how to write phd in business card

How to use the PhD title and all the little doctorate “rules”

There are many conventions in the academic world that can make it difficult to navigate the PhD title. The PhD title is awarded to those who have completed a doctoral degree but, not many people know how to use it once they have it.

This article will go through everything you need to know about using the PhD title and when you can start using it.

The “rules” are relatively simple and can be broken as they are not officially set in stone – other than when you can officially call yourself a doctor.

There is no one correct answer but it may be misleading if you use the PhD title incorrectly. Here are the recommendations for effective communication.

It very much depends on the setting. Here are some examples of how I would use my PhD titles awarded to me after my PhD degree.

How do you Write PhD correctly after a name? Is it ph d or phd?

It can be confusing to know exactly how to write PhD after your name. Which bits are capitalised? Is there a ‘.’ In the middle?

When writing a name with a PhD after it, the correct way to do so is to use “PhD” or “Ph.D. or Ph.D”

Depending on the preference of the individual, either form can be used.

However, if the individual has a business card that states their degree in full, then the more formal “Doctor of Philosophy” should be used.

It is important to note that using “PhD” without any periods is incorrect; this abbreviation should only be used in informal contexts such as emails or text messages. I tend to use PhD in my YouTube videos and some people have pointed out that this is incorrect…

Following the individual’s preferred format will ensure that their name and credentials are properly represented.

Should you use Dr as well as PhD?

Some people like to use Dr and PhD in their official titles. There are a couple of important points that you need to know about markers and academic titles.

• A person can have more than one marker in their name. For example my full title is Dr Andrew Stapleton, PhD, MChem.
• The doctor title at the front can be used as a variant to the PhD at the end.

It can be a little bit ambiguous if I was to use Dr Andrew Stapleton, PhD as there are two markers. This could mean that I have two PhD’s, it could mean that I have a PhD and a medical doctorate, or it could just be that I want to use both the doctor and the PhD tags for the one degree.

However, in my experience, I still like to use the doctor title at the front and the PhD tag at the end of my name for official purposes.

Academics would rarely use the PhD suffix in everyday communication. They would much rather just use the doctor title.

What is the proper title for a PhD?

The proper title for a PhD is Doctor of Philosophy. However, some teachers and professors like to be referred to without their official title.

If you are not sure about how your professor, lecturer, or friend with a PhD wishes to be officially addressed you can ask them.

Most of the time, I like to refer to my colleagues with their doctor title for official purposes, but I do not include the PhD at the end of their name. That is much better suited to a business card.

Your lecture may wish to be referred to as:

• Dr [last name]
• Dr [first name]

Asking them in the early stages of your relationship is the best way to work out which one they prefer.

If in doubt, always go for the more formal name and nomenclature.

When can you start to use your PhD title after your doctorate?

When you have earned your PhD, you can start using your title immediately. Although, it can be a little bit confusing as to when you have actually passed your PhD. Is it when you have submitted your dissertation? Is it when you have received the comments back?

The University of Adelaide says that you can use it from your conferral date:

Students can be conferred on one of five dates during the year and for PhD students the conferral date will be the first available following the completion of all the academic requirements of your degree, including final thesis lodgement and the disbursement of any outstanding financial obligations to the University.

I started using my PhD title as soon as my confirmation letter arrived at my house. It was the first letter from the University that referred to me as Dr Stapleton. It was incredibly excited.

Generally, it is acceptable to use the title “Dr.” both professionally and socially but socially, people very rarely use it – at least in Australia. But you should never use it if you are a PhD student, PhD candidate or enrolled in a PhD program without a previous PhD qualification. 

I do use it in professional settings but it always makes me feel a little bit awkward.

However, there may be some restrictions for certain settings. For example, if have a research degree resulting in a doctor title and you are working in a medical setting – some institutions do not like you to use Dr as it can confuse patients into thinking that you have a medical degree. 

Instead, they ask that you use the PhD tag at the end of your name rather than the doctoral title for official and professional communications.

What is the correct way to write PhD?

When writing about someone’s PhD, the correct way is to write the term in full and capitalize each letter.

This should be done for all academic degrees, not just PhDs.

For example, it would be “Doctor of Philosophy” or “PhD” instead of “Ph.D.”, “Dr.”, or “DPhil”.

Additionally, it is common to mention the field of study in which the degree was earned if known, such as “Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics”. It is also good practice to include the institution that granted the degree if it is a recognized one.

When writing about someone’s PhD, use proper capitalization and include relevant information like field of study and institution if known to ensure accuracy.

How do you put a PhD in a title?

Putting a PhD in a title is not as complicated as it may sound.

Generally speaking, the proper way to list a PhD in an academic or professional setting is by writing “Dr.” before the name, followed by the person’s full name and the appropriate abbreviations for their degree.

For example, if John Smith has earned a doctorate in psychology, his credentials would be listed as “Dr. John Smith, Ph.D.”

In some cases, such as when addressing someone formally in speech or on a business card, it may also be acceptable to list their credentials as “John Smith, Ph.D.”

Depending on context and personal preference, some people may also choose to list their higher degrees after their names by writing out the entire degree instead of just its abbreviation.

For example, John Smith could choose to write his full title as “John Smith, Doctor of Psychology”

However, I have not seen this in real academic life.

Should the font size of Ph.D. be the same as someone’s name?

The question of whether the font size of a Ph.D. should be the same as someone’s name is an interesting one.

On one hand, it could be argued that the Ph.D. deserves to be highlighted and therefore should be given a larger font size than someone’s name to denote its importance.

On the other, it could be argued that this would not be necessary or appropriate, and that treating everyone equally regardless of their title or degree is more important.

It depends on context and usage – if both names appear in the same document then they should likely have the same font size; however, if one appears in a formal setting such as a diploma or certificate, then it may make sense to give it a larger font size than someone’s name to emphasize its importance and significance.

Ph.Ds (or PhDs) are an important academic achievement and should be respected accordingly but without going overboard by giving them overly large fonts sizes which can take away from rather than add to their importance.

Wrapping up – doctoral title rules

this article has been over everything you need to know that using the PhD title properly and effectively.

The doctor title can be used in place of the PhD and for incredibly formal communications, such as a business email or card, you can use both.

However, sometimes using both can cause confusion as to whether or not there is a reason first using both the doctor and PhD tags. Nonetheless, many people still use both.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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For those of you with a PhD, what's on your business card? Are you Dr NAME, or NAME, PhD?

I am a relatively recent PhD graduate and work for a not for profit research institute in the public health sector in Australia. On my business card I currently put my PhD as a post-nominal (i.e. NAME, PhD) instead of as an honorific (i.e. Dr NAME). I was recently approached by our head of communications asking to explain/justify why I chose not to put the Dr title on my business card or email signature. My reasons are a bit vague but include elements of not wanting to be mistaken for a clinician (as I do work in the health sector) and not wanting to sound pretentious. I should note that I do put Dr NAME when I am writing about myself (like in my bio for talks), just not in my email signature or on my business card. His question got me thinking about what the norm is for PhD holders out there, especially those without additional honorifics like 'Professor'.

So my question to all of you PhD holders is what do you refer to yourself as on your business card/email signature?

Research Voyage

Research Tips and Infromation

Is it Necessary to Have Business Cards for PhD Students?

In the world of academia, networking and professionalism are the pillars upon which promising careers are built. For PhD students, this holds particularly true as they navigate the intricate paths of research, mentorship, and collaboration. Yet, in an increasingly digital age, where virtual connections abound, the timeless charm and efficacy of a small piece of paper often go overlooked—the business card. In this digital era, is there still a place for business cards in the academic landscape? We believe the answer is a resounding yes.

A business card for PhD students is a small, professionally designed card that contains essential contact information, academic titles, and optional elements such as research interests, and serves as a tangible representation of a PhD student’s professional identity. It is a tool used to facilitate networking, establish credibility, and make a lasting impression in academic and professional settings.

In the following article, we will delve into the significance of business cards for PhD students. We will explore how these modest, pocket-sized pieces of professionalism can leave an indelible mark on your academic journey. From crafting the perfect design to understanding what crucial details should grace your card, we’ll provide comprehensive guidance for every aspiring scholar. Moreover, we will discuss when and how to distribute these cards for maximum impact. After all, networking isn’t merely about exchanging contact information; it’s about building meaningful connections that can propel your academic career to new heights.

Join us as we unravel the art and science of business cards for PhD students. Discover how these small, tangible tokens can help you make a professional impression and open doors to academic opportunities you never thought possible. Whether you’re a doctoral candidate just embarking on this scholarly adventure or a seasoned researcher looking to enhance your professional image, this article will equip you with the knowledge you need to stand out in the academic world.

So, grab your notepad, or perhaps, your digital device, and let’s embark on this exploration of the timeless tool that can elevate your academic journey—your very own business card.

Introduction

The value of business cards for phd students, essential information in phd business card, optional elements in phd business card, professional design for phd business card, colour and branding for phd business card, etiquette and follow-up.

Networking and professionalism are the cornerstones of success for PhD students in today’s academic and professional landscape.

Imagine you’re at a prestigious academic conference, surrounded by brilliant minds in your field, and you strike up a conversation with a renowned professor. The discussion is insightful, and you’re on the brink of a meaningful connection that could potentially shape your academic journey. However, when the time comes to exchange contact information, all you have is a hurriedly scribbled email address on a napkin. In this fast-paced world, a simple piece of paper could be the difference between a fleeting conversation and a lasting connection. This is where the humble business card steps in.

Pursuing a PhD is a demanding endeavour, often involving years of dedicated research, academic discussions, and the quest for knowledge. In this journey, networking and professionalism are paramount. Building relationships with mentors, peers, and experts in your field can open doors to opportunities, collaborations, and future career prospects. Yet, the question remains: Why do business cards still matter in an age dominated by digital communication and social media connections?

This article aims to shed light on the enduring relevance of business cards for PhD students. We’ll explore how these tangible tokens of professionalism hold the power to make a lasting impression in the academic world.

By the end of this read, you’ll understand not only the value of a well-crafted business card but also how to create one that reflects your academic journey and aspirations. Get ready to unravel the secrets of making a memorable mark as a PhD student by mastering the art of business card exchange. Whether you’re at a conference, seminar, or casual meet-and-greet, we’ll guide you on why, what, and how to use these tiny tools effectively.

Business cards play a pivotal role in establishing a professional identity for PhD students. When you exchange a well-designed and thoughtfully crafted business card, you’re not just passing along contact information; you’re making a statement about your professionalism, expertise, and commitment to your field.

Consider this scenario: You meet a potential collaborator or a future employer at an academic event. Instead of fumbling through your pockets or digging for a scrap of paper to write your email address, you confidently present a professionally designed business card. The simple act of handing over this card communicates that you are serious about your work, you pay attention to detail, and you value the connection you’re about to make. It tells the other person that you are invested in your academic journey and eager to engage in professional relationships.

Moreover, a well-designed business card acts as a tangible extension of your academic persona. It reflects your dedication to your field of study, and it becomes an integral part of your personal brand as a PhD student.

• According to a study by the Harvard Business Review, 72% of people judge a person’s professional capabilities based on the quality and design of their business cards. This highlights the significance of making a strong first impression through a well-designed card.
• Anecdotal evidence also demonstrates the value of business cards in professional settings. For instance, Dr. Jane Smith, a renowned professor in the field of neuroscience, recalls how she received a business card from a PhD student at a conference. The card’s design was impressive, and Dr. Smith was so intrigued that she later contacted the student to discuss a potential research collaboration. This illustrates how a business card can lead to meaningful connections and opportunities.

By presenting yourself professionally through a business card, you not only enhance your credibility but also increase the likelihood of future collaborations and academic success.

What to Include on Your PhD Business Card?

A PhD student’s business card should include essential information that allows for easy and effective contact. These core elements typically encompass your name, contact details, and academic title.

Name: Your full name should take centre stage on the card, displayed prominently and legibly. If you have any academic titles (e.g., “Ph.D.” or “Doctor of Philosophy”), these should appear alongside your name to convey your scholarly standing.

Contact Details: Include your professional contact information. This should comprise a professional email address, a phone number where you can be reached, and the physical address of your institution or department. It’s crucial that these details are accurate and up to date.

Academic Title: As a PhD student, your academic title, such as “Ph.D. Candidate” or “Doctoral Researcher,” serves to underscore your academic standing. This title can instil confidence in your peers and potential collaborators and signal that you are actively engaged in advanced studies.

Academic and institutional branding guidelines are paramount in maintaining consistency across all university-related materials. For example, if your institution has specific guidelines for font style, logo usage, or colour schemes, adhere to them when designing your business card. This ensures that your card aligns with your university’s branding and reinforces your affiliation.

While essential information establishes your academic identity, optional elements can add depth and richness to your business card, providing insights into your academic interests and digital presence.

Research Interests: Including a brief list of your research interests or academic specializations can be a valuable addition. This provides recipients with a quick glimpse into your areas of expertise. For instance, a card for a psychology student might list “Cognitive Psychology” and “Neuroscience” as research interests.

QR Code: In today’s digital age, incorporating a QR code on your business card can be a smart move. This QR code can link to your personal website, academic profile, or LinkedIn page, enabling easy access to more detailed information about your academic journey, publications, and projects.

Optional elements can enhance your card’s effectiveness by facilitating more in-depth connections. For instance, a QR code can direct colleagues or potential collaborators to your online presence, where they can access your research papers, conference presentations, and contact details conveniently. This level of accessibility can strengthen your network and foster future collaborations.

Including both essential and optional elements on your business card helps strike a balance between professional identity and the ability to convey your academic interests and accomplishments effectively.

Design and Formatting Tips for PhD Business Card

Designing your business card with professionalism in mind is essential. A clean and professional design ensures that your card conveys the right impression to those who receive it. Here are some tips for creating a business card with a professional design:

• Keep it Simple: A clutter-free design is key. Avoid overcrowding the card with too much information or complex graphics. Simplicity often equals sophistication.
• Legibility is Crucial: Use clear, easy-to-read fonts. The font size should be large enough to ensure that your name and other details can be read without difficulty.
• Visual Appeal: While simplicity is crucial, that doesn’t mean your card has to be dull. You can add a touch of visual appeal through tasteful graphics, such as your university’s logo or an academic-themed image related to your field of study.
• Consistency: Ensure that your business card design aligns with your personal or institutional branding, maintaining a cohesive look with your other academic materials.

According to a study published in the Journal of Business Research, a well-designed business card is more likely to leave a positive impression on recipients. The study revealed that 90% of people believe that a visually appealing business card indicates a high-quality service or product.

Colours and branding are critical aspects of your business card’s design. They play a significant role in shaping your card’s visual identity and impact.

• Use of Colors: While you can certainly add colour to your card, it’s important to use a professional and consistent colour scheme. Overly vibrant or clashing colours may detract from the professionalism of your card. Stick to classic and subdued colour choices.
• Institutional Branding: If you are affiliated with a university or institution, incorporate their branding elements such as the official logo, colours, or fonts. This aligns your card with the institution’s image and can enhance its credibility.

Branding guidelines exist for a reason. They help maintain a unified visual identity for organizations and institutions. When your business card complies with these guidelines, it can subliminally convey trust and credibility. For example, if you’re a PhD student at “X University,” using the university’s official colours and logo can immediately link you to the institution’s reputation and history.

Incorporating these design and branding elements into your business card helps ensure that it not only looks professional but also aligns with your academic and institutional identity, reinforcing your credibility in the eyes of those who receive your card.

When and How to Distribute PhD Business Cards

Timing and context are crucial when distributing your business cards as a PhD student. Identify specific situations and events where it’s appropriate and beneficial to hand out your business cards. Here are some examples of academic and professional gatherings where you can distribute your cards:

• Academic Conferences: One of the most obvious settings is an academic conference. These events gather scholars, researchers, and professionals from your field in one place, providing an excellent opportunity to network and exchange business cards.
• Seminars and Workshops: Attendees at specialized seminars and workshops often share similar interests, making it an ideal setting for networking and card exchange.
• University Events: University-hosted lectures, colloquiums, and social gatherings can also be fruitful for networking among faculty and fellow students.
• Career Fairs: If you’re exploring career options beyond academia, career fairs can be a prime opportunity to connect with potential employers or organizations.

Studies in the field of networking and career development have consistently shown that in-person events like conferences and professional gatherings significantly contribute to building valuable connections. For example, a survey by Networking Now revealed that 85% of professionals believed in-person meetings are essential for building and maintaining business relationships.

I have written several articles related to Research conferences . Please visit to learn more about how to identify predatory and good conferences, how to dress for the conference and how to make research presentations at research conferences and many more.

Distributing your business card is just the first step; proper etiquette and follow-up are equally crucial. Here’s advice on how to exchange business cards professionally and how to maintain connections:

• Exchange Cards Thoughtfully: When exchanging business cards, do so at an appropriate moment in the conversation. Take the time to engage in a meaningful discussion before offering your card. When you receive someone else’s card, take a moment to read it and acknowledge the information.
• Follow Up Promptly: After the event, follow up with the individuals you’ve connected with. Send a personalized email expressing your appreciation for the conversation and expressing your interest in further collaboration or communication.
• Maintain Regular Contact: Building professional relationships requires ongoing effort. Stay in touch with your network by sending occasional updates on your academic progress or by engaging in discussions related to your field of study.

A study published in the Harvard Business Review found that following up after networking events significantly increases the likelihood of turning initial connections into lasting professional relationships. For example, a well-crafted follow-up email can lead to collaborations, mentorships, or job opportunities.

By distributing your business cards in appropriate settings, observing proper etiquette, and diligently following up with your contacts, you maximize the potential of your network and pave the way for meaningful collaborations and career advancement as a PhD student.

The article emphasizes that business cards remain a valuable tool for PhD students, allowing them to make a professional impression, build meaningful connections, and enhance their academic and professional journeys. By understanding the value, design, and effective use of business cards, PhD students can take full advantage of the networking opportunities available to them.

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Student Business Cards

Harvard Griffin GSAS graduate students can order business cards online in blocks of 250, 500, or 1,000. 

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For graduate students, attending conferences and building connections with others in their field is a key component of professional development. Having a business card on hand can be an important way to share information.

Students enrolled in degree programs at the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences can order business cards online in blocks of 250, 500, or 1,000. Cards will be available for pick up at the reception desk at the Harvard Griffin GSAS administrative offices on the third floor of the Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Campus Center, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, and you will be contacted when they are ready. You may also select to have your cards delivered to you directly for an additional fee. Production time is 7–14 business days from approval. 

 Please follow the instructions below when placing an order.

• Go to hgsasstudent.fenwayprint.com .
• You will be prompted to create an account in order to log in.
• Once you are logged in, click on the Student Business Card button.
• Select the quantity of cards you’d like to purchase—$52/250, $55/500, or $98/1,000.
• Click “Customize Order.”
• Fill in all necessary information. Required fields: Name, Degree Program, Phone Label 1, Phone 1, Email Optional fields: Phone Label 2, Phone 2, Addresses 1 and 2 Please note:   For the program field, please use the program in which you are studying and not the specific subject of study. You may use “student” or “candidate” as appropriate (e.g. “Student in Middle Eastern Studies,” “PhD candidate in mathematics,” and “Government”). Business cards are not intended for Teaching Fellow appointments. All business card orders are subject to approval by Harvard Griffin GSAS. You will be notified upon approval or rejection. 
• Click on the “Update Preview” button on the bottom left to view your card. Be sure to check your proof carefully as this will be your only proof and you are solely responsible for the content of the card. The cost associated with reprints due to content errors will be yours. You can download this pdf and save it for your records by clicking “Download Proof.”
• Once you are satisfied with your design, check the “Yes, I approve this document” box and click “Finished Editing” in the bottom right-hand corner.
• Confirm your order and click “Proceed to Checkout.”
• Fill in your credit card information and click the “Credit Card” button to process your order.
• Save a copy of the receipt for your records; it is also your order confirmation. 

For additional questions, please email  [email protected]  or call 617-495-2321.

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Professional Title Etiquette: When to Use Your Dr. Title

Socially as well as professionally, medical doctors, dentists, and other professionals are addressed by, and introduced with, their titles. People who have earned a Ph.D. or any other academic, nonmedical doctoral degree have the choice of whether to use "Dr." both professionally and socially.  If, when meeting people with doctorates, you're unsure how to address them, "Dr." is always correct.  If they'd rather the title be dropped, they will let you know.

It's more common for women to use the title "Doctor" socially as well as professionally than in the past. When a married woman uses the title "Dr." (either medical or academic) socially, addressing social correspondence to the couple is a little trickier. If her husband is not a doctor, address letters to Dr. Sonia and Mr. Robert Harris. Her name comes first because her professional title "outranks" his social title. If her husband is also a doctor, the address is either The Drs. (Doctors) Harris or Drs. Sonia and Robert Harris (the order of the names doesn't matter).

The Reverend

In introductions and correspondence, many Protestant clergy are referred to as "The Reverend." While business correspondence is addressed to The Reverend James Norris, (D.D., if held), social correspondence is slightly different: The Reverend (Mr./Dr.) and Mrs. James Norris. In conversation, a clergyman or clergywoman is addressed as Dr./Mr./Mrs./Ms./Pastor/Rector/Reverend Norris.

Addressing a husband or wife who are both "Reverends" follows the same format as a husband and wife who are both doctors: The Reverends Norris or The Reverend Mrs./Ms. Patricia Norris and the Reverend Mr. James Norris. If either of the couple also has a doctorate degree, that person's name would go first: The Reverend Dr. James Norris and The Reverend Mrs./Ms. Patricia Norris.

Today "Esquire" is largely confined to business correspondence between attorneys and justices of the peace. An alternative is to write:

Mr. David Bowman

Attorney at Law

using two lines, no indent, and including the titles Mr. or Ms.

When "Esq." or "Esquire" is used, the name is never preceded by Mr., Ms., Mrs., or other titles such as Dr., and is written David Bowman, Esq. "Esquire" isn't used in introductions: "I'd like to introduce attorney David Bowman/Mr. David Bowman/David Bowman." It also isn't used for social correspondence, as when writing to a lawyer and his or her spouse or addressing a social invitation. Mr. and Mrs. David Bowman is the correct form.

Professional Designations

Professional designations such as CPA (Certified Public Accountant) or CLU (Certified Life Underwriter) are only used on business cards or business correspondence. They follow a person's name, and Mr. or Ms. isn't used: Martha Dawes, CPA; Phillip Olner, CLU. If a person has more than one designation, they're listed in the order received: Phillip Olner, CLU, CFP. Socially, use Mr., Ms., or Mrs. without the professional designation: Ms. Martha Dawes.

Other Titles

Every day we run into people who have an official title. The police officer at the desk is Sergeant Flynn; the head of the fire department is Chief Elmore; the club chef is Chef Rossi; the pilot on your plane is Captain Howe; and so forth. When on the job, such people are always addressed by their titles, just as they are when the matter at hand is related to their work. Socially, many don't use their titles, though they may. Sometimes a title sticks: A local judge, for example, who's been called by his title for a number of years, is usually addressed as "Judge" even after his retirement.

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Related articles, q&a: the manners of downton abbey, then and now, traditional gendered courtesies, audience etiquette.

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Ph.D. or PhD on business card

• Thread starter oscarthewild
• Start date Feb 5, 2007
• Tags business business card business cards ph.d. phd
• Culture and Lifestyle

oscarthewild

Distinguished member.

• Feb 5, 2007

Hello, I have seen examples of each Ph.D. http://radio.weblogs.com/0110772/BusinessCardEng.jpg http://www.psych.ufl.edu/~white/kdw_..._card_2005.gif and also examples of PhD http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/audio...rd-Herring.gif http://research.microsoft.com/~awils...20card%202.jpg Any comments which is correct or more correct? Thanks -  

Stylish Dinosaur

Ph.D. according to Chicago Manual of Style.  

Thank you  

Opposite Santa

They are all fine. However, imhe, no academic puts "Ph.D" on their card. It's assumed that you have one, especially if "Professor" is anywhere on the card. A Ph.D. is sort of like having a ticket for the show. No one pins it to their chest. Same goes for research labs like JPL, NASA/Ames, etc... The only reason that you would put Ph.D. is if you work in the bureaucracy or in the corporate world, where not everyone has a Ph.D. The only letters I generally see on academic and researchers cards are things like fellowships in the Academy of Sciences or a similar honor.  

Senior Member

I dunno, I have to disagree with that. I've been in academia (psych) for the better part of my life and whose with doc degrees have Psy.D. or Ph.D. on their card. It is assumed that if one is called a "psychologist" then they have a doctorate as MS level practitioners default to "therapist". Perhaps this is different in other fields such as research as the above poster mentioned IMHO if you get through a doctoral program you deserve to put it on there MrR  

Originally Posted by MrRogers Click to expand...

Originally Posted by drizzt3117 Click to expand...

Originally Posted by imageWIS Click to expand...

What do the German academics put on their cards?  

Ph.D. looks better, IMO.  

matadorpoeta

not all professors have a ph.d. it is a common complaint at many colleges that undergrad classes, especially lower division ones, are being taught by professors with only a master's degree.  

Originally Posted by matadorpoeta Click to expand...

I can't wait to put Ph.D. all over everything I own. All of my shirts will be monogrammed at the cuff with PHD.  

Originally Posted by LabelKing Click to expand...

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How to Correctly Use the Titles Dr. & PhD With a Name

How to Reference a Person With a PhD

When someone has earned a Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph.D., degree, that person is subsequently referred to as “doctor” in formal speech. The same is true of a person who is a medical doctor, psychologist, dentist or veterinarian. In formal speech, that person should be referred to as “doctor.” However, the rules are different in written form when addressing someone who is called “doctor” in formal speech. In written form, the titles “Dr.” and “Ph.D.” are not interchangeable.

Determine the Type of Doctor

First, you should identify what type of doctor you are addressing. Doctors of medicine and psychology, doctors of dentistry and doctors of veterinary medicine must be addressed differently in comparison to academic doctors who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy doctoral degree. Be advised that there are different types of doctoral degrees. A Doctor of Philosophy degree is just one kind of doctoral degree. There’s also, for example, a Doctor of Education doctoral degree and a Doctor of Psychology doctoral degree. The titles associated with the various doctoral degrees are not interchangeable. Only a person who has earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree should be addressed as Ph.D.

Addressing a Doctor in Writing

Place the title of “Dr.” before the name of a person who is a doctor of medicine or psychology, doctor of dentistry, or doctor of veterinary medicine. For example Dr. George Ross. Always write the word “doctor” in its abbreviated form when it goes before the person’s name. Never write, for example, Doctor George Ross. Do not combine the title of “Dr.” with any other title even if the person could appropriately be addressed by a different title. Never write, for example, “Dr. George Ross, Ph.D.,” even if the person is a medical doctor who has also earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree. Pick one title. Do not use the “Dr.” title when referring to someone who is solely an academic doctor.

Put a comma followed by the title “Ph.D.” after the name of a person who has earned a Doctor of Philosophy doctoral degree. For example Stacey Childs, Ph.D. Do not combine the title of “Ph.D.” with any other title even if the person could appropriately be addressed by a different title. For instance, even if the person being addressed is a doctor of medicine who has also earned a Ph.D., never write, for example, Dr. Stacey Childs, Ph.D. Pick one title. Do not use the “Ph.D.” title when referring to someone who not earned a Doctor of Philosophy doctoral degree.

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Maya Austen began freelance writing in 2009. She has written for many online publications on a wide variety of topics ranging from physical fitness to amateur astronomy. She's also an author and e-book publisher. Austen has a Bachelor of Arts in communications from the New England Institute of Art and currently lives in Boston, Mass.

How To Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Topics on this Page:   How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations —– When Can I Start Using My Degree? —– Use of Senior, Jr., II, III, IV. —– Use of Junior, II, and III. —– Punctuation of Post Nominals?

—- Academic Post Nominals —– —– What is the Right Order? —– —– Which of My Post Nominals Should I Use? —— —- What is the Correct Post Nominal for my Degree? —– —– Is There a Comprehensive List of all Post Nominals?

When Can I Start Using My Degree with My Name?

Once your degree is noted on your transcript you officially have the degree. That happens sometime after the faculty decides you have it and the graduation ceremony. You won’t know exactly when.  Best policy is to wait to include your degree’s post-nominal abbreviations as part of your name until the ceremony and you have the diploma in hand.  Until then you are a candidate for the degree.

— Robert Hickey How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Robert Hickey author of “Honor & Respect”

How to Punctuate Post Nominals

In American English, abbreviations get a periods: Mr., Dr., Ave., St., etc.    U.S. style books suggest periods in post-nominal abbreviations: Ph.D., M.D., M.S.W., or M.B.A.

In British English, abbreviations do not get periods: Mr, Dr, Ave, St, etc.   British style books suggest post-nominals abbreviations without periods: PhD, MD, MSW, MBA.

So how do you write abbreviations: with periods or without periods?  The quick answer is to match the style of punctuation you already follow.

If you want more comprehensive information on abbreviations with names, refer to one of the established manuals of style.  I have a chapter on abbreviations and post nominals in names in my book, but manuals such as The Chicago Manual of Style covers the topic in a much broader way.

What is the Right Order?

What is the order of professional post-nominals.

I am doing a presentation on what the many post nominals in the medical and nursing fields are and what they stand for. There are many and for our nursing convention I am conducting a focus session on the correct order to present post nominals. —— Would you happen to have that information? —- —- —- – Monica, RN, BSN

Dear Monica, There is a standard sequence for all types of post nominals (academic degrees, decorations, honorary degrees, professional associations & affiliations, religious orders, theological degrees, etc., etc., etc.) . In your case here’s the pertinent sequence that I often see with nurses:

——– Academic Degrees —- —- Professional Licenses – R.N. is a professional license. —- —- Professional Certifications —- —- Professional Associations & Affiliations

If you have more than one in a category, place them: —- #1) high to low How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations —- #2) if they are of equal precedence –in alphabetical – order within the category

And finally, I like ‘the rule’ not to include more than three post nominals after your name. More than that? Delineate them in your biography/CV/Resume. We love our honors, degrees, and memberships, but others don’t care so much. Focus on what is directly pertinent to others to support the service you are offering & those that are widely recognized. —— —— – Robert Hickey How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

postnominals

What is the Order of Different Types of Post-Nominals?

I have recently earned my Doctorate in Divinity. I already have a PhD, a MS in engineering, and an engineering registration (license)  PE. What is the correct order?  What circumstances do I use them? ———— – Kevin, PE, PhD, DD, MS

Dear Kevin:

The standard order for post-nominals is: —- —- #1) Religious orders —- —- #2) Theological degrees —- —- #3) Academic degrees, arts before professions —- —- #4) Honorary degrees, honors, decorations —- —- #5) Professional licenses —- —- #6) Professional certifications —- —- #7) Professional associations & affiliations

So for you that would be: DD, PhD, MS, PE

If you have multiple post-nominals in one category, list most important/highest first and then in descending precedence order. If you think two are equal, put them in alphabetical order.

Some guidelines on use of post-nominals are: —- —- A) Post nominals are only used with a full name —- —- B) Use just the post nominals pertinent to the situation. Religious where relevant, engineering where relevant —- —- C) Post-nominals are not used socially

– Robert Hickey   How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Which Should I Use?

Which to use, which of my post nominals should i use.

I have a Doctor of Medicine degree, Master of Science in Technical Management, Master of Science in Chemistry, and B.S. in Biochemistry. I have only ever used MY NAME, M.D. . I see other physicians using THEIR NAME, M.D., M.S. to include the fact that they have other degrees. What is correct? ———— – KTW

I am a holistic health practitioner (H.H.P.), certified aromatherapist (cert aroma), registered aromatherapist (R.A.), master herbalist (M.H.), licensed massage therapist (L.M.T.) and esthetician (L.E.).    Should my name be ——- (Full Name), H.H.P., cert aroma, M.H., L.M.T., L.E., R.A. ———— – HHP

Dear KTW & HHP: Two issues here:

#1) What is pertinent to your clients / the public? Use the highest and most pertinent post nominals when presenting your name to clients, peers, licensing agencies, etc. Make only those which support the services you offer –  to be part of the name .

E.g., Physicians include M.D./D.O./etc. and the post nominals for their professional affiliations – to define their type of schooling and specialty. They might include another less-directly related degree/certification such as a MS – Masters in Science in Chemistry – if they choose. But a Masters in Art History might not be a useful qualification to those looking for a physician. All the degrees/certifications earned would appear on their CV/resume.

#2) Which post nominals will the public recognize? When they are your post nominals you are proud of each one. But a business card or Email signature is not your CV/resume/bio.

When deciding which post nominals to include, ask yourself: is what the post nominal stands for common knowledge? It doesn’t have to be instantly recognizable to everyone on the planet. But it should be common knowledge to the people who see this version of your name.

If they are not well-known abbreviations, it may be better just to list the services you offer. Include ‘Holistic Health Practitioner’ ‘Certified HVAC Repair Specialist’ or ‘Licensed Massage Therapist’ with your name. The details can be on your CV/resume/bio.

– Robert Hickey

What is the Correct Post-Nominal?

What is the correct post-nominal for my degree.

I have searched without success as to how to abbreviate: Doctorate in Education Administration which I have just recently completed. ———— – JEB, Kensington, Maryland

I completed an Executive M.B.A. in Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing.  Should it be abbreviated as E.M.B.A. or just M.B.A. ? —- —- —- – Tim M.

Dear Jeb and Tim: —— Academic post nominals vary with the name of the degree and tradition of the granting institution. For example, if certain institution offers both M.B.A. and Executive M.B.A. they might make the distinction between the degrees by using M.B.A. and E.M.B.A. But another institution might have a different naming pattern. —— Call the Dean’s office and ask. Someone there will know what most graduates use. Ultimately your fellow grads will be the ones most critical of what you use. —— —— – Robert Hickey

How to Use Esquire or Esq.?

For detailed information, see the post:  Esquire. ——  – Robert Hickey

List of All Post-Nominals

Is there a comprehensive list of post-nominals.

Where can I find a comprehensive list of all official post-nominal letters for the U.S.? —– I am working on behalf of data governance of an amusement park and want to make sure we present a comprehensive and accurate list for our guests making reservations online.  This would include anything anyone puts behind their name. —————- – William Maryse

Dear Mr. Maryse:

It is impossible to develop such a list and keep it current.

—- #1) I started such a list for my book. I found universities, societies, and certifying organizations vary on the post-nominals they use for (what looked like to me to be identical…) degrees, honors, and certificates. There is no recognizing agency to decide who can invent a new post-nominal and who gets to use it.

—- #2) You say this is for guests making on-line reservations to an amusement park? I think you should consider limiting it only to Jr., Sr. and   III.   All the other post-nominals (academic, honors, licenses, affiliations) are used only in official situations. Getting tickets to your venue sounds particularly social to me.

How to Use My Post-Nominal?

How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

I Have Two Degrees With The Same Post-Nominal. Can I Use Both?

I will have two master’s degrees, both MS. When I create a business card, do I just write MS once after my name? Do I indicate both? —- —- —- – Dan

I have two Bachelor of Arts Degrees. What post-nominals would be appropriate on her card? Would you use simply a B.A. once, or would you use B.A., B.A.? —- —- —- – Justin

Dear Dan & Justin,

SHOULD I INCLUDE TWO POST-NOMINALS?

—- #1) In academia and research …. list every degree and honor you have earned. All your degrees are pertinent to the academic environment.

—- #2) Outside academia include only degrees directly pertinent to the service you offer / job you hold.

MS, MS would not be wrong – and you might get some questions. If they ask it’s an opportunity to tell them about your education. Regarding B.A., B.A.: In an academic journal it would be pertinent. Outside of academia It is rare to see B.A. included with a person’s name at all.

ACADEMIC POST-NOMINALS ON A BUSINESS CARD?

Whether you include academic post-nominals on your business card depends on several things.

—- #1) A business card is not a resume/CV. A card is to facilitate keeping in contact with another person. What’s important are addresses and numbers.

—- #2) Always include your job title. It defines your role, functions and services.

—- #3) Include pertinent post-nominals [degrees, licenses, certifications] for the professional service you are rendering. This type of post-nominal is included to establish the professional certifications required to provide the service. E.g., a CPA might list only ‘CPA’ after his name since it’s pertinent to his/her professional practice … even though he/she might have a B.A. and a M.A. as well. A business consultant with an M.B.A. might only list his M.B.A. … not less pertinent or lower degrees.

– Robert Hickey How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Can I Use My Post-Nominals on E-Mail Address Block?

Is it considered correct to use one´s post nominals in one’s e-mail address block? ———— – L-M-N-V

Dear L-M-N-V:

Post-nominals are used in official situations … especially in academia …. on business correspondence. They are not used on social correspondence.

A signature block is an official presentation of your name, so you can include them with some caveats:

—- #1) Include only post-nominals pertinent to the interaction.

—- #2) In academia, more post nominals are included. Outside academia & research B.A. and MA are not included unless they are directly pertinent to the job is one is performing. A therapist/counselor would include a masters in counseling after their name… a business consultant would include M.B.A. Whereas a person with an M.F.A. working in administration at city hall would not include their masters. Even doctorates are omitted if not related to the professional service being rendered: A person with an Ph.D. in a European history should not present him or herself as a ‘Dr. (Name)’ when teaching yoga.

How Many Post Nominals To Use on My E-mail Signature?

I currently have two certifications I include on my e-mail signature block. I will be adding a number of additional certifications over the coming months, and eventually a Masters Degree in Homeland Security as well. Do I use them all in professional email? —- —- —- – Justin Dwight, CHLS, PCP

Dear Mr. Dwight:

A signature block is not your resume where you can list everything.  I like the ‘rule’ not to include more than three post nominals after your name. If you have more than that, delineate them in your biography/CV/Resume.  We love our honors, degrees, and memberships, but others don’t care so much. Focus on what is pertinent to others to support professional the service you are offering.

And finally, your peers are the ones who will have an opinion on whether you have too much alphabet soup after your name – or if you are appropriate.

May I Use a Post-Nominal with My Name If the Degree is from a Free & On-Line School?

A couple of years ago I completed a course in lateral thinking. I found it very thought provoking and useful. Recently that site has advertised a Masters and a Doctorate in Lateral Thinking. It’s an on-line free training. It’s a lot of work, probably similar to the amount required in a university-level Masters. They state that graduates would be able to use the post nominals MLT or DLT, for Master of Lateral Thinking and Doctor of Lateral Thinking .

Bear in mind that this is not an accredited college or a university. I realize that there is no post-nominal police hunting people down, but what is the accepted practice for Masters and Doctorates ? Does an organization like that have the ‘right’ to offer such post nominals, given they are usually bestowed upon graduates of universities?

—- —- —- – Ross Robinson

Dear Mr. Robinson:

—- #1) Can you use it? People can present their name as they wish to present their name. So, yes, you could use MLT or DLT.

—- #2) When can you use it? Degrees are credentials pertinent to providing a service. Post nominals are included in the official/professional form of your name – not the social form. If you are including them on your resume the question is: For what job or service are these degrees pertinent? What field recognizes these degrees to be of value?

—- #3) Where can you use it? Degrees have the most value in the domain in which they are issued – places which recognize the certification. E.g., medical degrees granted by a foreign school of medicine are not automatically recognized in the USA. Some are. Some aren’t. Accredited institutions of higher learning pretty much accept one another’s credits, but for anyone who has tried to have credits transferred knows it is not automatic.

So, an on-line, free degree may be valuable for personal growth and of the most pertinence in cyberspace. Its post nominal might not find itself as part of your name all the time.

When to Use a Bachelors or Associates Degree?

I will be receiving my Associates Degree in Applied Science and intend to receive a bachelors degree in the same field. I am unsure if I can use A.A.S. in a professional context. I realize an associate’s degree is thought to be a minor accomplishment by some, but I have worked hard for it and I would like to incorporate it into my name. ———— – M.H.

In academia, a bachelors or associates degree might be part of the officials form of one’s name.

In business/corporate it’s exceeding rare to see it as part of a name. I am hedging on ‘never’ but I’m not sure I’ve ever seen it where it seemed appropriate.

Absolutely include your degrees on your resume … but don’t include the post-nominals for bachelors and associates degrees on a business card or e-mail signature block. Masters and doctorates with their professional focus are what you see.

How to Use Sequence Post-Nominals How to Use Sr., Jr., II, III,  etc.

Sequence How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Do You Use Jr., II, III, etc. Forever?

My son is Walter C. Wentz IV. His father and grandfather are deceased. What is the proper designation for him now? What is the proper sequence post-nominal designation for the son he is expecting next month? ——————– –- Audrey Parker How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Dear Ms. Parker:

Continued use of sequence post nominals is a matter of clarity.

First it is useful to define two types of names:

—- A) Your legal name – which is what on your birth certificate and likely your most important legal documents. Your legal names doesn’t change unless you have it legally changed.

—- B) Your ‘Go-by Name’ – which is what you use in less formal circumstances. This would be what your known by most people.

Here are some situations which arise:

—- #1) Some keep the sequence post-nominals in the ‘Go-By Names’ if their father was well-known … or if they work together … they socialize in the same circles …. or they think the friends/clients/customers will find the post nominals useful.

—- #2) Some never include their sequence post nominals in their ‘Go-by name’. They use a nick name or a simplified version nearly everywhere.

—- #3) Some drop the sequence post-nominals from their ‘Go-by name’ … Jr., II, or III … when their father dies.

—- #4) One might keep the sequence post-nominals because it matters within the family. E.g., his mother is Mrs. Walter C. Wentz III and his wife is Mrs. Walter C. Wentz IV.

An example is Microsoft’s Bill Gates, who is really William H. Gates, Jr., but never used the ‘Jr. ‘   His father, born William H. Gates uses William H. Gates, Sr.  He added the Sr. to his ‘Go-by Name’ to clarify that he is not his much more famous son. He probably did not change his legal name in court. The change is informal and unofficial.

So, if your son names his son Walter C. Wentz V, he’s clearly interested in tradition. He will probably keep using Walter C. Wentz IV as his ‘go-by name’.

If he gives his son a different name …. E.g., Zachery … there is no need for the sequence post nominals.

– Robert Hickey —- How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Is a Second Son Named After a ‘Senior’ – the ‘III’?

I have a son named him after his Dad. The Dad already has an older son and he named ‘Jr.’. So, we named my son ‘lll’ and Dad now uses ‘Sr.’ Did we do this right? —————— – RR

The key thing is to give each son a unique legal name.  You gave your son a unique name and that’s a good thing!

I understand that heavy-weight boxing champion George Foreman named five his sons: ——– George Foreman, Jr. ——– George Foreman III ——– George Foreman IV ——– George Foreman V ——– George Foreman VI

Typically, III, IV, V, etc./ are used in subsequent generations, but the way you did makes sense to me.  Some might say that II is better, but I see a conflict with Junior.  Note that with “Jr.”there is a comma after the name.  Style books suggest that with II, III, IV  …. no comma after the name.

– Robert Hickey   sequence

When the Husband is a Jr., II, III, IV or V – How Do You Address His Wife?

If the husband is Mr. William Terry, Jr. when does the Junior go with a wife’s name? ————- – Donna Terry

Dear Ms. Terry:

—- A wife using Mrs. and his full name would use his sequence post nominal: —- —- Mrs. (Husband’s Full Name) ——- —- Mrs. William Terry, Jr.

—- A wife who uses does not use his full name does not use his sequence post nominal: —- — – Mrs. (Woman’s Name) ——– —- Mrs. Donna Terry

—- — – Mrs. (Surname only) —- ——– Mrs. Terry

—- Never use: —- —- Mrs. Donna Terry, Jr. —- —- Mrs. Terry, Jr.

postnominal

When He’s a Jr. II, III, etc. How to Write a Couple’s Name?

What is the proper way our name when he is a ‘II’? We are Wesley P. Ames II and Patricia D. Ames

How do I write their names? – — Wesley P. II and Patricia D. Ames – — Wesley P. and Patricia D. Ames II – — Wesley P. Ames II and Patricia D. Ames – — – — – — – — – — – PDA.

He’s the only one who is a ‘II’ … so the ‘II’ only appears when his name is written alone as a unit.

When the names are formally presented …. He’s first. It’s called the ‘Mr. & Mrs. Order’. – — – — (His Name) and (Her Name) – — – — – — Wesley P. Ames II and Patricia D. Ames – — – — – — Mr. and Mrs. (His Full Name) – — – — – — Mr. and Mrs. Wesley P. Ames II

These formulas work all the time … for couples who are and who are not juniors, II, III etc.

– — Never use: – — – — Patricia D. and Wesley P. Ames II

– — Because she is not: – — – — Patricia D. Ames II

When names are combined: – — #1) His given and family name are last and are kept as a unit. – — #2) Since it’s not his full name all by itself, the Jr., II, III etc. is left off. – — – — (Her Given Name) and (His Given and Family Name) – — – — Patricia and Wesley Ames

But one more thing about writing names – especially if you are including names in a program on in a donor list: When I look at donor/contributor lists, in programs or carved on founder’s walls in museums — 90% are: Patricia and Wesley Ames. The other 10% are Wesley and Patricia Ames. I recommend the 90% option.

The final determination is — to write their name the way the persons submits their name to be presented. In the end, savvy organizations present names the way the listed person says they want their name presented. It matters less that the editor doesn’t like the style …. It matters more if the contributor likes the style. It’s their name and it’s their money!

______ How to Use Junior, II, III, IV etc.

How to Use Junior II III IV

Does a Junior or II Have to be a Direct Descent?

Does a numeric post nominal need to be direct descent, as it would with Junior? — – – Adrienne in Hawaii     How to Use Junior II III IV

Dear Adrienne: How to Use Junior II III IV Here’s how these post nominals typically work:

—- #1) Your legal name (what’s on your birth certificate) does not change unless you go to court and have a judge change it. People change their ‘Go-By Name’ names … and as long as you pay your bills no one really cares.

—- #2) A son who is given the same name as his father is (Full Name), Jr.  ‘Jr.’ implies that the person he is a ‘junior’ of – was his father.

—- #3) A boy who is given the same name as a relative (in memory of or to honor that relative, say, an uncle, grandfather, etc. ) is named at birth (Full Name), II. ‘II’ implies that the person he was named for was not his father.

—- #4) Any boy named after a ‘Jr.’ or a ‘II’ is a ‘III’. Any boy named after a ‘III’ is a ‘IV’. etc.

—- #5) If the person you were named for dies … e.g., if you are born a ‘III’. and your father who was a ‘Jr.’ dies … you legally keep being the name you were given at birth. Many men stop using the Jr. as part of their ‘Go-By Name’ when their father dies. My brother did that  But if a father was famous … a son may keep using Jr. for clarity: Frank Sinatra, Jr.; Martin Luther King, Jr.; Al Gore, Jr.

E.g., if you work in the same business as your father and everyone knew him, it may be useful to keep using the ‘Jr.’ with your name so people who knew your dad – will be clear who you are. While some Juniors  use the ‘Jr.’ as part of their ‘Go-By Name’ all the time – many don’t.

– Robert Hickey    How postnominals 

How to Use Junior II III IV How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

How are Sr., Jr., I, II, & III Assigned If the Name Changes Just a Tiny Bit?

My husband’s father’s name is William O’Shea Baxter .

My husband’s name William O’Shea Baxter , Jr.

Our son is William O’Shea Baxter  3rd . He had a son he named him William Shea Baxter , leaving off the ‘O’. Is this child the 4th?

—- —- —- – MAB

When name changes, the starting point of sequence post nominals starts again.

When the legal name passes down exactly, adding the sequence post nominals … Jr., 2nd, 3rd, … makes clear who is who – to banks, government tax collectors, recorders of deeds, borrowers & debtors.

If the legal name changes from father to son in any way … there’s no need to use the sequence post nominals. Each has a unique name.

Of course, there is no Naming Police out there to enforce tradition or review the logic of the way anyone names their children!

postnominals 

Is a Second Son Named After a Father – the ‘III’?

I have a son named him after his Dad.  The Dad already has an older son and he named ‘Jr.’.  So, we named my son ‘lll’ and Dad now uses ‘Sr.’  Did we do this right? —- —- —- —- – RR How to Use Junior II III IV

I understand that heavy-weight boxing champion George Foreman named five his sons: —- —- George Foreman, Jr. —- —- George Foreman III —- —- George Foreman IV —- —- George Foreman V —- —- George Foreman VI

Typically, III, IV, V, etc.  are used in subsequent generations, but the way you did makes sense to me. Style books show ‘Jr.” gets a comma after the name before the “Jr.” ––  II, III, IV don’t the comma.

– Robert Hickey   How to Use Junior II III IV

Related Posts: — — — Author’s Name on a Book — — — Name Badge or Tag — — — Writing the Names of Deceased Persons — — — Names on an Award, Certificate, Diploma or Plaque — — — Naming a Road, Gallery or Building — — — Names on Place Cards — — — Use of Post-nominal Abbreviations — — — Use of Sr., Jr., II, III, IV, etc. Sequence Post-Nominals — — — Name on a Tombstone or Grave marker — — — Use of ‘The Late” with Names — — — Your Signature

When Should You Use the Forms on this Page?

You can use these forms of address for any mode of communication: addressing a letter, invitation, card or Email. (If there are differences between the official and social forms of address, I will have mentioned the different forms.)  The form noted in the salutation is the same form you say when you say their name in conversation or when you greet them. ___ What I don’t cover on this site are  many things I do cover in my book: all the rules of forms of address, about names, international titles, precedence, complimentary closes, details on invitations, place cards, all sorts of introductions , etc. I hope you’ll get a copy of the book if you’d like the further detail.

Not Finding Your Answer?

—- #1)    At right  on desktops , at the bottom of every page on tablets and phones , is a list of all the offices, officials & topics covered on the site.

—- #2)   If you don’t see the official you seek included or your question answered send me an e-mail . I am pretty fast at sending a reply: usually the next day or so  (unless I am traveling.)   Note: I don’t have mailing or Email addresses for any of the officials and I don’t keep track of offices that exist only in history books.

—- #3)   If I think your question is of interest to others, Sometimes I post the question  – but always change all the specifics.

— Robert Hickey 

Recommended Resources:    The Protocol School of Washington (PSOW)  and  Protocol and Diplomacy International – Protocol Officers Association (PDI-POA)     For more information see the Protocol Resources page.

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Should you put PhD candidate/student on your business cards?

When is it appropriate to put your title on a business card? Or is it always appropriate. Examples below: John Doe, PhD candidate John Doe, PhD in progress John Doe, PhD student John Doe, Postgraduate Researcher John Doe When your a PhD student/candidate what should you place, if anything, behind your name on your business cards? Or does it depend on your profession?

I've seen most of these on various student business cards, sometimes from the same university! I was unsure what to put on mine so I asked my dept's research admin. He said that there wasn't an official line, so I went with Practice-based PhD Student. Hope this helps!

Post your reply

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Should I Write Ph.D. or PhD? (Complete Guide)

As some of you are probably aware, the kind of English used on my side of the pond (England) is sometimes a bit different to the English used in the land of burgers and Trump.

Should I Write Ph.D. Or PhD?

It is correct to write both Ph.D. and PhD. Which one is best to use depends on where you are in the world. In Great Britain, they tend to use Ph.D. In the United States of America, they prefer to use Ph.D.

What Does Ph.D. Or PhD Stand For?

It stands for two things. And it doesn’t stand for one or the other, it stands for both of them at the same time.

Why Americans And Brits Disagree On Ph.D. Or PhD

This could help us to understand why Brits prefer PhD but Americans prefer Ph.D.

Perhaps, according to the Brits, it stands for “Philosophiae Doctor”. But, according to the Americans, it stands for “Doctor or Philosophy”.

After all, the Brits do have a habit of trying to sound smarter. But, whichever one you use, people on both sides should know what you’re saying.

Why Ph.D. Or PhD Is A Bit Strange

Let’s say someone gets a Ph.D. in history.

Yet, for some reason, we still call her a “Doctor of philosophy”.

Where Does The Word “Doctor” Come From?

When most of us hear the word “Doctor”, we think of someone who makes us better when we’re sick. And there may be a few of you who think of a skinny man who travels through time in a Police Box.

Technically, “Doctor” would be the wrong word . But it’s become so common, it’s managed to “common” itself enough to become the right word.

How To Get A Ph.D. Or PhD

If you want to, you can then progress onto doing a master’s degree. This is a bit more high level, and you tend to need to work for it.

What Kind Of Word Is Ph.D. Or PhD?

A PhD is also something you are. If you have a PhD, you might say “I’m a PhD.”

How To Address Someone With A Ph.D. Or PhD

Ph.d. or phd vs doctorate.

Here are some forms of doctorate you may want to know.

You may also like: DSc Degree vs. PhD Degree – What’s the Difference? 9 Correct Ways to Write PhD Title on a Business Card

• Harvard Business School →
• Doctoral Programs →

PhD Programs

• Accounting & Management
• Business Economics
• Health Policy (Management)
• Organizational Behavior
• Technology & Operations Management

Students in our PhD programs are encouraged from day one to think of this experience as their first job in business academia—a training ground for a challenging and rewarding career generating rigorous, relevant research that influences practice.

Our doctoral students work with faculty and access resources throughout HBS and Harvard University. The PhD program curriculum requires coursework at HBS and other Harvard discipline departments, and with HBS and Harvard faculty on advisory committees. Faculty throughout Harvard guide the programs through their participation on advisory committees.

How do I know which program is right for me?

There are many paths, but we are one HBS. Our PhD students draw on diverse personal and professional backgrounds to pursue an ever-expanding range of research topics. Explore more here about each program’s requirements & curriculum, read student profiles for each discipline as well as student research , and placement information.

The PhD in Business Administration grounds students in the disciplinary theories and research methods that form the foundation of an academic career. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program has five areas of study: Accounting and Management , Management , Marketing , Strategy , and Technology and Operations Management . All areas of study involve roughly two years of coursework culminating in a field exam. The remaining years of the program are spent conducting independent research, working on co-authored publications, and writing the dissertation. Students join these programs from a wide range of backgrounds, from consulting to engineering. Many applicants possess liberal arts degrees, as there is not a requirement to possess a business degree before joining the program

The PhD in Business Economics provides students the opportunity to study in both Harvard’s world-class Economics Department and Harvard Business School. Throughout the program, coursework includes exploration of microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, probability and statistics, and econometrics. While some students join the Business Economics program directly from undergraduate or masters programs, others have worked in economic consulting firms or as research assistants at universities or intergovernmental organizations.

The PhD program in Health Policy (Management) is rooted in data-driven research on the managerial, operational, and strategic issues facing a wide range of organizations. Coursework includes the study of microeconomic theory, management, research methods, and statistics. The backgrounds of students in this program are quite varied, with some coming from public health or the healthcare industry, while others arrive at the program with a background in disciplinary research

The PhD program in Organizational Behavior offers two tracks: either a micro or macro approach. In the micro track, students focus on the study of interpersonal relationships within organizations and the effects that groups have on individuals. Students in the macro track use sociological methods to examine organizations, groups, and markets as a whole, including topics such as the influence of individuals on organizational change, or the relationship between social missions and financial objectives. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program includes core disciplinary training in sociology or psychology, as well as additional coursework in organizational behavior.

Accounting & Management  

Business economics  , health policy (management)  , management  , marketing  , organizational behavior  , strategy  , technology & operations management  .

• Ars Lykaion
• The Boardroom

mentioning credentials (MS, MBA, PMP) in your business card

• Thread starter nixss7
• Start date Nov 5, 2010

More options

Wise, aged ars veteran.

• Nov 5, 2010
• Add bookmark

This is a simple question, but after days of reviewing online, I am not sure about this. Is it okay to mention your degrees and certifications after your name in business cards. Some say that it depends on the audience. Some suggested to have 2 cards. One formal card (where you work) where you do not mention the credentials and one personal card which mentions all your credentials. But if you were to have one card, would you have the degrees and certifications mentioned in your business card? Please advise. Thanks.  

Ars Scholae Palatinae

Tacky.  

ChloroFiend

Ars praefectus.

In my field (IT/INFOSEC), it's pretty commonplace and accepted to add those in. I personally wouldn't display more than 2 or 3 designations, as after that point it strikes me as an exercise in e-peen measuring. For instance, I could technically list out "ChloroFiend, MS, CISSP, MCSE:Security, CCSE, Sec+" and a few others I've likely forgotten. Instead, I only use "ChloroFiend, CISSP" as its pretty much the capstone credential in my field. I'll add on the CISM as well too when I earn that designation but don't anticipate tacking anything else on. I terms of academic degrees, I do hold an MS but don't list that anywhere. I wouldn't do that with an MBA either. PhD only if its specifically relevant to the position.  

Ars Legatus Legionis

if the qualification isn't intrinsic to your job (md, dds, etc), don't put it on.  

Bright Wire

Either use the capstone of your profession or leave it off completely. Nothing is more ridiculous than watching folks put expected credentials on cards and in email signatures like Joe Black, Computer Support Tech: A+, Network+, MCP. Watching Project Managers put down MBA and PMP is always laughable. It tells me nothing more about your ability to do the job than adding on "Can pee standing up" in my experience. Bonus points for reordering your creds to the following: Nixss PiMP mmMBAp w/ MS  

Thanks for the great advice. I did think it was kinda tacky as well.  

English_C6H^

I went back and forth on this for a long time before I figured out a simple test. Here's my test: Would you be held to a higher legal standard for having those letters behind your name? If you're not sure, think about this: If you worked free-lance, would you need malpractice or "errors and omissions" insurance? If you do, congratulations, you're held to a higher legal standard. With great power comes great responsibility (and the opportunity to put letters after your name on a little piece of a dead tree). e.g. - MD - Yes DDS/DMD - Yes CPR - No CPA - Yes CFP - No, AFAIK (Cert. Financial Planner) PE - Yes (Professional Engineer) CIH/DABT - Yes (Certified Industrial Hygienist, Diplomat of American Board of Toxicology) CSP - Probably not (Certified Safety Professional)  

But if you were to have one card, would you have the degrees and certifications mentioned in your business card? Click to expand...

Ars Tribunus Angusticlavius

I have no degree, and no certifications. And yet, I put HMFIC after my name on business cards.  

English_C6H^":484gh1r2 said: I went back and forth on this for a long time before I figured out a simple test. Here's my test: Would you be held to a higher legal standard for having those letters behind your name? If you're not sure, think about this: If you worked free-lance, would you need malpractice or "errors and omissions" insurance? If you do, congratulations, you're held to a higher legal standard. With great power comes great responsibility (and the opportunity to put letters after your name on a little piece of a dead tree). e.g. - MD - Yes DDS/DMD - Yes CPR - No CPA - Yes CFP - No, AFAIK (Cert. Financial Planner) PE - Yes (Professional Engineer) CIH/DABT - Yes (Certified Industrial Hygienist, Diplomat of American Board of Toxicology) CSP - Probably not (Certified Safety Professional) Click to expand...

Danger Mouse

• Nov 6, 2010

Heresiarch":3oa87sk9 said: My rule of thumb (when evaluating email sigs and business cards) is simple: "the more credentials they feel the need to include, the more likely it is they're a complete cock". I may unfairly a few exclude people who are simply proud of what they've achieved, but meh Click to expand...

NervousEnergy

• Nov 8, 2010

Would you be held to a higher legal standard for having those letters behind your name Click to expand...

• Nov 10, 2010

brainchasm":2jq6gzhk said: I have no degree, and no certifications. And yet, I put HMFIC after my name on business cards. Click to expand...

LordFrith":3guoauzc said: Heck, I find it tacky when people add "PhD" after their names on business cards, and that's significantly more work than any cert. Click to expand...

death_to_novell

"Heck, I find it tacky when people add "PhD" after their names on business cards, and that's significantly more work than any cert." I don't think I've ever seen that. I do occasionally see Dr. when interacting with people in industry. It's kind of good because it tells me the person I'm talking too might not be a clueless moron who can't help with my questions.  

As a Senior Network Engineer, I was keen on putting my CCIE number on my cards and email signature. Now that I am in a management role, I leave that off. I also don't put my M.S. on there either. I guess I just let my work do the talking. I keep all my certs active and list the relevant ones on my resume, but I don't just vomit all of them on to the paper.  

M. Jones":119a2lnh said: brainchasm":119a2lnh said: I have no degree, and no certifications. And yet, I put HMFIC after my name on business cards. Click to expand...

JasonF":2596tv5a said: I do occasionally see Dr. when interacting with people in industry. It's kind of good because it tells me the person I'm talking too might not be a clueless moron who can't help with my questions. Click to expand...

The Mighty Zoltan

• Nov 15, 2010

English_C6H^":1lbx43qt said: JasonF":1lbx43qt said: I do occasionally see Dr. when interacting with people in industry. It's kind of good because it tells me the person I'm talking too might not be a clueless moron who can't help with my questions. Click to expand...

• Nov 16, 2010

I used to do desktop support at a small firm that was all MD, MBA, PhDs. Yes, everyone had all of those degrees. Great people, they couldn't tie their own shoes, but great people. Click to expand...

• Nov 17, 2010

JasonF":1t504q46 said: I don't think I've ever seen that. I do occasionally see Dr. when interacting with people in industry. It's kind of good because it tells me the person I'm talking too might not be a clueless moron who can't help with my questions. Click to expand...

Ars Tribunus Militum

I guess I'm tacky, because I have PhD on my card. In an academic/research setting it does make a difference in how you get perceived. If I were out in industry, I wouldn't, but here at a gov't research institute I do. I don't go around shouting that I have the degree, but occasionally it's nice not to be thought of as some IT flunky, computer guy. I'm so low-key about it, that one of the secretaries said to me recently that she just found out I was a "doctor". We've been working in the same group for 8 or 9 years.  

Heresiarch":3km6pjhr said: My rule of thumb (when evaluating email sigs and business cards) is simple: "the more credentials they feel the need to include, the more likely it is they're a complete cock" Click to expand...

I met a guy once who listed his A+ certification on his business card. No joke.  

I think I have my name followed by CCNP and CCSP because those are the two highest and most recognized certs that I have. When I finish my CCIE, damn right I will be putting my CCIE # on my cards. I see nothing wrong with PMP or some other high level or capstone cert. As for degrees, I only think academic degrees are appropriate when they are graduate degrees. So you would not put Joe Schmo, B.S. but Joe Schmoe, P.H.D. or M.D. or J.D. is appropriate. Master's degrees are a bit iffy, especially an MBA.  

pauli":2fzgd50n said: if the qualification isn't intrinsic to your job (md, dds, etc), don't put it on. Click to expand...

FWIW I work with a number of PhDs in a commercial setting, and I think they've earned it. However I won't (seriously) call you Doctor unless you're an MD. Beyond the terminal PhD level degrees, in an appropriate professional setting I think I like the "legal standard" one is pretty good. EDIT: Agreed on the JD thing. It's reasonable to put on a business card, and you did complete post-graduate level course work. However you aren't a Doctor. JSD, sure, ok.  

clm100":o13fmhxp said: FWIW I work with a number of PhDs in a commercial setting, and I think they've earned it. However I won't (seriously) call you Doctor unless you're an MD. Beyond the terminal PhD level degrees, in an appropriate professional setting I think I like the "legal standard" one is pretty good. Click to expand...

EDIT: Agreed on the JD thing. It's reasonable to put on a business card, and you did complete post-graduate level course work. However you aren't a Doctor. JSD, sure, ok. Click to expand...

• What is a PhD?

Written by Mark Bennett

A PhD is a doctoral research degree and the highest level of academic qualification you can achieve. The degree normally takes between three and four years of full-time work towards a thesis offering an original contribution to your subject.

This page explains what a PhD is, what it involves and what you need to know if you’re considering applying for a PhD research project , or enrolling on a doctoral programme .

The meaning of a PhD

The PhD can take on something of a mythic status. Are they only for geniuses? Do you have to discover something incredible? Does the qualification make you an academic? And are higher research degrees just for people who want to be academics?

Even the full title, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, has a somewhat mysterious ring to it. Do you become a doctor? Yes, but not that kind of doctor. Do you have to study Philosophy? No (not unless you want to) .

So, before going any further, let's explain what the term 'PhD' actually means and what defines a doctorate.

What does PhD stand for?

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term ‘philosophy’ does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to ‘lover of wisdom’.

What is a doctorate?

A doctorate is any qualification that awards a doctoral degree. In order to qualify for one you need to produce advanced work that makes a significant new contribution to knowledge in your field. Doing so earns you the title 'Doctor' – hence the name.

So, is a PhD different to a doctorate? No. A PhD is a type of doctorate .

The PhD is the most common type of doctorate and is awarded in almost all subjects at universities around the world. Other doctorates tend to be more specialised or for more practical and professional projects.

Essentially, all PhDs are doctorates, but not all doctorates are PhDs.

Do you need a Masters to get a PhD?

Not necessarily. It's common for students in Arts and the Humanities to complete an MA (Master of Arts) before starting a PhD in order to acquire research experience and techniques. Students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) don't always need an MS/MSc (Master of Science) to do a PhD as you'll gain training in lab techniques and other skills during your undergraduate degree.

Whether a Masters is a requirement for a PhD also varies by country. Australian PhDs may require a Masters as the equivalent of their own 'honours year' (where students work on research). US PhD programmes often include a Masters.

We have a whole guide dedicated to helping you decide whether a PhD without a Masters is the right route for you.

The origin of the PhD

Despite its name, the PhD isn't actually an Ancient Greek degree. Instead it's a much more recent development. The PhD as we know it was developed in nineteenth-century Germany, alongside the modern research university.

Higher education had traditionally focussed on mastery of an existing body of scholarship and the highest academic rank available was, appropriately enough, a Masters degree.

As the focus shifted more onto the production of new knowledge and ideas, the PhD degree was brought in to recognise those who demonstrated the necessary skills and expertise.

The PhD process – what's required to get a PhD?

The typical length of a PhD is three to four years full-time, or five to six years part-time.

Unlike most Masters courses (or all undergraduate programmes), a PhD is a pure research degree. But that doesn’t mean you’ll just spend years locked away in a library or laboratory. In fact, the modern PhD is a diverse and varied qualification with many different components.

Whereas the second or third year of a taught degree look quite a lot like the first (with more modules and coursework at a higher level) a PhD moves through a series of stages.

A typical PhD normally involves:

• Carrying out a literature review (a survey of current scholarship in your field).
• Conducting original research and collecting your results .
• Producing a thesis that presents your conclusions.
• Writing up your thesis and submitting it as a dissertation .
• Defending your thesis in an oral viva voce exam.

These stages vary a little between subjects and universities, but they tend to fall into the same sequence over the three years of a typical full-time PhD.

The first year of a PhD

The beginning of a PhD is all about finding your feet as a researcher and getting a solid grounding in the current scholarship that relates to your topic.

You’ll have initial meetings with your supervisor and discuss a plan of action based on your research proposal.

The first step in this will almost certainly be carrying out your literature review . With the guidance of your supervisor you’ll begin surveying and evaluating existing scholarship. This will help situate your research and ensure your work is original.

Your literature review will provide a logical jumping off point for the beginning of your own research and the gathering of results . This could involve designing and implementing experiments, or getting stuck into a pile of primary sources.

The year may end with an MPhil upgrade . This occurs when PhD students are initially registered for an MPhil degree and then ‘upgraded’ to PhD candidates upon making sufficient progress. You’ll submit material from your literature review, or a draft of your research findings and discuss these with members of your department in an upgrade exam . All being well, you’ll then continue with your research as a PhD student.

PhDs in other countries

The information on the page is based on the UK. Most countries follow a similar format, but there are some differences. In the USA , for example, PhD students complete reading assignments and examinations before beginning their research. You can find out more in our guides to PhD study around the world .

The second year of a PhD

Your second year will probably be when you do most of your core research. The process for this will vary depending on your field, but your main focus will be on gathering results from experiments, archival research, surveys or other means.

As your research develops, so will the thesis (or argument) you base upon it. You may even begin writing up chapters or other pieces that will eventually form part of your dissertation .

You’ll still be having regular meetings with your supervisor. They’ll check your progress, provide feedback on your ideas and probably read any drafts your produce.

The second year is also an important stage for your development as a scholar. You’ll be well versed in current research and have begun to collect some important data or develop insights of your own. But you won’t yet be faced with the demanding and time-intensive task of finalising your dissertation.

So, this part of your PhD is a perfect time to think about presenting your work at academic conferences , gaining teaching experience or perhaps even selecting some material for publication in an academic journal. You can read more about these kinds of activities below.

The third year of a PhD

The third year of a PhD is sometimes referred to as the writing up phase.

Traditionally, this is the final part of your doctorate, during which your main task will be pulling together your results and honing your thesis into a dissertation .

In reality, it’s not always as simple as that.

It’s not uncommon for final year PhD students to still be fine-tuning experiments, collecting results or chasing up a few extra sources. This is particularly likely if you spend part of your second year focussing on professional development.

In fact, some students actually take all or part of a fourth year to finalise their dissertation. Whether you are able to do this will depend on the terms of your enrolment – and perhaps your PhD funding .

Eventually though, you are going to be faced with writing up your thesis and submitting your dissertation.

Your supervisor will be very involved in this process. They’ll read through your final draft and let you know when they think your PhD is ready for submission.

All that’s left then is your final viva voce oral exam. This is a formal discussion and defence of your thesis involving at least one internal and external examiner. It’s normally the only assessment procedure for a PhD. Once you’ve passed, you’ve done it!

Looking for more information about the stages of a PhD?

How do you go about completing a literature review? What's it like to do PhD research? And what actually happens at an MPhil upgrade? You can find out more in our detailed guide to the PhD journey .

Doing a PhD – what's it actually like?

You can think of the ‘stages’ outlined above as the basic ‘roadmap’ for a PhD, but the actual ‘journey’ you’ll take as a research student involves a lot of other sights, a few optional destinations and at least one very important fellow passenger.

Carrying out research

Unsurprisingly, you’ll spend most of your time as a PhD researcher… researching your PhD. But this can involve a surprisingly wide range of activities.

The classic image of a student working away in the lab, or sitting with a pile of books in the library is true some of the time – particularly when you’re monitoring experiments or conducting your literature review.

Your PhD can take you much further afield though. You may find yourself visiting archives or facilities to examine their data or look at rare source materials. You could even have the opportunity to spend an extended period ‘in residence’ at a research centre or other institution beyond your university.

Research is also far from being a solitary activity. You’ll have regular discussions with your supervisor (see below) but you may also work with other students from time to time.

This is particularly likely if you’re part of a larger laboratory or workshop group studying the same broad area. But it’s also common to collaborate with students whose projects are more individual. You might work on shorter projects of joint interest, or be part of teams organising events and presentations.

Many universities also run regular internal presentation and discussion groups – a perfect way to get to know other PhD students in your department and offer feedback on each other’s work in progress.

Working with your supervisor

All PhD projects are completed with the guidance of at least one academic supervisor . They will be your main point of contact and support throughout the PhD.

Your supervisor will be an expert in your general area of research, but they won’t have researched on your exact topic before (if they had, your project wouldn’t be original enough for a PhD).

As such, it’s better to think of your supervisor as a mentor, rather than a teacher.

As a PhD student you’re now an independent and original scholar, pushing the boundaries of your field beyond what is currently known (and taught) about it. You’re doing all of this for the first time, of course. But your supervisor isn’t.

They’ll know what’s involved in managing an advanced research project over three years (or more). They’ll know how best to succeed, but they’ll also know what can go wrong and how to spot the warning signs before it does.

Perhaps most importantly, they’ll be someone with the time and expertise to listen to your ideas and help provide feedback and encouragement as you develop your thesis.

Exact supervision arrangements vary between universities and between projects:

• In Science and Technology projects it’s common for a supervisor to be the lead investigator on a wider research project, with responsibility for a laboratory or workshop that includes several PhD students and other researchers.
• In Arts and Humanities subjects, a supervisor’s research is more separate from their students’. They may supervise more than one PhD at a time, but each project is essentially separate.

It’s also becoming increasingly common for PhD students to have two (or more) supervisors. The first is usually responsible for guiding your academic research whilst the second is more concerned with the administration of your PhD – ensuring you complete any necessary training and stay on track with your project’s timetable.

However you’re supervised, you’ll have regular meetings to discuss work and check your progress. Your supervisor will also provide feedback on work during your PhD and will play an important role as you near completion: reading your final dissertation draft, helping you select an external examiner and (hopefully) taking you out for a celebratory drink afterwards!

Professional development, networking and communication

Traditionally, the PhD has been viewed as a training process, preparing students for careers in academic research.

As such, it often includes opportunities to pick up additional skills and experiences that are an important part of a scholarly CV. Academics don’t just do research after all. They also teach students, administrate departments – and supervise PhDs.

The modern PhD is also viewed as a more flexible qualification. Not all doctoral graduates end up working in higher education. Many follow alternative careers that are either related to their subject of specialism or draw upon the advanced research skills their PhD has developed.

PhD programmes have begun to reflect this. Many now emphasise transferrable skills or include specific training units designed to help students communicate and apply their research beyond the university.

What all of this means is that very few PhD experiences are just about researching and writing up a thesis.

The likelihood is that you’ll also do some (or all) of the following during your PhD:

The work is usually paid and is increasingly accompanied by formal training and evaluation.

Conference presentation

As a PhD student you’ll be at the cutting edge of your field, doing original research and producing new results. This means that your work will be interest to other scholars and that your results could be worth presenting at academic conferences .

Doing this is very worthwhile, whatever your career plans. You’ll develop transferrable skills in public speaking and presenting, gain feedback on your results and begin to be recognised as an expert in your area.

Conferences are also great places to network with other students and academics.

Publication

As well as presenting your research, you may also have the opportunity to publish work in academic journals, books, or other media. This can be a challenging process.

Your work will be judged according to the same high standards as any other scholar’s and will normally go through extensive peer review processes. But it’s also highly rewarding. Seeing your work ‘in print’ is an incredible validation of your PhD research and a definite boost to your academic CV.

Public engagement and communication

Academic work may be associated with the myth of the ‘ivory tower’ – an insular community of experts focussing on obscure topics of little interest outside the university. But this is far from the case. More and more emphasis is being placed on the ‘impact’ of research and its wider benefits to the public – with funding decisions being made accordingly.

Thankfully, there are plenty of opportunities to try your hand at public engagement as a PhD student. Universities are often involved in local events and initiatives to communicate the benefits of their research, ranging from workshops in local schools to public lectures and presentations.

Some PhD programmes include structured training in order to help students with activities such as the above. Your supervisor may also be able to help by identifying suitable conferences and public engagement opportunities, or by involving you in appropriate university events and public engagement initiatives.

These experiences will be an important part of your development as a researchers - and will enhance the value of your PhD regardless of your career plans.

What is a PhD for – and who should study one?

So, you know what a PhD actually is, what’s involved in completing one and what you might get up to whilst you do. That just leaves one final question: should you do a PhD?

Unfortunately, it’s not a question we can answer for you.

A PhD is difficult and uniquely challenging. It requires at least three years of hard work and dedication after you’ve already completed an undergraduate degree (and probably a Masters degree too).

You’ll need to support yourself during those years and, whilst you will be building up an impressive set of skills, you won’t be directly progressing in a career.

But a PhD is also immensely rewarding. It’s your chance to make a genuine contribution to the sum of human knowledge and produce work that other researchers can (and will) build on in future. However obscure your topic feels, there’s really no such thing as a useless PhD.

A PhD is also something to be incredibly proud of. A proportionately tiny number of people go on to do academic work at this level. Whatever you end up doing after your doctorate you’ll have an impressive qualification – and a title to match. What’s more, non-academic careers and professions are increasingly recognising the unique skills and experience a PhD brings.

Other PhDs - do degree titles matter?

The PhD is the oldest and most common form of higher research degree, but a few alternatives are available. Some, such as the DPhil are essentially identical to a PhD. Others, such as the Professional Doctorate or DBA are slightly different. You can find out more in our guide to types of PhD .

Is a PhD for me?

There’s more advice on the value of a PhD – and good reasons for studying one – elsewhere in this section. But the following are some quick tips if you’re just beginning to consider a PhD.

Speak to your lecturers / tutors

The best people to ask about PhD study are people who’ve earned one. Ask staff at your current or previous university about their experience of doctoral research – what they enjoyed, what they didn’t and what their tips might be.

If you’re considering a PhD for an academic career, ask about that too. Are job prospects good in your field? And what’s it really like to work at a university?

Speak to current PhD students

Want to know what it’s like studying a PhD right now? Or what it’s like doing research at a particular university? Ask someone who knows.

Current PhD students were just like you a year or two ago and most will be happy to answer questions.

If you can’t get in touch with any students ‘face to face’, pop over to the Postgraduate Forum – you’ll find plenty of students there who are happy to chat about postgraduate research.

Take a look at advertised projects and programmes

This may seem like a strange suggestion. After all, you’re only going to study one PhD, so what’s the point of reading about lots of others?

Well, looking at the details of different PhD projects is a great way to get a general sense of what PhD research is like. You’ll see what different PhDs tend to have in common and what kinds of unique opportunity might be available to you.

And, with thousands of PhDs in our database , you’re already in a great place to start.

Read our other advice articles

Finally, you can also check out some of the other advice on the FindAPhD website. We’ve looked at some good (and bad) reasons for studying a PhD as well as the value of a doctorate to different career paths.

More generally, you can read our in-depth look at a typical PhD journey , or find out more about specific aspects of doctoral study such as working with a supervisor or writing your dissertation .

We add new articles all the time – the best way to stay up to date is by signing up for our free PhD opportunity newsletter .

Ready to find your PhD?

Head on over to our PhD search listings to learn what opportunities are on offer within your discipline.

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

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What happens during a typical PhD, and when? We've summarised the main milestones of a doctoral research journey.

The PhD thesis is the most important part of a doctoral degree. This page will introduce you to what you need to know about the PhD dissertation.

This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student, explaining how your daily life will look at you progress through a doctoral degree.

Our guide tells you everything about the application process for studying a PhD in the USA.

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How to structure your PhD thesis

Organising your PhD thesis in a logical order is one of the crucial stages of your writing process. Here is a list of the individual components to include

Shama Prasada Kabekkodu

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The task of writing a PhD thesis is top of mind for many aspiring scholars. After all, completing one is no small task. And while these pieces of writing often share a standard format, this can differ slightly based on the requirements of your institution or subject. So what elements make up a PhD thesis?

A doctoral thesis usually contains:

• A title page
• Declarations from the candidate and supervisor
• A certificate from the candidate and supervisor
• A plagiarism report
• Acknowledgements 
• A table of contents
• Abbreviations 
• An abstract

Chapters typically cover:

• A general introduction 
• Literature review
• Analysis of the gap in research with aims and objectives
• Materials and methods
• Summary and conclusion
• References or bibliography. 

You should also include a list of papers you have published and any relevant achievements at the end. 

An explanation of each of the components of a PhD dissertation 

Title page: a PhD thesis starts with a title page that contains the complete title of the research work, the submitting university, names of the candidate and supervisor, affiliation and month and year of submission.

Abstract: this serves as a concise synopsis of the dissertation, covering the research context, purpose of the study or research questions, methodology, findings and conclusions. This section is usually one to two pages in length. 

Table of contents: this page lists the thesis content and respective page numbers.

General introduction and literature review: this component is usually 20 to 40 pages long. It presents the readers with the primary material and discusses relevant published data. It provides an overview of pertinent literature related to the thesis such as texts that critically assess the existing literature to identify the gap in research and explain the need behind the study. 

Aims and objectives: this section of the thesis is typically one to two pages long and describes the aims and objectives of the study. Structure them as three to four bullet points describing specific points that you will investigate. Approach this by thinking about what readers should understand by the end of the thesis. Ensure you:

• Give a clear explanation of the purpose and goals of your study 
• Outline each aim concisely
• Explain how you will measure your objectives
• Ensure there is a clear connection between each aim
• Use verbs such as investigate, evaluate, explore, analyse and demonstrate.

Materials and methods: this section briefly explains how you have conducted the study and should include all the materials you used and procedures you implemented. For example, if your research involves working with chemicals, list the chemicals and instruments used, along with their catalogue numbers and manufacturers’ names. This section should also explicitly explain the methodology you used, step-by-step. Use the past tense while writing this section and do not describe any results or findings of the study yet.

Results: this section is sometimes called the “findings report” or “the experimental findings” (referring to data collection and analysis). Write the results concisely and in the past tense. Include text, figure and table infographics created with tools such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Illustrator and BioRender to visualise your data . 

Discussion: this is a chance to discuss the results and compare the findings of your study with the initial hypothesis and existing knowledge. Focus on discussing interpretations, implications, limitations and recommendations here.

• Resources on academic writing for higher education staff 
• Tips for writing a PhD dissertation: FAQs answered
• How to tackle the PhD dissertation

Summary and conclusion: this section should be shorter than the discussion and summarise your key findings. The summary and conclusion should be brief and engaging, allowing the reader to easily understand the major findings of the research work. Provide clear answers to the research questions, generate new knowledge and clarify the need for the study. 

Future perspective: this section of the thesis (which is often combined with a summary or conclusion) talks about the study's limitations, if any, and indicates the directions for future studies based on your findings. 

References or bibliography: the last section should include the list of articles, websites and other resources cited in the thesis.

Always remember that, depending on the department, university or field of study, you might have to follow specific guidelines on how to organise your PhD thesis. Ensure you consult your supervisor or academic department if you have any doubts.

Shama Prasada Kabekkodu is a professor and head of cell and molecular biology at Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India.

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Best Cash Back Card for Flat-Rate Cash Rewards

Not only does the Wells Fargo Active Cash® Card rank highly in this guide, but it also tops our list of the best 2% cash back credit cards . It earns a flat rewards rate on everything —  2% cash rewards on purchases, with no bonus categories to keep track of. Our guide to earning and redeeming Wells Fargo Rewards details all the ways to use your cash rewards from this card.

It offers a substantial welcome bonus for a no-annual-fee card: $200 cash rewards bonus after spending $500 in purchases in the first three months from account opening. In addition, new cardholders get a 0% intro APR on purchases and qualifying balance transfers for 15 months from account opening (followed by a 20.24%, 25.24%, or 29.99% variable APR). That's super useful if you have large expenses you want to pay off over time. 

The Wells Fargo Active Cash® Card comes with a good array of benefits, which include cell phone protection, roadside dispatch, travel emergency assistance, and access to the Visa Signature® Concierge. However, it does charge foreign transaction fees, so if you're traveling outside the US, you'll want to pack a different card.

Read our Wells Fargo Active Cash® Card review

Best Cash Back Card for Rotating Cash Back Categories

If you prefer a card that earns straight cash back, not points, and like the idea of rotating bonus categories, the Discover it® Cash Back could be a great fit. You can earn 5% cash back in popular rotating quarterly bonus categories when you activate, on up to $1,500 in combined spending (then 1%). You'll also earn 1% back everywhere else (from April 1 to June 30, 2024, earn 5% cash back at gas stations & electric vehicle charging stations, home improvement stores, and public transit on up to $1,500 in purchases after enrollment, then 1%).

Instead of a regular welcome bonus, Discover rewards new cardholders in a different way. After the first 12 months, it will match all of the rewards you earn from the card through the Discover Cashback Match program. That means you can effectively earn up to 10% back in your first year — and if you're a big spender, this can pay off handsomely.

Read our Discover it® Cash Back review

Best Cash Back Card for Families

If you're looking for an American Express cash back card, especially if you have a large family that spends a lot on groceries, streaming, and commuting, the Blue Cash Preferred® Card from American Express is an excellent option. It offers a 0% intro APR for 12 months on purchases and balance transfers from the date of account opening, before switching to a 19.24% - 29.99% Variable APR.

Currently, the card offers a welcome bonus of a $250 statement credit after you spend $3,000 in eligible purchases on your new card within the first six months from account opening. It also comes with a handful of travel and shopping protections, including car rental insurance, return protection, purchase protection, and extended warranty. 

Keep in mind there's an annual fee of $0 intro for the first year, then $95, so you'll want to be sure you spend enough to justify paying it. If you prefer a no-annual-fee Amex cash-back card, check out the Blue Cash Everyday® Card from American Express instead.

The Blue Cash Preferred® Card from American Express offers the highest rewards rate available for grocery spending, although there is a $6,000 annual spending cap on that 6% rate. After that, you earn 1% (cash back is received in the form of Reward Dollars that can be redeemed as statement credits or at Amazon.com checkout). Otherwise, the card earns 6% back on select U.S. streaming subscriptions, 3% back at U.S. gas stations and on transit, and 1% back on all other purchases.

Read our Blue Cash Preferred® Card from American Express review

Best Cash Back Card for Groceries, Dining, and Entertainment

The Capital One SavorOne Cash Rewards Credit Card seems almost custom-made for folks who like to get out and experience life to the fullest. If you're a foodie, love attending concerts and sporting events, or even enjoy entertaining at home, this card can help you earn a lot of rewards for your spending.

Cardholders earn 3% cash back on dining, at grocery stores (excluding superstores like Walmart and Target), entertainment, and popular streaming services, and 1% cash back on all other purchases. The Capital One SavorOne Cash Rewards Credit Card also offers 5% cash back on hotels and car rentals booked through the Capital One Travel portal.

The welcome bonus is generous, too: $200 cash back after you spend $500 on purchases within three months from account opening. And if you've got big purchases coming up, a 0% intro APR on purchases and balance transfers for 15 months (3% fee for the first 15 months, then 4% at a promotional APR that Capital One may offer you at any other time) (followed by a 19.99% - 29.99% Variable APR) can make it easier to spread out your payments ( rates and fees ).

This card offers a handful of good benefits, including extended warranty***, travel accident insurance***, and travel emergency assistance services***. As with all other Capital One credit cards , you won't pay foreign transaction fees on international purchases, so it's great to use when you're out globetrotting.

Also, if you don't think your credit score is good enough to qualify for the regular version of the card, and you're currently enrolled in college, you could apply for the student version of the card to convert to the regular version after graduation.

Read our Capital One SavorOne Cash Rewards Credit Card review

Best Cash Back Card for Self-Care and Pet Care (Gyms, Spas, Pet Care)

The brand-new Wells Fargo Attune℠ Card is perfect for people who prioritize fitness, self-care, pet care, live shows and other ticketed experiences, and environmentally friendly choices. This no-annual-fee card earns 4% cash back on select purchases in self-care, planet-friendly, and entertainment categories such as gyms and fitness expenses, spas, pet care and grooming, concert tickets, public transit, some thrift stores, EV charging stations, and similar purchases. 

New cardholders can also take advantage of two introductory offers: $100 cash rewards bonus when you spend $500 in purchases in the first three months from account opening, and 0% intro APR for 12 months from account opening on purchases (then 20.24%, 25.24%, or 29.99% variable APR). 

Read more in our Wells Fargo Attune card review .

What You Should Know About Cash Back Credit Cards

Cash back credit cards can be an easy way to break into the world of credit card rewards. They come in a few different types:

• Flat rate —  These cards earn the same rate of cash back on all purchases. For example, the Chase Freedom Unlimited® earns 1.5% back on most spending (the Freedom Unlimited also offers bonus cash back on eligible travel, dining, and drugstore purchases).
• Select bonus categories — Many other cash back cards offer bonus cash back (more than 1%) on select spending categories. For example, with the Capital One Savor Cash Rewards Credit Card† , you'll earn 4% back on dining, streaming services, and entertainment, and 3% back at grocery stores (excluding superstores like Walmart and Target).
• Rotating categories — A few cards, including the Chase Freedom Flex℠ , offer bonus cash back on a selection of spending categories that changes every quarter of the year. These cards have a cap on how much bonus cash back you can earn each quarter — with the Chase Freedom Flex℠, you'll earn 5% back on up to $1,500 in combined purchases each quarter (then 1%).
• Some cards are starting to offer yet a fourth format for delivering cash back rewards: pick your own bonus categories from a list of options. These cards include the Bank of America® Customized Cash Rewards Credit Card and the U.S. Bank Cash+® Visa Signature® Card .

If you're willing to juggle multiple credit card accounts, there's value in having both cash back and points-earning cards. If you prefer a single-card strategy, evaluate your goals and consider how much you're willing to pay in annual fees to make the best decision for your situation.

If you're trying to put money back in your wallet, our top recommendations are to transfer your cash back to a bank account or use it to reduce the amount owed on your credit card statement.

On the other hand, if you're hoping to earn rewards that you can redeem for travel, a card that earns points is more up your alley. Our points-earning picks for the best rewards credit cards  earn either Amex Membership Rewards points, Chase Ultimate Rewards points, Citi ThankYou Rewards points, or Capital One miles. You can transfer all of these currencies to travel partners and redeem them for things like free flights. (Note that while Capital One calls its rewards currency "miles," they aren't miles with a given airline program.)

How to Use a Cash Back Credit Card

To use a cash back credit card, you'll want to remember that it won't be worth it if you're paying interest or late fees. It's important to pay your balance in full each month, make payments on time, and only spend what you can afford.

Cash back cards vary greatly in their return rates — you can earn anywhere from 1% to 6% back. Even better, many cash back cards have no annual fee , so you don't have to pay for the privilege of earning rewards.

If you're new to rewards credit cards and aren't interested in earning travel points or miles, a cash back card is the best option for you. With cash back cards, 1% back will always be 1 cent back, no matter what, and you can use your cash back to lower your monthly bill or transfer it to your checking account, among other options.

The best cash back credit card for you depends on your spending habits and if you prefer a flat rate of cash back on all spending or earning bonus cash back on specific types of purchases. Flat-rate cash back cards are best for those who don't want to keep track of multiple bonus categories and just want a simple earning structure.

But if you really want to maximize your rewards earning, choosing a card that earns bonus cash back in categories where you spend a lot — like groceries, dining, or gas — can make a huge difference in your rate of return.

How to Choose a Cash Back Credit Card

To choose the best cash back credit card for you, you'll want to look for a few things:

• The cash back rate for your common spending categories . Extra cash back for gas isn't much use if you don't drive. Consider how you intend to use this card, and look at the rate for those spending categories.
• How you redeem your cash back . Make sure you're clear on what you're earning. Is it statement credit? Cash? Points? If points, can they be combined with or transferred to other cards you have, or brands you like?
• The annual fee . An annual fee may make or break your choice. Are you willing to pay one? And more importantly, can you afford it comfortably — or will it be effectively wiped out by the cash back you'll earn in a year?

We don't mention the APR because the rate only applies if you're carrying a balance on your credit card. We recommend applying for a cash back credit card intending to pay off the balance in full each month. For other categories of credit cards, like balance transfer cards, the APR might be a more important consideration.

If this all sounds too complicated, you can't go wrong by using the Wells Fargo Active Cash® Card, which has no annual fee and a flat earning rate of 2% cash rewards on purchases.

Cash back credit cards are often best used in combination with cards that earn points to create a complete credit card portfolio that takes advantage of multiple types of rewards. If you're trying to decide whether to open a cash back credit card, whether as your first card or one of many, bear these pros and cons in mind:

Pros of cash back credit cards

• They rarely carry annual fees
• There are no restrictions on how you can redeem and spend the cash
• You can earn airline and hotel status by booking with cash (but not points)

Cons of cash back credit cards

• They rarely offer large sign-up or welcome bonuses
• Cash back is generally less valuable, dollar for dollar, than points

Cash Back Credit Card Best Practices

If you have a cash-back credit card or are considering opening one, you'll want to make the most of it. Keep the following steps in mind to get the most value from your card:

Always Pay Your Balance in Full

Credit card cash back or points aren't useful if you're carrying a balance and paying interest charges each month. To make the most of rewards, use your card responsibly: Spend only the money you have and pay your bill in full each month.

Track and Maximize Bonus Categories

Some cash-back cards offer elevated rewards rates on specific spending areas, like restaurants, gas stations, or supermarkets. Some of these cards even change those areas from quarter to quarter, meaning you'll want to stay on top of where your card earns the most and when.

If you use your cash-back card for every purchase, you don't need to be as diligent, but if you're using your card as one of many you'll want to be sure you know how to maximize rewards.

Redeem Your Cash Back Rewards

It might be tempting to let your cash back pile up just to watch the total tick up, but it's more useful if you redeem it. You can generally apply the cash to your card balance or get it deposited in your checking account, and either one is a fine option. 

Consider Opening A "Partner" Card For Additional Value

As mentioned above, in some cases, you can transfer cash back to a points-earning card on which your rewards are worth more. This strategy isn't required to make the most of your cash back card, but it can help take rewards to the next level.

Chase cards are an example of this: If you hold a cash-back card like the Chase Freedom Flex℠ and a points-earning card like the Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card, you can transfer rewards earned on the Freedom Flex to the Sapphire Preferred, and unlock more redemption options. 

Cash Back Credit Card Frequently Asked Questions

Cash-back credit cards work by giving you a percentage of every dollar you spend — usually at least 1% — as cash back in your card account. Some cash-back cards earn a higher percentage in bonus categories, such as groceries, dining, or gas. You can transfer the cash back you earn from these cards to a bank account, use it to pay down your credit card statement, or redeem it for gifts and merchandise.

Cash-back credit cards do give cash, but that's not to say you'll necessarily see the physical cash. You're typically awarded cash back as a credit that you can use to cancel out purchases from your credit card statement, or to redeem for gift cards or merchandise online. Some cards do let you take your cash as a deposit to your account or as a check.

No single credit card offers the most cash back in every category, but there are a few that stand out for high rewards. For example, the Amex Blue Cash Preferred Card earns 6% back on the first $6,000 you spend each calendar year at US supermarkets (then 1% back), and 6% back on select US streaming services. And the most rewarding choice for dining out is the Capital One Savor Cash Rewards Credit Card† with 4% back. 

A cash back card could be better than a travel or rewards card, depending on what you want to do with your rewards. If you primarily want to put money back in your bank account rather than earn rewards you can redeem for travel, a cash back credit card is ideal — and you usually won't have to pay a very high annual fee, if you have to pay one at all. 

To make the most of a cash back credit card, always pay the balance in full each month. Also, read up on rewards rates for different spending areas (some cards offer elevated rates in areas like restaurants, gas stations, or supermarkets). Make sure to actually redeem your cash back instead of letting it pile up, and consider opening a "sister" card from the same issuer. Some cash back cards let you transfer rewards to travel cards from the same bank, then transfer points to airline and hotel partners they're worth the most.

Why You Should Trust Us: How We Chose the Best Cash Back Credit Cards

We looked at the dozens of cash back credit cards currently available to new applicants and narrowed down our list by looking at a few factors:

• Ease of use — Are there any hoops to jump through, like needing to be a member of a specific bank?
• Rewards earning potential — How much cash back can you earn with this card, and how broad are the bonus categories?
• Annual fee — Many cash back cards waive an annual fee, but for the few that do charge a fee, is it justified based on the card's rewards?
• Options for various types of consumers — We wanted our top cash back card picks to reflect different types of users, from families looking to maximize grocery spending to those looking to rebuild their credit score.

See a full breakdown of how we rate credit cards at Business Insider.

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Please note: While the offers mentioned above are accurate at the time of publication, they're subject to change at any time and may have changed, or may no longer be available.

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Eligibility and Benefit level varies by Card. Terms, Conditions and Limitations Apply. Please visit americanexpress.com/benefitsguide for more details. Trip Delay Insurance, Trip Cancellation and Interruption Insurance, and Cell Phone Protection Underwritten by New Hampshire Insurance Company, an AIG Company. Global Assist Hotline Card Members are responsible for the costs charged by third-party service providers. If approved and coordinated by Premium Global Assist Hotline, emergency medical transportation assistance may be provided at no cost. In any other circumstance, Card Members may be responsible for the costs charged by third-party service providers. Extended Warranty, Purchase Protection, and Baggage Insurance Plan Underwritten by AMEX Assurance Company. Car Rental Loss & Damage Insurance Underwritten by AMEX Assurance Company. Car Rental Loss or Damage Coverage is offered through American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.

***Terms, conditions, and exclusions apply. Refer to your Guide to Benefits for more details. Travel Accident Insurance is not guaranteed, it depends on the level of benefits you get at application.

For Capital One products listed on this page, some of the above benefits are provided by Visa® or Mastercard® and may vary by product. See the respective Guide to Benefits for details, as terms and exclusions apply

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Best Capital One business credit cards

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Capital One is well known for its rewards credit cards for consumers but also offers a slew of great business credit cards — and that’s true whether you want to earn flexible cash back or rewards you can redeem to cover travel expenses.

If you’re in the market for a business credit card, Capital One’s slate is worth considering. Not only do business cards from Capital One offer valuable rewards and cardholder benefits, but each one offers free employee cards for workers and no foreign transaction fees .

The best Capital One business credit card depends on the business spending you plan to do — and the business rewards you’d like to earn. Our ranking highlights the top Capital One credit cards you should consider based on factors like rewards rates, sign-up bonuses and annual fees.

Comparing the best Capital One business credit cards

Top Capital One business credit cards

Capital One Spark Cash Plus

Bankrate's view.

The Capital One Spark Cash Plus card rewards business owners with a generous welcome bonus and an easy-to-understand earning rate.

This business credit card is a pay-in-full card, also known as a charge card . There’s no preset credit limit, but you’ll need to pay your balance in full every month or incur a 2.99 percent late fee on your outstanding statement balance. The Capital One Spark Cash Plus also charges a $150 annual fee (refundable every year only if you spend at least $150,000), so keep that in mind as you decide which Capital One business credit card is best for you. ( See Rates & Fees )

Pros & cons

• As a charge card, it does not have a defined credit limit.
• You can earn a decent cash back rate on all purchases.
• The high annual fee can cut into your cash back rewards.
• Capital One will charge late payment fees for any balance you carry, so you'll need to stay on top of payments to avoid extra costs.

Capital One Spark Miles for Business

The Capital One Spark Miles for Business offers miles instead of cash back, making it a good option for business owners who travel frequently.

You can redeem rewards to cover any travel purchase charged to the card, or you can transfer them to Capital One airline and hotel partners . You’ll also receive an up to a $100 credit toward Global Entry or TSA® PreCheck every four years. Although this won’t offset your annual fee after your first year, it can make travel a more convenient experience. ( See Rates & Fees )

• A $100 Global Entry or TSA PreCheck® credit can make traveling easier.
• With no spending caps or bonus categories, you can earn unlimited, flat-rate miles on all purchases with little hassle.
• You'll pay an annual fee after your first year.
• This card carries no intro APR on purchases or balance transfers, so you won't be able to consolidate debt or save on new purchases.

Capital One Spark Cash Select for Excellent Credit

The Capital One Spark Cash Select for Excellent Credit has a generous welcome offer for new cardholders and a decent ongoing rewards rate for no annual fee. Although its rewards rate is lower than other cards for excellent credit, you can redeem rewards for cash back in any amount. ( See Rates & Fees )

This card can also be a good option because of its range of perks, including purchase security, which protects eligible purchases made with this card.

• This card costs little carry as it charges neither an annual fee nor foreign transaction fees.
• You could earn a substantial bonus for your first three month's spending.
• This card has a relatively low cash back rate.
• You can't take advantage of any intro APR offers on purchases or balance transfers with this card.

Capital One Spark Cash Select for Good Credit

The Capital One Spark Cash Select for Good Credit is great for business owners who like the Capital One Spark Cash Select for Excellent Credit but don’t meet the credit score requirement yet. This card offers the same cash back rewards structure but comes with an intro APR on purchases instead of the opportunity to earn a welcome bonus. There’s no annual fee, and you only need good credit to qualify.( See Rates & Fees )

As with other Capital One business cards, you’ll get free employee cards to earn rewards faster. You can manage your company’s spending by designating account managers to track expenses, oversee transactions and set the spending limits for each card. You can also review end-of-year purchase reports, making it easier to manage and edit your budget.

• Like the Spark Cash Select for Excellent Credit, you don't have to worry about an annual fee or foreign transaction fees.
• This card features an impressive intro APR on purchases.
• A high ongoing APR on this card means it'll cost to carry a balance.
• The low cash back rate is not competitive with flat-rate cards.

Capital One Spark Classic for Business

Business owners with less than excellent credit may not be approved for other business credit cards from Capital One, yet the Spark 1% Classic * is geared toward people with fair credit . This typically includes FICO scores between 580 and 669.

Not only is the Spark 1% Classic easier to qualify for, but cardholders get the chance to earn an unlimited 1 percent cash back on all purchases with no annual fee and an unlimited 5 percent cash back on hotels and rental cars booked through Capital One Travel.

• You can access cash back with only fair credit.
• No annual fee or foreign transaction fees will impact your cash back rewards.
• This card might not be the best option if you tend to carry a balance because of its high ongoing APR.
• With no welcome offer or intro APR offers, this card has little first-year value.

How to choose the right Capital One business card for you

The right Capital One business card for you will depend on your credit score, as well as the types of rewards you hope to earn. If you’re considering a Capital One business credit card, here’s what you should keep in mind:

• Know your credit score : Most of the best Capital One business credit cards require excellent credit to be approved, which usually means a FICO score of 740 or above.
• Decide if you’re willing to pay an annual fee : A card with an annual fee can be well worth it as long as your rewards and perks offset the cost. You can avoid paying an annual fee if you’re willing to earn a lower rewards rate.
• Choose between miles and cash back : Capital One travel rewards credit cards offer the opportunity to transfer your miles to Capital One transfer partners, which can be helpful if you’re saving up miles for a future travel redemption. On the other hand, cash back Capital One cards are convenient as you can redeem your rewards for cash back in any amount.
• Evaluate the importance of additional features : Do you want a 0 percent intro APR to pay off large purchases over time? Do you or your employees frequently travel for work? Consider the unique needs of your business to determine which perks to pursue.

Benefits of Capital One business credit cards

The best Capital One business credit cards offer many benefits, including free employee cards with customized limits, the ability to fund large purchases and the chance to earn rewards for everyday business expenses. Here are a few additional Capital One business credit card benefits to be aware of:

Bonus travel rewards

All Capital One business credit cards offer either 5 percent cash back or 5X miles on hotels and rental cars purchased through Capital One Travel. This gives you the opportunity to earn extra rewards on business trips even if you only travel once or twice a year.

Streamlined bill payments

Business owners can pay vendors directly from their Capital One business account and have the option to defer the payments until the next billing cycle and extend their float for up to 45 days. Capital One charges a 2.9 percent fee for every payment made from a credit or debit card, but you can make ACH transactions from a linked checking account for free.

QuickBooks integration

Your Capital One business account is designed to integrate seamlessly with QuickBooks, as well as other business management software programs such as Quicken and Excel.

Frequently asked questions about Capital One business cards

The following questions and answers provide even more details on Capital One business credit cards and how they work.

What benefits do all Capital One business credit cards share?

What credit score should i have to apply for a capital one business card, do capital one business credit cards charge an annual fee, the bottom line.

Capital One offers a variety of options that cater to different spending habits and credit scores. Whether you prioritize flat-rate cash back, travel rewards or an intro APR offer, there is a Capital One business card that can work for you. These cards also come with attractive perks such as free employee cards, bonus travel rewards and QuickBooks integration.

While there are some annual fees to consider, you can sometimes offset these with the rewards you earn from spending. Ultimately, it’s important to compare different business credit cards to find the best fit for your company’s needs. With proper consideration and responsible use, a Capital One business credit card can be a valuable tool for managing your business expenses.

*The information about the Spark 1% Classic has been collected independently by Bankrate.com. The card details have not been reviewed or approved by the card issuer.

For Capital One products listed on this page, some of the above benefits are provided by Visa® or Mastercard® and may vary by product. See the respective Guide to Benefits for details, as terms and exclusions apply.

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Is a business card necessary for a graduate student?

I know some PhD students have their own business cards, but I don't know if it is a standard practice for PhD students to have their own business cards. I think a business card can be useful for networking in conference or collaborating with some industrial partners. So, is are business cards necessary for a PhD student or other graduate students attending conferences?

PS: in case it is field-specific, I would like to know the different practices in different fields

• 2 MSc research students who may attend conferences, seminars or workshops may also be interested in this question. May be "Is a business card necessary for a research student?" –  enthu Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 11:57

8 Answers 8

It's probably discipline-specific, but I hand mine out all the time. That being said, I talk to lots of vendors of computer hardware that I want to get back in touch with, so exchanging cards is helpful. As a grad student, it might be worth having some small cards from someone like Moo that have your name, email, affiliation, and a link to your website. It might be easier to hand those out than to carry 20 preprints of your article when you're giving a talk.

All that being said, it'd be pretty unusual to push your cards on people you meet at conferences. If someone asks for your information, or a copy of your publication, you might offer the card, but I wouldn't volunteer it unless you've been asked for something. It's just not part of the culture in most of the fields I have experience with for students to do so.

• 7 Before designing and buying your own cards, ask if your university provides them for free with its corporate design. –  Federico Poloni Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 9:07
• 1 It's worth asking, but my experience is that they aren't free for students. –  Bill Barth Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 12:14
• 1 @BillBarth In Europe, where PhD students are also employees, most universities seem to print business cards for students as well. In general, if you want to have a business card as a PhD student, I would really try to get one with the university corporate identity. –  xLeitix Commented Jun 30, 2014 at 9:03
• 1 @xLeitix in parts of Europe, where phd students are also employees ;-) Here in .uk, PhD students are not employed, and the practice varies - some universities issue them, and others do not. Mine doesn't, so I made my own - and because they're well-designed and not corporate they usually get noticed and receive positive comments. –  Flyto Commented Jun 30, 2014 at 9:43
• 1 My department reimburses PhD students for the cost of business cards. (Also, my university does not allow its logo to be used on self-designed cards) –  ff524 Commented Jul 1, 2014 at 1:23

As a PhD student, I had business cards and never used them. Now I don't even have cards. I consider them a relict from different times. I would say nobody strictly needs a business card anymore, and I rarely see them being exchanged at conferences either.

Now, a homepage is a different story. You definitely need a homepage , for many of the reasons you think you may need a business card.

• 9 i agree but i would add that while they may be a relic, there are still cultures that it is very important (korea/japan), so depending on where you are, or if going to a conference in that area, it may still be beneficial –  user-2147482637 Commented Jun 28, 2014 at 16:25
• 1 @user1938107 This may be correct. About 90% of all business cards I have ever received are japanese. However, I think they generally understand when I tell them that I don't own any. –  xLeitix Commented Jun 28, 2014 at 16:44
• 8 I still see quite often people writing down each other's names and e-mail addresses at conferences. Business cards would be a way to make this process faster and lower the barrier for exchanging contact details. –  Federico Poloni Commented Jun 28, 2014 at 17:44
• When there are some websites like LinkedIn, ResearchGate and etc., why the person needs to pay and make an on-line homepage for himself. I agree with the first part of your answer that being on-line is beneficial to the researcher, but there are some useful websites that the researcher can use, make connections and present his research activity and CV. –  enthu Commented Jun 30, 2014 at 8:19
• @Parsa First, you should not have to pay your own web page. Any institution I know of provides web space for researcher home pages. Second, relying on LinkedIn or RG is a surefire way not to be taken seriously in my community. I strongly recommend against that. –  xLeitix Commented Jun 30, 2014 at 8:48

If there's any chance that you're going to be interacting with industry at conferences or other events, you need business cards. It's part of that culture. If there's any chance you'll be interacting with anybody from the far East, you need business cards (and ideally, a briefing on the etiquette of giving and receiving them).

Within academia (and not in the far east), it may depend on your field. Coming from a commercial background I was surprised to find that they aren't used in the same "scattergun" way in mine; but it can still save time with scribbling details, and a good card, offered appropriately, may make meeting you stand out in the fog of somebody's post-conference memory.

Summary: it's worth having some, but try to judge what is "normal" before pressing them on people.

This probably varies from country to country, but given that business cards can be had for the cost of running off-the-shelf preperforated stock through your computer, I think it's worth having a few. It does make handing your contact info to someone easier, plus giving you and/or them a surface upon which to scribble a note about why they should contact you.

And at least around here, many restaurants collect business cards as tickets for a free-lunch lottery. Trade shows may also use them as lottery entries.

Yes, e-mail addresses are starting to replace business cards as e-mail becomes an acceptable replacement for postal mail and phones, and smartphones can be used to enter contact info into a website.... But it isn't a complete replacement yet, and may never be.

And I find I use them informally as well, when I want someone I've just met to contact me about something.

Recommendation: Spend a small amount to print off a few, see how quickly you're using them, use that to guide how many more you obtain, how often, how many you should bother carrying at once, and how much effort you should put into the card's aesthetics.

• 3 "e-mail addresses are starting to replace business cards" I disagree: e-mail addresses are the content you want to communicate, not the medium. It's like saying that microwave ovens are replacing beef meat. :) –  Federico Poloni Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 9:06
• 1 @FedericoPoloni: Exactly. Or, in other words, I frequently use (both giving and receiving) business cards (also in an academic context, conferences and such) with the very purpose of exchanging the e-mail address. –  O. R. Mapper Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 10:00
• Granted... but business cards can carry more information than just the e-mail address; they commonly provide name, title, phone number, sometimes mailing address... as well as e-mail. The reason I called e-mail an alternative is that folks have become more comfortable with only collecting e-mail addresses (which are short enough to quickly write down) and gathering the rest of the info later. –  keshlam Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 13:03
• 1 "as e-mail becomes an acceptable replacement for postal mail" What is this? The 1990s? I don't think I've written a paper-letter in a professional context in the last five years. If you exclude job applications before they were all online, I don't think I've written one ever. –  David Richerby Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 22:44
• As I said, it depends on what community -- and country -- you're dealing with. –  keshlam Commented Jun 29, 2014 at 22:46

In 15 years in academia (theoretical computer science, UK and Greece, plus conferences and workshops in several different countries in Europe and North America), the closest I've come to a business card was when somebody I'd befriended at a conference gave me a card for his hobby photography website. I've never had business cards printed and, to the best of my knowledge, nor have any of my colleagues.

In the US, at least in doctoral psychology programs, we're often encouraged to have business cards to hand out at conferences. Conferences are often seen as a way to start building connections for internship, and a business card is a simple way to come across as polished and prepared (it's also less likely to be lost than a slip of paper, as I've seen faculty slip my card into a card holder). Further, my mentor does a great deal of field research in health clinics, and it's helpful for her students to have cards with their contact information readily available when coordinating with site staff.

In my department, our academic mentors typically pay for the cards, which are designed with the school's logo, just like the faculty members' cards. However, most of us wait until we have received our MS as part of our program requirements. We don't attend as many conferences pre-MS anyways, and since they're ordered in bulk (250 minimum) that way you don't have a large number of unused cards. In sum, it's not necessary to have business cards, but it can be helpful.

This may depend on the country. In some countries, PhD candidates are employees of the university just like anyone else employed there, and thus get (or can get, upon request) any number of business cards printed from their office supplies department at any time. Thus, in such places, the effort of getting one's hands on business cards is virtually non-existent and hence there, it is a standard practice.

As implied by other answers, handing out business cards greatly simplifies establishing contact with other researchers on conferences, which is one of the main benefits one can draw from attending a conference.

In terms of establishing contact, I have only ever met two kinds of people on CS conferences - those that had their business cards ready and could thus easily provide some contact info at the end of a fruitful conversation and the agreement to keep in touch or exchange some further information, and those that did not, that would instead start a cumbersome search for something to write, use the back of someone else's business card (!) or require the recipient to find some suitable virtual place in whichever electronic device they currently have nearby to store the address, and remark that they "should really print some business cards for the next conference".

I'm in the biomedical and clinical sciences (Epidemiology in particular) and I regularly hand out 5 to 10 business cards at the average conference I've gone to, and often get just as many. I tend not to actually engage with industry that much, but they're an excellent, quick way to give someone your contact information in a way that's about as non-disruptive as possible. They're also harder to lose than scraps of paper, and as someone else mentioned, easier to keep track of - business card holders can not only hold your business card, but the cards of others.

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