chicago citation an essay

Chicago/Turabian Citation

Citing a Book

Basic Chapter Citation

Example chapter of a book, example chapter of an ebook, example foreword/preface of a book.

Citing an Article
Citing a Webpage
Additional Resources

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Footnote/Endnote

Author First M. Last Name, "Chapter or Essay Title," in Book Title , ed. First M. Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, date), page cited.

Short version: Author Last Name, "Chapter or Essay Title (shortened if necessary)," page cited.

Bibliography

Author Last Name, First M. "Chapter or Essay Title." In Book Title , edited by First M. Last Name, page range. Place of Publication: Publisher, date.

Eric Charry, "Music and Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa," in The History of Islam in Africa , eds. Nehwmia Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2000), 550.

Short version: Charry, "Music and Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa," 550.

Charry, Eric. "Music and Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa." In The History of Islam in Africa , edited by Nehwmia Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels, 545-573. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2000.

Alan Liu, "Where is Cultural Criticism in the Digital Humanities?," in Debates in the Digital Humanities , ed. Matthew K. Gold (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), accessed January 23, 2014, http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/20.

Short version: Liu, "Where is Cultural Criticism."

Liu, Alan. "Where is Cultural Criticism in the Digital Humanities?." In Debates in the Digital Humanities , edited by Matthew K. Gold. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. A ccessed January 23, 2014. http://dhdebates.gc.cuny.edu/debates/text/20.

Strobe Talbott, foreword to Beyond Tianamen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations 1989-2000 , by Robert L. Suettinger (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2003), x.

Short version: Talbott, foreword, x.

Talbott, Strobe. Foreword to Beyond Tianamen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations 1989-2000 , by Robert L. Suettinger, ix-x. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2003.

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Chicago Citation Style Guide
In-text Citations

Chicago Citation Style Guide: In-text Citations

Author-Date
Online and Electronic
Images, Video, and Audio
Citation Resources and Guidelines This link opens in a new window

Basics of in-text citations

The following examples illustrate the use of notes for in-text citations. The notes allow space for unusual types of sources as well as for commentary on the sources cited, making this system extremely flexible. Because of this flexibility, the notes and bibliography system is preferred by many writers in literature, history, and the arts.

When using endnotes, the first use of a source requires the full citation, while subsequent use only requires a shortened citation. Example notes below show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources.

For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style .

Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.
Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

Smith, Swing Time , 320.
Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Edited collection

John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.
D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Translated book

Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.
Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.
Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.
Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.
Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.
Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.
Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

For more examples, see 14.159–63 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.
Stamper, interview.

Thesis or dissertation

Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.
Rutz, “King Lear,” 158.

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

In-Text example

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.
Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
Souza, “President Obama.”
Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Author-Date Citations

The author-date system differs primarily in its use of parenthetical text citations rather than citations in numbered notes and, in the bibliography (called a reference list in author-date style), the placement for the year of publication.

For the use of notes with the author-date system, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

Examples of the author-date style .

When using endnotes for in-text citations, remember that sources cited in the text must have a superscript number that corresponds to an endnote that is connected to a citation in the bibliography.

Journal articles

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.
Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.
Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.
Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.
LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Journal articles with multiple authors

If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al.

Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.
Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

For more examples, see 14.168–87 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.
Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.
Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.
Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.
Manjoo, “Snap.”
Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”
Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.188–90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Book review

Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.
Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

“Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
“About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.
Google, “Privacy Policy.”
“Yale Facts.”
Bouman, “Black Hole.”

For more examples, see 14.205–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style. For multimedia, including live performances, see 14.261–68.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.
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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Introduction

Introduction
Journal Articles
Magazine/Newspaper Articles
Books & Ebooks
Government & Legal Documents
Secondary Sources
Videos & DVDs
How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
How to Cite: Other
Short Form & Ibid.
Additional Help

Who should use Chicago Style?

Chicago style is the preferred citation style for history and theology.

Note: UP typically uses the "notes and bibliography" format of Chicago style, not the "author date" format.

What is Chicago Style?

Chicago style was created by the University of Chicago. It is a set of rules for publications, including research papers.

In Chicago style, you must cite sources that you have paraphrased, quoted or otherwise used to write your research paper. Cite your sources in two places:

In the body of your paper where you add a footnote (which appears in the footer at the bottom of the page).
In the bibliography at the end of your paper.
Chicago Style 17th ed. Notes and Bibliography Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)

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Go to Index

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

3. Smith, Swing Time , 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

2. D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

5. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

For more examples, see 14.1 59 –63 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Journal article

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al .

7. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

8. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

For more examples, see 14.1 68 – 87 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

5. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.1 88 – 90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

2. Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Stamper, interview.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

2. Rutz, “ King Lear ,” 158.

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Website content

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Yale Facts.”

6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more examples, see 14. 20 5–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 14. 261–68 .

Social media content

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography

What Kind of Source Is This?
Advertisements
Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
Book Reviews
Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings
Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
Government Documents
Images, Artwork, and Maps
Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
Journal Articles
Magazine Articles
Newspaper Articles
Primary Sources
Religious Texts
Social Media
Videos & DVDs
Works Quoted in Another Source
No Author, No Date etc.
Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography
Powerpoint Presentations

Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

Sample Paper with Bibliography

Chicago Sample Paper

This sample paper can be used as a template to set up your assignment. It includes a title page, main body paragraph with footnotes, and a bibliography.

Sample Paper with Appendix

Chicago Sample Paper Template - with Appendix

If you are adding an appendix to your paper there are a few rules to follow that comply with Chicago guidelines:

The Appendix appears before the Bibliography
If you have more than one appendix you would name the first appendix Appendix A, the second Appendix B, etc.
The appendices should appear in the order that the information is mentioned in your essay
Each appendix begins on a new page

Sample Annotated Bibliography

This sample annotated bibliography shows you the structure you should use to write a Chicago style annotated bibliography and gives examples of evaluative and summary annotations.

It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.

End-of-Paper Checklist

Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for Chicago style.

Useful Links for Annotated Bibliographies

Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.

Includes a sample annotation from a Chicago Manual of Style annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

An example of an MLA annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

Assemble your paper in the following order:

Body of paper
Appendix (if needed)
Bibliography

Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).

Margins and Indents

Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.

Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.

Double-space the main text of your paper.

Single-space the footnotes and bibliography, but add a blank line between entries.

Start numbering your pages on the second page of your paper (don't include the title page).

Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.

Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed after any punctuation.

Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography.

See an example in the "Sample Paper with Bibliography" box on this page.

Here are nine quick rules for this list:

Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5).
Centre the title, Bibliography, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word.
Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry on your list.
Single-space the list, but leave one blank line between entries.
Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; each subsequent line should be indented (also known as a "hanging indent").
Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
Italicize the titles of full works , such as: books, videos (films and television shows), artwork, images, maps, journals, newspapers, magazines.
Do not italicize titles of parts of works , such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.

What Is An Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

A summary annotation describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description.

An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

Cite the source using Chicago style.
Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
Identify the observations or conclusions of the author.

Remember: Annotations are original descriptions that you create after reading the document. When researching, you may find journal articles that provide a short summary at the beginning of the text. This article abstract is similar to a summary annotation. You may consult the abstract when creating your evaluative annotation, but never simply copy it as that would be considered plagiarism.

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
Start with the same format as a regular Bibliography list.
All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)
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Chicago Format & Citation Style: Notes and Bibliography, 17th Edition

Chicago Style

When to Cite

Do i have to cite everything, direct quotations, block quotations, paraphrasing, now, what do i cite again, acknowledgements.

General Guidelines
Primary Sources
Websites, Blogs, Social Media, & AI
Audiovisual & Multimedia
Report an Error / Question

"Your first duty as a researcher is to get the facts right. Your second duty is to tell readers where the facts came from."

The purpose of any citation method is the same:

to give credit and appropriately attribute the work of others
to assure readers about the accuracy of your facts
to show readers the research that informs your work
to help readers follow or extend your work

From: Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2018), 139-40.

Whenever you quote, summarize, or paraphrase another author's work or research, you MUST include a citation that tells the reader what information you have borrowed and from where. On a more practical note, attributing, borrowing, and citing sources correctly is the easiest way to avoid plagiarism charges. Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. It is defined in the 'Code of Student Conduct' within the UWF Student Handbook as "the act of representing the ideas, words, creations or work of another as one's own." The document further explains that "plagiarism combines theft with fraud."

Simply stated, plagiarism is stealing another person's intellectual property or using someone else's work without giving him or her appropriate credit.

You do not have to cite common knowledge or your original ideas .

What is common knowledge?

Common knowledge consists of facts and sayings that are well known by a large number of people or information that is included in multiple sources.

A well-known fact does not need a citation:

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Interpretations or new research does need a citation:

According to the American Family Leave Coalition's new book, Family Issues and Congress , President Bush's relationship with Congress has hindered family leave legislation. 6
Election statistics from the Center for Voting and Democracy show that more African-Americans voted in the 2004 election than the 2000 election. 10

Directly quoting a work is taking the exact words from a source and putting it into your own paper. Quotations should be used sparingly and are usually used in conjunction with paraphrasing and summarizing. Use quotations only when the exact words of what an author is saying is particularly significant to your point.

For particularly long quotations of more than a hundred words (usually 6 to 8 lines of text in a typical manuscript), you should use a block quotation. Block quotations, which are not enclosed in quotation marks, always start a new line. They are further distinguished from the surrounding text by being indented or set in smaller font.

See Chicago Manual - section 13.9

Paraphrasing is rewriting an author's work into your own words. Paraphrasing is useful because it allows you to condense ideas into shorter passages and to highlight similarities and differences between someone else's work and your own while retaining the tone of your own writing.

Keep in mind that although the information is in your own words, it is still the original author's work and ideas. You have merely rephrased them. Therefore, you must still cite the source.

See p. 708 (13.4) in Chicago for more information.

Shapiro Library, Southern New Hampshire University

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Last Updated: Feb 14, 2024 9:50 AM
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Plagiarism and grammar
Citation guides

Chicago Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, the ultimate guide to citing anything in chicago style, everything you ever needed to know about citing sources from the chicago manual of style, the basics of citing in chicago style.

The Chicago Manual of Style, currently in its 16th edition, was created to help researchers properly cite their sources. There are two types of referencing styles in Chicago: 1) Notes and Bibliography and 2) Author-Date.

This guide displays the Notes and Bibliography style of referencing and is not associated with the official publishers of the style.

Need help with other styles? Our thorough MLA format and APA format guides are available for all of your writing and citing needs!

Creating a Bibliography in Chicago Style

The bibliography is a list of all the sources used in the paper. The list includes the important publication details of the sources. The bibliography must also follow this format:

The citation list or bibliography must be single spaced.
The last names of the authors must be arranged alphabetically.
The second line of the source must be indented.

Examples of Citing Different Sources in Chicago Style

Generally, Chicago citations require:

Title of book/article
Title of newspaper/journal
Publication year
Publication month and date
City of publication
Date of access
Page numbers
URL or Name of Database

How to Create Footnotes and Endnotes for Chicago Style

If you’re wondering how to format Chicago in-text citations, Notes and Bibliography formatting requires writers to use footnotes and endnotes. These footnotes and endnotes acknowledge the different sources used in the work.

When a source is used in a research paper, a roman numeral is placed at the end of the borrowed information as superscript (it is smaller than the normal line of text and raised). That number correlates with a footnote or endnote.

Footnotes are found at the bottom of the page
Endnotes are added at the end of the chapter or project
A footnote or endnote contains the complete citation information
The matching number in the footnote or endnote is normal sized and not raised
It is up to the discretion of the writer to either place the citation at the bottom of the page where the superscript is placed (a footnote) or to place all citations together at the end of the work (endnotes)

One would wonder, "Would young Einstein be characterized as belonging somewhere on the autism spectrum? Would Erdos have been given a diagnosis of A.D.H.D.?" ¹

Chicago style footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page:

Silver, Nate. "Beautiful Minds." The New York Times. July 13, 2013. Accessed August 04, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/books/review/the-boy-who-loved-math-and-on-a-beam-of-light.html?ref=books&_r=0 .

If a source is used more than once in a research project, follow these guidelines:

When used again, instead of writing out the complete citation for a second time in the footnote, only include: the author’s last name, the title or a phrase for the title (if it’s more than four words), and the page number(s) that were used. This will reduce the bulk of citation information in the paper.
Cohen, Micah, "Rubio is Losing Support Among Republican Voters." FiveThirtyEight. July 09, 2013. Accessed August 04, 2015. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/rubio-is-losing-support-among-republican-voters/
Wolf, Leon H. "Marco Rubio's Campaign Must Adapt or Die." RedState. August 04, 2015. Accessed August 04, 2015. http://www.redstate.com/2015/08/04/marco-rubios-campaign-must-adapt-die/ .
Cohen, "Rubio Losing Support"

If a source is used consecutively, follow these guidelines for shortened citation and ibid :

If you are citing the same source continually throughout your text, use a shortened version of the full citation in your footnotes.

Previous versions of the style used the abbreviation “ibid,” short for “ibidem.” Ibidem is a Latin word that means “in the same place.” It was used when referring to a source that was just cited within a document (without other sources in between). Writers would use ibid instead of writing out the source information again. This was meant to save space since it’s fewer characters than citing the source again.

In the current version of Chicago, the 17th version, ibid is accepted but not preferred. This is because ibid requires readers to go back and search for the previous source cited, an inconvenience which outweighs the benefits of shortening the citation. Also, shortened citations are compact, so using ibid doesn’t always save line space.

Shortened citations

The first mention of a source should include all relevant information (e.g., full author name(s), full title, publisher, date published, etc.).

Subsequent mentions should be a shortened version using this formula:

Last Name, Title of the Work , page number(s).

Mentions after the shortened form can use the abbreviated formula:

Last Name, page number(s).

If there are two or three authors, list their full names in the order they appear in the source. If there are more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

Examples of using shortened citations (preferred format in the 17th Edition):

Philip R. Cateora et al., International Marketing (New York: McGraw Hill, 2020), 292-294.
Cateora et al., International Marketing , 28-29.
Cateora et al., 28-29.
Cateora et al., 377.

Long titles that are more than four words are usually shortened. Focus on keeping key words from the title and omitting any beginning “a” or “the.” Examples:

And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street = Mulberry Street
Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe = Fried Green Tomatoes

If you are using the discontinued ibid notation, here are a few guidelines:

When the same source is used consecutively, instead of typing in the citation information again, use the abbreviation “ibid.” Add the page numbers immediately following.
If the same source AND same page number are used consecutively, simply write “Ibid.”

Same example above, but using ibid:

Philip R. Cateora et al, International Marketing (New York: McGraw Hill, 2020), 292-294.

Another example with two sources that were mentioned earlier in the text:

Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See (New York: Scribner, 2014), 82-84.
Tatiana de Rosnay, Sarah's Key (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007), 24-27.
Ibid., 133-134.
Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See , 397-401.
Ibid., 405.
Ibid., 411.

For further clarification on the Chicago in-text citation style of footnotes and endnotes, consult the Chicago Manual of Style's website . This site is full of helpful pages, so if you’re tempted to head to Google to type in, “in-text citations Chicago,” take a peek at the official site first.

Creating Your Citations in Chicago Style

As mentioned, when you're following The Chicago Manual of Style, you'll be required to create a list of all sources used in your paper. Even though full bibliographic information can be found in the footnotes and endnotes, it is still acceptable, and often required by instructors, to create a bibliography. The bibliography is placed at the end of an assignment.

How to Cite a Print Book in Chicago Style

In the footnotes and endnotes:

First name Last name, Title of Book (Publication Place: Publisher, Year), page range.

In the bibliography:

Last name, First name. Title of book . Publication Place: Publisher, Year.

Example of Chicago Style for Books with One Author

Sam Staggs, Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009), 84.

Staggs, Sam. Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009.

Don’t forget, Citation Machine allows you to generate Chicago citations for books quickly and accurately.

Example of Chicago Citation for Books with Multiple Authors

Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media (London: Routledge,1994) 24-28.

Shohat, Ella, and Robert Stam. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media . London: Routledge, 1994.

How to Cite Chapters or Articles from a Book in Chicago Style

First name, Last name of Chapter Author, “Chapter or Article Title,” in Book Title , ed. First Name Last Name of Editor (Publication Place: Publisher, Year), page range.

Last name, First name. "Chapter Title." In Book Title , edited by First Name Last Name, page range. Publication Place: Publisher, Year.

Looking for a simple and easy-to-use Chicago citation maker? Head to our homepage and start building your Chicago format references with ease!

Example of Chicago Citation for Chapters in a Book

Laura Aymerich-Franch and Maddalena Fedele, "Student's Privacy Concerns on the Use of Social Media in Higher Education," in Cutting-Edge Technologies and Social Media Use in Higher Education, ed. Vledlena Benson and Stephanie Morgan (Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2014), 35-36.

Aymerich-Franch, Laura, and Maddalena Fedele. "Student's Privacy Concerns on the Use of Social Media in Higher Education." In Cutting-Edge Technologies and Social Media Use in Higher Education, edited by Vledlena Benson and Stephanie Morgan, 35-36. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2014.

How to Cite Online E-books in Chicago Style

When citing e-books, include the URL or the name of the database. The URL or database name should be the last part of the citation.

First name Last name, Title of e-book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page range, URL, Database Name.

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Publication Place: Publisher, Year. URL, Name of Database.

Example of Chicago Citation for E-Books

Michael J. Baker, The Marketing Book (Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002), 89, https://htbiblio.yolasite.com/resources/Marketing%20Book.pdf .

Baker, Michael J. The Marketing Book. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. https://htbiblio.yolasite.com/resources/Marketing%20Book.pdf .

If you understand how to structure your references easily, thanks to this thorough guide, and are looking for help with the written portion of your paper, look no further! There are tons of Citation Machine grammar guides to help you write with ease. Here’s just one of our many useful pages: Positive & Negative Adjectives .

How to Cite E-books in Chicago Style E-books from a Kindle or E-book Reader

If there aren’t any clearly labeled page numbers, use chapter numbers or titles, section numbers or titles, or any other established numbering system in the text. It’s also acceptable to omit page information from Chicago style citations if there aren’t clearly labeled page numbers.

First name Last name, Title of the Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page range, Type of E-reader

Last name, First name. Title of book . Publication Place: Publisher, Year. Type of e-reader.

Example of Chicago Citation for Kindle or E-book Reader

Corina Bomann, The Moonlight Garden (Washington: AmazonCrossing, 2016), chap. 8, Kindle.

Bomann, Corina. The Moonlight Garden . Washington: AmazonCrossing, 2016. Kindle.

How to Cite Print Journals in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Title of Article," Journal Title Volume Number, No. of issue (Year): Page range.

Chicago style citation in the bibliography:

Last name, First name. "Title of Article," Journal Title Volume Number, No. of issue (Year): Page range.

Example of Chicago Citation for Print Journals

Damien O'Brien and Brian Fitzgerald, "Digital Copyright Law in a YouTube World," Internet Law Bulletin 9, no. 6 (2007): 71-74.

O'Brien, Damien, and Brian Fitzgerald, "Digital Copyright Law in a YouTube World." Internet Law Bulletin 9, no. 6 (2007): 71-74.

If you’re come this far and you’re still searching for in-text citation Chicago information, remember, this style uses footnotes and endnotes! Scroll up to find out more!

How to Cite Online or Database Journals in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume Number, Issue No.(Year): Page range. URL or Name of Database.

Last name, First name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume Number, Issue No. (Year): Page range. URL or Name of Database.

Example of Chicago Citation for Online or Database Journals

Trine Schreiber, "Conceptualizing Students’ Written Assignments in the Context of Information Literacy and Schatzki’s Practice Theory," Journal of Documentation 70, no. 3 (2014): 346-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2013-0002 .

Schreiber, Trine. "Conceptualizing Students’ Written Assignments in the Context of Information Literacy and Schatzki’s Practice Theory." Journal of Documentation 70, no. 3 (2014): 346-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2013-0002 .

Our Citation Machine Chicago citation generator helps you create your references in just a few clicks. Give it a whirl and watch the magic unfold!

How to Cite Print Magazines in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Article Title," Magazine Title, Full Date, page range.

Last name, First name. "Article Title." Magazine Title, Full Date.

Example of Chicago Citation for Print Magazines

George J. Church, "Sunny Mood at Midsummer: Americans Take a Brighter View of Reagan," _Time, July 18, 1983, 56-59.

Church, George J. "Sunny Mood at Midsummer: Americans Take a Brighter View of Reagan" Time, July 18, 1983.

How to Cite Online Magazines in Chicago Style

First name, Last name, "Article Title," Title of Magazine, Full Date, URL.

Chicago style bibliography structure:

Last name, First name. "Article Title" Magazine Title, Full Date, URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Online Magazines

Bill Donahue. “King of the Mountains,” Backpacker, September/October 2019, 76-82, http://backpacker.eoncontent.ebscohost.com/2226647#&pageSet=39

Donahue, Bill. “King of the Mountains.” Backpacker, September/October 2019. http://backpacker.eoncontent.ebscohost.com/2226647#&pageSet=39

How to Cite a Web Page in Chicago Style

Creating a footnote, endnote, or bibliographic information for web content isn’t always necessary. It’s acceptable to simply mention the source in the written portion of the paper. For example, “The Marco Polo page on History’s website, last updated on March 6, 2019, describes his travels along the Silk Road while....” Include formal Chicago citation style references if you or your professor prefers to do so.

A bit more:

If the website page is missing a date of publication, include the date the source was last modified or accessed in the footnote and endnote.
If the website page is missing the name of the author, begin the footnote with the “Title of the Article or Page.”

First name Last name of Author, "Title of Article or Page," Title of Website, Date published or last modified or accessed, URL.

Last name, First name or Organization Name. "Title of Article or Page." Title of Website. Date published or last modified or accessed. URL.

Figuring out how to style web references can be tricky, but thanks to our Chicago citation machine, we’ve made the whole process much easier for you. Try it out!

Example of Chicago Citation for a Web Page

Sujan Patel, "15 Must-have Marketing Tools for 2015," Entrepreneur, January 12, 2015. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241570 .

Patel, Sujan. “15 Must-have Marketing Tools for 2015.” Entrepreneur. January 12, 2015. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241570 .

Don’t forget, Citation Machine allows you to generate Chicago citations for websites quickly and accurately.

How to Cite The Bible or Religious Texts in Chicago Style

Bible references are often displayed in the text of a paper (similar to web content) or in footnotes and endnotes. Formal bible references in bibliographies are not necessary.

Abbreviated Title of Book, Chapter:Verse (Edition).

Example of Chicago Citation for Bible

2 Cor. 11:7 (New Standard Version).

If you’re looking for other resources to help you with the written portion of your paper, we have quite a few handy grammar guides. Two of our favorites? Adjectives starting with X and List of verbs .

How to Cite Blogs in Chicago Style

*According to the 17th edition of the manual, blogs are not typically cited in bibliographies. They are generally cited in the footnotes/endnotes section. Of course, if the writer or professor prefers a full bibliographic reference, one can be created.

Style notes and bibliographic references the same way as you would an online newspaper, but include (blog) in parentheses immediately following the title of the blog.

First name Last name, "Title of Blog Post," Title of Blog (blog), Title of Larger Blog, if part of a larger one, Month Day Year of post, URL.

Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Blog." Name of Blog Site (blog). Title of Larger Blog, if part of a larger one, Month Day Year of post. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Blogs

Shannon Miller, "Valentine Ideas Using Digital Tools, Hands, Creativity, and a Little Love for Padlet," The Library Voice (blog), January 20, 2016, http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com/2016/01/valentine-ideas-using-digital-tools.html .

Miller, Shannon. "Valentine Ideas Using Digital Tools, Hands, Creativity, and a Little Love for Padlet." The Library Voice, January 20, 2016. http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com/2016/01/valentine-ideas-using-digital-tools.html .

Chicago style bibliographies aren’t as complicated as they seem, especially when you have a generator to do the work for you. Head to our homepage and try ours out!

How to Cite TV Broadcasts in Chicago Style

Title of Series , episode number, “Title of Episode,” directed by First Name Last Name, written by First Name Last Name, featuring First Names Last Names of actors, aired Month Day, Year, on Station Name, URL.

Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Series . Season Number, episode number, “Title of Episode.” Aired Month Day, Year, on Station Name. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Broadcasts

Riverdale , episode 15, “American Dreams,” directed by Gabriel Correra, written by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, featuring KJ Apa, Lili Reinhart, and Cole Sprouse, aired March 13, 2019, on CW.

Bibliography Chicago style:

Correra, Gabriel, dir. Riverdale . Season 3, episode 15, “American Dreams.” Aired March 13, 2019, on CW.

How to Cite a Case Study in Chicago Style

First name Last name. Title of Case Study. (Publication Place: Publisher, Year).

Last name, First name. Title of Case Study.

Example of Chicago Citation for Case Study

Peter Finn. Disulfiram.

Finn, Peter. Disulfiram.

How to Cite Conference Proceedings in Chicago Style

First Name Last Name, “Title of Conference Paper” (format, Title of Conference, Location, Full Date).

Last name, First name. “Title of Conference Paper.” Format presented at Title of Conference, Location, Date. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Conference Paper

Craig Myerson, “Historical Markings in New Castle, Delaware” (Power-Point presentation, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, June 18, 2019.

Myerson, Craig. “Historical Markings in New Castle, Delaware.” Power-point presentation presented at The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, June 18, 2019.

How to Cite Court or Legal Cases in Chicago Style

The 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style recommends referring to The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation , or the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation to learn how to create court or legal references. Both guides are widely used by those in legal fields and have become the standard for referencing legal cases.

The examples below reflect the format found in The Bluebook .

Legal cases are rarely documented in bibliographies, usually only in notes.

Plaintiff v. Defendant, Court Case Number (Abbreviated Name of the Court. Year).

Example of Chicago Citation for Legal Cases

Michael Clum v. Jackson National Life Insurance Co., 10-000126-CL (Ingham Cty. 2011).

How to Cite Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries in Chicago Style

According to The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition, well-known reference books, including major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are normally cited in notes rather than bibliographies. Lesser known reference books can be cited in the bibliography.

The abbreviation "s.v." means sub verbo , which is Latin for "under the word."

Chicago style formatting in the footnotes and endnotes:

Name of dictionary or encyclopedia , Numbered ed. (Year), s.v. “term.”

If found online:

Name of dictionary or encyclopedia , s.v. "term," accessed Month Day Year, url.

Last name, First name of Author. Title of Dictionary or Encyclopedia . Numbered ed. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year.

Example of Chicago Citation for Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries

Encyclopedia Britannica , s.v. “pressure,” accessed September 15, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/science/pressure .

Gover, Emily. Encyclopedia of Birds . 4th ed. New York: Chegg, 2016.

How to Cite Dissertations in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Title of Dissertation" (type of paper, school, year), url.

Last name, First name. "Title of Dissertation." Type of Paper, School, Year. URL or Database(Identification Number).

Example of Chicago Citation for Dissertations

Michele Kirschenbaum, "Young Students' Online Searching Capabilities" (master's thesis, Drexel University, 2009).

Kirschenbaum, Michele. "Young Students' Online Searching Capabilities." Master's thesis, Drexel University, 2009.

How to Cite DVDs, Video, and Film in Chicago Style

Title , directed by First Name Last name (Year; City, State Abbrev: Producer), Format.

Last Name, First Name, dir. Title . Year; City, State Abbrev: Producer, Year. Format.

Example of Chicago Citation for Film, DVDs, or Videos

_Home Lone , directed by Chris Columbus (1990; Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox), DVD.

Columbus, Chris, dir. Home Alone . 1990; Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox. DVD.

Don’t forget, Citation Machine allows you to generate Chicago citations for films quickly and accurately.

How to Cite Facebook Pages in Chicago Style

Title of Facebook Page, “Text of Post,” Facebook, Month Day, Year, URL.

Title of Facebook Page. “Text of Post.” Facebook, Month Day, Year. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Facebook Post

Awakenings, “Maceo Plex gave us goosebumps during Awakenings Festival! We can't wait to hear what he has in store during Maceo Plex x Lone Romantic | Awakenings ADE Elementenstraat on October 19:awak.enin.gs/2KMxDCH,” Facebook, September 12, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/pg/awakenings/posts/?ref=page_internal .

Awakenings. “Maceo Plex gave us goosebumps during Awakenings Festival! We can't wait to hear what he has in store during Maceo Plex x Lone Romantic | Awakenings ADE Elementenstraat on October 19:awak.enin.gs/2KMxDCH.” Facebook, September 12, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/pg/awakenings/posts/?ref=page_internal .

How to Cite Government Publications in Chicago Style

Title of Publication , prepared by Organization (City, State Abbrev, Year).

Firm/Department. Title of Publication . City, State Abbrev, Year.

Example of Chicago Citation for Government Publication

Audit of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statements Fiscal Year 2014 , prepared by The Department of Justice (Washington, DC, 2014).

Department of Justice. Audit of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statements Fiscal Year 2014 . Washington, DC, 2014.

How to Cite Interviews in Chicago Style

Published Interviews are treated in Chicago format style like an article in a magazine or a newspaper. Use one of those formats to cite your interview.

How to Cite an E-mail in Chicago Style

According to The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th edition, personal communications, such as letters, e-mails, text messages, and phone calls are usually referenced in the footnotes and endnotes or explained in the text of the paper. They are rarely listed in the Chicago style bibliography. In addition, an e-mail address belonging to an individual should be omitted, unless given permission by its owner.

Individual's First name Last name, type of communication, Month Day Year of correspondence.

Example of Chicago Citation for E-mail

Michele Kirschenbaum, e-mail message to author, January 18, 2016.

How to Cite Musical Recordings in Chicago Style

"Title of Song," Year of recording date, Platform, track number on Artist’s Name, Album Title, Producer, Year.

Last name, First name of performer. Title of Album. Recorded Year. Producer.

Example of Chicago Citation for Recordings

"Sucker,” Spotify, track 1, on Jonas Brothers, Happiness Begins , Republic Records, 2019.

Jonas Brothers. Happiness Begins . 2019. Republic Records.

Still wondering how to style a Chicago in-text citation? Remember, this style uses footnotes and endnotes! Head to the top of this page to learn more!

How to Cite Online Videos in Chicago Style

First name Last name of individual who posted the video, “Title of Video,” Producer, published on Month Day, Year, Site video, Length, URL.

Last name, First name. "Title of Video." Producer. Published on Month Day, Year. Site video, Length. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Online Videos

“Habitats Work in Texas After Hurricane Harvey,” Habitat for Habitat for Humanity, published on September 11, 2019, YouTube video, 01:35, https://youtu.be/EPPALfWYGRo .

“Habitats Works in Texas After Hurricane Harvey.” Habitat for Humanity. Published on September 11, 2019. YouTube video, 01:35. https://youtu.be/EPPALfWYGRo .

How to Cite Images in Chicago Style

First name Last name, Title of Image , Year, format, Location, State, URL.

Last Name, First Name. Title of Image . Date. Format. Location, State, URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Photographs and Images

Jerome Liebling, May Day , New York, 1948, photograph, The Jewish Museum, New York.

Liebling, Chris. May Day , New York. 1948. Photograph. The Jewish Museum, New York.

How to Cite Live Performances in Chicago Style

Since most live performances are not retrievable by the reader, simply refer to them in the text of the paper or in the notes, and omit it from the bibliography. If it’s a recorded performance, follow the Chicago style format for musical recordings.

Title of Play , music and lyrics by First Name Last Name, dir. First Name Last name, chor. Name of Theatre, City, State Abbrev, Date of Live Performance.

Example of Chicago Citation for Live Performances

The Lion King , Julie Taymor, dir. Garth Fagan, chor. Minskoff Theatre, New York, NY, August 8, 2019.

How to Cite Podcasts in Chicago Style

When citing podcasts in Chicago Style, treat it as an article in a periodical or a chapter in a book. If found online, include the url.

How to Cite Poems in Chicago Style

When citing poems in Chicago Style, cite it as you would a chapter in a book.

How to Cite Presentations and Lectures in Chicago Style

Follow the same guidelines as in the “Conference Papers” section above.

How to Cite Sheet Music in Chicago Style

According to the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, cite sheet music the same way as you cite books.

Once you’ve styled each and every reference, take a minute to run your paper through our plagiarism checker . It’s the perfect go-to resource when you’re in need of another set of eyes to scan your paper!

Updated January 8, 2020

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.

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😕 What is a Chicago Citation Generator?

A Chicago Citation Generator is a software tool that automatically generates citations and bibliographies in the Chicago citation style.

Citations can be created by entering an identifying piece of information about a source, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article DOI to the generator. The generator will then create a fully formatted citation in the Chicago style containing all the required information for the source.

Chicago style citations are used to give credit to the authors of supporting work that has been used to write an academic paper or article.

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The Chicago style is primarily used by college and university students studying business, history, social sciences, the fine arts, amongst others.

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To get started, scroll up back up to the tool at the top of the page and follow these steps:

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If it's a website, enter the URL in the search bar. If it's a book, enter the ISBN or title. If it's a journal article, enter the DOI or title. For all other sources, enter the details of the source into the form
Select the search result that most closely represents the source you referred to in your paper
Shazam! The generator will automatically format the citation in the Chicago style. Copy it into your paper, or save it to your bibliography to download later
Repeat for every other citation you need to create for your paper

MyBib supports the following for Chicago style:

⚙️ Styles	Chicago 17th edition
📚 Sources	Websites, books, journals, newspapers
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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Chapter in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Chapter in Chicago/Turabian

If you are writing a research paper, there’s a very good chance you’ll need to cite a specific chapter or other part of a book, especially if that book is an anthology or contains chapters written by different authors. In this guide, you’ll find what you need in order to create notes-bibliography style chapter citations according to the standards in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

General structure
Chapter in a single-author book
Chapter in a multi-author book
Work in an anthology
Introduction, preface, afterword, or similar part of a book
Letters in published collections

General Structure

Citing a section of a book is similar to citing a complete book in Chicago style. When citing a section of a book, you include the author’s name followed by the title of the section or chapter enclosed in quotation marks. The italicized title of the complete work/book comes next after the word “in.” In a bibliography or reference list, you’ll need to include the page range or specific chapter number of the part of the book you are citing. However, you only include the page(s) you are citing in your footnotes or endnotes. Here’s a simple citation structure example for citing a chapter within a single-author book:

Bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title , edited by Editor First Name Last Name, page range of chapter. City: Publisher, Year.

1. Author First Name Last Name, “Chapter Title,” in Book Title , ed. Editor First Name Last Name (City: Publisher, Year), page(s) cited.

You don’t always need to cite the specific part of a book you are using. It’s often sufficient to just cite the work as a whole. If the article or chapter plays a large role in your paper, or if that chapter is written by a different author than the rest of the book, then it is a good idea to cite the specific part. Generally, you want to cite individual articles separately and chapters within a single-author book are more commonly cited as just the whole work.

Chapter in a Single-Author Book

If you use a chapter in a book that is particularly significant for your project, or if you only use one chapter within a book in your project, you may find it useful to cite just that chapter in the text and in your list of works cited. This shows anyone who is reading your paper that this chapter is very important for your research. You can check out CMOS 14.106 and Turabian 17.1.8.1 and 19.1.9.1 for more examples.

Serviss, Garrett P. “A Trip of Terror.” In A Columbus of Space , 17-32. New York: Appleton, 1911.

1. Garrett P. Serviss, “A Trip of Terror,” in A Columbus of Space (New York: Appleton, 1911), 19.

Chapter in a Multi-Author Book

For articles in a multi-author book, you follow a similar format. One big difference is that you use the name of the author of the part in the main entry. After “in,” you then include the title of the work the part is in, as well as information on the editors or translators, followed by the page range.

Oram, Richard W. “Writers’ Libraries: Historical Overview and Curatorial Considerations.” In Collecting, Curating, and Researching Writers’ Libraries: A Handbook , edited by Richard W. Oram and Joseph Nicholson, 1-28. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014.

1. Richard W. Oram, “Writers’ Libraries: Historical Overview and Curatorial Considerations,” in Collecting, Curating, and Researching Writers’ Libraries: A Handbook , ed. Richard W. Oram and Joseph Nicholson (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014), 15.

If you use multiple contributions in a multi-author work, you should include a citation to the entire work in your bibliography or reference list and then you can include a shortened form of each individual chapter (See CMOS 14.108; Turabian 17.1.8.2 and 19.1.8.2). Here’s an example:

Bibliography full citation:

Oram, Richard W., and Joseph Nicholson, eds. Collecting, Curating, and Researching Writers’ Libraries: A Handbook. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014.

Bibliography shortened form for a chapter in the multi-author work:

Oram, Richard W. “Writers’ Libraries: Historical Overview and Curatorial Considerations.” In Oram and Nicholson, Collecting, Curating, and Researching Writers’ Libraries, 1-28.

Note shortened form:

1. Richard W. Oram, “Writers’ Libraries: Historical Overview and Curatorial Considerations,” in Oram and Nicholson, Collecting, Curating, and Researching Writers’ Libraries, 1-28.

Work in an Anthology

For a work in an anthology, cite just as you would for a chapter of a multi-author book. The work title will be in roman in quotation marks. If the work in the anthology is book-length, the work title should be in italics, rather than roman.

Dillard, Annie. “Living Like Weasels.” In Touchstone Anthology of Contemporary Creative Nonfiction: Work from 1970 to Present , edited by Lex Williford and Michael Martone, 148-51. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

1. Annie Dillard, “Living Like Weasels,” in Touchstone Anthology of Contemporary Creative Nonfiction: Work from 1970 to Present , ed. Lex Williford and Michael Martone (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 149.

Introduction, Preface, Afterword, or Similar Part of a Book

Some books include sections at the beginning or end that are not considered to be part of the main text, such as an introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword. These are also sometimes written by someone other than the main author. If you want to cite a part of a book that is one of these non-specific titles, you include the term used to describe the part in your citation. If the author of the part you are citing is the same as the author of the whole book, only include the citation of the book as a whole in the bibliography or references list. See CMOS 14.110 and Turabian 17.1.8.1 and 19.1.9.1 for more information and examples.

Yeo, Geoffrey. Foreword to Archives: Principles and Practices , by Laura A. Millar, vii-x. New York: Neal-Schumann, 2004.

1. Geoffrey Yeo, foreword to Archives: Principles and Practices , by Laura A. Millar (New York: Neal-Schumann, 2004), viii.

Letters in Published Collections

Some books include collections of letters a single person has written or letters on a specific subject. You can cite individual letters similarly to citing a chapter. You begin your citation with the names of the sender and the recipient, then the date of the letter, followed by the information about the book the letter is published in. Only include the citation to the whole book in your bibliography or reference list. See CMOS 14.111 and Turabian 17.1.9 and 19.1.9.4 for more information.

Meynell, Alice. The Selected Letters of Alice Meynell. Edited by Damian Atkinson. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

1. Alice Meynell to Christiana Thompson, March 1, 1858, in The Selected Letters of Alice Meynell , ed. Damian Atkinson (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), 14.

Bibliography

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.

Written by Janice Hansen. Janice has a doctorate in literature and a master’s degree in library science. She spends a lot of time with rare books and citations.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

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Citation Examples

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Citing secondary sources: Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) citation guide

This guide is based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. It provides examples of citations for commonly-used sources, using Notes and bibliography style only . For more detailed information consult directly The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) [ print ].

For the Author-date style, see the Social sciences/sciences system .

Secondary sources (i.e. one source quoted in another)

The Chicago Manual encourages authors to look at the sources that they cite, however "[i]f an original source is unavailable... both the original and the secondary source must be listed."

More guidelines for citing this type of material can be found in section 14.260 .

Book referenced in a journal article

In this case, Simone de Beauvoir's book, The Second Sex , is referenced in a journal article by Judith Butler.

1. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Vintage, 1974), 38, quoted in Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (1988): 519.

Bibliography

Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex . New York: Vintage, 1974. Quoted in Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (1988): 519-31.

Article referenced in a book

To cite an article (Zukofsky's article) referenced in a book (Costello's book)

1. Louis Zukofsky, "Sincerity and Objectification," Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

Zukofsky, Louis. "Sincerity and Objectification." Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).

The style manual discourages writers from citing secondary sources. Whenever possible, the original source should be located and fully cited.
In the footnote, start with the author and publication details of original work. Add the text " quoted in " and then add the author and publication details of the secondary work, the source you consulted. Make sure you use the correct format for a book or for an article ( 15.56 ).The original and the secondary source must both appear in the Bibliography.
The style manual does not have an example for the Bibliography for secondary sources. The formatting of the examples are based on Turabian style, section 17.9.3.

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How to Cite Sources – APA, MLA, and Chicago

How to Cite Sources - APA, MLA, and Chicago

Published on June 26, 2024 by Paige Pfeifer, BA .

So you don’t want to plagiarize someone else’s work…great choice. It is both hauntingly unethical and a drag if you get caught, so sticking to citing your sources is for the best, any way you slice it. There are a lot of ways to go about doing this, so we’d better jump in right away.

How to Cite Sources

There are a few different formulas for citing sources, and which one you should use often depends on the academic discipline your writing falls under. The most widely used citation styles, and the ones we will be exploring in this article, are the APA, MLA, and Chicago styles.

You can either cite your sources manually, by looking at citation formulas and regulations and then researching the appropriate input information, or you can use an online citation generator . Citation generator tools, like QuillBot’s, will automatically pull in and plug in all of the necessary information from your source, leaving you to simply check it and move on.

How to cite generally comes down to preference. While you’re learning how to write a citation and going through the motions of building out those formulas, you’ll quickly learn whether you prefer manually citing or using an online tool. Don’t worry━once you’re through with this guide, you’ll be an expert in how to cite sources, however you choose to do it.

The Importance of Citations

You’re kicking. You’re screaming. You’re cursing the universe, wondering: “Why is citation important? Why must I cite my sources?” You’re a little bit dramatic, but well within your rights to question this.

The main reason that supports the importance of citation is avoiding plagiarism . Plagiarism, if you’re not familiar, is the act of passing someone else’s ideas or work off as your own. This is highly unethical and can result in the automatic failure of a class/assignment, suspension, expulsion, or, in some cases, legal consequences. Students, especially, should never compromise their values when it comes to plagiarism because this particular offense, if committed, is usually noted on your school transcripts forever .

When answering the question of when you need to cite your sources, the response is rather black-and-white. You need to cite whenever you use someone else’s work to bolster your own─if you didn’t know it before, and you want to use the information now, then you need to cite it! This includes paraphrased language. Similarly, if you summarize a text and use that summary in your work, you must cite the original source as well. Even mentioning ideas requires a citation, because without that acknowledgement of the source, it will falsely look like that idea or conclusion is your own.

“You need to cite whenever you use someone else’s work to bolster your own─if you didn’t know it before, and you want to use the information now, then you need to cite it!”

Citation Formats and Examples of Citation Styles

A chart explaining the differences between in-text citations and references.

There are two main types of citations━those that appear in the Works Cited, References, or Bibliography, which are full citations, and in-text citations. You typically add a complete list of every work which went into building your essay or article at the end of your document. Depending on the citation style and your preference, it may be labelled differently (e.g. References, Works Cited), but this list will always include the full citations for each of your sources. A full citation includes information like the names, publication dates, where the source was published and/or by whom, date of access for web pages, page numbers, and more, depending on which style you use.

In-text citations are noted within the body or content of your work, rather than at the end of it. These citations are typically much shorter than the full citation, are housed in brackets or parentheses, and often contain information like the source author’s last name, book page number(s), and/or year of publication, depending on the appropriate style. In-text citations are helpful to both readers and authors in that they notate where each idea, fact, or quote comes from, right when you talk about it. In some styles, like APA, it is encouraged to add in-text citations at any point in the sentence whenever information from that source is presented, while other styles, such as MLA, encourage referencing citations at the end of the sentence, except in certain instances. All in-text citations should have a corresponding full citation within the Works Cited, References, or Bibliography page.

Now that you understand the two basic types of citations, along with why and when you should cite your sources, let’s go through exactly how to cite your sources in a few of the different styles. Citation formats vary between each style, making each one unique for a specific use or discipline. Read on for the citation examples you’ve been waiting for.

How to Cite APA

APA stands for American Psychological Association, and the APA format is most often used in Psychology, Education, Business, Engineering, and some sciences. In APA format, full citations are listed on a References page, rather than a Works Cited or Bibliography page. Let’s look at how to cite in APA format, while you can also cite using an online APA citation generator .

In-text Citations

There are many more rules for how to write an in-text APA citation than there are for other citation styles. If you are paraphrasing or referencing a text’s general idea or message, the parenthetical citation will look like this: (author’s last name, publication year) or (Pfeifer, 2020). If the last name is used already in your sentence, then you may just cite the publication year, like so: (publication year) or (2020). There is always a comma in between the name and the year, if both are used in the in-text citation. The parenthetical citation itself always comes immediately after the paraphrased information, or quotation marks for direct quotes, but before the end punctuation of the sentence. APA in-text citations can occur at any point in a sentence, be it in the beginning or at the end, just so long as it directly follows the information or ideas which originate from another source.

If you are citing a direct quote, your parenthetical citation will look like this: (author’s last name, publication year, p./pp. page number) or (Dave, 2021, pp. 7-13). The “p.” is used to denote a single page (e.g., “p. 7”), while “pp.” is used to reference multiple pages (e.g., “pp. 2-4”). If there are no pages, but it is still a direct quote, you may find a substitution, such as a figure or table number. You could even note the paragraph number (e.g., “second paragraph”) to more specifically show where the information was taken from within the multi-page work.

Example: Holden Caulfield is full of little wisdoms, like “all morons hate you when you call them a moron” (Salinger, 1951, p. 44).
Example: Salinger wrote his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, to be full of little wisdoms, like “all morons hate you when you call them a moron” (1951, p. 44).

Reference Entry Citations

The formula for how to write an APA citation for your Reference page is as follows:

Format: Author. (Date of publication). Title. Source/publisher.
Example: Salinger, J. D. (1951). The Catcher in the Rye . Little, Brown and Company.

How to Cite MLA

MLA format is most often used to cite sources in the Humanities, like History, Language, Literature, and Philosophy. MLA began as a citation style for literature and language specifically, but it was quickly adopted by other disciplines under the Humanities umbrella. Full citations in MLA format are always listed on a Works Cited page. Let’s take a look at how to cite in MLA format.

MLA format uses parenthetical citations for in-text references, and the preferred placement for in-text citations, as per the style guide, is at the end of a sentence. When citing a text, the format is (author’s last name page number) or (Khan 11). If the last name is used already in your sentence, then you may just cite the page number from which the quote or information was taken, like so: (page number) or (11). No punctuation should exist inside the parentheses, and the parentheses should always come before the sentence’s final punctuation mark, but after the quotation marks, for direct quotes.

Example: Holden Caulfield is full of little wisdoms, like “all morons hate you when you call them a moron” (Salinger 44).
Example: Salinger wrote his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, to be full of little wisdoms, like “all morons hate you when you call them a moron” (44).

Works Cited or Full MLA Citations

MLA Works Cited entries have a very specific structure to them, but don’t worry━they’re very easy! Here is how to write a full MLA citation for a Works Cited page:

Author. “Title of source.” Title of the Container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.

The container is where the source comes from, so it could be the title of the anthology, newspaper, magazine, etc., where your source was found. Not all pieces in this formula will be used every time. For instance, standalone works do not have a container that is separate from their title. It is enough to have just the author, title, and year of publication, if that’s all you’ve got. The more relevant information you can add here, the better, though.

Example : Salinger, J.D. “The Catcher in the Rye.” Little, Brown and Company, 1951.

How to Cite Chicago Style

Chicago style citations are often used in Fine Arts, Anthropology, select other sciences and humanities, as well as for manuscript publication and editing. The Chicago format has a few different stylistic options, depending on the specific field of study the research falls under, but the most commonly used style is Author-Date. Chicago style format uses a Bibliography page to list all of the full citations used within a body of work. Let’s take a look at how to cite Chicago style.

The structure for a Chicago style Author-Date in-text citation is as follows: (author’s last name publication year, page number or range) or (Agarwal 2019, 88-90). If the last name is used already in your sentence, then you may just cite the date and page number the quote was taken from, like so: (publication year, page number) or (2019, 88-90). If you’re referencing the text as a whole, the page number is unnecessary.

Example: Holden Caulfield is full of little wisdoms, like “all morons hate you when you call them a moron” (Salinger 1951, 44).
Example: Salinger wrote his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, to be full of little wisdoms, like “all morons hate you when you call them a moron” (1951, 44).

There is always a comma in between the publication year and the page number. The parenthetical citation should be placed after the paraphrased information or direct quote, but before the end punctuation of the sentence.

Bibliographical Citations

Chicago style citations are listed in a Bibliography page instead of a Works Cited page or References page. The Chicago format example for bibliographies in the Author-Date style is as follows:

Format: Author Last Name, First Name. Publication year. Book Title: Subtitle . City of publication: Publisher.
Example: Salinger, J. D. 1951. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Final Thoughts on Citing Your Sources

Bart Simpson writing "I will not plagiarize another's work" over and over on the chalkboard.

Remember to always, always, always cite your sources. No matter if you’re taking a direct quote from a source or paraphrasing something the author said in an interview, it is of the utmost importance to give credit where credit is due. The consequences of plagiarism can follow you around in life and in your career, and it just isn’t worth it to compromise your academic integrity. Plus, with fast and easy online tools, like QuillBot’s free citation generator, you can passively learn just by reviewing and checking the automatic outputs.

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Quick Tutorials

How to Write an Essay in MLA Format | For Students

Starting from when I entered high school, the importance of submitting assignments in a particular format became a top priority. I quickly realized the significance of adhering to these guidelines, as they remained essential throughout my academic journey. You never know when the need for proper formatting will arise. At first, it may seem overwhelming, but in this simple guide, I'll show you how to write an essay in MLA format [For Students].

When is MLA format used?

MLA format is created by the Modern Language Association which is a standardized way to format academic papers and cite sources. It’s mainly used for subjects in the humanities, like literature, philosophy, and the arts. Unlike APA or Chicago formats, which are used for social sciences and history, MLA puts a strong emphasis on the authorship of sources.

Most students will need to use MLA format at some point, especially in humanities courses. It’s essential for essays, research papers, and other assignments in these subjects.

General Guidelines/ Rules of MLA Formatting

The first step to learning how to write an essay in MLA format for students is to get familiar with the general guidelines. It's all about following the rules to get your paper formatted in the MLA style:

Margins and Font:

Set 1-inch margins on all sides.

Choose a readable font such as Times New Roman, 12-point size.

Double-space the entire document, including block quotes (quotes longer than four lines), notes, and the works cited page.

Paragraph Indentation:

Indent the first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inches (press Tab key once).

Punctuation:

Utilize standard punctuation marks and maintain consistency with punctuation, italics, and quotation marks throughout your paper.

Quotations:

Use double quotation marks (" ") for direct quotes.

For quotes longer than four lines, format as a block quote: start on a new line, indent 0.5 inches from the left margin (without quotation marks), and keep double-spacing.

Here is an essay MLA format template for your reference:

How to Set up MLA Format Essay [Step-by-Step]

So we have seen the general guidelines in the above example and also saw an essay MLA format example/sample showing what our final MLA format will look like. However, going through guidelines is not enough when you're learning how to write an essay in MLA format in Word or PDF format. You need a professional writing software that not only provides the tools but also allows you to use them easily.

Therefore, I will be using WPS Writer as my partner in writing an essay in MLA format, and I would recommend students to download WPS Writer from their website so that you can easily follow this guide. And yes, it is completely free. So let's begin formatting an essay to MLA format in WPS Writer:

1. Page Margins

So the first step is to ensure that our page margins are set to 1 inch on every side. Setting the margins first would help you avoid any formatting errors if you do this at a later stage. To set page margins in WPS Writer:

Step 1: Open WPS Writer and visit the “Page Layout” tab in the toolbar.

Step 2: Find the Page Margin options on the far left of the Page Layout ribbon.

Step 3: Set all the margin fields—top, bottom, left, and right—to 1 inch.

2. Line Spacing

Next, we need to ensure that the line spacing is set to double spacing . This helps improve readability and ensures your paper meets MLA formatting standards. To set double line spacing in WPS Writer:

Step 1: In WPS Writer, go to the “Home” tab in the toolbar.

Step 2: Find and click the “Line Spacing” option in the Home ribbon.

Step 3: In the Line Spacing drop-down, click on More.

Step 4: The Paragraph window will pop up. Visit the Spacing section and in the Line Spacing field, select “Double”.

Step 5: After that, click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.

Note: We can also use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + 2 to quickly change the line spacing to double.

3. Header- In the Upper-Left Corner

After setting the page settings, let's move on to the content of the essay, starting with the header in the following order:

Student's Name

Professor's Name

Course and Course Code

Due Date in the format DD Month, Year

Step 1: Follow the order to enter the header into your essay.

Step 2: To make the Header left aligned, visit the Home tab and then click on the “Align Text Left” icon.

Step 3: After entering the header, make sure the Font is set to "Times New Roman" in the Fonts field in the Home ribbon.

Step 4: After the font, the font size should also be set to "12." Therefore, make the change in the "Font Size" field in the Home ribbon.

4. Last Name & Page Numbers- In the Upper-Right Corner

MLA Format requires a running header that includes your last name along with the page number on the top right corner of every page. Let's see how we can create our running header for the MLA Format:

Step 1: Double-click on the Header area to open the Header/Footer in WPS Writer.

Step 2: Now type your last name and set its alignment to right by clicking on the “Align Text Right” icon in the Home ribbon.

Step 3: To add the page number, click on the "Page Number" option in the Header/Footer ribbon and select the "Header right" option to insert a page number in the right corner.

Once the running header has been added, it is important to set the font size of the running header to 12 and the font to "Times New Roman".

Step 4: Simply select your running header and click on the Home tab.

Step 5: In the Home tab, change the Font to "Times New Roman" in the Fonts field.

Step 6: To change the font size, in the Home ribbon, enter "12" in the Font size field.

The last setting for the running header is to set the header margin to "0.5 inches":

Step 7: Head over to the Header/Footer tab.

Step 8: In the Header/Footer ribbon, enter "0.5 in" in the “Header Height” field to set the header margin to 0.5 inches.

5. Title of Essay- On the Line Below the Date

After the header and running header, let's begin our essay with the title of our essay. Remember the rules:

The title should be center aligned.

The title should not be bolded, italicized, or placed in quotation marks unless it includes the title of a source (e.g., a book or movie title).

Step 1: Insert the title right below the header and visit the Home tab.

Step 2: In the Home ribbon, click on the “Center” icon to center align the title.

6. Headings and Subheadings- Into Sections

Headings and subheadings are important as they give reference to the reader. There are no hard and fast rules for their formatting, except that they need to be center aligned. You can set the font style to bold to help the reader distinguish them.

Step 1: Enter your heading below the title of the essay and visit the Home tab.

Step 2: In the Home ribbon, click on “Center” to align the heading to the center.

Step 3: To change the font style to bold, in the Home ribbon, click on the “Bold” icon right below the font field.

7. In-text Citation

In MLA format, in-text citations use parenthetical references to indicate quotes or ideas from another author. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to do in-text citations:

Step 1: When you quote or paraphrase from a source, use the author's last name and the page number where the information is found.

Step 2: After the quote or paraphrase, place the citation in parentheses. The citation should include the author's last name followed by the page number without a comma between them.

Step 3: The parenthetical citation should be placed before the period at the end of the sentence.

8. Works Cited Page

Finally, you will need to cite all the sources you took assistance from in writing your paper. Follow the following steps to understand how to cite your work in MLA format.

Step 1: Use a page break to start a fresh new page with the title "Works Cited." The heading "Works Cited" will follow similar heading guidelines as before.

Step 2: Double-space all entries and do not add extra spaces between entries.

Step 3: Use a hanging indent for each entry. The first line of each citation is flush with the left margin, and subsequent lines are indented by 0.5 inches simply using the “Tab” key..

Step 4: List entries in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If a work has no author, alphabetize it by the first significant word in the title.

Step 5: Format your sources as mentioned below for respective source medium:

Books Format: Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Articles in Journals Format: Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. number, no. number, Year, pages.

Websites Format: Author's Last Name, First Name (if available). "Title of Webpage." Title of Website, Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.

Bonus Tips: How to Convert Word to PDF without losing Format

Once you finish writing your essay, the next challenge is converting it from Microsoft Word to PDF without losing formatting. This can be frustrating because sometimes the formatting doesn't stay the same.

To avoid this issue, use WPS Office . It offers strong PDF features and keeps APA and MLA formatting intact. On the other hand, Microsoft Word 365, though widely used, may occasionally struggle to keep formatting consistent when converting to PDF. It's important to choose tools that prioritize preserving the look and structure of your academic work.

Here is how you can use WPS PDF to convert your essay documents to PDF without compromising on the quality:

Step 1: On WPS Writer, click on the Menu button on the top left corner of the screen.

Step 2: Now simply click on the “Export to PDF” option in the Menu.

Step 3: The Export to PDF window will open. Here, you can alter a few settings such as the output path. After going through the settings, simply click on Export to PDF to save the essay document as a PDF.

FAQs about writing an essay in MLA format

1. how to cite an image in mla.

To cite an image in MLA style, you need to format the citation based on where the image was viewed. For online images, the citation should follow this structure:

MLA format:

Creator’s last name, First name. “Image Title” or Description of the image. Website Name in italics, Day Month Year, URL.

MLA Works Cited entry:

Smith, Jamie. “Vintage Cars.” Travel With Us, 15 Mar. 2023, www.travelwithus.com/vintage-cars.

MLA in-text citation:

(Smith) Note: If you discover an image through a search engine such as Google, ensure that you credit and link to the website that hosts the image, rather than the search engine.

2. Do I need to include a title page in my MLA essay?

In most instances, an MLA-formatted essay does not necessitate a separate title page unless instructed otherwise by your instructor. Instead, begin your essay with a header and center the title on the subsequent line.

3. How to Cite a Website in MLA?

To cite a website in MLA style, you should include the author’s name (if known), the title of the page in quotation marks, the name of the website in italics, the publication date, and the URL without "https://". If the identity of the author is not known, start with the title of the page. If the publication date is unavailable or if there's a possibility of content modifications, include an access date at the end.

Author’s last name, First name. “Title of Page.” Website Name, Day Month Year, URL.

Adams, John. "Explore with us." Random Discoveries, 15 Sept. 2023, www.randomdiscoveries.com/explore-with-us.

Write Your Essays in Comfort With WPS Office

It’s so easy! The great thing about MLA format is that it’s not vastly different from APA and Chicago formats. There are only a few distinctions, and once you learn how to write an essay in MLA format [For Students], everything will become much easier for your academic life. Also, WPS Office is an incredibly handy tool for students. Not only can you format comfortably, but it’s also designed to be student-friendly, avoiding complex procedures. Simple yet advanced, and best of all, free. Get WPS Office today and write essays with ease and comfort!

1. How to Do Hanging Indent in Word for Your Essay? [For Students]
2. Top 10 Best Introduce Yourself Essay Sample Words
3. How to Double Space in Word for Your Essay: A Guide for Students
4. How to Remove Page Breaks in Word for Your Essay? [For Students]
5. How to Use Track Changes in Word for Your Essay? [For Students]
6. How to Make MLA Format Heading and Header in WPS Office (Step-by-Step)

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Generate accurate Chicago citations for free

Knowledge Base
Chicago Style
How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 10, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

The basic formats for citing a book in a Chicago footnote and a bibliography entry are as follows:

Chicago book citation
	Author last name, first name. . Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Rhys, Jean. . London: Penguin, 1997.
	Author first name last name, : Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Jean Rhys, (London: Penguin, 1997), 34.
	Author last name, , Page number(s). 2. Rhys, , 54–55.

Short notes always follow the same basic format. Full notes and bibliography entries contain additional information if the book specifies an edition, translator, or editor, and follow a specific format when citing an individual chapter in a book.

Note that book citations look slightly different in Chicago author-date style . In both cases, make sure to pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , and periods) in your notes and citations.

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Citing a specific edition, translated books, citing a chapter from a book, e-books and online books, citing books in chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citations.

Scholarly books often come in different editions with important differences in content. When edition information (e.g., “Second Edition,” “Revised Edition”) is stated on the cover and/or title page of the book, it should be included in your citation.

Edition information is always abbreviated and followed by a period (e.g., “2nd ed.” or “rev. ed.”).

Chicago book edition citation
	Author last name, first name. : Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Donaldson, Bruce. . 3rd ed. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2017.
	Author first name last name, : Subtitle, edition. (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Bruce Donaldson, , 3rd ed. (Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2017), 35.
	Author last name, , Page number(s). 2. Donaldson, , 76.

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When a book is translated from another language, it’s important to identify the translator as well as the author. “Translated by” is abbreviated to “trans.” in the citation.

In the bibliography, the words “Translated by” are written in full. The translator’s name is not inverted, unlike that of the author.

Chicago translated book citation
	Author last name, first name. : Subtitle. Translated by Translator first name last name. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Mann, Thomas. . Translated by H. T. Lowe-Porter. London: Vintage, 1999.
	Author first name last name, : Subtitle, trans. Translator first name last name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Thomas Mann, , trans. H. T. Lowe-Porter (London: Vintage, 1999), 450.
	Author last name, , Page number(s). 2. Mann, , 312.

When referring to a chapter from a multi-authored book (such as an essay collection or anthology), cite the specific chapter rather than the whole book. This means listing the author and title of the chapter first, then providing information about the book as a whole.

The editor’s name is preceded by “ed.” in a note and by “edited by” in the bibliography. A page range is included in the bibliography entry to show the location of the chapter in the book.

A short note just lists the chapter title, not that of the book, and omits the editor’s name.

Chicago book chapter citation
	Author last name, first name. “Chapter Title.” In : Subtitle, edited by Editor first name last name, Page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Stewart, Bob. “Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership.” In , edited by John Jaimeson, 220–90. Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007.
	Author first name last name, “Chapter Title,” in : Subtitle, ed. Editor first name last name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Bob Stewart, “Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership,” in , ed. John Jaimeson (Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007), 226.
	Author last name, “Shortened Chapter Title,” Page number(s). 2. Stewart, “Wag of the Tail,” 275.

When citing a book you accessed online or in the form of an e-book, simply add relevant information about its format or location to the end of your citation.

Note that books in these formats might lack reliable page numbers. If there are no page numbers, or page numbers that would look different for another user, use another locator in your notes instead, such as a chapter number.

For an online book, add the URL or DOI where it can be accessed.

Chicago online book citation
	Author last name, first name. . Place of publication: Publisher, Year. URL or DOI. Murdoch, Iris. . London: Vintage, 2008. https://books.google.nl/books?id=IJ5fL72Vvs8C.
	Author first name last name, : Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s) or Alternate locator, URL or DOI. 1. Iris Murdoch, (London: Vintage, 2008), 126, https://books.google.nl/books?id=IJ5fL72Vvs8C.
	Author last name, , Page number(s) or Alternate locator. 2. Murdoch, , 129.

For an e-book, add the format or device name (e.g., “Kindle,” “iBooks”). You don’t need to add a URL or DOI in this case.

Chicago e-book citation
	Author last name, first name. . Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Format. Murdoch, Iris. . London: Vintage, 2008. Kindle.
	Author first name last name, : Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s) or Alternate locator, Format. 1. Iris Murdoch, (London: Vintage, 2008), chap. 5, Kindle.
	Author last name, , Page number(s) or Alternate locator. 2. Murdoch, , chap. 3.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

In author-date style , books are cited with brief in-text citations corresponding to entries in a reference list. A reference list looks the same as a bibliography, except that the year is placed directly after the author’s name.

Translation
Online book

Chicago author-date format	Author last name, first name. Year. . Place of publication: Publisher.
	Rhys, Jean. 1997. . London: Penguin.
	(Rhys 1997, 34)

Chicago author-date format	Author last name, first name. Year. : Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
	Donaldson, Bruce. 2017. . 3rd ed. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
	(Donaldson 2017, 67)

Chicago author-date format	Author last name, first name. Year. : Subtitle. Translated by Translator first name last name. Place of publication: Publisher.
	Mann, Thomas. 1999. . Translated by H. T. Lowe-Porter. London: Vintage.
	(Mann 1999, 405)

Chicago author-date format	Author last name, first name. Year. “Chapter Title.” In : Subtitle, edited by Editor first name last name, Page range. Place of publication: Publisher.
	Stewart, Bob. 2007. “Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership.” In , edited by John Jaimeson, 220–90. Toronto: PetlovePress.
	(Stewart 2007, 228)

Chicago author-date format	Author last name, first name. Year. . Place of publication: Publisher. URL or DOI.
	Murdoch, Iris. 2008. . London: Vintage. https://books.google.nl/books?id=IJ5fL72Vvs8C.
	(Murdoch 2008, 23)

Chicago author-date format	Author last name, first name. Year. . Place of publication: Publisher. Format.
	Murdoch, Iris. 2008. . London: Vintage. Kindle.
	(Murdoch 2008, chap. 5)

In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

	Full note	Short note	Bibliography
2 authors	Anna Burns and Robert Smith	Burns and Smith	Burns, Anna, and Robert Smith.
3 authors	Anna Burns, Robert Smith, and Judith Green	Burns, Smith, and Green	Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, and Judith Green.
4+ authors	Anna Burns et al.	Burns et al.	Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, Judith Green, and Maggie White.

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

You’re quoting from the text.
You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/book-citations/

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Crime and Public Safety | Family of Chicago woman missing in Bahamas…

Crime and Public Safety

Crime and public safety | family of chicago woman missing in bahamas pleads for help finding her.

Taylor Casey, 41, of Chicago, was last seen at Sivananda Ashram Yoga Retreat on June 19, 2024, on Paradise Island in the Bahamas. (Family photo)

Taylor Casey, 41, of Chicago, was last seen at Sivananda Ashram Yoga Retreat. Two days later, the Royal Bahamas Police Force issued a missing person poster on June 21 to alert the public to her disappearance, the family said in a statement posted on social media.

The Royal Bahamas Police Force released a missing poster for Taylor Casey, of Chicago, who disappeared on June 19, 2024. (Royal Bahamas Police Force)

“We are deeply concerned for Taylor’s safety and well-being,” Colette Seymore, Taylor’s mother, said in the statement. “We love Taylor and want her home.”

Her family said Casey has been practicing yoga for 15 years and went to the Sivananda Ashram Yoga Retreat to fulfill a long-term goal of deepening her practice. Eager to return to Chicago, the woman her family described as “vibrant and loving” looked forward to sharing her experience with others, the family said.

“I believe Taylor is in danger because she was eager to share her yoga retreat experience with others upon her return,” her mother said in the statement. “Taylor would never disappear like this.”

According to CNN , authorities at a news conference Wednesday said they found Casey’s cellphone in the water, but it’s unclear the distance it was from the yoga retreat.

“We have conducted an extensive investigation into the matter,” Royal Bahamas Police Force Chief Superintendent Chrislyn Skippings said, according to CNN. “Our priority is to find Taylor and to find Taylor in good health.”

They described Taylor as a light-skinned Black woman , approximately 5-foot-10 and 145 pounds, with brown hair and brown eyes. They said she wears her hair natural, often covered by a do-rag.

In a statement to the Tribune, The Yoga Retreat Bahamas said it had notified the U.S. Embassy and Casey’s family about her disappearance. It asked police to investigate, the statement said.

“Ms. Casey’s disappearance was discovered on June 20th when she failed to attend morning classes. The last time she was seen at the retreat was late on the evening of June 19th,” according to the statement. “The Ashram is asking anyone with information on Ms. Casey to contact the local police. In the interim it is collaborating with the authorities on their investigation.”

Anyone with information is asked to contact the Royal Bahamas Police Force or the Bahamas Crime Stoppers .

In January, the U.S. State Department issued a Level 2 travel advisory for U.S. citizens traveling to the Bahamas to “exercise increased caution” due to crime.

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A smiling Ed Burke greets 2-year sentence on corruption charges as judge rejects prosecution request for much tougher term

U.s. district judge virginia kendall seemed affected by the hundreds of letters written by burke’s supporters. “i have never in all my career seen the letters that i have received for mr. burke.”.

Former Ald. Ed Burke and his wife Anne Burke enter a waiting car outside the Dirksen Federal Courthouse after he was sentenced to two years in prison Monday.

Tyler Pasciak LaRiviere/Sun-Times

When the judge left the courtroom and the fate of the longest-serving City Council member in Chicago history began to sink in, hugs and handshakes surrounded what a prosecutor had hours earlier called the corrupt “face of city government.”

Edward M. Burke was smiling.

U.S. District Judge Virginia Kendall delivered a two-year prison sentence to the man who represented Chicago’s 14th Ward for 54 years and long ruled the Finance Committee only to be convicted in a historic trial of racketeering, bribery and attempted extortion . She told him to surrender Sept. 23 and ordered him to pay an unusually large fine of $2 million.

Still, the 80-year-old Burke had faced far worse in a courthouse where judges have spent years decrying corruption and have tried to send a message to officials who betray the public trust. Prosecutors originally sought a 10-year sentence, and guidelines called for up to eight years.

So when it neared time for Burke to learn his sentence, the mood in the courtroom turned somber. Burke’s wife, retired Illinois Supreme Court Chief Justice Anne Burke, looked down and held a hand over her face as her husband spoke briefly to the judge.

“The blame for this is mine and mine alone,” Burke said, reading from a written statement with his hands upon the podium. “I regret the pain and the sorrow that I have caused my family and my dear friends.”

Assistant U.S. Attorney Sarah Streicker called Burke “the face of city government” and said he nevertheless “chose to engage in criminal activity over and over again.” She told the judge that “public officials in this city and this state need to understand that if they engage in corruption, they will pay dearly.”

Kendall later turned that tough talk around on Streicker and her colleagues, though. She asked about former Ald. Danny Solis, the notorious government mole who secretly recorded Burke and others after the FBI confronted him with evidence of his own wrongdoing. He struck a deal with the feds that means he will likely never be convicted of a crime, nor sent to prison.

“If the prosecutor’s office is so concerned about public corruption, it does seem a little unwarranted to say that Mr. Solis will get absolutely no time at all for his criminal activity,” Kendall said.

The comment prompted one of Burke’s supporters to turn her head sharply in the direction of one of the lead prosecutors in the case, Assistant U.S. Attorney Amarjeet Bhachu. And it echoed past criticism of the deal the feds struck with Solis, who has been lauded by Bhachu as one of Chicago’s “most significant cooperators in the last several decades.”

The judge also spoke at length about the hundreds of letters of support that had been written on Burke’s behalf, detailing acts of charity, goodwill and altruism.

“These are very personal acts that are not anything to do with authority or public office,” Kendall said.

Former Ald. Edward M. Burke (14th) arrives at the Dirksen Federal Courthouse ahead of his sentencing hearing on Monday.

Ashlee Rezin/Sun-Times

Burke could now spend a little more than a year and a half in prison, until he’s 82. As for the fine, prosecutors told the judge this month that Burke is worth “millions upon millions upon millions of dollars.” His main political fund had about $167,693 on hand as of the end of March.

He smiled after the hearing as he hugged his wife and the attorneys who tried to convince Kendall to give Burke no prison time at all. He later left the courthouse walking arm-in-arm with Anne Burke, showing little emotion as he made his way to a black SUV.

Burke did not comment. Acting U.S. Attorney Morris Pasqual released a statement.

“Corruption in the Chicago City Council tears at the fabric of a vital body of local government,” Pasqual said. “When an alderman fails to discharge his duties with honesty and integrity, he betrays not only the citizens of Chicago, but his fellow public officials who do their jobs the right way.”

It all brings to a close a five-year prosecution triggered by a decade-old investigation that rocked Chicago politics and changed the course of the city’s history.

Former Mayor Lori Lightfoot was propelled into office amid fallout from Burke’s prosecution by highlighting the ties that several of her opponents had to Burke. In a statement, she said Burke “should be grateful that his sentence wasn’t longer — it certainly could have been justifiably so.”

Mayor Brandon Johnson, the man who successfully challenged Lightfoot for the office last year, refused to comment on Burke’s sentence.

Burke represented the Southwest Side 14th Ward for 54 years — the longest reign in Chicago history. He wielded immense power through his chairmanship of the Finance Committee and also served as the chief of judicial slatemaking for the Cook County Democratic Party. Burke retired from his Council seat in 2023.

In late December, a jury convicted him of 13 counts of racketeering, bribery and attempted extortion. The case against him involved schemes centering on the Field Museum, the Old Post Office straddling the Eisenhower Expressway, a Burger King in Burke’s ward and a Binny’s Beverage Depot on the Northwest Side.

Now Burke is the most significant Illinois politician to walk out of the Dirksen Federal Courthouse with a prison sentence in nearly a decade. Still, the two-year penalty seemed relatively light when compared to recent corruption cases.

Former Ald. Ed Burke and his wife, Anne Burke, return home after he was sentenced to two years in prison.

Tougher sentences have been handed down to former state Rep. Luis Arroyo , who is serving nearly five years in prison for taking bribes; businessman James T. Weiss , who is serving 5 ½ years for giving Arroyo those bribes; and Tim Mapes , the former chief of staff to ex-Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan who is now serving 2 ½ years for perjury.

Even lower-level figures such as former political operatives Roberto Caldero and Patrick Doherty , and former Bloomingdale Township Highway Commissioner Robert Czernek , were handed tougher prison sentences in recent years.

Kendall herself once handed a 10-year prison sentence to a former City Hall staffer after a public corruption trial in 2016.

Former Chicago Ald. Dick Simpson said Burke’s sentence still sends a message “that corruption has a heavy price to it.”

“You have to remember that Burke is now over 80 years old and not in the greatest of health,” said Simpson, who served with Burke in the 1970s and is a professor emeritus of political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. “So this will be a trying experience for him and a warning to anybody else.”

Streicker tried to cast a shadow on the good deeds described in letters written in support of Burke. She said “these good acts do not outweigh his crimes” and wealthy people like Burke should not gain an advantage because they have the ability to give to charity.

“Charitable acts are certainly not a get out of jail free card,” Streicker said, adding that “being a good friend … does not grant a license” to commit crime.

Streicker also criticized Burke for seeking mercy from the court without showing “any remorse or responsibility.” She made her comment before Burke spoke to the judge.

“An essential precondition for mercy is admitting that you’ve done something wrong,” Streicker said. “What he’s asking for is no consequences.”

Prosecutors often use the threat of tough sentences to convince defendants to plead guilty rather than risk a trial. They also use them to pressure potential cooperators such as Solis to record their friends and colleagues, in an effort to gather evidence against more powerful actors.

Over the years, federal judges in Chicago have also tried to use them to send a message about corruption. But Burke attorney Charles Sklarsky joined other defense attorneys Monday when he argued the threat of conviction — rather than the severity of punishment — is the better deterrent.

“We hear it in every case,” Sklarsky said. “And yet, there are still more cases. So there’s got to be something that’s not right about that. It’s not working.”

Former Ald. Ed Burkę is surrounded by reporters outside Dirksen Federal Courthouse after his sentencing.

Ashlee Rezin | Sun-Times

Kendall seemed to recognize that argument as she told the courtroom she was considering “fines that are much higher than normal.” She ordered Burke to pay $200,000 for his racketeering conviction and $150,000 for the remaining 12 counts, totaling $2 million.

More than anything, Kendall seemed to be affected by the hundreds of letters written by Burke’s supporters. They appeared to resonate deeply with the jurist, who said “I have never in all my career seen the letters that I have received for Mr. Burke.”

“I don’t know how many times I read in here that you were sitting with someone who was dying” or “paying for a funeral because he heard about it on the news,” Kendall said.

She highlighted stories of Burke sitting with a victim of a car crash he witnessed on Michigan Avenue, helping people navigate the red tape around insurance to keep health care coverage, or of a time Burke wrote a letter to the mother of a fallen Afghanistan soldier offering support and asking to name a school after him.

“So many of them were actions that were unsolicited, that were small, altruistic acts of kindness,” she said.

She gestured to the binder of letters before her and told the courtroom she had the “very difficult challenge” of reconciling the man described within them with the man recorded by Solis for the FBI in between 2016 and 2018.

“I don’t think that it is appropriate to say that the activity in 2016 to 2018 wipes out all of this,” Kendall said.

Contributing: Sophie Sherry, Tessa Weinberg/WBEZ

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Web Sources

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General Model for Citing Web Sources in Chicago Style

Titles for web sources:.

The title of a website that is analogous to a traditionally printed work but does not have (and never had) a printed counterpart can be treated like titles of other websites. For example, Wikipedia can be treated as a website, rather than as a conventional encyclopedia. This is a departure from previous editions of CMOS .

Titles of websites should follow headline-style capitalization and are usually set in roman without quotation marks. Sections of a website, such as a specific header, an individual page, a single blog entry, etc. should be written in roman with quotation marks. There are, however, some exceptions: titles of blogs are set in italics and titles of books, journals, television shows, movies, and other types of works should be treated the same whether cited as a print version or an online version. For example, when citing the website of the television news station CNN , the title maintains italics. Furthermore, in cases such as this, when a website does not have a distinctive title, it can be cited based on the entity responsible for the website, for instance, CNN online. If in doubt regarding whether to use roman or italics, roman is the safer choice.

Authors for Web Sources:

The author of a piece of web content is often not immediately clear. If a name is given, use the name as you would in any other source. If the content is published under a screen name, internet handle, or pseudonym, and the author’s real name is not available, use this in place of the author’s name. You may also use the name of the publishing organization when the webpage has no listed author but is associated with some sort of corporation, association, or professional group. When a web page's author cannot be determined and there is no clear publishing organization, simply list the title first. Use the first letter of the first word in the title that is not an article (i.e., "a," "an," or "the") to determine the entry's alphabetical order in the bibliography. So, for instance, if the title of the page is "A Guide to Baking Apple Pies," "G" should be treated as the first letter for alphabetization purposes.

Dates for Web Sources:

If the source you are citing has a clear publication date, use that as the source’s date, following standard guidelines. Otherwise, look for a revision date; many websites will make note of when they were last modified, edited, or revised. If you are using a date of revision rather than a date of publication, make that clear: “Last modified May 17, 2019”. You may use both at your discretion, in which case you should distinguish between the two: “Published April 26, 2019; last modified May 17, 2019”. If no date at all is available, use the date at which you accessed the source to get the data: “Accessed August 7, 2019”. If the site is modified again so that the data you retrieved originally is altered or removed, you should add a note to that effect in either the text or the citation, specifying “as of [date]” if possible.

Web Source Examples in Chicago Style

Footnote or endnote (n):, corresponding bibliographical entry (b):, electronic books and books consulted online.

Electronic books (e-books) are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a media marker at the end of the citation: Kindle, PDF, EPUB, etc. Books consulted online are also cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI (or URL) at the end of the citation. See also Books .

Note: Stable page numbers are not always available in electronic formats; therefore, you may include the number of chapter, section, or other easily recognizable locator instead.

Weston, Anthony. A Rulebook for Arguments , 4th ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2010. Kindle.

Online Periodicals (Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper Articles)

Online periodicals are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI or URL at the end of the citation. See also Periodicals . Also keep in mind that while access dates are not required for formally published electronic sources (e.g., journal articles), they can be useful for informally published electronic sources or may be required for by some disciplines for all informally and formally published electronic sources. Access dates should be located immediately prior to the DOI or URL.

For four or more authors, list the first author in the note followed by et al. For the corresponding bibliographic entry, list all authors (up to 10).

Web Page with Known Author and Date

Web page with known date but without known author, web page with unknown publication date and author.

Blog titles should be set in italics and blog entries should be set in quotation marks. Generally, blog entries are cited only as notes. If you frequently cite a blog, however, then you may choose to include it in your bibliography. Note: if the word “blog” is included in the title of the blog, there is no need to repeat it in parentheses after that title.

Social Media

Posts on social media will often be cited only as notes, though if you intend to discuss the content in depth, you should also put a citation in the bibliography. Since it is easy – and common – for social media posts to vanish with little notice, it is advisable to take a screenshot or similar record of anything you intend to cite, so that future edits or deletions will not undermine your work. Please note that all of this applies only to public content on social media. Private content, such as a direct message or a post in a restricted-membership group should be cited as a personal communication.

Social media posts do not typically have titles, so if a title is not provided, simply use the text of the post, retaining all original capitalization, spelling, etc., set in roman with quotation marks. Do not include more than 160 characters in this section of the citation; if the post is longer than that, cut it off (with an ellipsis) at a sensible point before the 160-character mark is reached. Citation of a social media post should fit the following format:

Ideally, a post should be cited by the author’s legal name and screen name / internet handle, but if there is no screen name available (e.g. on a Facebook post) or no legal name available (e.g. on a Twitter post), use whichever you do have. Also note that you needn’t include the format/medium if the post is only text, and you should only include the time stamp if it is relevant to your point or necessary to distinguish between multiple citations on the same day. Also, if you have quoted the full post in your main text, you can leave that out of your note citation.

Forums and Mailing Lists

Citations for internet forums or mailing lists are very similar to social media citations, with a few differences. Rather than the text of the post, use the thread title or subject heading as your citation title; also, the name of the list or forum should be added in addition to the host site or service.

At times, it may be necessary to cite a comment someone has made on a blog entry, online article, social media post, etc. Generally, the comment will only be cited as a note, not in the bibliography, unless there is some significant reason you feel it should be considered a source on its own, separate from the work to which it was responding. Citation of a comment need only contain the name of the commenter (and/or screen name, as above), the date the comment was made (time stamp optional), and a reference back to the work to which it is responding.

Online Multimedia

Online multimedia should be cited using the general format below. Note that whether the title of the work should be set in italics or in roman with quotation marks will vary from one medium to another, as noted near the beginning of this page. For additional guidelines on the citation of videos, songs, and multimedia in general, see Audiovisual Recordings and Other Multimedia.

When citing a podcast, set the podcast title in italics, and the episode title (and number, if it is included in the title of the episode) in roman with quotation marks. The date of publication should be included after the episode title rather than before the medium, as shown below.

Note: Inclusion of the word “podcast” follows the same guidelines as inclusion of the word “blog” above. “Podcast, MP3 audio” is used below, then, as an example placeholder and would not necessarily be required for this specific example.

Online Video

If you are citing a video from an online service, such as YouTube, you can follow the general multimedia guidelines, but you must include the URL. The medium for any sort of streaming video where the file type is not necessarily clear or relevant can be cited simply as “video”.

Supported by

How Biden’s New Immigration Policy Works

The new policy will give some 500,000 people a pathway to citizenship.

Share full article

The silhouette of a person trying to cut a hole in a fence marked with barbed wire.

By Hamed Aleaziz

President Biden’s new immigration policy protects some 500,000 people who are married to U.S. citizens from deportation and gives them a pathway to citizenship.

The election-year move comes just two weeks after Mr. Biden imposed a major crackdown at the U.S.-Mexico border, cutting off access to asylum for people who crossed into the United States illegally.

The policy announced on Tuesday is aimed at people who have been living in the United States for more than a decade and have built their lives and families here.

Here is how it works:

Why do the spouses of American citizens need protection?

Marrying an American citizen generally provides a pathway to U.S. citizenship. But people who crossed the southern border illegally — rather than arriving in the country with a visa — must return to their home countries to complete the process for a green card, something that can take years. The new program allows families to remain in the country while they pursue legal status.

Who is eligible?

There are roughly 1.1 million undocumented immigrants married to U.S. citizens in the United States, according to Fwd.us , an immigration advocacy group, but not all of them are eligible for the program.

The spouses must have lived in the United States for 10 years and have been married to an American citizen as of June 17. They cannot have a criminal record. Officials estimate that the policy will provide legal status and protections for about 500,000 people. The benefits would also extend to the roughly 50,000 children of undocumented spouses who became stepchildren to American citizens.

When will the program take effect?

Biden administration officials said they expected the program to start by the end of the summer. Those eligible will then be able to apply for the benefits.

Why is President Biden doing this now?

Mr. Biden is trying to strike a tricky balance on immigration, which is a serious political vulnerability for him. Polls show Americans want tougher policies. Just two weeks ago, Mr. Biden announced a crackdown on asylum at the southern border.

His new policy, giving hundreds of thousands of immigrants new legal protections, is a way for him to answer the calls from the progressive base of the Democratic Party, which has accused the White House of betraying campaign promises to enact a more humane approach to immigrants.

Hamed Aleaziz covers the Department of Homeland Security and immigration policy. More about Hamed Aleaziz

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Chicago In-text Citations
Option 1: Author-date in-text citations. Author-date style places citations directly in the text in parentheses. In-text citations include the author's last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range: This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.
Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the "editor's bible.". The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is ...
Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
Citing a Chapter or Essay in a Book
Footnote/Endnote. Author First M. Last Name, "Chapter or Essay Title," in Book Title, ed. First M. Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, date), page cited.. Short version: Author Last Name, "Chapter or Essay Title (shortened if necessary)," page cited. Bibliography. Author Last Name, First M. "Chapter or Essay Title." In Book Title, edited by First M. Last Name, page range.
Chicago Style Citation Examples
The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for two styles of citation: author-date and notes and bibliography: In notes and bibliography style (mostly used in the humanities), you use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources. In author-date style (mostly used in the sciences), you use brief parenthetical references to cite sources in the text.
Chicago Style Citation Guide
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) contains guidelines for two styles of citation: notes and bibliography and author-date.. Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes, with a Chicago style bibliography listing your sources in full at the end.
In-text Citations
Basics of in-text citations. The following examples illustrate the use of notes for in-text citations. The notes allow space for unusual types of sources as well as for commentary on the sources cited, making this system extremely flexible. Because of this flexibility, the notes and bibliography system is preferred by many writers in literature ...
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Chicago style was created by the University of Chicago. It is a set of rules for publications, including research papers. In Chicago style, you must cite sources that you have paraphrased, quoted or otherwise used to write your research paper. Cite your sources in two places:
Notes and Bibliography Style
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
General Format
A Note on Citations. Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System. As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical ...
Books
B: Anzaldúa, Gloria. "How to Tame a Wild Tongue.". In Borderlands: The New Mestiza - La Frontera, 53 - 64. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Book Company, 1987. Or, in some cases, you may want to emphasize the entire collection in the bibliographic entry. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands: The New Mestiza - La Frontera.
Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography
Do not italicize titles of parts of works, such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks. ... Cite the source using Chicago style. Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or ...
Why & When to Cite
From: Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 9th ed. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2018), 139-40. When to Cite Whenever you quote, summarize, or paraphrase another author's work or research, you MUST include a citation that tells the reader what information you have borrowed and from where.
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Free Chicago Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]
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How to cite a chapter Chicago style
1. Author First Name Last Name, "Chapter Title," in Book Title, ed. Editor First Name Last Name (City: Publisher, Year), page (s) cited. You don't always need to cite the specific part of a book you are using. It's often sufficient to just cite the work as a whole.
Citing secondary sources: Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) citation guide
Whenever possible, the original source should be located and fully cited. In the footnote, start with the author and publication details of original work. Add the text " quoted in " and then add the author and publication details of the secondary work, the source you consulted. Make sure you use the correct format for a book or for an article ...
How to Cite Sources
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How to Write an Essay in MLA Format _ For Students
FAQs about writing an essay in MLA format 1. How to cite an image in MLA? To cite an image in MLA style, you need to format the citation based on where the image was viewed. For online images, the citation should follow this structure: MLA format: Creator's last name, First name. "Image Title" or Description of the image.
CMOS NB Sample Paper
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Full article: Photo Essay: Open kaart / Maps Unfolded
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How Biden's New Immigration Policy Works
The new policy will give some 500,000 people a pathway to citizenship. By Hamed Aleaziz President Biden's new immigration policy protects some 500,000 people who are married to U.S. citizens ...

Chicago/Turabian Citation

Basic Chapter Citation

Writing Center

Footnote/Endnote

Bibliography

Chicago Citation Style Guide: In-text Citations

Basics of in-text citations

Chapter or other part of an edited book

Edited collection

Translated book

Thesis or dissertation

Social media content

Author-Date Citations

Journal articles

Journal articles with multiple authors

News or magazine article

Book review

Website content

Personal communication

Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Introduction

Who should use Chicago Style?

What is Chicago Style?

Chicago Manual of Style

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Shortened notes

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Chapter or other part of an edited book

Shortened note

Bibliography entry

Translated book

Journal article

News or magazine article

Book review

Thesis or dissertation

Website content

Social media content

Personal communication

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography

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Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Sample Paper with Bibliography

Sample Paper with Appendix

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What Is An Annotated Bibliography?

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

Chicago Format & Citation Style: Notes and Bibliography, 17th Edition

When to Cite

Chicago Citation Generator

Creating a Bibliography in Chicago Style

Examples of Citing Different Sources in Chicago Style

How to Create Footnotes and Endnotes for Chicago Style

Shortened citations

Creating Your Citations in Chicago Style

How to Cite a Print Book in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Style for Books with One Author

Example of Chicago Citation for Books with Multiple Authors

How to Cite Chapters or Articles from a Book in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Chapters in a Book

How to Cite Online E-books in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for E-Books

How to Cite E-books in Chicago Style E-books from a Kindle or E-book Reader

Example of Chicago Citation for Kindle or E-book Reader

How to Cite Print Journals in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Print Journals

How to Cite Online or Database Journals in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Online or Database Journals

How to Cite Print Magazines in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Print Magazines

How to Cite Online Magazines in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Online Magazines

How to Cite a Web Page in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for a Web Page

How to Cite The Bible or Religious Texts in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Bible

How to Cite Blogs in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Blogs

How to Cite TV Broadcasts in Chicago Style

Example of Chicago Citation for Broadcasts

How to Cite a Case Study in Chicago Style