the researcher 3

Bogano Force Echo Locations

This page will show all the locations of Force Echoes that you can find in Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order. As Cal Kestis explores the galaxy, he may come across sites of fallen enemies and allies that still have a story to tell.

By interacting with the locations, Cal can summon a Force Echo, which is a sort of audio log that details what happened in that place before his arrival.

Force Echo Locations in Bogano

To make things as easy as possible, all Force Echo locations have been broken down and categorized into the areas in which they are found.

Looking for a particular area? Click the links below to jump to...

Landing Pad

Fractured plain, hermit abode, great divide, subterranean refuge, abandoned workshop.

Bogling Tunnel | Bogling Studies 03

To find the Bogling Tunnel, look to the right of the ramp that is used to access the underground room beneath the Landing Pad.

Dead Bogling | Bogling Studies 02

Upon unlocking the Double Jump ability, return to the Fractured Plain, and you'll find the body of a Dead Bogling on the ground in the circular section of the map.

Zeffo Colony | Remnants of a Lost Civilization 05

Located in the same area as the Featherfern seed, head to the opposite end of the area, where you will find a small stone statue by the edge. Scan this statue to receive the Zeffo Colony Force Echo.

Larder | The Researcher 04

On the ground floor of the Hermit's Abode, not too far from the rope shortcut used to reach the second floor, you'll find a small nook filled with workbenches - here, you'll find the Force Echo sitting on the desk.

Bog Rats and Splox | Fauna and Flora 01

Bog Rats and Splox | Fauna and Flora 01

In the Hermit's Abode, look for the table just to the right of the entrance. Here, you'll be able to scan documents on the table.

Water Filters | The Researchers 01

In the Hermit's Abode, have BD-1 scan the Water Filters in the corner.

Research Camp | The Researcher 03

When taking the elevator to the top of the Great Divide, follow the path forward and then turn right, where you'll pass through a small rocky passage that'll open up to a small grassy area. Now, head left and you'll find the Force Echo by the small campfire.

The Binog | The Creature 02

Located atop the Great Divide, stand by the camp chair, and BD-1 can scan the large Binog on the other side of the ravine.

Traveling to the Vault | The Researcher 05

Located not far from the Bogano Dawn Poncho Chest, make your way toward the Mediation Point by using the nearby vine to swing across the gap.

From the Mediation Point, head left and you'll find the Force Echo on the ground near the small nook in the wall.

Ancient Bones | Remnants of a Lost Civilization 03

Having pushed the bridge down using your force ability, follow the path until you reach a fork in the road. From here, take the path left and slide down the muddy slope and jump over the gap. Not too far from here, you'll find a rope hanging down - jump and grab onto this.

From the rope, swing up to the ledge above and follow the path forward. Along the way, you'll find some ancient bones amongst the grass to your left.

Resting Place | Remnants of a Lost Civilization 06

From the Ancient Bones, continue inside the small cave a short distance, and you'll eventually stumble across another Force Echo along the wall to your left, next to some holes in the wall. Be careful, though, as there are several enemies you'll need to defeat inside the cave.

Meditation | The Researcher 06

From the Mediation Point, drop down the ledge and use the Wall Run to your right to reach a small area hidden behind the vine wall climb, which contains the Mediation Force Echo.

Frustration | The Researcher 07

Alternatively, you can opt to Wall Run around the area to reach this Force Echo, but waiting until you have Double Jump is much easier.

Secluded Sanctuary | The Researcher 08

From the first Mediation Point when first entering the Subterranean Refuge, jump down the ledge and continue along the path that leads right. Once you reach the end of the area, use your Wall Run and Double Jump abilities to reach the top of the narrow passage until you reach the top.

From the small campsite above, turn around, and Wall Run back across the narrow passage and use your Force Pull abilities to reach the ropes hanging from the roof. Swing your way across the gap, and you'll eventually reach a ledge. Now, continue forward, and you'll find the Life Essence Force Echo at the end of the hidden area.

Cordova's Padawan | The Researcher 09

From the small campsite above, turn around, and Wall Run back across the narrow passage and proceed to use your Force Pull abilities to reach the ropes that are hanging from the roof. Swing your way across the gap and you'll eventually reach a ledge. Now, continue forward and you'll find the Life Essence Force Echo at the end of the hidden area.

Para Fish | Flora and Fauna 03

From the mediation point, jump down to the ground level with water, and you'll find a fish you can scan. A wall run can be found directly above this scan point.

Zaur | Flora and Fauna 04

From the mediation point, when first entering the Subterranean Refuge, jump down the ledge and continue along the path that leads right. You'll find the Zaur on the ground in some water, not too far from the large, narrow pathway.

Binog Mural | The Creature 01

Head towards the cliff edge near the large hole in the ground. When looking down, you'll spot a ledge you can jump down to that contains not only a chest but also a large mural on the wall.

Dead Splox | Bogling Studies 05

When exiting the Subterranean Refuge from the top, not too far from the Mediation Point, you'll find a small ledge you can jump down. Here, you'll find the remains of a dead Splox in a small crevice.

Bogdo Sinkholes

Boglings | Bogling Studies 04

Located on the top of the Bogano Sinkholes, you will find a rather friendly Bogling who will not hide when you approach it, allowing you the opportunity to scan it.

Ancient Vault

Offerings | remnants of a lost civilization 01.

Offerings | Remnants of a Lost Civilizations 01

When entering the Ancient Vault structure, scan the pieces of pottery on the ground to your right.

Inscriptions | Remnants of a Lost Civilization 02

When entering the Ancient Vault structure, scan the inscriptions found on the wall to your left.

Weather Sensor | The Researcher 11

At the top of the Abandoned Workshop area, look for a rope hanging beneath a rusted weather sensor. After lowering down a nearby bridge, you'll be able to grab ahold of the rope and swing across to the plateau. From here, climb the vines to the top of the building. You will then need to walk to the end of the rusted beam to find the weather sensor.

Droid Cairn | The Researcher 12

Lower the bridge with Force Push in the Great Divide, and make your way into the large Abandoned Workshop. Once inside, climb up the vines and then follow the spiraling staircase until you find a locked door halfway up. Using your Scomp Link, have BD-1 hack open the door. Inside, you will find several large items covered in inscriptions that you can scan.

Faded Mural | The Researcher 13

When exiting the top of the Abandoned Workshop, you'll find a faded mural you can scan on the wall to your right.

Up Next: Bogano Encrypted Logs Locations

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Bogano: The Researcher Force Echoes Location for Databank

Location of The Researcher Force Echoes on Planet Bogano in Star Wars Jedi Fallen Order. There are 13 The Researcher Force Echoes Databank collectible entries and they are all on Planet Bogano, Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order Maps & Walkthrough.

The Researcher

The researcher 1. water filters.

These water filters rely on the planet's algae to purify drinking water. Impurities are removed by the algae and used as fuel to create water and minerals in a process known as chemosynthesis. The result converts the water's natural acids into drinkable water.

The Researcher 2. Research Notes

Meticulous hand-crafted notes on the energy sphere left behind by the researcher on Bogano.

The Researcher 3. Research Camp

Traces of a camp used by someone excited to study a large creature they referred to as a 'Binog'.

The Researcher 4. Larder

Someone lived here for some time, using this larder for storage and provisions.

The Researcher 5. Traveling To The Vault

A tool used by a traveler who wanted to reach the mysterious Vault.

The Researcher 6. Meditation

A meditation area, well hidden. Whoever was here knew the Jedi Order.

The Researcher 7. Frustration

A bag left by someone who came here from Coruscant. They were strangely frustrated with the Jedi Council for some reason.

The Researcher 8. Secluded Sanctuary

Part of Cordova's kit. He was troubled about the Jedi's continued involvement in a seemingly endless war. He knew his work here was more important.

The Researcher 9. Cordova's Padawan

Cordova felt isolated and alone. He spent time fondly reflecting on his Padawan and the memories of their adventures.

The Researcher 10. Old Memoirs

Cordova's droid kit. He hoped someone would come along who could figure out the secret to the vault.

The Researcher 11. Weather Sensor

Jedi Master Eno Cordova originally created this weather sensor to help him decide whether or not to wear a sweater on his excavations. To his surprise, the data he retrieved showed traces of electromagnetic radiation in Bogano's winds. Though it exists in much lower concentrations than on Zeffo, Cordova. theorized this could be one reason the Zeffo chose to create their Vault on Bogano.

The Researcher 12. Droid Cairn

These scraps served as cairns for the droids who helped build the research station on Bogano. Without their help, little would be known about the Zeffo or their Vault.

The Researcher 13. Faded Mural

A faded mural located on Bogano not far from the Zeffo Vault. It likely represents a planet but the artwork is too damaged to make out any specifics.

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• Force Echoes in Bogano

View guide index

Star Wars Jedi Fallen Order Guide & Walkthrough

• The Journey Begins
• Rebuilding the Jedi Order
• The Eye of the Storm
• The Tomb of Eilram
• A Fateful Meeting
• The Second Sister's Origin
• The Tomb of Miktrull
• Fractured Trust
• Diverging Paths
• Fall of the Ninth Sister
• The Swamps of Dathomir
• Shadow of the Master
• Laid to Rest
• The Lost Holocron
• The Final Battle
• Chests in Bogano
• Secrets in Bogano
• Data Scans in Bogano
• Chests in Zeffo
• Secrets in Zeffo
• Force Echoes in Zeffo
• Data Scans in Zeffo
• Chests in Kashyyyk
• Secrets in Kashyyyk
• Force Echoes in Kashyyyk
• Data Scans in Kashyyyk
• Chests in Dathomir
• Secrets in Dathomir
• Force Echoes in Dathomir
• Data Scans in Dathomir
• Chests in Ilum
• Secrets in Ilum
• Force Echoes in Ilum
• Data Scans in Ilum
• Data Scans in the Fortress Inquisitorius
• Terrarium Seeds ("Green Thumb" Achievement/Trophy)
• Cordova's Encrypted Logs ("Data Disk" Achievement/Trophy)

This part of the Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order Guide is dedicated to the Force Echoes you can find on the planet Bogano . Cal has a relatively rare power among Jedi, called “ Psychometry “, that allows him to sense the events and emotions that are associated with an object. Not all of the Force Echoes are accessible from your first visit to a planet, and they will sometime require some Upgrades and specific Skills to be reached.

Hermit’s Abode

The Researcher – 4. Larder

Prerequisite(s) : None

In the main room of the Hermit’s Abode, there is a recess on the right where you can find this Force Echo.

Great Divide

The Researcher – 5. Traveling to the Vault

From the Meditation Point of the Great Divide, go into the corner at the back left to find this Echo.

The Researcher – 3. Research Camp

Prerequisite(s) : Wall Run

After obtaining the Wall Run, activate the lift and turn left until you reach this Echo on a ledge.

Remnants of a Lost Civilization – 3. Ancient Bones

Prerequisite(s) : Force Push

After obtaining the Force Push skill, go down to the bottom of the Great Divide, and lower the bridge. Continue along the track until you reach a slippery slope. As you slide down, jump to catch a vine that allows you to reach a ledge. At the back, you’ll find a skeleton and the Echo.

Remnants of a Lost Civilization – 6. Resting Place

From the previous Echo, enter the cave on the right to find other bones in an old burial site.

Subterranean Refuge

The Researcher – 6. Meditation

After obtaining the Wall Run skill, and before leaving the Subterranean Refuge, use your new skill to run on the right wall to reach this Echo.

The Researcher – 7. Frustration

From the Meditation Point in the area, use the Wall Run on the right to go around the room and reach this Echo just above the previous one.

The Researcher – 8. Secluded Sanctuary

Prerequisite(s) : Jedi Flip

From the room where you learn the Wall Run, use the Jedi Flip to reach the back of the room, where a camp and this Echo are waiting for you.

The Researcher – 9. Cordova’s Padawan

From the previous Echo, use the wall run to cross the room in the other direction. Use the Force Pull to catch a vine, and do a last wall run on the left wall to reach a small area where this Echo is located.

Bogling Studies – 5. Dead Splox

In the Mesa, which is accessible by going left after BD-1 has opened the bridge, go to the far left until you reach a recess where this Echo and a hidden Bog Rat are located.

Ancient Vault

Remnants of a Lost Civilization – 4. The Vault

This Echo is impossible to miss, you find it by opening the door of the Vault.

Bogdo’s Den

The Researcher – 2. Research Notes

To the right of the second Meditation Point on the planet, the one you reach just after the first zip line, you will find beams leading to a building. Use the Force to slow down the blades, and then use it a second time to slow down the blades on the ground. The Echo is on the workbench at the back of the room.

Bogling Studies – 1. Bogling Corpse

From the previous Echo, follow the beams to a dark cave. Inside, there is the mini-boss Oggdo Bogdo. After you eliminate it, go to the back of the room to find that Echo.

Abandoned Workshop

The Researcher – 10. Old Memoirs

Prerequisite(s) : Force Push + Scomp Link

After obtaining the Force Push skill, and repairing BD-1’s Scomp Link, descend to the bottom of the Great Divide and lower the bridge. Continue along the path and enter the cave on the right. Climb the climbing plants and then climb the stairs. On your right, there is a door that you can hack with BD-1. The Echo is on the right cabinet.

Fractured Plain

Bogling Studies – 2. Dead Bogling

This Echo is on the plateau just in front of the Landing Pad, and you must have unlocked the Jedi Flip to reach it.

Remnants of a Lost Civilization – 5. Zeffo Colony

From the previous Echo, continue to the right and, with another Jedi Flip, reach the small statue that contains an Echo.

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The Researcher

The Researcher may refer to several achievements completed by sending out research missions for a number of hours:

• Disambiguation

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Can someone help me find this pls

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The Researcher's Library of Ancient Texts - Volume III: The Septuagint: Translation by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton 1851 Paperback – November 1, 2012

• Print length 825 pages
• Language English
• Publisher Defense Publishing
• Publication date November 1, 2012
• Dimensions 8.5 x 1.7 x 10.9 inches
• ISBN-10 0985604549
• ISBN-13 978-0985604547
• See all details

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About the author, product details.

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Defense Publishing (November 1, 2012)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 825 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0985604549
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0985604547
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 3.95 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 8.5 x 1.7 x 10.9 inches
• #2,223 in New Testament Bible Study (Books)
• #32,899 in Reference (Books)

About the author

Thomas horn.

Thomas Horn is an internationally recognized lecturer, radio host and best selling author of several books including his newest books, Petrus Romanus: The Final Pope Is Here, Forbidden Gates and Apollyon Rising 2012. He is a well-known columnist whose articles have been referred to by writers of the L. A. Times Syndicate, MSNBC, Christianity Today, New Man Magazine, World Net Daily, News Max, White House Correspondents and dozens of newsmagazines and press agencies around the globe. He has been interviewed by US Congressmen and Senators on his findings as well as featured repeatedly in major media including top-ten talk shows, America’s Morning News for The Washington Times, The 700 Club, The Harvest Show, Coast to Coast AM, Prophecy in the News, and the Southwest Radio Church to name a few. Thomas received the highest degree honorary doctorate bestowed in 2007 from legendary professor Dr. I.D.E. Thomas for his research into ancient history, and has been endorsed by such national leaders as Dr. James Kennedy.

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Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey

Roles and Responsibilities of a Researcher

A researcher’s job is to discover or confirm, in a responsible manner, evidence-based knowledge that can benefit society or the world. However, the role of a researcher is much wider than the job description and the responsibilities of a researcher are numerous. In this article, we will take a brief look at the many responsibilities a researcher that must be fulfilled to play this role effectively.

Varied roles of a researcher

A good researcher needs to be many things to many people; here are some researcher duties and responsibilities:

• Scientist – The primary role of a researcher is to conduct research, be that through experimental studies, literature reviews, or qualitative studies. This includes designing experiments and writing reports.
• Colleague/collaborator – Researcher duties and responsibilities often include collaborations with colleagues on scientific studies as well as review others’ work and provide feedback.
• Communicator – The role of a researcher includes communicating with various audiences about their work. Journal articles need to be written, grant applications completed, and presentations made to review boards and decision makers.
• Steward of the public trust – Many studies are funded with public resources, which come with the need for accountability. The responsibility of a researcher is to fulfill obligations required by the funding source, such as creating reports and presentations.
• Advocate – Researcher’s duties and responsibilities often include promoting their work to policymakers or others who can help apply the knowledge gained. They advocate for their work, their discipline, and sometimes even for science itself.

  Responsibilities of a researcher

As with the medical profession and its Hippocratic Oath, the main overarching responsibility of a researcher is to do no harm. This is especially important in today’s environment and encompasses a wider reach than simply ensuring the safety and well-being of research subjects, although that is vitally important. It means behaving in a proper manner rather than engaging in unacceptable behavior 1 .

Obviously, the primary role of a researcher is chasing knowledge and conducting studies. However, it is also essential that any conclusions reached through the research be evidence based. The results reported must be honest, objective, and scientifically supported. Here are some examples of ethical issues that a good researcher must consider when designing and conducting studies, reporting results, and drawing conclusions 2 :

• Over generalizing results – all studies have limitations. It is the responsibility of a researcher to openly reveal their limitations to ensure their work is useful and can be built on.
• Biased methodology or conclusions – this is especially important in qualitative studies. Researchers need to ask themselves if the survey questions are fair or if their own opinions are clouding the results.
• Correlation does not imply causation – a competent researcher will ensure they do not make this common mistake.
• Not considering other related factors – a researcher’s duties and responsibilities include being open to all possibilities and comprehensively consider them.
• Not understanding the data – the types and amount of data currently available are extremely vast and easy to misinterpret. Good researchers know exactly how their data were gathered and stored and will ask questions about the data’s validity and origin.

If you’re conducting your research in a university or commercial setting, most of these aspects will probably be regulated, well-known, and overseen by an advisor, supervisor, or institutional research board.

Ethical responsibilities of a researcher

In addition to the ethical responsibilities specific to scientific studies discussed above, an effective researcher’s duties and responsibilities mean adhering to some general ethical principles, including the following 1,2 .

• Honesty – report all data, results, and procedures honestly, without fabrication or misrepresentation.
• Objectivity – recognize and avoid bias in all aspects of research and behavior.
• Integrity – keep promises, behave consistently, always be sincere in your interactions, and respect intellectual property standards.
• Openness – practice transparency in all your professional activities, share ideas, data, results, and feedback. Be open to new ideas and criticism.
• Privacy and confidentiality – a key responsibility of a researcher would be to protect the privacy of research participants, safely maintain confidential documents, data, and trade secrets.
• Ethical treatment of research participants – one of the most important researcher duties and responsibilities is to treat research participants, both human and animal, respectfully and according to current guidelines.

No research is ever done in a vacuum, even if the study is being conducted by one person alone. In fact, all meaningful scientific research is built on a foundation laid by those who came before. So for good researchers, it’s all about the work – theirs and others. Thus, a take care to be ethical in their professional behavior and attitude and treat all colleagues fairly and respectfully.

Science has been getting some bad press lately; therefore, it is the responsibility of a researcher to behave ethically and model good scientific practice to the public. Instead of giving the public reasons to distrust your intelligence and knowledge, engage with them in an open and honest way, build trust with your audience, and let them see what effective research is about.

Finally, the role of a researcher is also have a social responsibility to ensure that their work is for the benefit of society, causes no harm to the environment or to others, and helps make the world a better place.

By demonstrating a willingness to shoulder these often unwritten responsibilities of a researcher, one can earn the respect of their colleagues, decision makers, and the public, which will ensure that their work will be respected as well.

Table of Contents

• Resnik, D.B. What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important? U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 23 December, 2020. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm .
• Purdue University. Common Pitfalls of Primary Research. Purdue Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_research/conducting_primary_research

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Helping math teachers bring statistics to life

Would This Get Credit? 2023 AP Statistics Exam #4

Chris Viste is a teacher of AP Statistics, AP Calculus BC, and Algebra 2 and is the math team advisor at New Berlin West High School in New Berlin, Wisconsin. Chris has been an AP Statistics Exam Reader, Table Leader and Early Table Leader.   She can be reached at [email protected] .

The Question - 2023 #4 (and the rubric )

A medical researcher completed a study comparing an omega-3 fatty acids supplement to a placebo in the treatment of irritability in patients with a certain medical condition.  Nineteen patients with the medical condition volunteered to participate in the study. The study was conducted using the following weekly schedule.

Week 1: Each patient took a randomly assigned treatment, omega-3 or placebo.

Week 2: The patients did not take either the omega-3 supplement or the placebo. This was necessary to reduce the possibility of any carryover effect from the assigned treatment taken during week 1.

Week 3: Each patient took the treatment, omega-3 or placebo, that they did not take during week 1.

At the end of week 1 and week 3, each patient’s irritability was given a score on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 representing no irritability and 10 representing the highest level of irritability.

For each patient, the two irritability scores and the difference in their scores (placebo minus omega-3) were recorded.  The results are summarized in the table and boxplots.

The researcher claims the omega-3 supplement will decrease the mean irritability score of all patients with the medical condition similar to the volunteers who participated in the study.  Is there convincing statistical evidence to support the researcher’s claim at a significance level of α = 0.05? Complete the appropriate inference procedure to support your answer.

This question was scored in three sections. In the first part, there were four components.  Students needed to identify the appropriate procedure for a population mean difference with name or formula (with variables or numbers), state correct hypotheses (with one mean, correct equality in the null hypothesis, and the right direction in the alternative), and include context.

WOULD THIS GET CREDIT (Identify the procedure)?

Students struggled with recognizing this as a matched-pairs t-test. In responses 1 - 3, students were confusing a matched pairs test with a 2-sample test.  We saw a lot of responses like this. Response 4 uses a formula to name the procedure, and even though a formula with symbols or numbers was acceptable, this formula was incorrect.  Students had to be clear they were working with a single sample in their identification of the procedure. Responses 5 – 9 are all correct ways to identify the procedure.

WOULD THIS GET CREDIT (Hypotheses)?

Hypotheses for a matched-pairs test should be written in terms of a single mean and the null hypothesis should indicate that the population mean difference = 0. Some students named a matched pairs t-test but then went on to use two means in their hypotheses, demonstrating that they weren’t really sure what type of test they were doing.  Responses 1 and 2 are incorrect because they include two means, one for each set of scores, not the mean of the differences of the scores for each individual. Response 3 earns partial credit because a single mean was used in the hypotheses, but they referred to a sample mean instead of a population mean. Response 4 is incorrect because the claim is stated as the null hypothesis, instead of the alternative.

WOULD THIS GET CREDIT (Context for parameter)?

Response 1:

μ₁ = the mean irritability score of patients taking the placebo

μ₂ = the mean irritability score of patients taking omega-3

Response 2:

μ = the mean difference of irritability scores between the placebo and omega-3

Response 3:

μ = the difference in mean irritability scores of all patients similar to the volunteers who participated in the study (placebo-omega 3).

Response 4:

μ = the mean difference of irritability scores of all patients who took the placebo and omega-3.

Response 5:

μ = the mean difference of irritability scores of all patients similar to the volunteers who participated in the study (placebo-omega 3).

Response 6:

No parameter was identified but hypotheses said µdiff

The context required for full credit included reference to the population mean difference (and by using µ students met the population element), the sampling units (patients), and response variable (irritability score). Context could have been referred to anywhere in the response, from identifying the parameter to the conditions or the conclusion.

Response 1  is incorrect because it is missing the key element of “mean difference.” Students often had this in their response if they were doing a 2-sample t-test.

Response 2  is incorrect because it didn’t mention the sampling units of patients.  If people of any variety were mentioned elsewhere in this response the student could pick up credit for it there.

Response 3  is incorrect because it refers to the difference in mean irritability scores which indicates two means, instead of a single mean difference. Wording of a “mean difference” was important. The response needed to be clear that only one mean was being tested.

Response 4  is incorrect because it uses past tense by saying “patients who took ,” referring to the sample and not the population.

Response 5  is correct because it refers to all necessary elements of context.

Response 6  may be correct if patients and irritability score were mentioned somewhere else in the response.  We accepted µdiff as referring to “mean difference.”  If the student merely said µ though, that was not enough. That student would need to define µd.

Teaching Tips:

Make sure students understand the difference between when to do a matched pairs test and when to do a two-sample test. Give lots of examples of each and help them understand what to look for and how to carry out each test.

When writing hypotheses and using subscripts, a mean difference is not the same thing as a difference of means. Students struggled to write the parameter correctly and understand the difference between a “mean difference” and a “difference of means.”   

Responses should always be written in the context of the problem.

The claim should be stated in the alternative hypothesis, not in the null hypothesis.

WOULD THIS GET CREDIT (Conditions, test statistic and p-value)?

Conditions: Random: Stated; Normal: the boxplots are approximately Normal.

t = .72; p-value = .2404

Conditions: Random: treatments are randomly assigned; Normal: the boxplot of the differences shows no outliers.

t = 2.256; p-value = .0159

Conditions: It was a completely randomized experiment; the boxplots show no strong skew, so they are approximately Normal.

t = 3.138; p-value = .0028

Conditions: Random: treatments were randomly assigned; Normal: the boxplot of differences shows no strong skew or outliers.

   p-value = .0028

In order to get full credit, the response had to indicate the random assignment was done, the boxplot of differences showed no major skew, and give the proper test statistic and p-value for a matched pairs t-test.

Response 1  is incorrect because saying “random” isn’t enough to demonstrate understanding that it was the treatments that were randomly assigned instead of this being an SRS. Also, the Normal condition is verified by referring to multiple boxplots, when only the boxplot of differences matters. The test statistic is incorrect because it is calculated without dividing by the square root of 19.  The response earns credit for the p-value though, since it is correctly calculated, using the stated test statistic, using the upper tail of a t-distribution with 18 degrees of freedom. 

Response 2  earns partial credit because while checking conditions, the random assignment condition is stated and verified correctly, but the Normal condition does not describe the shape of the boxplot, only that it didn’t have outliers. Furthermore, the normal condition was being verified for a matched-pairs test, but the test statistic was calculated for a 2-sample test. When this happens, the response is scored as partially correct.    

Response 3  earns partial credit because the response correctly identifies the random assignment process in “completely randomized experiment,” but says the boxplot s  (students need to describe a singular boxplot) appear approximately Normal. Because Normality can’t be established from a boxplot, the response loses credit for saying that. The response correctly identifies the test-statistic and p-value for a matched-pairs test. Again, because the Normal condition checked was for a different test than the test-statistic, only partial credit could be earned.

Response 4  earns full credit because it states and verifies that the random assignment and normal conditions are met for a matched-pairs test, and states the correct test statistic and p-value for that test.

For full credit in this inference procedure, students need to make sure they understand the difference between random sampling and random assignment and be sure to verify the necessary condition. Based on the CED, the condition that “random assignment” satisfies is independence.

Students should understand how to describe the shape of a distribution displayed in a boxplot and that Normality can’t be determined from a boxplot. Also, students should understand that the Normal condition for a matched-pairs test is satisfied when the sampling distribution of the differences can be assumed to be approximately Normal, not when the individual irritability scores distributions or the population distributions are approximately Normal.

Students did not have to show work to earn credit for the test statistic.  Students should use their calculators whenever possible to calculate the test statistic and p-value. Indicating the degrees of freedom used was not required, but allowed us to determine if the stated p-value follows correctly from the test statistic.

If the 10% condition was mentioned, this was overlooked and students were not penalized for stating it.

WOULD THIS GET CREDIT (Conclusion)?

With a p-value of .0028 and an alpha level of .05, I reject H₀. I have convincing evidence that omega-3 will decrease the irritability score of all patients with the medical condition similar to the volunteers who participated in the study.

Since a p-value of .25 is greater than α = .05, I fail to reject the H₀. I have convincing evidence that omega-3 decreased the mean irritability score of the patients.

With a p-value of .0028 and an alpha level of .05, I reject H₀. This proves that omega-3 will decrease the irritability score of all patients with the medical condition similar to the volunteers who participated in the study.

P-value of .0159 < α = .05. I have convincing evidence that omega-3 will decrease the mean irritability score of all patients with the medical condition similar to the volunteers who participated in the study.

Because my p-value is less than alpha, we can reject H₀. I have convincing evidence that the true mean difference in irritability scores for all patients similar to the volunteers in the study is greater than 0.

Because the p-value of .9972 is greater than .05, the researchers should fail to reject the null hypothesis. They don’t have convincing evidence that omega-3 will decrease the mean irritability score of all patients.

Response 7:

Because the p-value of .0028 is less than the alpha level of .05, I reject H₀. I have convincing evidence that omega-3 will decrease the mean irritability score of all patients with the medical condition similar to the volunteers who participated in the study.

In order to earn full credit for the conclusion, the response needed a correct comparison of an identified p-value to the significance level, provide a correct decision about the null or alternative hypothesis, and state a correct conclusion in context in terms of the alternative hypothesis using non-deterministic language.

Response 1  is incorrect because there is no comparison between the p-value and the significance level.   The response should include “less than” in the comparison here. Also, in the statement of the conclusion in terms of the alternative, the word “mean” is omitted from the response variable “mean irritability score,” so context is not complete.

Response 2  is incorrect because even though the response correctly compares an incorrect p-value to the significance level, and makes the correct decision regarding the null hypothesis, an inconsistent conclusion was stated regarding the alternative hypothesis. The conclusion also incorrectly refers to the sample (“of the patients”), instead of the population of all patients similar to those in the study.

Response 3  is incorrect because the p-value is not compared to the significance level, even though it indicates a correct decision about the null hypothesis, and then uses deterministic language in its conclusion consistent with the alternative hypothesis.

Response 4  earns full credit, because a p-value is correctly compared to the significance level, a correct decision regarding the alternative is implied, and a correct conclusion consistent with the alternative hypothesis, in context, is stated, using the wording from the stem of the problem. The response did not have to explicitly state the we should reject the null hypothesis.

Response 5  earns full credit, assuming the p-value was already identified in the response, because it correctly compares the p-value to the significance level, indicates a correct decision about the null hypothesis, and states a correct conclusion, in context, in terms of the alternative hypothesis.

Response 6  earns full credit, even though an incorrect p-value is used, because it correctly compares a p-value to the significance level, indicates a correct decision about the null hypothesis, for the stated p-value, and states a correct conclusion, for the stated p-value, in context, consistent with the alternative hypothesis, using the wording from the stem of the problem.

Response 7  earns full credit because a p-value is correctly compared to the significance level, a correct decision regarding the null hypothesis is stated, and a correct conclusion consistent with the alternative hypothesis, in context, is stated, using the wording from the stem of the problem.

Students should not interpret the p-value as part of their conclusion to a significance test unless asked to do so.  If asked to do so, be sure to include the phrase “equal to or more extreme  than the sample results.”

Students should be sure to compare the p-value to the significance level.  Just stating each number is not enough.

Students should always state conclusions in the context of the alternative hypothesis.

Encourage students to use the wording stated in the stem of the problem in their conclusion.

Students should understand that a conclusion to a significance test is about the population and not the sample.  The wording of a response should include present or future tense.  Past tense indicates reference to the sample used in the experiment.

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Researcher III - Academic Salary in the United States

Researcher iii - academic salary.

How much does a Researcher III - Academic make in the United States? The average Researcher III - Academic salary in the United States is $92,657 as of May 28, 2024, but the range typically falls between $79,377 and $107,305 . Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education , certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. With more online, real-time compensation data than any other website, Salary.com helps you determine your exact pay target. 

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Analysis: Analysis is the process of considering something carefully or using statistical methods in order to understand it or explain it.

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Job Description for Researcher III - Academic

Researcher III - Academic carries out research/development activities. Makes detailed observations, analyzes data, and interprets results. Being a Researcher III - Academic compiles results and prepares technical reports and documentation of outcomes. Conducts research, writes substantive policy papers, collaborates with lead researchers with respect to larger or more complex studies. Additionally, Researcher III - Academic requires a master's degree. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager. Researcher III - Academic is a specialist on complex technical and business matters. Work is highly independent. May assume a team lead role for the work group. To be a Researcher III - Academic typically requires 7+ years of related experience. (Copyright 2024 Salary.com)... View full job description

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Coast Guard icebreaker Healy headed to Alaska for 3 Arctic research missions

The U.S. Coast Guard cutter  Healy , the largest U.S. icebreaker, is on its way to Alaska for the first of three Arctic scientific missions planned over the coming months.

The Healy departed on Wednesday from Seattle, its home port, the Coast Guard said. Its first mission will bring scientists to the Beaufort Sea to service underwater moorings, devices installed to collect information about oceanic conditions. Scientists on the mission will also survey the currents between the Bering Sea and the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Other work to be conducted includes monitoring of Arctic algal blooms, the Coast Guard said.

In its second mission, the Healy is scheduled to carry early career scientists on a cruise through the Northwest Passage to Greenland. That mission is intended to  train scientists  in Arctic research practices and is modeled after a similar mission conducted last year on the  Sikuliaq , a research vessel owned by the National Science Foundation and operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

The Healy’s third scheduled mission is to gather data for the  Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program , an international scientific program established in 2007. That work will collect high-resolution data across the Arctic basin, the Coast Guard said.

“We are excited to support three significant missions in the northern high latitudes,” Coast Guard Capt. Michele Schallip, the Healy’s commanding officer, said in a statement. “Two of these missions are part of long-standing data collection projects, aimed at enhancing our understanding of a changing Arctic. The third mission is dedicated to inspiring future principal investigators who will continue this important work.”

At a time when scientific interest in the Arctic Ocean is intensifying, the Healy “substantially enhances” U.S. Arctic research capacity, she said. “Healy’s crew have been unwavering in their efforts during our in-port maintenance period, ensuring the cutter is ready to meet the demands of these missions,” she said.

The Healy, which is designed to break through ice up to 4.5 feet thick, is one of only two operating  polar-class icebreakers  owned by the Coast Guard. While the Healy generally works in the Arctic during the summer and fall supporting scientific research and other purposes, the Coast Guard’s other polar icebreaker, the Polar Star, is usually assigned to the Antarctic.

The Healy’s cruises are among  several scheduled for research vessels  in Alaska and Arctic waters in coming months.

The Seward-based Sikuliaq, which completed some West Coast missions in the spring, has already been deployed in the Gulf of Alaska to continue long-term research there. The Sikuliaq has  Alaska research cruises scheduled  through September.

The Sikuliaq, which is named for the Inupiaq term meaning “young ice,” is designed to sail through relatively thin ice.

Other ships are also scheduled to conduct research cruises to collect information about fish stocks, whales, seabed features and sea ice, among other subjects, according to the  Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee .

Yereth Rosen, Alaska Beacon

Alaska Beacon  is part of States Newsroom, a network of news bureaus supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Alaska Beacon maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Andrew Kitchenman for questions: [email protected] . Follow Alaska Beacon on  Facebook and X .

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Every Elephant Has Its Own Name, Study Suggests

An analysis of elephant calls using an artificial intelligence tool suggests that the animals may use and respond to individualized rumbles.

By Kate Golembiewski

What’s in a name? It’s more than a sound people make to get your attention — it’s a seemingly universal hallmark of human society and language, the specifics of which set us apart from our fellow animals. Now, scientists say they have found evidence with the help of artificial-intelligence-powered tools that elephants call each other by names too.

“They have this ability to individually call specific members of their family with a unique call,” said Mickey Pardo, an acoustic biologist at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and an author of a study published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.

Elephants’ trumpeting calls might be their most recognizable sounds, but these “are basically an emotional outburst,” Dr. Pardo said. Lower-pitched rumbles, he said, are more meaningful, as they make up a majority of elephant vocalizations and are used in a wide variety of social situations. “A lot of interesting stuff is going on in the rumbles,” he said.

To decode these rumbles, Dr. Pardo and George Wittemyer, a professor of conservation biology at Colorado State University and chairman of the scientific board for the nonprofit Save the Elephants, analyzed 469 vocalizations made by family groups of adult elephant females and their offspring recorded at Amboseli National Park and the Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves in Kenya.

Elephant rumbles can be difficult for the human ear to differentiate, so the researchers used machine learning analysis: Essentially, they relied on A.I. to break down different elephant calls.

Individual elephants seemed to respond to certain rumbles from other elephants, and the researchers fed those sounds into their A.I. tool. “If the calls have something like a name, you should be able to figure out who the call is addressed to just from the acoustic structure of that call alone,” Dr. Pardo said.

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Microsoft Research Blog

Microsoft at CVPR 2024: Innovations in computer vision and AI research

Published June 17, 2024

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Microsoft is proud to sponsor the 41st annual Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2024), held from June 17 to June 21. This premier conference covers a broad spectrum of topics in the field, including 3D reconstruction and modeling, action and motion analysis, video and image processing, synthetic data generation, neural networks, and many more. This year, 63 papers from Microsoft have been accepted, with six selected for oral presentations. This post highlights these contributions.

The diversity of these research projects reflects the interdisciplinary approach that Microsoft research teams have taken, from techniques that precisely recreate 3D human figures and perspectives in augmented reality (AR) to combining advanced image segmentation with synthetic data to better replicate real-world scenarios. Other projects demonstrate how researchers are combining machine learning with natural language processing and structured data, developing models that not only visualize but also interact with their environments. Collectively, these projects aim to improve machine perception and enable more accurate and responsive interactions with the world. 

Microsoft Research Forum Episode 3: Globally inclusive and equitable AI, new use cases for AI, and more

In the latest episode of Microsoft Research Forum, researchers explored the importance of globally inclusive and equitable AI, shared updates on AutoGen and MatterGen, presented novel use cases for AI, including industrial applications and the potential of multimodal models to improve assistive technologies.

Oral presentations 

Bioclip: a vision foundation model for the tree of life.

Samuel Stevens, Jiaman Wu, Matthew J Thompson, Elizabeth G. Campolongo, Chan Hee Song, David Carlyn,  Li Dong , W. Dahdul, Charles Stewart, Tanya Y. Berger-Wolf, Wei-Lun Chao, Yu Su  

The surge in images captured from diverse sources—from drones to smartphones—offers a rich source of biological data. To harness this potential, we introduce TreeOfLife-10M, the largest and most diverse ML-ready dataset of biology images, and BioCLIP, a foundation model intended for the biological sciences. BioCLIP, utilizing the TreeOfLife-10M’s vast array of organism images and structured knowledge, excels in fine-grained biological classification, outperforming existing models by significant margins and demonstrating strong generalizability. 

EgoGen: An Egocentric Synthetic Data Generator

Gen Li, Kaifeng Zhao, Siwei Zhang, Xiaozhong Lyu, Mihai Dusmanu , Yan Zhang, Marc Pollefeys  

A critical challenge in augmented reality (AR) is simulating realistic anatomical movements to guide cameras for authentic egocentric views. To overcome this, the authors developed EgoGen, a sophisticated synthetic data generator that not only improves training data accuracy for egocentric tasks but also refines the integration of motion and perception. It offers a practical solution for creating realistic egocentric training data, with the goal of serving as a useful tool for egocentric computer vision research. 

Florence-2: Advancing a Unified Representation for a Variety of Vision Tasks

Bin Xiao , Haiping Wu, Weijian Xu, Xiyang Dai , Houdong Hu, Yumao Lu, Michael Zeng , Ce Liu, Lu Yuan  

Florence-2 introduces a unified, prompt-based vision foundation model capable of handling a variety of tasks, from captioning to object detection and segmentation. Designed to interpret text prompts as task instructions, Florence-2 generates text outputs across a spectrum of vision and vision-language tasks. This model’s training utilizes the FLD-5B dataset, which includes 5.4 billion annotations on 126 million images, developed using an iterative strategy of automated image annotation and continual model refinement.

LISA: Reasoning Segmentation via Large Language Model

Xin Lai, Zhuotao Tian, Yukang Chen, Yanwei Li, Yuhui Yuan , Shu Liu, Jiaya Jia

This work introduces reasoning segmentation , a new segmentation task using complex query texts to generate segmentation masks. The authors also established a new benchmark, comprising over a thousand image-instruction-mask data samples, incorporating intricate reasoning and world knowledge for evaluation. Finally, the authors present Large Language Instructed Segmentation Assistant (LISA), a tool that combines the linguistic capabilities of large language models with the ability to produce segmentation masks. LISA effectively handles complex queries and shows robust zero-shot learning abilities, further enhanced by minimal fine-tuning.

MultiPly: Reconstruction of Multiple People from Monocular Video in the Wild

Zeren Jiang, Chen Guo, Manuel Kaufmann, Tianjian Jiang, Julien Valentin (opens in new tab) , Otmar Hilliges, Jie Song  

MultiPly is a new framework for reconstructing multiple people in 3D from single-camera videos in natural settings. This technique employs a layered neural representation for the entire scene, refined through layer-wise differentiable volume rendering. Enhanced by a hybrid instance segmentation that combines self-supervised 3D and promptable 2D techniques, it provides reliable segmentation even with close interactions. The process uses confidence-guided optimization to alternately refine human poses and shapes, achieving high-fidelity, consistent 3D models.

SceneFun3D: Fine-Grained Functionality and Affordance Understanding in 3D Scenes

Alexandros Delitzas, Ayça Takmaz, Federico Tombari, Robert Sumner, Marc Pollefeys , Francis Engelmann  

Traditional 3D scene understanding methods are heavily focused on 3D sematic and instance segmentation, but the true challenge lies in interacting with functional interactive elements like handles, knobs, and buttons to achieve specific tasks. Enter SceneFun3D: a robust dataset featuring over 14,800 precise interaction annotations across 710 high-resolution real-world 3D indoor scenes. This dataset enriches scene comprehension with motion parameters and task-specific natural language descriptions, facilitating advanced research in functionality segmentation, task-driven affordance grounding, and 3D motion estimation.

Discover more about our work and contributions to CVPR 2024, including our full list of publications and sessions , on our conference webpage . 

Related publications

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Research Focus: Week of April 15, 2024

Research Focus: Week of February 19, 2024

HoloAssist: A multimodal dataset for next-gen AI copilots for the physical world

Microsoft at CVPR 2023: Pushing the boundaries of computer vision

Research areas.

The 2024 EU Prize for Citizens Science goes to three projects addressing marine pollution, agricultural biodiversity, and mental health

Today, the winners of the EU 2024 Prize for Citizen Science were announced. Citizen science - the general public engagement in scientific research activities – contributes to a vibrant civil society and is getting increasingly popular with Europeans.

Out of the 288 applications, three citizen science initiatives received the main prizes and 27 were recognised with honorary mentions. 

The winners are:

• The ‘Grand Prize’ , worth €60,000, goes to the EU-funded  INCREASE  project for its outstanding achievements in advancing knowledge on seed preservation through the empowerment of civil society and citizens, in particular from rural areas.
• The Digital Communities prize , worth   €20,000, is given to the Horizon 2020 project  CoAct for Mental Health for its use of digital technologies to develop a personalised approach and improve the quality of life for people facing mental health problems.
• The Diversity & Collaboration prize , worth €20,000, is given to  SeaPaCS_Participatory Citizen Science against Marine Pollution for producing transformative knowledge that filled the existing cognitive and emotional gap between society and the sea.

Iliana Ivanova, Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth, said:

“I warmly congratulate the winners of this year’s EU Citizen Science Award, but would also like to commend all participants. Your initiatives address some of our most pressing challenges and showcase the transformative potential of citizen science. They improve the excellence and impact of our research, and also deepen the relationship and trust between science and our societies.”

The winners have been selected by an independent jury of five experts. Two of the three winners of the main prizes are projects funded by Horizon 2020, the EU’s previous research and innovation programme (2014-2020). The third winner involves both a former and a current Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) fellow.

General public engagement in scientific research activities contributes to a vibrant civil society. Horizon Europe promotes co-creation and co-design through the engagement of citizens and civil society. Opening the research system towards society is one of its programme principles and operational objectives. They have the potential to improve the excellence and impact of our research, and to deepen the relationship - and trust - between science and our societies.

This is the second edition of the EU Prize for Citizens Science to provide recognition to outstanding citizen science initiatives that enact change, expand knowledge, and address social, political, cultural, and environmental challenges through the involvement of citizens in research and innovation. The Prize was launched and is awarded by the Horizon Europe project IMPETUS , as part of its work to support and give recognition to citizen science. For this edition, the Award received 288 applications from 49 countries. A third edition of the Prize is expected to be launched in January 2025.

The project engages citizens, including farmers, through a dedicated application for data collection and seed exchange. 5,000 participants of different backgrounds, ages, and genders, from across Europe are participating in the project’s 2024 beans preservation campaign. They grow different seeds in their fields, gardens or terraces and document their growth and plant traits through an application.

INCREASE, which is funded under Horizon 2020, has made the colossal challenge to preserve over 1,000 varieties of beans possible. Most of these beans are not commonly cultivated nor consumed. For the jury “the project exemplifies excellence in research that embraces Citizen Science,” empowering communities to regain control of their agricultural heritage.

People experiencing mental health problems and their families were co-researchers and co-creators in this project: In total, 32 people shared their lived experiences and interactions with their social support networks (family, friends, workmates, neighbours) in a chatbot. They came up with 14 policy recommendations, published in the form of European and local policy briefs, that can become a guide for avoiding social exclusion, and improving the well-being and recovery of people under treatment.

For the jury, “this project allows citizens to play an active role in research that directly impacts their lives and harnesses the power of technology to include marginalized voices as active participants in the transformation of mental health care.

SeaPaCS explores the consequences of marine plastic pollution on local biodiversity via a participatory citizen science process in the coastal city of Anzio, Italy.

It engages more than 250 fishermen, North African migrants, students, teachers, sailors, video makers, photographers, and marine lawyers in co-producing knowledge about the health of the Mediterranean Sea. The project contributes to scientific fields like oceanography, cultural geography, and marine chemistry. This helped, in building marine plastic recycling stations, for example. For the jury, the project “demonstrates how we can involve citizens not just in mapping problems but also in taking collective action towards restoring biodiversity and ecological resilience in European oceans, with attention to social inclusion and cultural diversity.”

More information

Announcement of the 2024 EU Prize for Citizens Science’s winners

2024 EU Prize for Citizens Science’s winners and honorary mentions

Press contact:

EC Spokesperson for Research, Science and Innovation

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• Cultural Issues and the 2024 Election

4. Gender, family, reproductive issues and the 2024 election

Table of contents.

• Voters’ views about race and society, the impact of the legacy of slavery
• Most voters, but not all, view the nation’s diversity as a strength
• How should the country handle undocumented immigrants currently in the U.S.?
• Attitudes toward hearing other languages in public places
• Biden and Trump supporters’ views about discussing America’s historical successes, failures
• How does the U.S. compare with other countries?
• Views of women’s progress
• How much of a priority should marriage and children be?
• Abortion, IVF access and birth control
• Views of gender identity
• Voters’ attitudes toward use of gender-neutral pronouns
• Societal impact of more social acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual people
• Religion and government policy
• How much influence should the Bible have on the nation’s laws, if any?
• Views on the federal government’s role in promoting Christian values
• Most voters say it is not necessary to believe in God to be moral
• Is the justice system too tough on criminals, or not tough enough?
• Policing and law enforcement
• How Trump, Biden supporters view gun rights and ownership
• Views on the increasing number of guns in the U.S.
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Biden and Trump voters differ sharply over the state of women’s progress in the U.S., as well as over whether society should prioritize marriage and children.

Yet majorities of both candidates’ supporters say that the gains women have made in society have not come at the expense of men.

Nearly two years after the Supreme Court overturned the Roe v. Wade decision that guaranteed a right to abortion, the issue continues to divide the two coalitions: Biden supporters overwhelmingly say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while a narrower majority of Trump backers say it should not.

But the two groups generally share the view that birth control and access to in vitro fertilization (IVF) should be widely available. Majorities of both Biden and Trump supporters view the broad availability of birth control as a good thing and say the same about access to IVF.

Supporters of Joe Biden and Donald Trump have mirror-image views on whether women face obstacles to getting ahead in society that men do not.

• About three-quarters of Biden supporters (73%) say there are still significant obstacles making it harder for women than men to get ahead. About a quarter (26%) say these obstacles are now largely gone.
• In contrast, seven-in-ten Trump supporters say the obstacles that once made it harder for women than men to get ahead are now largely gone. About three-in-ten (29%) say women still face significant obstacles.

There were also wide gaps in these opinions during the 2016 and 2020 presidential campaigns .

Differences between Biden and Trump voters are much more modest when it comes to views of whether women’s gains have come at the expense of men. Sizable majorities of both Biden (90%) and Trump supporters (74%) reject this idea.

Among both Biden supporters and Trump supporters, men are more likely than women to say the obstacles that once made it harder for women than men to get ahead are now largely gone.

Among Trump supporters, 83% of men say this, compared with 55% of women.

Almost four-in-ten men who back Biden (37%) say women’s obstacles to progress are now largely gone. Just 16% of women who back Biden say the same.

While most voters across age groups and genders say that gains women have made have not come at the expense of men, a third of men who support Trump do think women’s gains have cost men. This share increases to 40% among men under age 50 who support Trump. About 20% of women or fewer – regardless of age or which candidate they support – say that women’s gains come at the expense of men.

Roughly four-in-ten registered voters (39%) say society is better off if people make marriage and having children a priority, while a majority (59%) say society is just as well off if people have priorities other than family and children.

• Trump supporters (59%) are much more likely than Biden supporters (19%) to say that it is better if people prioritize marriage and children.

There are modest differences between men and women in whether focusing on marriage and children makes society better.

• About six-in-ten men who support Trump (63%) say this, compared with 54% of Trump-supporting women. There is a similar gender gap among Biden supporters (22% of men vs. 16% of women).

Black voters who support Biden (29%) are more likely than White (17%) and Hispanic (16%) Biden supporters to say an emphasis on marriage and family makes society better off. Two-in-ten Asian voters who back Biden say this.

Marriage and children

Three-quarters of registered voters say they are comfortable with women not taking their husbands’ last names when they get married. Just a quarter are uncomfortable with this.

However, Trump supporters (37%) are much more likely than Biden supporters (13%) to express discomfort with married women not taking their husbands’ last names.

And men who support Trump (44%) are more likely than women who support him (29%) to say they are uncomfortable with the practice of women not taking their husbands’ last names.

Related: About 8 in 10 women in opposite-sex marriages say they took their husband’s last name

The nation’s fertility rate, which has been declining for years, is now at its lowest point in more than a century, according to a recent study by the Centers for Disease Control. About four-in-ten voters (43%) say it is neither good nor bad for society that people are having fewer children; 35% view this trend negatively, while 22% say it is good for society.

Biden supporters have mixed views of the fact that people are having fewer children. Half say this is neither good nor bad, 27% view this as good for society, and 23% say it is bad.

Trump supporters – especially men who back Trump – view this trend more negatively.

• Nearly half of Trump supporters (47%), including a 56% majority of men who support Trump, say it is bad for society that people are having fewer children. Roughly four-in-ten women who support Trump (37%) see this trend as a bad thing.

Abortion deeply divides supporters of Biden and Trump. About nine-in-ten Biden supporters (88%) say abortion should be legal in most (46%) or all (42%) cases. Just 11% of Biden supporters say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases.

Conversely, about six-in-ten Trump supporters (61%) say abortion should be illegal in all (11%) or most (50%) cases. A significant minority of Trump supporters say abortion should be legal in most or all cases (38%).

Related: Broad Public Support for Legal Abortion Persists 2 Years After Dobbs

Age, gender differences among Trump supporters – but not Biden supporters – on abortion

About half of Trump supporters ages 18 to 34 (51%) say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, a substantially higher share than among older Trump supporters (35% of those 35 and older).

Among Biden supporters, nearly nine-in-ten across all age groups say abortion should be legal in all or most cases.

Both women and men who back Trump are more likely to say abortion should be illegal than to say it should be legal. However, more women who support Trump (41%) say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, compared with 34% of men who support Trump.

There is no difference in these views between women and men who support Biden.

By contrast, 73% of all voters – including majorities of Biden (83%) and Trump supporters (64%) – say access to in vitro fertilization (IVF) is a good thing.

Related: Americans overwhelmingly say access to IVF is a good thing

Voters overwhelmingly express positive views of birth control, condoms and other forms of contraception being widely available in the United States. Nearly eight-in-ten (79%) say this is very or somewhat good for society, 13% view it as neither good nor bad, and 7% say it is bad.

• 93% of Biden supporters and 66% of Trump supporters say it’s good for society that birth control is widely available.
• Men who support Trump (61%) are less likely than women who back the former president (73%) to say that birth control being widely available is good for society. There is no meaningful gender gap on this question among Biden supporters.

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Biden, Trump are least-liked pair of major party presidential candidates in at least 3 decades

More than half of americans are following election news closely, and many are already worn out, americans have mixed views about how the news media cover biden’s, trump’s ages, an early look at black voters’ views on biden, trump and election 2024, voters’ views of trump and biden differ sharply by religion, most popular, report materials.

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