Prinsip Keabadian Momentum dalam teknologi pelancaran roket air Activity: Application of Principle of Conservation of Momentum in water rocket launching technology Maklumat tambahan: Additional information:

45 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Nyatakan definisi Hukum Gerakan Newton Kedua. State the definition of Newton's Second Law of motion. F α ma F = kma, k(pemalar / constant) Hubungan antara a dan F Relationship between a and F a α F: m(pemalar / constant) Pecutan, a, berkadar terus dengan daya yang dikenakan, F. The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the applied force, F. a 0 F a melawan F a against F Hubungan antara a dan m Relationship between a and m a α 1 m : F(pemalar / constant) Pecutan, a, bagi suatu objek berkadar songsang dengan jisimnya, m. The acceleration, a, of an object is inversely proportional to its mass, m. 1 m a 0 a melawan 1 m a against 1 m 2.6 DAYA / FORCE SK 2.6 SP 2.6.1 Mendefinisikan daya sebagai kadar perubahan momentum • Menyatakan bahawa kadar perubahan momentum berkadar terus dengan daya dan bertindak pada arah tindakan daya. State that the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to force and acted on the direction of applied force. • Jika objek berjisim m dikenakan suatu daya F, dan halajunya berubah dari u ke v, maka If an object with mass, m been applied with a force, F, and the velocity is changing from u to v, thus Daya α Perubahan momentum Masa Force α Rate of change of momentum Time F α mv – mu t F α m ( v – u t ) iaitu a / which a a = v – u t F α ma F = ma

46 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Hubungan antara Relationship between Daya dan pecutan, a α F Force and acceleration, a α F Jisim dan pecutan, a α 1 m Mass and acceleration, a α 1 m Situasi Situation 10 kg 10 kg B A Dua orang pemuda menolak jisim yang sama tetapi pemuda A menolak dengan daya yang lebih besar. Jadi dia bergerak dengan lebih cepat. Two men pushing the same mass but man A pushes with a greater force. So, he moves faster. 5 kg 10 kg B A Dua orang pemuda mengenakan daya yang sama. Tetapi pemuda B bergerak dengan lebih cepat daripada pemuda A. Two men exerted the same force. But man B moves faster than man A. Inferens Inference Pecutan, a, bergantung kepada daya yang dikenakan, F The acceleration, a, depends on applied force, F Pecutan, a, bergantung kepada jisim objek, m The acceleration, a, depends on mass of the object, m Hipotesis Hypothesis Semakin besar daya, semakin besar pecutan. The larger the force, the greater the acceleration. Semakin besar jisim, semakin kecil pecutan. The greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration. Tujuan Aim Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara pecutan, a dan daya yang dikenakan, F. To investigate the relationship between acceleration, a and applied force, F. Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara pecutan, a dan jisim objek, m. To investigate the relationship between acceleration, a and object mass, m. Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan Manipulated variable Daya yang dikenakan ke atas objek, F Force applied on the object, F Jisim, m / Mass, m Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas Responding variable Pecutan, a Acceleration, a Pecutan, a Acceleration, a Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan Constant variable Jisim, m Mass, m Daya yang dikenakan ke atas objek, F Force applied on the object, F Bahan dan radas Materials and apparatus Jangka masa detik dan pita detik, bekalan kuasa, landasan terpampas geseran, pembaris, troli, takal licin (dengan pengapit), tali tak kenyal, pemberat berslot Ticker timer and ticker tape, power supply, friction-compensated runaway, ruler, trolley, smooth pulley (with clamp), inelastic string, slotted weights Mencari hubungan antara daya, jisim dan pecutan Find the relationship between force, mass and acceleration Eksperimen Experiment

47 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4 U N I T 1 U N I T 2 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Rajah Diagram Prosedur Procedure 1 Radas disusun seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. 2 Sebuah troli berjisim 1.0 kg (jisim malar) diletakkan di atas landasan. Pita detik dilekatkan pada troli itu. A trolley of mass 1.0 kg (constant mass) is placed on the runway. A length of ticker tape is attached to the trolley. 3 Jangka masa detik dihidupkan dan troli itu ditarik oleh pemberat yang mempunyai daya, F = 10.0 N. The ticker timer is switched on and the trolley is pulled by a weight of force, F = 10.0 N. 4 Dari pita detik yang diperoleh, pecutan troli dihitung dengan menggunakan formula, a = (v – u) t From the ticker tape obtained, the acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula, a = (v – u) t . 5 Langkah-langkah 2 – 4 diulangi dengan menambahkan pemberat berslot supaya, F = 15.0 N, 20.0 N, 25.0 N dan 30.0 N. Steps 2 – 4 are repeated by adding slotted weights to pull the trolley so that, F = 15.0 N, 20.0 N, 25.0 N and 30.0 N. 1 Radas disusun seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. 2 Sebuah troli dengan jisim , m = 1.0 kg diletakkan di atas landasan. Pita detik dilekatkan pada troli itu. A trolley of mass, m = 1.0 kg is placed on the runway. A length of ticker-tape is attached to the trolley. 3 Jangka masa detik dihidupkan dan troli itu ditarik oleh pemberat (daya malar pemberat ini ialah 10 N) The ticker timer is switched on and the trolley is pulled by a weight of constant force, 10 N 4 Dari pita detik yang diperoleh, pecutan troli dihitung dengan menggunakan formula, a = (v – u) t . From the ticker tape obtained, the acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula, a = (v – u) t . 5 Eksperimen diulangi dengan dua troli yang bertindan dan seterusnya tiga dan empat troli yang bertindan. The experiment is repeated with two trolleys that are stacked together and then three and four trolleys that are stacked together. Keputusan Results F / N a / cm s–2 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Troli Trolleys 1 m / kg–1 a / cm s–2 1 2 3 4 Analisis data Analysis of data 0 F / N a / cm s–2 1 m / kg–1 0 a / cm s–2 Pita detik Ticker tape Jangka masa detik Ticker timer Landasan terpampas geseran Friction-compensated runway Tali tak kenyal Inelastic string Blok kayu Wooden block Bekalan kuasa a.u. a.c. power supply Troli Trolley Takal licin Smooth pulley Pemberat berslot Slotted weight

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Formative Practice 6.1 – Form 4 Science (KSSM) Chapter 6

Answer : Support system is important to ensure that animals are able to move smoothly and efficiently.

Answer : The exoskeleton is a frame made of waxy chitin or shell. The endoskeleton is a skeleton made up of bones or cartilages.

Hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton consisting of muscular walls covering a certain body cavity filled with fluid.

Answer : The growth curve of exoskeleton animals is in stages.

The exoskeleton is made up of wax chitin that is hard and cannot expand. Therefore, the growth of animals is hindered.

To overcome this problem, exoskeleton animals will moult a few times to reach adulthood.

Answer : Ecdysis is a process where animals with exoskeleton shed their outer layer shell during growth.

Answer : Centre of gravity and base area

Answer : (a) Centre of gravity refers to the point of equilibrium of animals, plants or objects.

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Float and sink, resource of the earth, plant parts & their functions, university  , vertebrates & invertebrates, smooth and rough.

SCIENCE FORM 4 CHAPTER 6

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In a insect, the process of removing an old exoskeleton and replacing it with a new larger one is known as............

Bird, turtle and deer are animals can be classified as animals with.......

endoskeleton

hydrostatic skeleton

exoskeleton

buoyancy system

Which of the following is not true about exoskeleton?

It prevents the body from drying.

it speeds up the movement of the body.

It provides the attachment site for the muscle.

It needs to be shed in order to grow.

Diagram shows the skeleton system of human. What is the function of the bone labelled?

To provide movement of the hand.

To aid in breathing.

To protect the important organs.

To support the weight of the head.

The list below shows two types of animals.

• caterpillar

How do both the animals support their bodies?

With body fluid.

With hard shells.

With exoskeleton.

With endoskeleton.

Which do the following shows stilt roots?

Which of the following plants obtains support in the same way as the bittergourd plant?

Banyan tree

Bougainvillea

Rambutan tree

Diagram shows an aquatic animal.Which of the following is not true about the animals.

It is the largest vertebrate that lives

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Tuesday 17 May 2011

Form 4 - chapter 1 : pendulum (experiment).

• The thread is tied to the pendulum bob. The other end of the thread is tied around the arm of the retort stand so that it can swing freely. The length of the pendulum, l is measured to 80 cm as per the diagram.
• With the thread taut and the bob at rest, the bob is lifted at a small amplitude (of not more than 10°). Ensure that the pendulum swings in a single plane.
• The time for ten complete oscillations of the pendulum is measured using the stopwatch.
• Step 3 is repeated, and the average of both readings are calculated.
• The period of oscillation, T i s calculated using the average reading divided by the number of oscillations, i.e. 10.
• T2 is calculated by squaring the value of T.
• Steps 1 to 6 are repeated using l = 70 cm, 60 cm, 50 cm, and 40 cm.
• A graph T2 versus l is plotted.

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