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Growth and Development NCLEX Practice Questions (50 Items)

Welcome to your NCLEX reviewer and practice questions quiz for growth and development. In this nursing test bank , test your competence on the different theories on growth and development. This quiz aims to help nursing students master the concepts of growth and development through these practice questions and NCLEX reviewers.

Growth and Development Practice Quiz

In this section are the practice questions for growth and development. This nursing test bank set includes 50 questions divided into two parts. Included topics are growth and development theories, developmental stages by Erik Erikson , Jean Piaget ‘s Theory of Cognitive Development, and Sigmund Freud ‘s Psychosexual Development.

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Quizzes on this guide include:

Growth and Development Review

This reviewer is prepared to give you a brief knowledge of growth and development, including the different theories, physiologic changes, hospital reactions by age, and the different developmental milestones.

Theories of Growth and Development

The following are some of the theories involving child development that have been proposed by these well-known theorists :

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

• According to Erickson, a human being must go through a series of psychosocial developmental stages that must be balanced throughout the lifespan.
• Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial conflict that must reach a resolution to allow the individual to go on the next phase of development.

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Task: attachment to the mother/ caregiver
• Successful outcome: feeling of trust
• Unsuccessful outcome: mistrust, suspicion, uncertainty of the future 
• Task: develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of independence 
• Successful outcome: feeling of self-control, self sufficiency
• Unsuccessful outcome: lack of independence, feelings of self-doubt
• Task: become purposeful and directive
• Successful outcome: sense of purpose
• Unsuccessful outcome: sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative
• Task: develop physical, social, and learning skills
• Successful outcome: self-confidence , competence
• Unsuccessful outcome: feelings of inferiority, poor self concept
• Task: develop sense of self and personal identity
• Successful outcome: sense of strong identity
• Unsuccessful outcome: self- confusion
• Task: form intimate, loving relationship with other people
• Successful outcome: strong relationship
• Unsuccessful outcome: loneliness, isolation
• Task: achieve life goals and creating positive change for the benefit of others
• Successful outcome: feelings of accomplishment
• Unsuccessful outcome: inability to grow as a person
• Task: reflection on life
• Successful outcome: sense of fulfillment and integrity
• Unsuccessful outcome: regret, bitterness,dissatisfaction with life

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

• The theory focuses on concepts of language, scientific reasoning, memory , and moral development.
• According to Piaget, to progress from one stage to the next, the child reorganizes his or her thinking process to bring them close to reality.

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

• Present at birth, the infant/child uses reflexes like sucking, grasping, looking, and listening to gain an understanding about the environment.
• Object permanence (objects continue to exist even though it can no longer be seen or heard) and separation anxiety develops in this stage.
• The child begins to use language and think symbolically.
• Egocentrism (inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view) is evident in this stage.
• Comprehends simple abstract but thinking is usually concrete and literal
• The child can think logically but can only apply it to physical objects.
• The child starts to use concepts of number, time, space, and volume. 
• Individuals demonstrate the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and draw conclusions.
• Can engage in hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning.

Sigmund Freud ’s Psychosexual Development

• According to Freud, the child’s development goes through a series of psychosexual stages in which the child’s desires become focused on a particular body part. 
• Each stage is presented with a conflict that will help build or suppress growth depending on how they are resolved.

Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Mouth is the center of gratification through sucking, chewing, swallowing, breastfeeding , and biting.
• Improper resolution in this stage, may lead to oral fixation habits such as nail -biting, thumb sucking, smoking, and excessive drinking. 
• Child finds pleasure and sense of control through retention and defecation of feces
• Toilet training is present that provides the child a sense of self-control.
• Parents that are too lenient during toilet training will result in an anal-expulsive personality which includes being messy, disorganized, rebellious, and careless.
• Parents that are too strict or start toilet training too early will result to anal-retentive personality which includes being overly obsessive, and rigid. 
• Interest in the genital area and masturbation are sources of pleasure in this stage. 
• Awareness of sexual difference can result in Oedipus complex ( Electra complex in women), an unconscious desire for the parent of the opposite sex while developing a conflict for the parent of the same-sex.
• Sexual urges diminish and children start to channel their sexual energies in honing their values and developing their new skills to form relationships with other people. 
• Fixation in this stage can lead to immaturity and a failure to form relationships as an adult.
• Starts with the onset of puberty when physical maturity prepares the body for reproduction.
• Individuals starts to develop sexual and emotional interest towards the opposite sex.

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

• Kohlberg believed that a person can acquire knowledge of moral values through active thinking and reasoning.

Stages of Moral Development

Here are three levels of moral development, with each level consisting of different stages: 

Level 1: Preconventional Morality 

• Stage 0 (birth to 2 years). Egocentric Judgement: no concept of right or wrong
• Stage 1 (2 to 3 years). Obedience and Punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment.
• Stage 2 (4 to 7 years). Individualism and Exchange: behavior is driven by rewards or have favors returned.
• Stage 3 (7 to 10 years). Good Boy- Nice Girl Orientation: behavior is determined by social approval.
• Stage 4 (10-12 years). Law and Order Orientation: social rules and laws determine behavior.
• Stage 5: Social Contract and Legalistic Orientation: rules and laws exist for the greater good of all.
• Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation: development of own moral principles even if they conflict with the law of the society.

Physiologic growth and development

• Weight. Most babies doubled their weight at the rate of 5 to 7 ounce weekly for 6 months and tripled at 12 months.
• Length. A growth of 1.5 to 2.5 cm is seen monthly from birth to age 6 months while a growth of 1 cm per month is expected from ages 6 to 12 months.
• Fontanel. Anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age; Posterior fontanel closes by the end of the second month.
• Head circumference. The average head circumference of a newborn is about 33 to 35 cm, 2 to 3 cm more than chest circumference. 
• Teeth. Lower front teeth normally appear by the age of 5 to 9 months while upper front teeth begin to appear by 8 to 12 months. All deciduous teeth (20 in total) will erupt by the 2 ½ years of age.

Developmental Milestones

Here are the important milestones that an infant goes through: 

2 to 3 months

• Begin to smile 
• Coos, makes gurgling noises
• Turn head toward sounds
• Follow objects with eyes
• Hold head and chest up when prone

4 to 5 months

• Smile spontaneously 
• Cooing and babbling when spoken to
• Grasp objects
• Rolls over by self
• Hold head steady, unsupported

6 to 7 months

• Recognize familiar faces and begins to show fear of strangers
• May say vowel sounds when babbling (oh oh) and imitate sounds
• Responds when own name is heard
• Sit with support
• Rolls back and forth and vice versa
• Show feelings of joys and annoyance

8 to 9 months

• Say first words such as (ma-ma-ma, ba-ba-ba)
• Uses index finger and thumb to pick up objects
• Can sit securely unsupported
• Stands, holding on
• Begin to stand without help

10 to 11 months

• Use simple gestures such as waving “bye-bye”
• Walk with support while holding onto objects
• Stand alone
• Say simple words like “mama” or “dada”
• Get to a sitting position with no help
• Can drink from a cup and hold spoon to feed self

15 to 18 months

• Say several single words
• Understand and follow simple instructions
• Can point to one body part
• Walks alone
• Walk up and down stairs while holding on
• Can help undress oneself

Hospitalized Reaction by age

A summary of the normal developments expected in a child during hospitalization at different age stages:

• Protest-  hours and several days of screaming, crying, and is inconsolable.
• Despair- child becomes withdrawn, hopeless, and apathetic.
• Detachment- occurs after prolonged separation of parent; child appears to have adjusted to the loss; becomes more interested in the environment; appears to be happy and content with caregivers and other children.
• Encourage parents to stay with and participate in the care as often as possible.
• Continue and maintain the same routine to what the infant/toddler is accustomed to.
• Provide comfort measures such as their favorite toy, pacifier for oral and sucking stimulation, and blanket.
• Provide a safe environment especially during temper tantrums such as side rails up, keeping equipment out of reach.
• Allow toddler with opportunities to make choices to gain some control.
• Provide age appropriate distraction and pain reducing techniques.
• Acknowledge and allow expression of fears and anger
• Explain procedures in simple terms 
• Encourage interaction and play with other children of the same age
• Encourage the preschooler to be independent
• Bring a familiar items with the child
• Continue to set normal limits and provide structure
• Explain illness, and treatment to child and patent (use body diagrams, models or videotapes)
• Encourage independence and provide choices as much as possible
• Allow participation in discussion and expression of feelings and fears
• Continue doing school work/assignments if possible
• Provide privacy
• Set limits, and establish routines
• Encourage questions and open discussion regarding the effect of illness or treatment in their appearance and relationship
• Provide clear information about the condition and treatment (may use body diagrams) and involve them in decision making as much as possible
• Maintain privacy such as wearing pajama instead of gown
• Allow visitation from peers if possible
• Encourage interaction with friends and others in the same age group

Car Seats 

• One of the leading causes of physical injury and death among children is motor vehicle accidents. An effective measure to prevent these injuries is the use of protective equipment such as car seats. Choosing the right car seat will depend on the age, weight, and developmental needs of the child.

Types of Car Seats 

• Rear-facing car seats (birth until the age of 2-4 yrs). Infants and toddlers should be placed in a rear-facing car seat until they reach the maximum weight or height permitted by their car safety seat manufacturer.
• Forward-facing car seat (until at least age 5). When the children start to outgrow their rear-facing seat, they should be restrained in a forward-facing car seat until they reach the maximum weight or height restriction of their car seat.
• Booster seat. Once the children outgrow their forward-facing seat, they should be buckled in a booster seat until seat belts fit properly. This usually occurs when the children are 4 feet and 9 inches tall and age between 8-12.
• Seat belt. A shift to a seat belt is allowed when the child can sit with his or her back straight against the vehicle seat back cushion and the knees are bent over the edge with the absence of slouching. Children under age 13 should be properly buckled in the back seat.

Recommended Resources

Recommended books and resources for your NCLEX success:

Disclosure: Included below are affiliate links from Amazon at no additional cost from you. We may earn a small commission from your purchase. For more information, check out our privacy policy .

Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination is often referred to as the best nursing exam review book ever. More than 5,700 practice questions are available in the text. Detailed test-taking strategies are provided for each question, with hints for analyzing and uncovering the correct answer option.

Strategies for Student Success on the Next Generation NCLEX® (NGN) Test Items Next Generation NCLEX®-style practice questions of all types are illustrated through stand-alone case studies and unfolding case studies. NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (NCJMM) is included throughout with case scenarios that integrate the six clinical judgment cognitive skills.

Saunders Q & A Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination This edition contains over 6,000 practice questions with each question containing a test-taking strategy and justifications for correct and incorrect answers to enhance review. Questions are organized according to the most recent NCLEX-RN test blueprint Client Needs and Integrated Processes. Questions are written at higher cognitive levels (applying, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and creating) than those on the test itself.

NCLEX-RN Prep Plus by Kaplan The NCLEX-RN Prep Plus from Kaplan employs expert critical thinking techniques and targeted sample questions. This edition identifies seven types of NGN questions and explains in detail how to approach and answer each type. In addition, it provides 10 critical thinking pathways for analyzing exam questions.

Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN® Exam The 10th edition of the Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN Exam, 10th Edition. This study guide gives you a robust, visual, less-intimidating way to remember key facts. 2,500 review questions are now included on the Evolve companion website. 25 additional illustrations and mnemonics make the book more appealing than ever.

NCLEX RN Examination Prep Flashcards (2023 Edition) NCLEX RN Exam Review FlashCards Study Guide with Practice Test Questions [Full-Color Cards] from Test Prep Books. These flashcards are ready for use, allowing you to begin studying immediately. Each flash card is color-coded for easy subject identification.

Additional Information

Other Quizzes:

An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Keep up the pace and continue learning with these practice quizzes:

• Nursing Test Bank: Free Practice Questions UPDATED ! Our most comprehenisve and updated nursing test bank that includes over 3,500 practice questions covering a wide range of nursing topics that are absolutely free!
• NCLEX Questions Nursing Test Bank and Review UPDATED! Over 1,000+ comprehensive NCLEX practice questions covering different nursing topics. We’ve made a significant effort to provide you with the most challenging questions along with insightful rationales for each question to reinforce learning.

Further Reading

Additional reading materials and sources for growth and development:

• Ball, J. W., DrPH, R. N., Bindler, R. M., Cowen, K. J., & Shaw, M. R. (2013).  Child health nursing . Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
• Kuokkanen, L., & Leino‐Kilpi, H. (2000). Power and empowerment in nursing: three theoretical approaches.   Journal of advanced Nursing ,  31 (1), 235-241.
• Sacco, R. G. (2013). Re-envisaging the eight developmental stages of Erik Erikson: the Fibonacci life-chart method (FLCM) .  Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology ,  3 (1), 140-146.
• Thies, K. M., & Travers, J. F. (2008).  Quick look nursing: growth and development through the lifespan . Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

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Infant Growth and Development Milestones Nursing Review

Infant growth and development milestones review for nursing students!

For pediatric nursing class, you must be familiar with all the growth and development milestones for each age group. This review will discuss the growth and development for the INFANT.

Don’t forget to check out the other reviews and the infant growth and development quiz .

Don’t forget to check out the other reviews:

• Preschooler

Lecture on Infant Growth and Development Milestones

Infant Growth and Development Milestones

When studying these milestones you want to be familiar with certain categories, and to helps us remember these categories let’s remember the word “ BABIES ”.

• B ody changes
• A chieving developmental milestones

B aby Safety

I nterventions (considerations when providing nursing care), e ating plan.

• S ocial Stimulation (play)

B ody Changes

• Anterior closed by 18 months

• 6 months doubles
• Example: 8 lbs. at birth……16 lbs. at 6 months….24 lbs. at 1 year
• Example: 21 inches at birth……24-27 inches at 6 months

A chieving Developmental Milestones

The nurse will assess if the infant is meeting the following milestones at specific ages. It is important to note if baby is reaching these milestones because it tells us if the infant is developing properly.

• Moves head to each side and moves it in response to sound
• Tracts faces with eyes
• Makes noises (early language) cooing

• Starts to enjoy play and interaction
• Cooing turns into babbling and copies other sounds
• Holds and reaches for toys
• Remembers faces and objects

• Stranger anxiety begins
• Babbles with early vowel sounds
• Recognizes and responds to name

8-9 Months:

• Sits without support

• Easily moves objects from one hand to the other
• Play: looking for hidden toys or playing peek-a-boo

10-12 Months:

• Begins walking
• Follows very simple commands
• Puts objects in a container and bangs them together
• Says simple words like “mama” or “dada”
• Separation anxiety starts

-SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome): an infant under the age of 12 months dies for unknown reasons and this tends to occur during sleep.

Education Pieces for the parent:

• Best sleep position: back
• Dress infant appropriately….don’t over dress
• Avoid exposing baby to tobacco smoke
• Remove extra items from sleep areas
• Infant can sleep in the same room but not the same bed

-Shaken baby syndrome (never shake a baby): can cause brain injury and death

• Teach the parent about this and importance of being calm and laying infant down in a safe place and taking a break when things get intense

-Choking: there is a risk of choking starting after birth (babies can choke on milk or mucus in the respiratory tract)…teach parent how to remove with bulb suction and suggest they take a CPR class….also when foods are being introduced (usually around 6 months) AVOID small, hard round food items like grapes, uncooked vegetables etc. because these are a major choking hazard

Never leave unattended on surface and stop swaddling once the baby can start rolling over (by 6 months)

– Burns : infants will start grabbing at items around 4-6 months, adjust water temperatures for the water heater, block off electrical outlets

Erikson Stage: Trust vs Mistrust

• Meet needs promptly…..respond to crying
• Young infants: swaddling, rocking, sucking, holding
• Older infants: Keeping parent near if possible (decreases separation anxiety), same caregivers (decreases stranger anxiety), calm environment, play: crib mobiles, objects from home older infant would be familiar with, etc.
• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends exclusively breast feeding for the first 6 months with the exception of vitamin D supplementation (400 IU) for breast fed infants. Then can add solids over time while continuing breast feeding or formula after 6 months.
• None of the following during first 12 months: cow’s milk or honey

S ocial stimulation (play)

Independent play: starts with observing to interacting/grasping for objects and caregiver

• Observing: faces, high contrast objects, being talked or sung to….birth to 4 months
• Interacting: toys to grasp like rattles, peek-a-boo, hiding objects, big toys to hold on to and push or stand

References:

Breastfeeding. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/breastfeeding

What is a Developmental Milestone?. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html

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