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Nepal: An Earthquake Case Study Report

Looking at the national environment in terms of disaster preparedness for floods, landslides, and earthquakes, there is an overall consciousness on the part of key actors in Nepal working in the fields of disaster management that natural disasters need to be faced with full preparedness, and they are working towards that end. There is also a realisation that natural hazards cannot be avoided, but at least their effects can be minimised if timely measures to mitigate them are taken. The key actors also realise that local communities must be involved in disaster preparedness for pre- and post-disaster activities. The Ministry of Home Affair’s (MoHA) institutional capacity to deal with natural hazards and disaster management should be improved. In doing so, the importance of disaster management should be reflected by giving it more prominence within the institutional structure of MoHA. Hazard mapping as a tool for disaster management is important. Within the country, a system for sharing hazard maps and making them available to all key actors should be introduced. The CNDRC could undertake to do so. Activities and components of the National Action Plan should be mainstreamed into the activities of the relevant implementing organisations working in the field of disaster preparedness.

Related Papers

Golam Rasul

On 25 April, Nepal experienced a catastrophic earthquake that not only took the lives of over 8,000 people, injured over 22,000, and displaced over 100,000, it also affected the livelihoods of over 2.28 million households and pushed an additional 700,000 people below the poverty line. In light of this, ICIMOD, together with the National Planning Commission of the Government of Nepal, has prepared this report to provide insights into how to restore, revive, and revitalize livelihoods focusing on the various socioeconomic challenges towards a strategic framework for designing and implementing actions, particularly those in the 14 most affected hill and mountain areas. This publication aims to complement the Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) of the Government of Nepal by providing insights into the livelihood dimensions of the earthquake and its socioeconomic and livelihood impacts. It explores the strategic choices and options for developing resilient livelihoods post-earthquake, and details a number of key elements of a strategy for livelihood recovery to inform the Government of Nepal’s post-disaster policies and strategic plan. It provides guidance towards a long-term strategy for the transition from reconstruction and restoration to sustainable livelihoods that are more resilient to future disasters. It will add value to the existing knowledge base on developing resilient livelihoods post-earthquake, especially in mountain areas. It is envisioned that this report will be beneficial to the Government of Nepal and other development agencies in streamlining development efforts in the process of revitalizing livelihoods and developing resilient communities as the nation rebuilds.

Social Science Baha, SOAS, University of London

Jeevan Baniya , Amit Gautam

The Gorkha Earthquake of 25 April 2015 and its aftershocks shook Nepal devastatingly. It affected 31 districts in the central and western regions of Nepal, of which 14 districts were highly affected and 17 less so. The earthquakes caused the deaths of 8,891 people and the displacement of 188,900, with hundreds still missing. There was extensive damage to the country’s infrastructure, including world heritage sites. Nearly half a million private homes and 2,656 government buildings were destroyed and 256,697 private houses and 3,622 government buildings were damaged, leading to an estimated loss of as much as USD 7 billion. The response to the earthquakes was immediate and Nepal saw various rescue, relief and other humanitarian support provided to the affected people and communities by innumerable state and non-state actors as well as individuals both from Nepal and elsewhere. At the International Conference on Nepal’s Reconstruction hosted on 25 June 2015 by the Government of Nepal, international partners pledged USD 4.4 billion in grants and loans for recovery and reconstruction. This resource guide is an attempt to bring together the vast literature that the earthquake and the recovery and reconstruction phases have spawned. It includes journal articles, research papers and reports, books, government acts, rules, policies and guidelines, decisions of the NRA, interviews with NRA officials and political leaders and useful links related to 2015 Earthquake and its aftermath. It, however, does not deal with media reports given the sheer impossibility of even attempting to put together everything that has been written on the subject since that fateful day in April 2015

Sharad Wagle

Foresnsic Disaster Analysis Report

Johannes Anhorn , Trevor Girard , Susan Brink , Bhubaneswari Parajuli

The 25 April 7.8 magnitude Gorkha earthquake and subsequent aftershocks, including the 7.3 magnitude earthquake in Dolakha, has caused devastation in Nepal on a scale not seen since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. According to the Government of Nepal, the Gorkha earthquake and aftershocks have severely damaged or destroyed nearly 900,000 buildings and approximately 2.3 million people continue to be displaced. The Gorkha earthquake created an unprecedented need for emergency shelter as well as temporary and transitional housing. A CEDIM-led research team conducted 284 household surveys in 177 locations spanning 27 Municipalities/VDCs and 7 districts. Types of shelter sites varied to include officially provided and spontaneous sites, located in urban and rural areas, and ranging from emergency shelter to temporary and transitional housing. The purpose of the study is to better understand the factors that increase vulnerability to being displaced. This report reviews the emergent issues with respect to decision processes of displaced households seeking shelter and temporary housing. We found that many displaced residents sought refuge close to their homes in open spaces, with housing damage, and the threat of landslides and aftershocks being the main drivers to seeking shelter. After the earthquake most households continued to visit their homes even if severely damaged or destroyed. Within the shelter sites, sanitation, water and food were the main issues. A majority of households also admitted to suffering from emotional difficulties, Nepal Earthquake 2015, and more than half confirmed that women in their households experienced additional problems. In regards to communicating their issues, we found that households speak to government office officials over other agencies. Furthermore, they communicate in person, with cellphones, internet and social media barely contributing in this regard. We also found locations where camp management committees were created to represent the shelter sites when speaking to officials and other agencies. These committees became a source of information as well as a conduit to have household needs heard and potentially resolved. Households understood that landslides were currently a major risk in many areas. Some suggested they will be less concerned once the monsoon is over, while others appeared to view the risk as a long term issue. Regardless, many stated they need to know more information about landslide risk, and some demanded that experts assess their area to confirm it is safe to live. We also found that many households want further information about how to build back better, in order to withstand future earthquakes, and many had their own ideas for doing so. Regarding future plans, many households were planning on staying in their current shelter during the monsoon with the majority of these being households from rural areas. And almost one third of households stated they would not be able to return to permanent housing within the next 10 years without financial assistance. The current situation is that many households have little money to rebuild or recover, as a large majority of households had experienced a severe impact on their ability to generate income. Many also have nowhere to go as homes were destroyed, and for some, their land has been wiped out by landslides. While the extent to which each household has been impacted by the earthquake varies, all are at a critical moment in planning for their future and re-establishing their home plays a major role. The aim of this report is to analyze the current shelter response situation with a view on emerging factors critical to forming an appropriate shelter policy which will account for the vulnerability of displaced populations in Kathmandu and affected areas across Nepal.

Dr Vinay K U M A R Pandey , ajai mishra

Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society (SEAGS)

An earthquake is a natural disaster that comes in different parts of the earth every year. Most of them are very weak and unnoticeable. But some of them are too severe to cause a great loss of lives and destruction of properties. A major earthquake happened in Nepal on 25 th April 2015. More than 8,000 people died and more than 19,000 people got wounded in this earthquake. People of Nepal had anticipated but never experienced such a devastating earthquake. This paper deals with the Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, its causes and characteristics, previous earthquake history of Nepal, consequences etc.

RUPSON RUPSON

Kenneth MacClune , Rachel Norton

Social capital has been central to Nepal's resilience to shocks and stresses since pre-history. Recent economic change and the end of the civil conflict have prompted a social transformation that has begun to weakened traditional social ties. An intervention in Nepal's Sindhupalchok District using an advanced form of Integrated Land Use Planning seeks to be a transformative process by promoting enhanced social ties as a means to improve livelihoods.

Social Science Baha

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Christchurch Earthquake Case Study

The cause, effects and responses to the Christchurch Earthquake .

A case study of an earthquake in a HIC.

What caused the Christchurch earthquake?

The earthquake occurred on New Zealand’s South Island, 10km west of Christchurch, at 12.51 pm on 22nd February 2011 and lasted just 10 seconds. Measuring 6.3 on the Richter Scale and, at 4.99 km deep, the earthquake was very shallow. The earthquake occurred along a conservative margin between the Pacific Plate and the Australasian Plate. Take a look at the Christchurch earthquake animated map to see the swarm of foreshocks and aftershocks.

What were the effects of the Christchurch earthquake?

The primary effects included:

• Christchurch, New Zealand’s second city, experienced extensive damage
• 185 people were killed
• 3129 people were injured
• 6800 people received minor injuries
• 100,000 properties were damaged, and the earthquake demolished 10,000
• $28 billion of damage was caused
• water and sewage pipes were damaged
• the cathedral spire collapsed
• liquefaction destroyed many roads and buildings
• 2200 people had to live in temporary housing

The video below shows the effects of the earthquake one minute after it struck.

The secondary effects included:

• five Rugby World Cup matches were cancelled
• schools were closed for two weeks
• 1/5 of the population migrated from the city
• many businesses were closed for a long time
• two large aftershocks struck Christchurch less than four months after the city was devastated
• Economists have suggested that it will take 50 to 100 years for New Zealand’s economy to recover
• 80% of respondents to a post-event survey stated that their lives had changed significantly since the earthquake

What were the immediate responses to the Christchurch earthquake?

The immediate responses included:

• around $6-7 million of international aid was provided
• The Red Cross and other charities supplied aid workers
• rescue crews from all over the world, including the UK, USA, Taiwan and Australia, provided support
• more than 300 Australian police officers flew into Christchurch three days after the earthquake. They were sworn in with New Zealand policing powers and worked alongside New Zealand officers enforcing law and order and reassuring the people of Christchurch
• 30,000 residents were provided with chemical toilets

What were the long-term responses to the Christchurch earthquake?

The long-term responses included:

• the construction of around 10,000 affordable homes
• water and sewage were restored by August 2011
• the New Zealand government provided temporary housing
• Many NGOs provided support, including Save the Children
• Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority was created to organise rebuilding the region. It had special powers to change planning laws and regulations.

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Nepal Earthquake Case Studies

About the Project

On April 25, 2015, Nepal and its people experienced a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. On May 12, another major earthquake of 7.2 magnitude hit the country. In practice, his means that millions of Nepalis have lived and died under the weight of falling buildings, landslides, floods, hunger, and homelessness brought about by massive seismic shifts across the Himalayan belt. Most will refer to this as an earthquake, singular. But this is no singular disaster. The country has experienced more than 300 seismic events since April 25, 2015, and nearly 9000 people died as a direct result of the two most major earthquakes.

For most of Nepal’s approximately 30 million people, living uncertainty is old hat. Consider the legacies of civil war (1996-2006) followed by a decade of political instability and current struggles to write a viable constitution. But the spring of 2015 has cracked open new forms of vulnerability for most Nepalis. These quakes have caused enormous destruction to the nation’s rich cultural heritage, in the Kathmandu Valley and beyond. The countryside has experienced vast devastation. More than half a million homes have been destroyed or are precariously habitable. This equates to about 2.5 million internally displaced. More than 3,500 schools have been destroyed and nearly as many health posts. There has been widespread damage to highways and road networks; glacial lakes are in danger of bursting; landslides are a constant threat, and have continued to wipe out settlements; many hydroelectric dams have been damaged; water borne illness and other public health challenges loom as monsoon has arrived. Even so, Nepalis are showing incredible resilience, creativity, and deep commitments to helping each other through this suffering.

This project – in the context of ANTH 55: Anthropology of Global Health – explores the human impacts of these disasters by asking students to engage in collective research and writing of case studies focused on specific areas of inquiry related to the earthquake.

The assumption of this project is not that students will become “experts” either on Nepal or on the health effects of earthquakes, but that they will amass sufficient knowledge about their area of inquiry so that they can contribute to an effort to expand knowledge and understanding of this event to others, and expand in the process their own conceptualization of what “global health” is, where and how it occurs, and how it links to many other aspects of human life.

• DOI: 10.24271/psr.2024.425626.1421
• Corpus ID: 269616725

Investigating the Potential of Vertical-TEC as an Earthquake Precursor: Haiti Major (ML 7) Earthquake Case Study

• Marjan Mohammed Ghafar , Sarkhel Dleer , +2 authors Hemn Salh
• Published in Passer Journal of Basic and… 5 May 2024
• Environmental Science, Geology

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