c two assignments in one line

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Assigning multiple variables in one line in Python

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A variable is a segment of memory with a unique name used to hold data that will later be processed. Although each programming language has a different mechanism for declaring variables, the name and the data that will be assigned to each variable are always the same. They are capable of storing values of data types.

The assignment operator(=) assigns the value provided to its right to the variable name given to its left. Given is the basic syntax of variable declaration:

Assign Values to Multiple Variables in One Line

Given above is the mechanism for assigning just variables in Python but it is possible to assign multiple variables at the same time. Python assigns values from right to left. When assigning multiple variables in a single line, different variable names are provided to the left of the assignment operator separated by a comma. The same goes for their respective values except they should be to the right of the assignment operator.

While declaring variables in this fashion one must be careful with the order of the names and their corresponding value first variable name to the left of the assignment operator is assigned with the first value to its right and so on.

Variable assignment in a single line can also be done for different data types.

Not just simple variable assignment, assignment after performing some operation can also be done in the same way.

Assigning different operation results to multiple variable.

Here, we are storing different characters in a different variables.

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Multiple Assignment

Multiple Assignment

No, that assigns a, b, and c to c+5.

Xerzi's way is better. Mines is a sloppy version to do that. Pretty sure it doesn't get easier than that but if anyone finds a better solution i'll be curious to see it.

elipses( count, ...) { (count<=0) { 0; } va_list arg_ptr; va_start(arg_ptr, count); sum=0; ( i=0; i<count; i++) sum += va_arg(arg_ptr, ); va_end(arg_ptr); sum; }

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Assignment Operators in C

In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.

The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.

In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator	Description	Example
=	Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand	C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C
+=	Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand.	C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=	Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*=	Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C = A is equivalent to C = C A
/=	Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=	Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.	C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=	Left shift AND assignment operator.	C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=	Right shift AND assignment operator.	C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator.	C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=	Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.	C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
\|=	Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.	C \|= 2 is same as C = C \| 2

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.

You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented Assignment Operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Run the code and check its output −

Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −

When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

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Next: Unions , Previous: Overlaying Structures , Up: Structures [ Contents ][ Index ]

15.13 Structure Assignment

Assignment operating on a structure type copies the structure. The left and right operands must have the same type. Here is an example:

Notionally, assignment on a structure type works by copying each of the fields. Thus, if any of the fields has the const qualifier, that structure type does not allow assignment:

See Assignment Expressions .

When a structure type has a field which is an array, as here,

structure assigment such as r1 = r2 copies array fields’ contents just as it copies all the other fields.

This is the only way in C that you can operate on the whole contents of a array with one operation: when the array is contained in a struct . You can’t copy the contents of the data field as an array, because

would convert the array objects (as always) to pointers to the zeroth elements of the arrays (of type struct record * ), and the assignment would be invalid because the left operand is not an lvalue.

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Multiple assignments in a single expression

We have learned how to combine expressions to make compound expressions. We can also do this with assignments. For example, we could initialize variables as follows:

The expressions are evaluated from right to left, and the final result of the expression is the value of the last assignment. Each variable is assigned a value of 0 .

Another way to put multiple assignments in a single statement is to use the , sequence operator. We could write a simple swap statement in one line with three variables, as follows:

The sequence of three assignments is performed from left to right. This would be equivalent to the following three statements:

Either way is correct. Some might argue that the...

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Initialize multiple variables in one line #1456

zharchimage Apr 12, 2018

Currently if I do this:

it works but if I do:

it doesn´t.

Should be nice to allow the later so we don´t have to write 2 lines like:

Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.

On a more serious note, when you say that bool b1, b2 = true "works", it doesn't necessarily do what you might think it does - b1 is uninitialized, b2 is true .

So when you say that var b1, b2 = true; should be allowed a shorthand for var b1 = true; var b2 = true; , neither of those are the same as bool b1, b2 = true; .

Replies: 18 comments

Neme12 apr 12, 2018.

can't have an inferred type here.

Let me get this straight. Are you actually thinking of something like tihs:

(b1, b2) = true;

where you're initializing both variables with the same value?

If so, you can get pretty close with deconstructions:

(b1, b2) = (true, true);

{{editor}}'s edit

Theunrepentantgeek apr 12, 2018.

A key problem with this is that adding another variable declaration might change the inferred type of all of them.

Assume that this is legal:

with the compiler inferring as the type.

Adding a third variable declaration like this:

would then change all three variables into values.

Such a change would almost certainly break the rest of the method. If we're lucky, the result wouldn't compile.

FWIW, every C# style guide I've ever read has put multiple declarations in one statement in the category, along with thousand line methods, signatures with forty parameters, and inheritance twelve levels deep.

zharchimage Apr 12, 2018 Author

Yes I'm trying to do that, but this syntax is more clear I think:

var b1, b2= true;

Once you find an " = " you stop inferring, and assign the type after the = to b1, and b2.

yaakov-h Apr 12, 2018

If I may,

class C { public void M() { var (b1, b2) = true; } } public static class Wheeeeeee { public static void Deconstruct(this bool b, out bool b1, out bool b2) { // Are you thinking what I'm thinking, b1? // I think I am, b2. // It's tuples time! (b1, b2) = (b, b); } }

On a more serious note, when you say that "works", it doesn't necessarily do what you might think it does - is uninitialized, is .

So when you say that should be allowed a shorthand for , neither of those are the same as .

jnm2 Apr 12, 2018 Collaborator

Yup, looks like @nanddonet didn't actually try to use .

Then I think it's a little bit misleading. When I see

First thing I think is b1 and b2 it's gonna be initialized with true.

That would probably be why most style guides warn against it.

@nanddonet This example is just one case, totally equivalent to . Knowing that those two things are equivalent is just part of learning C#.

Thought I misspelled your name when I mentioned you, but you've just renamed your account to @potudopotudo. (❔)

You might as well do it in general:

class Wheeeeeee { public static void Deconstruct<T>(this T b, out T b1, out T b2) => (b1, b2) = (b, b); }

... or if you prefer extensions methods 😄

C { void M() { true.To(out var b1, out var b2); } } static class Wheeeeeee { public static void To<T>(this T b, out T b1, out T b2) => (b1, b2) = (b, b); }

I just added this concern, because it's not obvious, and misleading at for me. I think it's helpful what I propose, if people don't like the idea is fine. gave a good explanation and I expected the level of the answers to go in that direction, not to end up in jokes around extension methods. Anyway, thanks for the feedback..

@potudopotudo Don't worry, he's referring to a long-running joke about someone else, not you!

weitzhandler Dec 2, 2019

What I hoped there would be is remove the limit of comma-separated multiple initialization of variables with an assigned value, at least when they're all of one type, so instead of:

x = 1, y = 2;

We can do

x = 1, y = 2;

I know I can use tuples, but it doesn't always make sense to combine the variables together.

gafter Dec 2, 2019

If it doesn't make sense to combine the declarations into one line, by all means don't do it! And especially don't ask for support for combining declarations in cases that, by your own admission, it doesn't make sense.

Actually you're right.
I probably have to get used to the tuple declaration and make it a habit.

I will explain why I talked about this in the first place, it's because I'm used to keep my lines as short as possible and split them into multiple lines when there are two or more things in it.

myFirstVariable = GetFirstVariable(), mySecondVariable = GetSecondVariable(), myThirdVariable = GetThirdVariable();

Which can look a bit nasty when using tuples.

For example:

startingOffset = indicesArray.Count(index => index <= start); endingOffset = indicesArray.Count(index => index <= end);

jnm2 Dec 2, 2019 Collaborator

It's easier to manipulate the lines when they all start with or and all end with . Your eyes don't have to jump past lines with lower relevance to find the or keyword, either.

Ok you got me convinced. I'm wondering why this issue remains open then lol...

This discussion was converted from issue #1456 on October 14, 2020 10:13.

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Combining logical statements onto 1 line in C#?

A simple question as to whether or not this would be a proper way to combine logical statements for readability and organization purposes.

The 'standard' way I was taught to write code:

Now obviously if I have a huge amount of textboxes or any objects that are being being switched on and off, would it be better to write it like this:

Obviously, performance isn't going to be an issue.

But is the second option considered a correct way to write code for legibility? Or is it frowned upon?

coding-style
coding-standards

6 Generally speaking I tend to have one semicolon per line (unless it's a for loop). One line, one statement. – Matthew Commented Sep 1, 2016 at 19:47
Matthew, this was my thinking as well. It was just a curious thought I had and came across looking at some legacy code. – Gary.Taylor717 Commented Sep 1, 2016 at 19:49
7 Another option to increase legibility may be to create a method that accepts a textbox and sets the .Visible and .Enabled property in it. – Matthew Commented Sep 1, 2016 at 19:49
Possible duplicate of How would you know if you've written readable and easily maintainable code? – gnat Commented Sep 1, 2016 at 19:57
I find the second way much harder to read. – Loren Pechtel Commented Sep 2, 2016 at 0:39

3 Answers 3

The standard is one code statement per line. If a statement is too long, it should be broken across several lines in the file. The reverse is not true.

Automated code merges rely on one statement per line
Stack traces identify code position by line number; with more than one statement per line, a line number is ambiguous
One statement per line allows easy reading of nesting via indentation
One statement per line is consistent with code that is generated by most code wizards (other than minifiers).
File diff'ing tools such as Beyond Compare are much easier to use with one statement per line

It used to be the following idiom was not common but somewhat acceptable:

Technically this is one statement. This works because the output of the = (assignment) operator is the value being assigned. I find it confusing and it is no longer common or encouraged .

On a side note, if you are coming across a lot of situations where you are even considering using multiple statements per line, as in your example, I have to wonder if your code suffers from other more serious stylistic and structural issues, e.g. a lack of modularity or failure to honor the single responsibility principle .

P.S. You do not need to set Enabled=false if you are setting Visible=false . If you insist on setting both, consider using an extension method to combine them into one call, and therefore one line.

Thank you for the in depth explanation. I wasn't writing the code this way by choice at first, I was simply following the standard a set of legacy code I was working with had. But after reading these answers and doing some investigating, I decided to refactor and change the program structure. SRP really does help and DRY as well. – Gary.Taylor717 Commented Sep 2, 2016 at 19:00

Groups of things that are the same can be placed in an array/collection and iterated over to avoid large amounts of identical-seeming code.

In this way you might avoid the temptation to save space by placing multiple statements on a single line (which is indeed frowned upon.)

1 This addresses the OP's example but not his question, which could include lines of code that are not simple assignment or which involve classes that do not share a supertype. – John Wu Commented Sep 2, 2016 at 17:48

You can still set all properties with only one value and keep the one statement per line rule by doing this:

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Python Define Multiple Variables in One Line

In this article, you’ll learn about two variants of this problem.

Assign multiple values to multiple variables
Assign the same value to multiple variables

Let’s have a quick overview of both in our interactive code shell:

Exercise : Increase the number of variables to 3 and create a new one-liner!

Let’s dive into the two subtopics in more detail!

Assign Multiple Values to Multiple Variables [One-Liner]

You can use Python’s feature of multiple assignments to assign multiple values to multiple variables. Here is the minimal example:

Most coders would consider this more readable and concise than the multi-liner:

Explanation Multiple Assignment

The syntax of multiple assignments works as follows.

By using a comma-separated sequence of values on the right side of the equation, you create a tuple on the right side.
Now, you unpack the tuple into the variables declared on the left side of the equation.

Here’s a minimal code example that shows that you can create a tuple without the usual parentheses syntax:

This explains why the multiple assignment operator is not something you need to remember—if you have understood its underlying concept.

The unpacking syntax in Python is important for many other Python features. It works as follows: you extract an iterable of multiple values into an outer structure of multiple variables.

You can also combine it by unpacking, say, three values into two variables:

The asterisk operator placed in front of a variable tells Python to unpack as many values into this variable as possible. Remember, there’s a tuple on the right side of the equation with three values. Python recognizes that the third value will be placed into variable b . The other two values must be placed into variable a to produce a valid assignment.

Note that it’s not required that all the values in your multiple assignment one-liner have the same type:

The first value has type string, the second value has type integer, and the third value has type float.

But be careful, if the number of variables on the left do not match the number of values in the iterable on the right, Python throws a ValueError !

Here’s an example:

Assign the Same Value to Multiple Variables [One-Liner]

You can use multiple = symbols to assign multiple values to multiple variables. Just create a chain of assignments like this:

This also works for more than two variables:

In this example, you assign the same object (a Python list ) to all three variables.

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Corporations that expect to owe tax of $500 or more, generally must make estimated tax payments. For more information, corporations can see Publication 542, Corporations .

For additional details, see Publication 505, Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax . It includes worksheets and examples that can be especially useful for taxpayers who have dividend or capital gain income, owe alternative minimum or self-employment tax or have other situations.

Keep records of income reported on Form 1099-K

Individuals working a part-time job or side hustle must report their income . Earnings may be reported to the IRS on a Form W-2, or type of Form 1099. Recipients of Form 1099-K, Payment Card and Third Party Network Transactions PDF must use it with other tax records to help report income.

Taxpayers earning income not subject to withholding are encouraged to consider making quarterly estimated tax payments during the year to stay current and avoid an unexpected tax bill.

Remember, all income is taxable unless it is specifically excluded by tax law. Taxpayers should report any profits from selling goods or services, regardless of if they receive a Form 1099-K.

Paying estimated tax

Electronic payment is the most secure, fastest and easiest way for taxpayers to make an estimated tax payment. Taxpayers can use their online account or IRS Direct Pay to make a payment using their checking or savings account. A credit/debit card or digital wallet can also be used. When using a credit/debit card, taxpayers should be aware that payment processors, not the IRS, charge a fee to do so. Payments can be made at IRS.gov/payments and through the IRS2Go app . Both Direct Pay and credit/debit card and digital wallet options are available.

The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) can also be used to make an estimated payment. Payment by check or money order made payable to the “United States Treasury” is accepted. For instructions and help figuring out their estimated tax, taxpayers should refer to Form 1040-ES, Estimated Tax for Individuals .

Electronic funds transfer must be used by corporations to make all federal tax deposits, for example deposits of employment, excise and corporate income tax. Installment payments of estimated tax must also be made via this method. Usually, an electronic funds transfer is made via the EFTPS .

Avoiding an underpayment penalty

To avoid an underpayment penalty at tax time, taxpayers should pay most of their taxes during the year, owing less than a $1000 when filing their return. Generally, for 2024 that means paying at least 90% of the tax owed on their 2024 return, or at a minimum 100% of the tax shown on their year 2023 tax return.

Exceptions to the underpayment of estimated tax penalty and special rules apply for some groups of taxpayers, such as farmers, fishermen, certain higher income taxpayers, casualty and/or disaster victims, those who recently became disabled, recent retirees and those who receive income unevenly during the year.

The use of the tax Tax Withholding Estimator by taxpayers will help ensure that the right amount of tax is being withheld from their paychecks or other income that is subject to withholding. Estimates provided are as accurate as the information entered by taxpayers.

This tool can help taxpayers avoid having too little tax withheld and facing an unexpected tax bill at tax time next year.

24/7 assistance at IRS.gov

For assistance, tax help is available 24/7 on IRS.gov. Taxpayers can use a variety of tools to find answers to common tax questions, including the Interactive Tax Assistant , Tax Topics and frequently asked questions .

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Due: Wed Apr 26 11:59 pm Late submissions accepted until Fri Apr 28 11:59 pm

Assignment by Julie Zelenski, with modifications by Nick Troccoli, Katie Creel, Brynne Hurst and Jonathan Kula

Learning Goals

This assignment covers topics in recent string lectures and the second lab. You will be building your skills with:

C-strings (both raw manipulation and using string library functions)
viewing Unix utility programs from an internal perspective - as an implementer, not just a client
exposure to programmatic access of the filesystem and shell environment variables
thoroughly documenting your code, and learning about the importance of good documentation

You shouldn't need material related to heap allocation for this assignment - in other words, this assignment focuses just on the material related to strings and pointers.

For this assignment, you will write programs that replicate some of the functionality of the Unix commands printenv and which . This is an especially appropriate way to learn more about C and Unix; implementing the Unix operating system and its command-line tools were what motivated the creation of the C language in the first place! Implementing these programs is a very natural use of C, and you'll see how comfortably it fits in this role. Moreover, when we interact with the filesystem programmatically in C, as we will do on part of this assignment, we can use a C string to represent a path (like /a/b/c ) and can construct and dissect paths by string manipulation and string.h library functions. Working with paths is thus practice with C strings!

This assignment asks you to complete two functions and one program. Each part gives practice with string manipulation:

get_env_value has you extract a specific value from a list of strings
scan_token has you implement and document an improved version of strtok from lab2
mywhich has you use your get_env_value and scan_token functions to print out the location of an executable on the filesystem

A few reminders:

The working on assignments page contains info about the assignment process.
The collaboration policy page outlines permitted assignment collaboration, emphasizing that you are to do your own independent thinking, design, coding, and debugging. If you are having trouble completing the assignment on your own, please reach out to the course staff; we are here to help!

To get started on the assignment, clone the starter project using the command

The starter project contains the following:

readme.txt : a text file where you will answer questions for the assignment
util.c mywhich.c and Makefile : two files that you will modify, and their Makefile for compiling
custom_tests : the file where you will add custom tests for your programs
myprintenv.c : a program that calls your get_env_value function in util.c for testing purposes. You do not need to modify this file.
tokenize.c : a program that calls your scan_token function in util.c for testing purposes. You do not need to modify this file.
SANITY.ini , sanity.py and prototypes.h : files to configure and run Sanity Check. You can ignore these.
myprintenv_soln , mywhich_soln and tokenize_soln : executable solutions for the programs you will write.
tools : contains symbolic links to the codecheck , sanitycheck , and submit programs for basic style-checking, testing, and submitting your work.

Assignment Support: Through TA helper hours and the discussion forum, our focus will be on supporting you so that you can track down your own bugs. Please ask us how to best use tools (like GDB and the brand-new Valgrind!), what strategies to consider, and advice about how to improve your debugging process or track down your bug. We're happy to help you with these in order to help you drive your own debugging. For this reason, if you have debugging questions during helper hours, please make sure to gather information and explore the issue on your own first, and fill out the QueueStatus questions with this information. For instance, if your program is failing in certain cases, try to find a small replicable test case where the program fails; then, try using GDB to narrow down to what function/code block/etc. you think is causing the issue; then, further investigate just that area to try and find the bug. As another example, if your program is crashing, take a similar approach, but try using GDB and the backtrace command (check it out in lab!) to narrow in on the source of the crash. This information is important for the course staff to effectively help you with debugging. Starting with a future assignment, we will require this information when signing up for helper hours for debugging help , so please make sure to provide as much information as possible.

Codecheck: The Codecheck tool has been updated to now check for indentation. Give it a try as you are working to spot any style issues! Starting on the next assignment, part of your style / code review score will be dependent on having a clean run (no reported code issues) when run through the codecheck tool, so it's good practice now to run it to ensure your code adheres to all necessary guidelines! See assign1 for more information about the codecheck tool.

Working With Strings

For this assignment, use of getenv / secure_getenv and strtok / strsep is prohibited since you are writing your own versions of those functions, but the rest of the standard library is at your disposal and its use is strongly preferred over re-implementing its functionality . The functions in the standard library are already written, tested, debugged, and highly optimized. What's not to like? One important consideration, though, is to choose the appropriate function to use. As one example, there are several different functions that do variants of string compare/search ( strstr , strchr , strncmp , strspn and so on). While working on this assignment, be sure to choose the approach that most directly accomplishes the task at hand.

Something else that appears on this assignment is the const keyword; a const char * means that the characters pointed to by this pointer cannot be changed. It also means that if you create another pointer to point to these same characters, it must also be const ; think of const like part of the variable type itself. You can, however, reassign the const char * to point to something else; it is just that you are not able to change the characters at the location to which it points . In other words, const char * (and const char ** , const char *** , and so on) mean the characters at the location ultimately being referred to cannot be modified, but any pointer on the way there can be modified. Also, it's usually okay to use a non-const pointer for a const pointer argument or variable (no cast required or recommended) - e.g., for strlen(const char *) , though its parameter type is technically const char * , we can pass in non-const char * s without casting. But the inverse (supplying a const pointer where a non-const is expected) will raise a warning from the compiler and is likely to result in problems. Here are some examples:

If you get compiler warnings about initialization discards 'const' qualifier from pointer target type , it means that the "const-ness" does not match; make sure you follow the rules above for your variable declarations and preserve const-ness where needed.

This assignment heavily emphasizes testing. For each of the 2 functions and for the mywhich program you write below, you should also add at least 3 to 5 additional tests of your own (total of at least 10) in the custom_tests file that show thoughtful effort to develop comprehensive test coverage. When you add a test, also document your work by including comments in the custom_tests file that explain why you included each test and how the tests relate to one another. The tests supplied with the default SanityCheck are a start that you should build on, with the goal of finding and fixing any bugs before submitting, just like how a professional developer is responsible for vetting any code through comprehensive testing before adding it to a team repository. We recommend you run tests early and often (and remember, running tests even make a snapshot of your code to guard against editing mishaps!). You can also find suggested testing strategies on the testing page, linked to from the Assignments dropdown.

The best way to approach testing on this assignment is:

Understand the expected program behavior
BEFORE writing code, write some tests that cover various cases you can think of
Write your code
Write more tests to cover additional cases

This is because once you start writing code, you may start to think in terms of how your code works rather than how the code should work, meaning if you omit handling a case in your code, you may also omit covering that case in your testing. Thus, a good strategy is to write some tests before implementing anything, and then as you implement, you can add further tests. Use the tests as a way to gauge your progress and uncover bugs! We provide some testing recommendations in each problem section below.

Background: Unix Filesystem and the Shell Environment

In this assignment, you will write code that interacts with the Unix filesystem and something called shell environment variables. If you need an introduction or refresher on the filesystem, review our Unix guide for tutorials on the tree structure, absolute and relative paths, and various commands to interact with files and directories as a user.

We made a video explaining some of the background information about Unix and the terminal that's necessary for this assignment - make sure to watch it before continuing!

As mentioned in the video above, on a Unix system, programs run in the context of the user's "environment". The environment is a list of key-value pairs that provide information about the terminal session and configure the way processes behave. You have already used the USER environment variable when cloning your assignment repo; USER is set to your SUNet ID when you log into myth. Other variables include PATH (where the system looks for programs to run), HOME (path to your home directory), and SHELL (your command line interpreter).

Explore your environment by trying out the printenv and env commands mentioned in the video, and reading their manual pages. You will be implementing a core part of the printenv program as part of the assignment. As a summary:

printenv will show your environment variables. Run printenv with no arguments to see your entire environment. Then try printenv USER SHELL HOME . What is the output from a bad request like printenv BOGUS ?
env is a command that allows you to temporarily change environment variables. You can execute something like:

and myprogram will be executed in a temporary environment with all of the original environment variables, plus BINKY set to 1 and OTHERARG set to 2 . To see this, run printenv , then run env BINKY=1 WINKY=2 printenv . What changes between the two?

You can also use env with GDB; e.g. if you want to debug a program that is run using env , start gdb prefixed with env , and then run as normal - for instance: env USER=otheruser gdb myprogram

Before moving on: make sure you have understood what environment variables are and what the printenv program does. Also make sure you're familiar with how to use the env command; this will be essential for thorough testing!

1. get_env_value

Your first task is to implement the function get_env_value in util.c , with the following signature:

The get_env_value function takes in two parameters: envp , an array of environment variable strings, and key , the name of a specific variable of interest. Each element in envp is a string of the form "KEY=VALUE , e.g. "USER=someuser" , and envp contains a NULL pointer as its last element - we can use this to know when we have reached the end of the array. Your function should search the array for the element corresponding to key and return its value, or return NULL if it was not found in the array. For example, asume envp looks like the following:

If we called get_env_value with this array as envp and the following values for key , this is what would be returned:

Your function must iterate through the envp array in search of a matching entry, and if it finds the matching entry (an exact match with the variable name ), should return a pointer to the portion of the string following the '=' character. It should not make a copy of the value string.

For each entry in the envp array, you can assume that neither KEY nor VALUE will contain an = .

This function can be tested in isolation with the provided myprintenv.c program, which you do not need to modify or comment, but whose code you should read in order to understand how it calls your get_env_value function. myprintenv behaves similarly to printenv in that you can specify one or more environment variable names as command line arguments and it will print out the value of each of those. You can run myprintenv without arguments to print out all environment variables. You can also write sanitycheck custom tests with myprintenv .

We recommend using the env command to help with testing, both manually and in sanitycheck custom tests! For instance, if you execute

this will change the USER environment variable just for executing myprintenv this one time to be otheruser instead of your SUNET ID. You can then ensure that myprintenv prints out the correct value, otheruser .

Note that there is one special environment variable, "_", whose set value will always differ between your solution and the sample solution. If you wish to test looking up the value for "_", use env to set it temporarily to a different value.

Before moving on: make sure you have thoroughly tested your get_env_value function, making sure to cover various different cases of possible inputs, and that you have written your custom tests. You will use this function later in the assignment, so it's vital to ensure it's thoroughly tested before moving on!

2. scan_token

Note: this problem requires material covered in lecture 9 about double pointers. Make sure you have also understood the strtok function as mentioned in lab2. Understanding that will help significantly as you implement this function!

Your second task is to implement a function scan_token in util.c , with the following signature:

scan_token is an improved version of strtok from lab2 . Such a function to tokenize a string by delimiters is handy to have, but the standard strtok has design flaws that make it difficult to use. The intention of scan_token is to separate a string into tokens in the manner of strtok but with a significantly cleaner design.

scan_token takes in a pointer to a string and the delimiters to use to tokenize it, and puts one token, which is the next token in the string, into the specified buffer buf , and returns true or, if no more tokens are left, it returns false . Note that scan_token 's first parameter is a double pointer, a pointer to a char * . This is necessary because scan_token needs to change the char * itself to advance past characters that it has previously scanned. The caller will thus have to call it several times to tokenize the entire string. Here is an example:

Running the above code produces this output:

The function should be implemented as follows, using appropriate string.h functions (see our standard library guide ) - the first two steps borrow from how strtok is implemented:

scan the input string to find the first character not contained in delimiters . This marks the beginning of the next token.
scan from that point to find the first character contained in delimiters . This delimiter (or the end of the string if no delimiter was found) marks the end of the token.
If a token does not fit in buf , the function should write buflen - 1 characters into buf and write a null terminator in the last slot.
If the scanned token consumed all of the remaining input, *p_input should point to the input's null terminator.
If the scanned token was too big to fit entirely in buf , then *p_input should point to the character in the input immediately after the buflen - 1 characters that fit in buf . In other words, the next token scanned will start at the first character that would have overflowed buf .
return true if a token was written to buf , and false otherwise.

scan_token should not emulate the bad parts of strtok 's design. Specifically, it should not use static or global variables and should not modify the input string's characters.

You may assume the following about the parameters to scan_token :

buf is always a valid address to a region of memory that has space for buflen characters
buflen is always greater than 1
p_input is always a valid pointer to a pointer
*p_input is always a well-formed (e.g. null-terminated) C-string. (may be empty string)
delimiters is always a well-formed C-string containing one or more delimiter chars. (i.e. it will never be the empty string)

Note that even if you wish to add checking for some of these assumptions, e.g. determining whether p_input is valid, or that buf actually has buflen characters of space, it's tough to do. Determining whether a pointer is valid, for instance, is not solvable in general, and any measure to detect bad pointers will be half-hearted at best. As the implementer, at times you have little choice but to clearly document your assumptions and assume the client will adhere to them, and write your code accordingly.

This function can be tested in isolation with the provided tokenize.c program, which you do not need to modify or comment, but whose code you should read over to understand how it calls your scan_token function. You can also write sanitycheck custom tests with tokenize .

If you execute ./tokenize , it will use your scan_token function to calculate the number of syllables of various test words. You can also run it by specifying other text you would like to use to test, in this format:

For example, if you would like to tokenize the text "hello I am a C-string" using the delimiters "-" and " ", you could run:

The first string contains the characters to use as delimiters, and the second string is the text to tokenize. This command should output something like:

You may optionally specify a third argument which is the size of the buffer to pass when tokenizing. If you do not include this command line argument, the buffer is sized to always have enough space to store the entire token.

Before moving on: make sure you have thoroughly tested your scan_token function, making sure to cover various different cases of possible inputs, and that you have written your custom tests. You will use this function later in the assignment, so it's vital to ensure it's thoroughly tested before moving on!

3. Documenting scan_token

When functions have assumptions, limitations or flaws, it is vital that the documentation makes those clear. Otherwise, developers don’t have the information they need to make good decisions when writing their programs. For example, one of the design flaws of strtok is that it modifies the characters of its first argument. Luckily, this is documented in the BUGS section of the man page (though it should perhaps be emphasized more than just as a minor detail). If we were unaware of this flaw, we might assume the argument wasn't modified, breaking other parts of our program or even introducing potential vulnerabilities.

For this next part of the assignment, your task is to write a "manual page" for your scan_token function. Function documentation like this is different than comments in your actual program code. While header, inline and other comments should be brief and standalone, a manual page reference is more thorough and cohesive. In manual pages with multiple sections, text at the beginning of a section should explain some of the concepts, and should often make some general points that apply to several functions or variables. Additionally, manual page documentation should be written more formally than code comments. As the GNU standard explains , "the only good way to use [code comments] in writing a good manual is to use them as a source of information for writing good text."

In your readme.txt file, we have provided a template outline for your manual page. Fill in the remaining components to fully document your scan_token function. Here is the starter template, for reference:

Tip: when you need to use scan_token later on in your mywhich program, try referring to just the manual page you wrote here. If you find that you need more information in order to effectively use the function, consider adding what might be missing. Your goal for your manual page reference should be that a client can effectively use your function without seeing the code, just like how you can use string functions without seeing their implementations.

Your final task is to use your scan_token and get_env_value functions to implement the mywhich.c program, which is a simplified version of the Unix which command. It takes the names of executables (e.g. make , cat , emacs , etc.) and prints out their filesystem locations. Read the man page for the Unix version ( man which ) if you'd like, though note that your mywhich program will differ a bit from the full which behavior. Try out the provided sample solution, e.g. ./samples/mywhich_soln ls or ./samples/mywhich_soln make . For each command name, it prints the full path to the first matching executable it finds or nothing if no matching executable was found. The matched executables are listed one per line in the order that the command names were specified on the command-line. In this example, two of them were found, but no executable named submit was found in any directory in the user's PATH and thus nothing was printed for it.

If no command line arguments are specified, mywhich prints out the directories in the search path, one per line.

This search is intimately related to how commands are executed by the shell. When you run a command such as ls or emacs , the shell searches for an executable program that matches that command name and then runs that program.

Where does it search for executables? You might imagine that it looks for an executable file named emacs in every directory on the entire filesystem, but such an exhaustive search would be both inefficient and insecure. Instead, it looks just directly inside those directories that have been explicitly listed in the user's PATH environment variable. The value for PATH is a sequence of directories separated by colons such as PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/games . When looking for a command, which considers the directories in the order they are listed in PATH and stops at the first one that contains a matching executable. In other words, here mywhich would first see if /usr/local/bin/emacs exists. If it does, mywhich prints it out and stops. If it doesn't, it would then check for /usr/bin/emacs . Then /bin/emacs . And so on. There is a library function called access that will come in handy (more on this later), which can tell you whether a given executable path is valid. Note that this process isn't doing an exhaustive search of all files directly or indirectly contained in a path like /usr/local/bin . It's just seeing if the specified executable name, e.g. emacs , exists directly inside the specified path location, e.g. /usr/local/bin/emacs .

PATH is set by default in your environment to include directories such as /usr/local/bin/ and /usr/bin/ which house the executable files for the standard Unix commands. (The name bin is a nod to the fact that executable files are encoded in bin ary). For ease of testing, mywhich also supports using the environment variable MYPATH , if it is specified, so that you can customize the path contents without changing your PATH environment variable (which may break other shell functionality). You can specify it with the env command, like this:

There are several core string tasks in this program:

Getting the value of the MYPATH or PATH environment variable - the starter code uses your get_env_value function to do this
Tokenizing the specified path to get each individual location you need to search - you will use your scan_token function to do this
creating the full path that you wish to check - e.g. taking an individual location like /usr/local/bin and an executable name like emacs and constructing a path with the concatenation of the individual location, a forward slash, and the executable name: /usr/local/bin/emacs . Then you can pass that path as a parameter to the access function to check if it's valid.

Starter Code

mywhich.c is given to you with an incomplete main function that handles the case when mywhich is invoked with no arguments. You should first read and understand this code, work out how to change/extend it to suit your needs, and finally add comments to document your strategy.

Note that you can (and are encouraged to!) change code in mywhich as you wish, to decompose it, etc. Your goal should be to have your main function act as a concise summary of your overall program .

Some concepts to think about when looking over the code:

When applied to an array, the sizeof operator conveniently returns the actual size of the array. However, as soon as that array is passed as a parameter (it becomes a pointer to the first element) or as soon as we create a pointer to any of its elements, sizeof of that pointer will return 8 bytes instead of the array size because a pointer is 8 bytes . Additionally, note that the array size is not necessarily the same as the string length if it is a string.
If the user's environment does not contain a value for MYPATH , what does mywhich use instead?
How does a client properly use scan_token ? (see sample uses in both tokenize.c and mywhich.c )
Do you see anything unexpected or erroneous? We intend for our code to be bug-free; if you find otherwise, please let us know!

The code we provide has been stripped of its comments and it's your job to provide the missing documentation.

Implementation

The program should be implemented as follows:

If there are no command line arguments, the program prints the directories in the search path, one directory per line. This is already implemented for you in the starter code.
use that large buffer to construct the full path: e.g. if the token is /usr/local/bin and the executable name is emacs , you want to construct the path /usr/local/bin/emacs . You may assume the constructed path will fit in the PATH_MAX -sized buffer.
If it is, print out that path and move on to processing the next command line argument.
If it's not, try searching again with the next token

Note that you should not store all the path tokens in an array while tokenizing - you should perform the searches as you tokenize. For this reason, note that if there are multiple command line arguments, you will repeat the tokenization of the search path for each argument, and that's fine. You may assume that the user's MYPATH / PATH variables are always well-formed sequences of one or more paths separated by colons.

Here's more information about the access function: access is built-in function that is a part of the POSIX standards , which establish a set of C functions for interacting with the operating system. Whereas the standard C library functions provide only simple file reading/writing, the POSIX functions add more comprehensive services, including access to filesystem metadata (e.g. modification time, who can access files), directory contents, and filesystem operations that are necessary for implementing Unix commands like ls and mkdir , which are themselves just executable programs. The function access has the following signature:

It takes in a path, pathname , and permissions, mode , and returns whether or not you have those permissions for the file at that path. To use access to check if an executable path is valid, we will be asking access to check whether we can read and execute the file at that executable path. If we can, it means an executable exists at that location. Otherwise, we assume none exists there.

Therefore, when you call access , the first parameter should be the constructed executable path you wish to check (e.g. /usr/local/bin/emacs ), and the second parameter should be a bitmask that is a combination of the bitwise constants R_OK and X_OK (a value with the bits in both of these constants on). In this way, we specify that we want access to check if we have "read" and "execute" permissions for that file.

Be sure to carefully read the man page so you know how to properly interpret the return value from a call to access !

You can write sanitycheck custom tests with mywhich - we recommend using env and MYPATH to easily specify custom search paths.

Once you are finished working and have saved all your changes, check out the guide to working on assignments for how to submit your work. When you submit, you may optionally indicate that you do not plan to make a submission after the on-time deadline. This allows the staff to start grading some submissions as soon as the on-time deadline passes, rather than waiting until after the late period to start grading.

When in doubt, it's fine to indicate that you may make a late submission, even if you end up submitting on time
If you do indicate you won't submit late, this means once the on-time deadline passes, you cannot submit again. You can resubmit any time before the on-time deadline, however.
If you want to change your decision, you can do so any time before the on-time deadline by resubmitting and changing your answer.
If you know that you will not make a late submission, we would appreciate you indicating this so that we can grade assignments more quickly!

You only need to modify the following files for this assignment: util.c , mywhich.c , custom_tests , readme.txt

We would also appreciate if you filled out this homework survey to tell us what you think once you submit. We appreciate your feedback!

Below is the tentative grading rubric. We use a combination of automated tests and manual review to evaluate your submission. More details are given in our page linked to from the Assignments dropdown explaining how assignments are graded .

Readme (12 points)

Functionality (82 points)

Sanity cases (25 points) Correct results on the default sanity check tests.
Comprehensive/stress cases (40 points) Correct results for additional test cases with broad, comprehensive coverage and larger, more complex inputs.
Clean compile (2 points) Compiles cleanly with no warnings.
Clean run under valgrind (10 points) Clean memory report(s) when run under valgrind. Memory errors (invalid read/write, etc) are significant deductions. Every normal execution path is expected to run cleanly with no memory errors nor leaks reported. We will not test exception/error cases under Valgrind.
custom_tests (5 points) Your custom_tests file should include at least 10 tests of your own, 3-5 per program, that show thoughtful effort to develop comprehensive testing coverage. Please include comments that explain your choices. We will run your custom tests against your submission as well as review the cases to assess the strength of your testing efforts.

Code Quality (buckets weighted to contribute ~15 points)

The grader's code review is scored into a bucket per assignment part to emphasize the qualitative features of the review over the quantitative. The styleguide is a great overall resource for good program style. Here are some highlights for this assignment:

Using library functions where possible . If the C library provides functionality needed for a task, you should leverage these library functions rather than re-implement that functionality.
Use of pointers and memory . We expect you to show proficiency in handling pointers/memory, no unnecessary levels of indirection, correct use of pointee types and typecasts, and so on. For this program, you should not need and should not use dynamic memory (i.e. no malloc / free / strdup ).
Program design . We expect your code to show thoughtful design and appropriate decomposition. Data should be logically structured and accessed. Control flow should be clear and direct. When you need the same code in more than one place, you should unify, not copy and paste.
Style and readability . We expect your code to be clean and readable. We will look for descriptive names, defined constants (not magic numbers!), and consistent layout. Be sure to use the most clear and direct C syntax and constructs available to you.
Documentation . You are to document both the code you wrote and what we provided (except for tokenize.c and myprintenv.c ). We expect program overview and per-function comments that explain the overall design along with sparing use of inline comments to draw attention to noteworthy details or shed light on a dense or obscure passage. The audience for the comments is your C-savvy peer.

Post-Assignment Check-in

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WWDC24 Highlights

Tim Cook stands on a stage at at Apple Park on the opening day of WWDC24.

Apple Reveals Apple Intelligence

iOS 18 Makes iPhone More Personal and Intelligent Than Ever

iOS 18 brings new ways to customize iPhone, additional ways to stay connected in Messages, the biggest-ever redesign of the Photos app, and so much more.

iPadOS 18 Takes iPad to the Next Level

Two iPad Pro devices are pictured together, with one displaying a customized Home Screen and the other showing Math Notes.

macOS Sequoia Brings New Ways of Working and Transformative Intelligence to Mac

MacBook Pro shows iPhone Mirroring; Mac shows Highlights in Safari; and another MacBook Pro shows a more immersive gaming experience.

watchOS 11 Offers Powerful Health and Fitness Insights, and More Personalization

Three Apple Watch Series 9 devices show new features available in watchOS 11.

visionOS 2 Brings New Spatial Computing Experiences to Apple Vision Pro

Home and Audio Updates Elevate Entertainment and Bring More Convenience

The InSight feature in tvOS 18 displaying song info in an Apple TV+ show.

Text of this article

June 10, 2024

Relive the biggest moments from WWDC24

Today Apple kicked off its 2024 Worldwide Developers Conference, revealing groundbreaking new technologies and features during a keynote that was live-streamed from Apple Park to millions around the world. During the weeklong event, developers and students will have unique access to Apple experts, as well as insight into new tools, frameworks, and features to help elevate their apps and games.

This year’s keynote revealed Apple Intelligence , the personal intelligence system that combines the power of generative models with users’ personal context — at the core of iPhone, iPad, and Mac to deliver intelligence that’s incredibly useful and relevant. Major updates also come to iOS 18 , iPadOS 18 , macOS Sequoia , and watchOS 11 , including the biggest-ever redesign of the Photos app, game-changing productivity tools, and new ways for users to express themselves and customize their devices. visionOS 2 brings powerful new ways to interact with Apple Vision Pro and exciting updates to spatial photos and Mac Virtual Display, and tvOS 18 infuses useful information in Apple TV+ films and shows on users’ biggest screen in the home.

Beginning this month, Apple Vision Pro is also coming to more countries and regions, including China mainland, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and next month will come to Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the U.K.

Apple Intelligence harnesses the power of Apple silicon to understand and create language and images, take action across apps, and draw from users’ personal context to simplify and accelerate everyday tasks. A cornerstone of Apple Intelligence is on-device processing, which delivers personal intelligence without collecting users’ data. Private Cloud Compute sets a new standard for privacy in AI, with the ability to flex and scale computational capacity between on-device processing, and larger, server-based models that run on dedicated Apple silicon servers.

With iOS 18 , users will now be able to arrange apps and widgets in any open space on the Home Screen, customize the buttons at the bottom of the Lock Screen, and quickly access more controls in Control Center. With the biggest redesign ever of the Photos app, photo libraries are automatically organized in a new single view in Photos, and helpful new collections keep favorites easily accessible. All-new text effects come to iMessage, amplifying any letter, word, phrase, or emoji with dynamic, animated appearances to bring conversations to life. Users can also now communicate over satellite in the Messages app, even when a cellular or Wi-Fi connection isn’t available.

With iPadOS 18 , the iPad experience is more versatile and intelligent than ever with new features and apps designed for Apple Pencil. The Calculator app comes to iPad with Math Notes, which allows users to type or write out mathematical expressions and see them instantly solved in their own handwriting. New handwriting tools in Notes including Smart Script make handwritten notes more fluid, flexible, and easier to read.

With macOS Sequoia , Continuity between iPhone and Mac gets better than ever with iPhone Mirroring, enabling full access to and control of iPhone directly from Mac. Safari gets another big update with the new Highlights feature for effortless information discovery on webpages while browsing. Gaming is even more immersive with Personalized Spatial Audio that puts players in the middle of the action like never before. And Apple Intelligence unlocks new ways for Mac users to enhance their writing and communicate more effectively, create playful images in seconds, and more. Apple Intelligence takes full advantage of the power of Apple silicon and its Neural Engine, and will be supported by every Mac with an M-series chip.

watchOS 11 offers breakthrough insights into users’ health and fitness, and more personalization than ever. The new Vitals app surfaces key health metrics and context, the ability to measure training load offers a game-changing new experience when working out, and the popular Activity rings are even more customizable. The Smart Stack and Photos face use intelligence to feature more individualization, and Apple Watch and the Health app on iPhone and iPad offer additional support for users who are pregnant. Check In, the Translate app, and new capabilities for the double tap gesture come to Apple Watch for added connectivity and convenience.

Just months after its initial release, visionOS 2 brings powerful spatial computing experiences to Apple Vision Pro, including new ways for users to create spatial photos with the images already in their library, intuitive hand gestures to easily access important information at a glance, and new features for Mac Virtual Display, Travel Mode, and Guest User. visionOS 2 also introduces exciting new capabilities like Follow Your Breathing in the Mindfulness app, SharePlay for Photos, and multiview in the TV app.

With tvOS 18 , intelligent new features like InSight — and updates to Enhance Dialogue and subtitles — level up cinematic experiences, while new Apple Fitness+, Apple Music, and FaceTime capabilities get even better on users’ biggest screen. The Home app gains new features with iOS 18, like guest access and hands-free unlock with home keys, delivering effortless and secure access to the home. AirPods software updates will transform the way users respond to Siri with new gestures, take calls with friends and loved ones, and immerse themselves in their favorite games.

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Bryson DeChambeau wins U.S. Open, beating Rory McIlroy on a wild Sunday

PINEHURST, NORTH CAROLINA - JUNE 16: Bryson DeChambeau of the United States reacts after making a par on the eighth hole during the final round of the 124th U.S. Open at Pinehurst Resort on June 16, 2024 in Pinehurst, North Carolina. (Photo by Sean M. Haffey/Getty Images)

PINEHURST, N.C. — Bryson DeChambeau has been knocking on the door. On a chaotic, at times unbelievable Sunday at the U.S. Open , he found a way to barge in and once again declare himself a major champion.

With the tournament on the line at Pinehurst No. 2 , DeChambeau put himself in trouble — he drove well left with his drive, finding himself in the native area, crouched underneath a tree, his ball resting near a branch and a one-shot lead in his pocket.

A half-swing put him into a bunker 55 yards away from the pin, only to hit it to four feet. He watched the putt to give him a one-stroke win over Rory McIlroy drop, thrust his arms into the air and let out a primal scream, gesturing to all of the crowd that had been in his corner all day.

McIlroy and DeChambeau were tied on No. 18 at 6-under-par, and McIlroy had 3 feet and 9 inches for a par putt that would have led to a playoff. He missed it, the second short missed putt in his final three holes. McIlroy was shown on the NBC broadcast sitting in the scorer’s tent as DeChambeau won the golf tournament, turned and walked out. He left the golf course without talking to NBC, Golf Channel or any other assembled media.

It is DeChambeau’s second U.S. Open win. The first was in 2020 at Winged Foot. This one came at Pinehurst, the same place one of DeChambeau’s heroes, Payne Stewart, won 25 years ago.

U.S. Open analysis: 10 things to know on Bryson DeChambeau's win

DeChambeau began the day with a three-shot lead over McIlroy, who was tied with two others at 4-under. But that deficit became two when McIlroy birdied the first hole, and stayed that way for most of the front nine. McIlroy, who said Saturday night he felt comfortable playing in the group in front of DeChambeau, picked up a stroke on the par-3 ninth, then birdied the par-5 10th (which DeChambeau then had to match with a birdie of his own).

THE BUNKER SHOT OF HIS CAREER! @b_dechambeau has this putt left to win the U.S. Open! pic.twitter.com/Vleb6k6PvO — U.S. Open (@usopengolf) June 16, 2024

McIlroy drained a 22-foot putt on the par-4 12th to tie DeChambeau, which became the lead after the latter bogeyed the hole. Then McIlroy came to the driveable No. 13, playing at a distance of 316 yards, and hit it 336 to a grandstand. The ball bounced off the awning and into a tidy spot, where was able to get up on the green and then make a five-foot birdie putt that gave him a two-stroke lead with five holes to play.

It was short-lived. He hit it 232 yards on the par-3 15th, a problem because it was playing at 205 yards. The chip from beyond the green rolled past, and he two-putted for bogey. Still, a one stroke lead.

DeChambeau, who finished in second place at last month’s PGA Championship, was more lucky than good on Sunday, repeatedly needing a fortunate bounce and leaning on his scrambling skills over the type of “boring” golf that he used to get him to this point — find the fairway, then the middle part of the green.

He hit it everywhere but the fairway on Sunday. DeChambeau three-putted No. 15, his first three-putt of the week, to fall to 6-under. It felt over, only McIlroy then looked over a 3-foot, 8-inch putt on No. 16 for par and hit it a hair left, rimming it around the cup.

McIlroy’s decade-long major championship drought will continue at least until next month’s Open Championship.

😱 😱 😱 😱 RORY MISSES ON 18. Bryson can win the U.S. Open with a par on 18. pic.twitter.com/lSk0ZzzZK2 — U.S. Open (@usopengolf) June 16, 2024

Over the past three months, DeChambeau, who left the PGA Tour for LIV in 2022, has thrust himself back onto the sport’s main stage, major by major.

The 30-year-old began the major season finishing tied for sixth at Augusta National. Known as golf’s mad scientist, DeChambeau debuted a set of one-of-one 3D-printed irons and emerged as the willing entertainer the golf community didn’t realize they needed. That revelation only continued at the PGA Championship.

DeChambeau just missed out on a playoff against the eventual champion Xander Schauffele and settled for solo second, but doubled down on his YouTube-inspired showmanship with animated fist pumps and interactions with the Valhalla crowd. At the U.S. Open, the support for DeChambeau took on a life of its own as the Dallas resident captured his second major championship on Father’s Day, two years after losing his father Jon to a battle with kidney disease at age 63.

“Probably every hole,” DeChambeau said Saturday night to Golf Channel, moments after shooting a 67 to open up a three-shot lead. “… I’m going to give it my all for him.”

It took just that.

DeChambeau can credit his victory at Pinehurst No. 2 to a disciplined game plan Thursday-Saturday largely uncharacteristic of the man who overpowered Winged Foot at the 2020 U.S. Open with a bomb-and-gauge strategy. At the classic Donald Ross design, DeChambeau vowed to play “boring golf,” making conservative decisions off the tee and aiming for the fattest portions of the course’s infamous turtleback-shaped greens.

He leaned on a Boo Weekly quote that resurfaced frequently in his post-round interviews: “The middle of the green never moves.”

DeChambeau’s power only added to the execution of such an approach: He often had higher-lofted clubs in hand from the fairway, allowing him to create frequent birdie opportunities at a venue that can send top players plummeting down the leaderboard with single swings. But more than anything, DeChambeau’s putter led the way.

Through three rounds at Pinehurst, DeChambeau was 17-for-19 from 4 to 8 feet, per The Athletic contributor Justin Ray. Those are the strokes that won the U.S. Open for DeChambeau and led to his rounds of 67, 69, 67 and 71, for a tournament total of 274.

DeChambeau’s victory at Pinehurst makes him the fifth player since World War II to win multiple U.S. Opens by the age of 30, joining Jack Nicklaus, Ernie Els, Tiger Woods and Brooks Koepka. Only Bobby Jones, Nicklaus, Woods and now DeChambeau have won the U.S. Amateur and multiple U.S. Opens.

DeChambeau turned professional in 2016 after a stellar NCAA campaign at SMU. He has eight PGA Tour victories and two LIV Golf titles, including one at LIV Greenbrier, where he shot a record-tying final round 58.

Required reading

U.S. Open analysis: 10 things to know on Bryson DeChambeau’s win
Can anyone stop Bryson DeChambeau from winning this U.S. Open?
Bryson DeChambeau 54-hole leader at U.S. Open despite dealing with hip injury

(Photo: Sean M. Haffey / Getty Images)

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Multiple inline assignments in one statement in c#

Obviously the following is totally fine in c#;

Is it possible to do multiple variable assignments in c# in a single statement?

i.e. something like;

variable-assignment

11 Why would you torture that poor innocent inoffensive bit of syntax? – Marc Gravell Commented Aug 20, 2012 at 15:45
@MarcGravell Because think of the cycles we could save. We'll be rich! – David B Commented Aug 20, 2012 at 15:47
1 @maxp -Consider future maintainers. Don't neglect readability in your code. – P.Brian.Mackey Commented Aug 20, 2012 at 15:50
@P.Brian.Mackey The question was purely for academic reasons! The thought crossed my mind when I read some similar code. – maxp Commented Aug 20, 2012 at 15:52

5 Answers 5

If we look at:

That is essentially a=2; then b=a; (but without an extra eval). So we can get similar by reversing the order:

However: I would say take this a bit hesitantly: please also prioritise readability.

Not as far as I know. The only variation I know of is:

Probably as close as you're going to get.

You mean this?

No but you can do

Here a will be initialized and then b will be initialized with value same of a.

or as you said

3 I think int a, b = 2; will only initialize b and leave a uninitialized, or am I wrong? – Carsten Schütte Commented Aug 20, 2012 at 15:48
@CarstenSchütte: being a value type a will get 0. – Nikhil Agrawal Commented Aug 20, 2012 at 15:48

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c
sample1 = 0; sample2 = 0; specially if you are initializing to a non-zero value. Because, the multiple assignment translates to: sample2 = 0; sample1 = sample2; So instead of 2 initializations you do only one and one copy. The speed up (if any) will be tiny but in embedded case every tiny bit counts!
c++
The first one relies on initialization while the second one - on assignment. In C++ these operations are overloadable and therefore can potentially lead to different results (although one can note that producing non-equivalent overloads of initialization and assignment is not a good idea).
Swap Two Variables in One Line
1) Python: In Python, there is a simple and syntactically neat construct to swap variables, we just need to write "x, y = y, x". 2) C/C++: Below is one generally provided classical solution: // Swap using bitwise XOR (Wrong Solution in C/C++) x ^= y ^= x ^= y; The above solution is wrong in C/C++ as it causes undefined behavior (the ...
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Just curious as to people's opinions on writing multiple statements on the same line. Some examples of what I've seen: 1. 2. using std::vector; using std::string; using std::cout; using std::endl; and. ++begin; ++equal; So, do you think the rule is hard and fast of one statement per line?
Assignment Operators in C
Different types of assignment operators are shown below: 1. "=": This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example: a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y'; 2. "+=": This operator is combination of '+' and '=' operators. This operator first adds the current ...
Assigning multiple variables in one line in Python
When assigning multiple variables in a single line, different variable names are provided to the left of the assignment operator separated by a comma. The same goes for their respective values except they should be to the right of the assignment operator. While declaring variables in this fashion one must be careful with the order of the names ...
Multiple Assignment
No, that assigns a, b, and c to c+5. try parenthesizing the "c+=5". frice2014. No, that assigns a, b, and c to c+5. I did it that way because you were adding the same values to them (5) and they all started with the same values (10) That is starting to look more like a recursive operation than variable assignment.
Assignment Operators in C
Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C. +=. Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A. -=.
Structure Assignment (GNU C Language Manual)
structure assigment such as r1 = r2 copies array fields' contents just as it copies all the other fields. This is the only way in C that you can operate on the whole contents of a array with one operation: when the array is contained in a struct. You can't copy the contents of the data field as an array, because.
One line assignment according condition in c/c++
1. Regarding speed, this would be at least as fast as choice 2: bSize = 128 << (choice == 'y' || choice == 'Y'); Whether that would be faster than choice 1 is not immediately obvious to me. However, for tuned performance on an unknown platform, I think that I like the suggested variant on choice 2. The reason is that, at the hardware level ...
Two Assignments On One Line
Two Assignments On One Line Go To StackoverFlow.com. 4. ... If I saw that line of code, I would rewrite it into two distinct assignments just to avoid my brain compiling that line of code as _conversation.lastMessageSentDate = message.sentDate == [NSDate date];Tim Reddy 2013-03-06 01:30. 5.
Learn C Programming
The expressions are evaluated from right to left, and the final result of the expression is the value of the last assignment. Each variable is assigned a value of 0. Another way to put multiple assignments in a single statement is to use the ,sequence operator. We could write a simple swap statement in one line with three variables, as follows:
Initialize multiple variables in one line · dotnet csharplang ...
FWIW, every C# style guide I've ever read has put multiple declarations in one statement in the "Yeah, it's legal; but don't do it" category, along with thousand line methods, signatures with forty parameters, and inheritance twelve levels deep.
coding style
Automated code merges rely on one statement per line. Stack traces identify code position by line number; with more than one statement per line, a line number is ambiguous. One statement per line allows easy reading of nesting via indentation. One statement per line is consistent with code that is generated by most code wizards (other than ...
Python Define Multiple Variables in One Line
Exercise: Increase the number of variables to 3 and create a new one-liner!. Let's dive into the two subtopics in more detail! Assign Multiple Values to Multiple Variables [One-Liner] You can use Python's feature of multiple assignments to assign multiple values to multiple variables. Here is the minimal example:
CS107 Assignment 2: C Strings
The matched executables are listed one per line in the order that the command names were specified on the command-line. In this example, two of them were found, ... You only need to modify the following files for this assignment: util.c, mywhich.c, custom_tests, readme.txt.
c++
Dec 31, 2012 at 21:39. 1. It may be considered bad style because it's a bit more taxing to read (at 2am when you're debugging to a deadline) than three simple assignments. On the other hand, one line is less than three, so it can be argued both ways. - Omri Barel. Dec 31, 2012 at 21:40.
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Can code that is valid in both C and C++ produce different behavior when compiled in each language? 531 How can one print a size_t variable portably using the printf family?
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Python Multiple Assignment Statements In One Line
All credit goes to @MarkDickinson, who answered this in a comment: Notice the + in (target_list "=")+, which means one or more copies.In foo = bar = 5, there are two (target_list "=") productions, and the expression_list part is just 5. All target_list productions (i.e. things that look like foo =) in an assignment statement get assigned, from left to right, to the expression_list on the right ...
Bryson DeChambeau wins U.S. Open, beating Rory McIlroy on a wild Sunday
It is DeChambeau's second U.S. Open win. The first was in 2020 at Winged Foot. This one came at Pinehurst, the same place one of DeChambeau's heroes, Payne Stewart, won 25 years ago ...
Multiple inline assignments in one statement in c#
int a; int b = a = 2; That is essentially a=2; then b=a; (but without an extra eval). So we can get similar by reversing the order: int a = 2, b = a; However: I would say take this a bit hesitantly: please also prioritise readability. answered Aug 20, 2012 at 15:50. Marc Gravell. 1.0m 271 2.6k 2.9k.

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