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How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

Let’s be honest: Sometimes the best information for a paper comes straight from a professor’s PowerPoint presentation. But did you know that source needs to be cited?

Whether you’re making use of your instructor’s lecture materials or pulling information from a Powerpoint found online, you need to make sure to cite your sources if you use information from it in a project or paper.

Here’s a run -t hrough of everything this page includes:  

• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style

By now, you’re probably familiar with how to cite websites, books or journal articles, but not as knowledgeable about how to cite a Powerpoint presentation. In actuality, citing PowerPoint presentations aren’t all that different from citing written materials, so don’t let yourself be phased! It’s not too hard and compiling an MLA works cited or APA reference page doesn’t take too long—each one should take just a few minutes to create.

To help you with the process, we’ve put together a handy guide demonstrating how to cite a PowerPoint presentation in three commonly used citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago.

Let’s start by looking for basic information you’ll need for the citation.

Information you may need to cite a PowerPoint Presentation:

• Author or authors of the presentation
• Presentation title
• Date of publication/presentation
• Place of publication/where the presentation was given
• URL (if used to locate the presentation)

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format:

MLA format citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. Presentation Title. Month Year, URL. PowerPoint Presentation.

Example citation :

Park, Lisa. Effective Working Teams . Jan. 2011, https://www.company.meetings/teams. PowerPoint Presentation.

In-text citation structure:

(Last Name)

Example in-text citation:

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format:  

APA reference structure:

Author or Presenter Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Date of publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL

Example reference:

Park, L. (2011, March 24-28). Effective working teams [PowerPoint presentation]. Regional Dairy Workers National Conference, New York, NY, United States. https://www.company.meetings/teams

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style:

Chicago citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Presentation Title.” Lecture, Location of Lecture, Month Day, Year.

Example citation:

Park, Lisa. “Effective Working Teams.” Lecture, The Plaza Hotel, New York, NY, January 11, 2011.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: how to cite a powerpoint that has multiple authors..

For a presentation with multiple authors, list the authors alphabetically by last name for the full reference citation. The citation will list each author by Last Name, First Initial.

If the PowerPoint has just two authors, separate them with a comma and an ampersand (&). If the PowerPoint has more than two authors, list the authors separated by commas.

Reference examples:

Felner, D., & Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Felner, D., Nguy, A., Becham, G. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

For an in-text citation for two authors, give both surnames separated by an ampersand (&) followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

For an in-text citation for three or more authors, list the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

In-text citation examples:

(Felner & Nguy, 2021)

(Felner et al., 2021)

For a PowerPoint with two presenters or authors, include both names in the full works-cited citation. The names need to be written as follows: First presenter’s Last Name, First Name, and then the second presenter’s First Name and Last Name.

For an in-text citation, simply list the surnames of both presenters.

In-text citation example:

(Nguy and Felner)

Work-cited entry example:

Nguy, Anna and Dominic Felner. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

For a PowerPoint with three or more presenters, only list one presenter’s name followed by a comma and “et al.”

For an in-text citation for three or more authors or presenters , list the surname given in the full works-cited citation followed by “et al.”

(Nguy et al.)

Nguy, Anna et al. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

Solution #2 How to cite a slideshow that wasn’t made with PowerPoint

If making a full works-cited citation for a slideshow that was made with another program other than PowerPoint, include the medium in brackets instead of PowerPoint.

If the presentation is not in PowerPoint, and you can’t determine what software was used, include the word “slideshow” in brackets in place of PowerPoint.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Prezi presentation]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other APA in-text citation (author last name, year).

(Nguy, 2021)

At the end of your full works-cited citation, include the program the slideshow was made with, formatted as:  ______ Presentation.

If you are uncertain of the program used, end your citation with “slideshow” followed by a period. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation. Apr. 2021. Prezi Presentation. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation . Apr. 2021. Slideshow.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other MLA in-text citation (author last name).

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Updated April 26, 2021.

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To cite PowerPoint presentation slides, include the author name, year/date of presentation, the title, the source description, the website and/or university name, and the URL where the source can be found.

If the PowerPoint presentation is not accessible to the reader, cite the slides as personal communication.

If you want to cite a PowerPoint in MLA or APA style, you need to have basic information including the name of the author(s), title of the presentation, date and place of publication, and URL. For in-text citations, you need to include only the author name(s) in MLA style and author name(s) and year in APA style.  

APA in-text citations

(Author Surname, publication year)

(Dhanalakshmi, 2004)

MLA in-text citations

(Author Surname)

(Dhanalakshmi)

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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers

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Formatting a Powerpoint Presentation in APA 7th Style

The apa 7th manual and the apa website do not provide any specific rules about using apa format or citation in powerpoint slides. , here are some recommended guidelines:, 1. always follow any specific instructions given by your instructor., 2. you will need in-text citations on a powerpoint slide where you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing someone else's ideas. , 3. you also will include a reference list as your powerpoint's last slide (or slides). , this youtube video from smart student shows you how to create apa7th in-text citations and a reference list: .

• Citing and Referencing in Powerpoint Presentations | APA 7th Edition This video will show you how to create APA 7th in-text citations and a Reference page for your PowerPoint presentation.
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PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References

This page contains reference examples for PowerPoint slides or lecture notes, including the following:

• PowerPoint slides available online
• PowerPoint slides from a classroom website

Use these formats to cite information obtained directly from slides.

If the slides contain citations to information published elsewhere, and you want to cite that information as well, then it is best to find, read, and cite the original source yourself rather than citing the slides as a secondary source.

Writers creating PowerPoint presentations in APA Style should present information clearly and concisely. Many APA Style guidelines can be applied to presentations (e.g., the guidance for crediting sources, using bias-free language, and writing clearly and concisely).

However, decisions about font size, amount of text on a slide, color scheme, use of animations, and so on are up to writers; these details are not specified as part of APA Style.

1. PowerPoint slides available online

Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-reading-making-the-most-of-it

• Parenthetical citation : (Jones, 2016)
• Narrative citation : Jones (2016)
• When the slides are available online to anyone, provide the site name on which they are hosted in the source element of the reference, followed by the URL of the slides.

2. PowerPoint slides from a classroom website

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

• Parenthetical citation : (Mack & Spake, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Mack and Spake (2018)
• If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, Sakai), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).
• If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication .

PowerPoint slide references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.14 and the Concise Guide Section 10.12

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APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Presentations and Class Notes

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In-Text Citation or Reference List?

Handouts distributed in class and presentation slides such as PowerPoint should be cited both in-text and on the Reference list.

Your own notes from lectures are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list.

Presentation Slides from a Website

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation  [Lecture notes, PowerPoint Slides, etc.]. Publisher. URL

Kunka, J. L. (n.d.). Conquering the comma [PowerPoint presentation]. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html#presentations

Presentation Slides from WebCampus (Canvas)

Instructor, I. I. (Year Presentation Was Created).  Title of presentation  [PowerPoint presentation]. WebCampus. URL

Graham, J. (2013).  Introduction: Jean Watson  [PowerPoint presentation]. WebCampus. https://unr.instructure.com/login/canvas

Note : The first letter of the word Watson is capitalized as it is part of a person's name.

Class Handouts from WebCampus (Canvas)

Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known).  Title of handout  [Class handout]. WebCampus. URL

Magowan , A. (2013).  Career resources at the library   [Class handout]. WebCampus. https://unr.instructure.com/login/canvas

Class Handout in Print

Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known).  Title of handout  [Class handout]. University Name, Course code.

Wood, D. (2013).  Laboratory safety overview  [Class handout]. University of Nevada, Reno,  BIO173.

Class Lectures (Notes from)

Note : Your own notes from a lecture are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the class lecture.

(I. I. Instructor who gave lecture, personal communication, Month Day, Year lecture took place)

"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2012).

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How to Cite a PowerPoint in Apa 7

If you are working on an academic paper that requires the use of PowerPoint presentations as sources of information, it is important to know how to properly cite them in APA 7 style. This article will provide you with a comprehensive guide on how to cite PowerPoint presentations in APA 7, including step-by-step instructions, best practices, common mistakes to avoid, and examples of APA 7 citations for different types of PowerPoint presentations.

Table of Contents

Understanding the Basics of APA Citation Style

APA citation style is one of the most commonly used styles in academic writing. It is used to provide references to sources of information cited in the text of a paper. APA citation style is often used in the social sciences but can be used in other disciplines as well. The purpose of APA citation style is to give credit to the original authors of the information used in a paper, and to allow readers to locate the sources of information used in the paper.

One of the key features of APA citation style is the use of in-text citations. In-text citations are brief references to sources of information that are included within the body of the paper. These citations typically include the author’s last name and the year of publication, and are enclosed in parentheses. In-text citations allow readers to quickly and easily locate the sources of information used in a paper, and also help to avoid plagiarism.

In addition to in-text citations, APA citation style also requires a list of references at the end of the paper. This list includes all of the sources of information cited in the paper, and provides readers with the information they need to locate these sources. The reference list is typically organized alphabetically by the author’s last name, and includes the full citation information for each source, such as the title of the article or book, the name of the publisher, and the date of publication.

Overview of PowerPoint Presentations as a Source of Information

PowerPoint presentations are a popular source of information used in academic papers, particularly in fields such as business, education, and social sciences. They can contain a wide range of information, including statistics, visual aids, and text. When citing a PowerPoint presentation as a source of information in a paper, it is important to provide the necessary information for readers to locate and verify the information used.

It is important to note that not all PowerPoint presentations are created equal in terms of their reliability as a source of information. Presentations created by reputable organizations or individuals with expertise in the subject matter are generally more reliable than those created by individuals with little to no expertise. Additionally, it is important to critically evaluate the information presented in a PowerPoint presentation, as it may contain biases or inaccuracies.

Step-by-Step Guide on Citing PowerPoint Presentations in APA 7

The following is a step-by-step guide on how to properly cite a PowerPoint presentation in APA 7:

• Begin with the author or presenter’s name, last name first, followed by their initials. If the presentation was created by a group, list the group name as the author.
• Include the year the presentation was published or presented.
• Add the title of the presentation in italicized sentence case.
• List the type of material in square brackets, such as [PowerPoint presentation].
• Add the name of the event where the presentation was given, if applicable. For example, Conference name, Symposium, or Webinar.
• List the location of the presentation (City, State or Country).
• End with the URL or doi (digital object identifier), if available.

It is important to note that if the PowerPoint presentation is not publicly available, it should be treated as a personal communication and not included in the reference list. Instead, it should be cited in-text only.

Additionally, if the PowerPoint presentation includes images or graphics that were not created by the author or presenter, it is important to properly cite the source of those images or graphics within the presentation itself, as well as in the reference list.

How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation with Author or Group Name

If the PowerPoint presentation was created by an individual author or group, the citation format is as follows:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of Publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Event, Location. URL or doi

For example:

Smith, J. D. & Johnson, L. (2019). The Role of Social Media in Business [PowerPoint presentation]. Annual Business Conference, San Francisco, CA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.008

It is important to note that if the PowerPoint presentation was retrieved from a database or online source, the citation format may differ. In this case, the citation should include the name of the database or website, as well as the date of retrieval.

Additionally, if the PowerPoint presentation includes images, graphs, or other visual aids that were not created by the author or group, it is important to provide proper attribution for those sources as well.

How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation without an Author or Group Name

When the PowerPoint presentation does not have a specific author or group name, the title of the presentation is used in place of the author’s name. The citation format for such a presentation is as follows:

Title of presentation. (Year of Publication). [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Event, Location. URL or doi

The Effects of Climate Change on the World Economy. (2020). [PowerPoint presentation]. Climate Change and Business Seminar, Online. http://www.climatechange.org/seminars/2020

It is important to note that if the PowerPoint presentation is not publicly accessible, such as if it was presented in a closed conference or meeting, it should not be included in the reference list. Instead, it can be cited as a personal communication in the text of the document.

How to Cite Direct Quotes from a PowerPoint Presentation in APA 7

If you use a direct quote from a PowerPoint presentation in your paper, you need to include the slide number where the quote appears. The citation format for a direct quote from a PowerPoint presentation is as follows:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of Publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Event, Location. Slide Number. URL or doi

Smith, J. D. & Johnson, L. (2019). The Role of Social Media in Business [PowerPoint presentation]. Annual Business Conference, San Francisco, CA. Slide 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.008

It is important to note that if the PowerPoint presentation is not available online, you should include the name of the organization or individual who provided you with the presentation instead of the URL or doi. Additionally, if the presentation includes multiple authors, you should list all of their names in the citation.

Another thing to keep in mind is that if you are citing a direct quote from a speaker during a live presentation, you should include the speaker’s name in the citation instead of the author’s name. The citation format for a direct quote from a live presentation is as follows:

Speaker, A. A. (Year of Presentation). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Event, Location. Slide Number.

Best Practices for Citing PowerPoint Presentations in an Academic Paper

When citing a PowerPoint presentation in an academic paper, there are some best practices to follow:

• Always include the necessary information for readers to locate and verify the information used.
• Be consistent in your citation style throughout the paper.
• Use the most recent version of APA citation style (APA 7) to ensure the accuracy and completeness of your citations.
• Proofread your citations carefully to avoid errors and typos.

It is important to note that when citing a PowerPoint presentation, you should include the name of the presenter, the date of the presentation, and the title of the presentation. Additionally, if the presentation was retrieved online, you should include the URL or DOI.

Another best practice is to provide context for the information used from the PowerPoint presentation. This can be done by including a brief summary or explanation of the slide or information used in the presentation.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Citing a PowerPoint in APA 7

There are some common mistakes to avoid when citing a PowerPoint presentation in APA 7, including:

• Forgetting to include the slide number when quoting directly from a PowerPoint presentation.
• Leaving out important information, such as the name of the event or location of the presentation.
• Using an outdated citation style or format.
• Not proofreading citations for accuracy and completeness.

It is also important to note that when citing a PowerPoint presentation, you should include the author’s name, the date of the presentation, and the title of the presentation in italics. Additionally, if the presentation was retrieved online, you should include the URL or DOI. Failing to include any of these elements can result in an incomplete or incorrect citation.

Examples of APA 7 Citations for Different Types of PowerPoint Presentations

Here are some examples of APA 7 citations for different types of PowerPoint presentations:

Conference Presentation with an Author

Author, A. A., Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Conference, Location. doi or URL

Smith, J. D. (2020). Strategies for Improving Team Performance [PowerPoint presentation]. Annual Business Conference, Las Vegas, NV. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.008

Webinar Presentation with an Author

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Webinar, Name of Organization. doi or URL

Lee, C. H. (2018). The Art of Storytelling in Content Marketing [PowerPoint presentation]. Content Marketing Mastery Webinar, Content Marketing Institute. https://www.contentmarketinginstitute.com/events/content-marketing-mastery-webinar/2018

PowerPoint Presentation without an Author

Title of presentation. (Year of Publication). [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Event, Location. doi or URL

The State of the Art in Artificial Intelligence. (2019). [PowerPoint presentation]. International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Tokyo, Japan. doi:10.1109/ICPR.2018.8545978

How to Include a PowerPoint Presentation in Your Reference List Using APA 7

When including a PowerPoint presentation in your reference list, use the same citation format used in the paper. The reference list entry should be formatted as follows:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of Publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Event, Location. doi or URL

Understanding In-Text Citations and References for PowerPoint Presentations in APA 7

When citing a PowerPoint presentation in a paper, include the author’s last name and year of publication in parentheses after the information used. If a direct quote is used, include the slide number as well. For example:

(Smith & Johnson, 2019, slide 3)

For the reference list entry, follow the APA 7 citation format as detailed above and include the citation in alphabetical order in the list of references at the end of the paper.

By following the guidelines and examples provided in this article, you can ensure that your citations for PowerPoint presentations in APA 7 are accurate, complete, and consistent, making your academic work more credible and authoritative.

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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Powerpoint Presentations

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On this Page

Powerpoint presentations - what do i need to cite, powerpoint presentations - where do my citations go, other digital assignments - where do my citations go.

What am I legally required to cite in my digital assignment?

According to the Copyright Act, you must cite the sources (images, videos, books, websites, etc.) that you used in your digital assignment ( 29.21(1)(b) ). You must cite the source (where you got the information from) and the creator of the content (if available). You must also make sure that any copyrighted materials you used in your assignment meet the conditions set out in section  29.21  of the Copyright Act. For a list of conditions and more information, please visit:  http://studentcopyright.wordpress.com/mashups/

What citation style do I use for the sources in my digital assignment?

There is no one required citation style, so please defer to your instructor's directions and citation style preference.

List your sources in a slide at the end of the Powerpoint presentation, with in-text citations throughout your presentation as applicable.

You could also provide a print copy of the sources you used to those attending your presentation.

Seneca Libraries has the following recommendations for how to organize your list of sources for digital assignments. Please check with your instructor first:

Videos you create: 

List your sources in a credits screen at the end of the video.

Websites you create:

• For images, include a citation under each image using this format “From: XXXX” and then make the image a link back to the original image ( example  - picture of little girl). Or list the citation at the bottom of the web page.
• For quotes or material from other sources, include an in-text citation that links back to the original material ( example  – second paragraph).

Images you create: 

If possible list your sources at the bottom or side of the image ( example ). Otherwise, include a list of citations alongside the image wherever it’s uploaded (e.g. Flickr, Blackboard).

**Please note that the above are recommendations only and your instructor may have a preference and directions for how and where you list your sources for your assignment.**

If you don't receive specific instructions from your instructor, try to include your citations in a way that doesn't impact the design of your digital assignment.

For more information please contact Seneca Libraries copyright team at  [email protected]

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APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
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• Audiovisual
• Conference Presentations

Standard Format

Formatting rules, various examples.

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Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

• Date should match the date(s) of the full conference
• Conference Proceedings published in journal or book should follow the same format for a journal or edited book chapter

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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Citing Business Sources in APA Style

7. citing sources in presentations.

• 1. About this guide
• 2. Citing references in-text
• 3. Citing sources in your reference list
• 4. Reference List Examples: Brock Library Business Databases
• 5. Reference List Examples: Statistical Sources
• 6. Reference List Examples: Audiovisual Sources

7.3: Using Reference Lists in Presentations

7.4: apa style powerpoint help.

• The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA Style) was designed to assist writers in preparing research papers (such as journal articles) and therefore does not actually contain any guidelines on preparing powerpoint presentations according to APA Style.
• Typically, if you are required to create a presentation according to APA Style, you should clarify with your professor if he/she actually just expects you to put your in-text citations and references in APA Style.

7.1: In-text citations in Presentations

• You can cite references within the text of your presentation slide using the same APA format for in-text citations (Author, Date) as in a written essay.
• Remember to cite sources for direct quotations, paraphrased materials, and sources of facts (such as market share data in the example slide).
• Your Reference List must include the sources cited on your presentation slides.

7.2: Using Images on Slides

If you use images, such as photographs or clipart, on your slides, you should also credit the source of the image. Do not reproduce images without permission. There are sources for clipart and images that are "public use" according to Creative Commons licensing such as:

• Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
• Google Advanced Image Search allows you so filter results by usage rights (e.g., free to use or share):  https://www.google.com/advanced_image_search
• ClipSafari:  https://www.clipsafari.com
• Openclipart.org:  https://openclipart.org/
• Noun Project:  https://thenounproject.com   (free membership, must give credit to creator of icon following a specific format)

Photographs are treated as figures in APA Style. Therefore, the citation for the source of the image is included as a footnote in the figure caption underneath the photograph which includes the figure number and a description. The source of the image obtained is attributed using the following model:

Figure 1. Blah blah blah. From Title of Image , by Author, Year. Retrieved from URL.

Figure 1. Photograph of a sculpture in Cupertino, California. From Infinite Loop II by Kurafire (2007, January 3).  Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/kurafire/343629962/.

Another option for citing image sources is to create a separate slide titled "Photo credits" or "Image Sources". For more assistance on the various ways to cite images in presentations (but not necessarily in APA format), see:

• Image Citation Guide (UBC Copyright Office)
• How to credit photos (Photoshare.org). Provides examples of various ways to credit image sources in Powerpoint, on webpages, and in print materials.
• How to cite clip art or stock image references (APA Style website) Consult the APA Style site for the latest guidance on how to cite images according to the 7th edition.

Option 1: Create a References handout (recommended)

Option 2: Create a References slide (if you only have a few items in your list)

• use a large enough font (e.g., 24 points)
• limit to 12 lines of text on each slide

• Power up your PowerPoint (gradPSYCH at APA.org) Seven research-backed tips for effective presentations. Includes links to digital extras: "the worst PowerPoint presentation ever made" and "Comedian Don McMillan's PowerPoint pet peeves".
• << Previous: 6. Reference List Examples: Audiovisual Sources
• Last Updated: Jun 18, 2024 1:37 PM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.brocku.ca/APABusiness

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Should citations on PowerPoint slides be shortened?

Are there guidelines or best practices for adding references to a research PowerPoint presentation?

For example, should I put the full citation at the bottom of the slide?

Liu, J., Rinzler, A. G., Dai, H., Hafner, J. H., Bradley, R. K., Boul, P. J., Smalley, R. E. (1998). Fullerene Pipes. Science, 280(5367), 1253–1256.

If you have even a couple references, this slide starts to look really busy.

I've seen quite a few presentations with truncated references (just first author, journal, year), like so:

Liu, J., et al. Science (1998)

Is this shortened reference alright? It looks cleaner on the slide, but at the expense of the ease of the viewer locating a reference. Any other solutions? If it makes a difference, this would be for the engineering/science fields.

• presentation

• 6 Option B is most common in my neck of the woods (electrical engineering), mainly for the reason you already gave: it looks "cleaner." –  Mad Jack Commented Jan 23, 2015 at 15:38
• 1 If you make your slides available for download, turn your short references into DOI links . –  Stephan Kolassa Commented Jan 23, 2015 at 19:54
• 1 This question is very close to that other question . –  O. R. Mapper Commented Jan 23, 2015 at 21:41
• 1 The question is old, but honestly I am a bit shocked about the bad advice to include incomplete references to a slide. Excuses dealing with the beauty of the slides are inacceptable when it comes to proper references. In your example, writing "Science, 280(5367), 1253–1256." at least would allow to locate the source unambiguously. –  Snijderfrey Commented Jan 21, 2020 at 19:52
• 1 @Snij The point is not necessarily to provide a way for audience members to locate a paper. First of all, audiences may recognize the first author or be familiar with the paper based on the authors and year. No one could identify a paper in the format you gave, compared to the proposed style. Second It's easier to write down and remember a name than a string of numbers. Third, many journals don't even have page numbers anyway. Fourth it's much easier to perform a library search by author year journal than by issue. Fifth, what would you do with multiple references? –  Azor Ahai -him- Commented Jan 21, 2020 at 22:06

5 Answers 5

I would strongly recommend against putting the full citation at the bottom of the slide. The problem is, when you are actually presenting, it will both a) make the slide look very busy as you note, and b) distract people away from the rest of the slide. Another problem is that few people will actually be able to copy down the citation (unless you linger on the slide for a very long time).

Truncated references deal with all of these problems, generally giving just enough information for a quickly scribbled note that will give the reader the ability to track down the cited paper with a little bit of work.

In addition, however, if you will be making the slides available for others to read at their leisure, there are two other good places to put references:

• A "bibliography" slide at the end, before or after where many put the funding/acknowledgements slide.
• In the "notes" field associated with the slide on which the truncated reference appears.

This is especially good when dealing with funding agencies, who like to pull slides out of your deck for presentation to their own higher-ups.

• 1 It's more useful if a reference appears right where it was used. By the time a Bilbliography slide comes along, it's too late -- no one will remember why they need to know the reference. I find including a last slide in the deck that I might refer to when answering questions (Not some silly slide that say "questions") has a whole bunch more utility than a bib slide. –  Scott Seidman Commented Dec 6, 2016 at 18:24
• I am sorry to say, but this is terrible advice. Giving unambiguous references is way more important than anything you write. –  Snijderfrey Commented Jan 21, 2020 at 19:54

I generally agree with the sentiments already mentioned (that is, avoid putting full citations on individual slides; there is usually a better way to handle it). That said, I occasionally find myself wanting to do so for some reason, such as when I'm likely to reuse the presentation a year from now, and want to easily recall where the quoted information came from, or when I want to have the full citation available on the screen in case I'm asked about it during my presentation.

When this has been the case, I've often handled this by including a full citation, but I use a color that is very similar to the background color of the slide – perhaps a light gray if my background is white, for example – and make the font very small.

Here's an example, the slide on the left has a reference, while the slide on the right has the same reference in a more "subdued" color and smaller font:

This allows me to put the reference on the slide when I want to, but avoid having the reference be a distraction to the live audience.

• As a footnote, if the slides are printed in using the "Pure Black and White" option, these footnotes become quite legible. –  J.R. Commented Jan 23, 2015 at 23:55
• 1 I don't think the small font would be legible in any sense after a color change -- same with the text below your Lorem Ipsum. If it can't be read, there's no reason to include it. –  Scott Seidman Commented Dec 6, 2016 at 18:21
• @ScottS - I just had one such slide on display in my lecture two weeks ago, and needed the reference while lecturing. I could read it just fine. In any case, instructors can play around with the font sizes until they get the right mix of legibility and subtlety. These slides have been shrunk to fit in my answer. –  J.R. Commented Dec 6, 2016 at 18:55

My preferred way to do this is to put a short reference on the slide, perhaps not even a formatted citation (e.g. "Liu, et al. show that ..."), maybe use a numeric cite (e.g. "...[1]"), and then have a slide or two at the end listing your citations, in full form, as taken from the paper that the talk represents or will represent if the talk is discussing a work in progress. This moves the distracting stuff to the end of the talk and allows anyone who wants to go look up the citation to do so assuming you or the conference makes your slides available.

If you don't intend to make the slides available, then putting a short cite like your second example in a footnote on the slide where you first cite it is probably best. That's short enough to be remembered or jotted down by an audience member for later look up.

• 1 I think a numeric citation is really problematic in a talk, because it requires a listener to cross-reference across many minutes of time. –  jakebeal Commented Jan 24, 2015 at 4:18
• Which is why I said "and" not "or". Also, I would generally only recommend to do it that way if "you or the conference makes your slides available". –  Bill Barth Commented Jan 24, 2015 at 14:34
• Even if you make the slides available, I think that it decreases the availability of the information, because it means that a listener has to track the reference and chase it down in your slides later, rather than just jotting down "Mergen, 2003, HPC" as it pops up. –  jakebeal Commented Jan 24, 2015 at 15:22
• So, @jakebeal, your OK with a bibliography at the end of the talk and a likely too short reference in the main slides, but not a single number? I don't get it. Either way, the audience has to look it up in your slides later. Which is worse, jotting down "Liu [1]" or "Liu, 2003, Science"? I suspect the audience member is going to have to look this up in your bibliography either way. –  Bill Barth Commented Jan 24, 2015 at 15:44
• 1 I find that from "Liu, 2003, Science" I can usually sufficiently identify the publication. –  jakebeal Commented Jan 24, 2015 at 17:31

Don't put a full citation on the slide. That's too busy and distracting. It will distract some members of the audience from your main message.

Personally, I recommend against putting citations on the slide at all, in most circumstances. Many people adopt a text-heavy style, where their presentations are full of text and bullet lists with text and text text wall-of-text. There's a lot of evidence that this is not good for comprehension.

Instead, try minimizing the amount of text on your slides. It takes more effort, but it can lead to much more effective communication style. Try to write less on your slides. Less is more.

Finally, remember the goal of a presentation. The purpose of a presentation is not to present every last detail of your work. Instead, the purpose of a presentation is to tell a story, a narrative, that conveys the main ideas and intuition and takeaways. Details belong in the technical paper. And citations are typically one of those things that belong in the technical paper. When you're preparing a presentation, you shouldn't try to "cover" everything in the technical paper. Instead, think of your presentation as a lecture where you teach people about some idea, or an advertisement to read the full paper.

Just to add perspective and context, D.W.’s approach is good for exactly what he asserts – “a live presentation to a group of folks that conveys the main ideas and intuition and takeaways”.

However, with more presentations being presented online via courses or other means, citations are imperative. In particular, where images or other media are being used. In order to responsibly address copyright and fair use, the presenter must give a reasonable citation on every slide where they use media that isn’t theirs.

The options J.R. offers are excellent ones for just this purpose – the aesthetics are attended to as well as the obligation to cite work used in a presentation that could possibly be distributed beyond the intended audience. While the most common presentation is still “live”, as we move forward into the uncharted territory of conventional tools – like Powerpoint – being accessed online, we will have to find better ways to protect the integrity of the media we use to support our efforts.

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Generate accurate APA citations for free

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• APA Style 6th edition
• How to cite a PowerPoint in APA Style (6th edition)

Citing PowerPoints in APA (6th Edition) | Format & Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Koen Driessen . Revised on November 30, 2020.

Table of contents

Slides are only available via: blackboard, n@tschool, moodle, magister etc., slides publicly accessible.

When the slides are part of a digital study database, you can just add a footnote in which you make clear that the source is only accessible via the digital study database.

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

Is the source publicly accessible, then the reference according to the APA Style is the same as for a normal internet source .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Driessen, K. (2020, November 30). Citing PowerPoints in APA (6th Edition) | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/6th-edition/archived-lecture-slides-handouts/

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Cite A Presentation or lecture in Chicago Manual of Style citation style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) Citation Generator to cite a presentation or lecture. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Notes-Bibliography Format

Reference list.

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Author-Date Format

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• How to cite a E-book or PDF in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Edited book in Chicago Manual of Style
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Quarto will use Pandoc to automatically generate citations and a bibliography in a number of styles. To use this capability, you will need:

A quarto document formatted with citations (see Citation Markdown ).

A bibliographic data source, for example a BibLaTeX ( .bib ) or BibTeX ( .bibtex ) file.

Optionally, a CSL file which specifies the formatting to use when generating the citations and bibliography (when not using natbib or biblatex to generate the bibliography).

Bibliography Files

Quarto supports bibliography files in a wide variety of formats including BibLaTeX and CSL. Add a bibliography to your document using the bibliography YAML metadata field. For example:

You can provide more than one bibliography file if you would like by setting the bibliography field’s value to a YAML array.

See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on bibliography formats.

Citation Syntax

Quarto uses the standard Pandoc markdown representation for citations (e.g.  [@citation] ) — citations go inside square brackets and are separated by semicolons. Each citation must have a key, composed of ‘@’ + the citation identifier from the database, and may optionally have a prefix, a locator, and a suffix. The citation key must begin with a letter, digit, or _ , and may contain alphanumerics, _ , and internal punctuation characters ( :.#$%&-+?<>~/ ). Here are some examples:

You can also write in-text citations, as follows:

See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on citation syntax.

Citation Style

Quarto uses Pandoc to format citations and bibliographies. By default, Pandoc will use the Chicago Manual of Style author-date format, but you can specify a custom formatting using CSL ( Citation Style Language ). To provide a custom citation stylesheet, provide a path to a CSL file using the csl metadata field in your document, for example:

You can find CSL files or learn more about using styles at the CSL Project . You can browse the list of more than 8,500 Creative Commons CSL definitions in the CSL Project’s central repository or Zotero’s style repository .

CSL styling is only available when the cite-method is citeproc (which it is by default). If you are using another cite-method , you can control the formatting of the references using the mechanism provided by that method.

Bibliography Generation

By default, Pandoc will automatically generate a list of works cited and place it in the document if the style calls for it. It will be placed in a div with the id refs if one exists:

If no such div is found, the works cited list will be placed at the end of the document.

If your bibliography is being generated using BibLaTeX or natbib ( Section 7 ), the bibliography will always appear at the end of the document and the #refs div will be ignored.

You can suppress generation of a bibliography by including suppress-bibliography: true option in your document metadata

Here’s an example of a generated bibliography:

Including Uncited Items

If you want to include items in the bibliography without actually citing them in the body text, you can define a dummy nocite metadata field and put the citations there:

In this example, the document will contain a citation for item3 only, but the bibliography will contain entries for item1 , item2 , and item3 .

It is possible to create a bibliography with all the citations, whether or not they appear in the document, by using a wildcard:

Using BibLaTeX or natbib

When creating PDFs, you can choose to use either the default Pandoc citation handling based on citeproc, or alternatively use natbib or BibLaTeX . This can be controlled using the cite-method option. For example:

The default is to use citeproc (Pandoc’s built in citation processor).

See the main article on using Citations with Quarto for additional details on citation syntax, available bibliography formats, etc.

When using natbib or biblatex you can specify the following additional options to affect how bibliographies are rendered:

Microsoft 365 Life Hacks > Presentations > 7 tips for creating and presenting a webinar

7 tips for creating and presenting a webinar

Creating a webinar presentation requires a blend of technical and content creation skills. A well-crafted webinar should educate your audience and keep them engaged throughout your presentation’s runtime.

If you’re nervous about an upcoming webinar presentation or just looking to hone your craft, use these seven tips to create a webinar that captivates and communicates effectively.

1. Plan your content meticulously

The foundation of a good webinar presentation lies in its planning. Start by defining the purpose of your webinar and thinking about your target audience . What key message do you want your audience to take away from your presentation? Once you have a clear objective, outline your content to build a coherent narrative. Ensure that each slide progresses logically to help your audience understand and retain the information. Here’s how to get started on the content planning phase:

• Identify your main message.
• Outline the structure.
• Create engaging and relevant content.

Tell your story with captivating presentations

Powerpoint empowers you to develop well-designed content across all your devices

2. Design for clarity and engagement

Visuals play an important role in webinar presentations. Use high-quality graphics, readable fonts, and a cohesive color scheme to make your slides aesthetically pleasing and easy to digest. Interactive elements like polls, quizzes, and question-and-answer sessions can also enhance engagement and make your webinar more interactive. Design an engaging webinar with these tips:

• Use clear, concise visuals.
• Incorporate multimedia elements.
• Engage with interactive tools.

3. Master the technical aspects

Technical glitches can disrupt even the best webinar presentation. Before you present the real deal, rehearse your webinar to get comfortable with the tools and platform you’ll be using beforehand. Have a backup plan for technical failures to maintain professionalism should anything go wrong. Follow these tips to master the technical aspects of your webinar:

• Test your equipment.
• Rehearse using the webinar platform.
• Prepare for technical issues.

4. Deliver with confidence and clarity

Learning how to give a webinar involves finding the correct speaking voice and cadence for your presentation. Nail your webinar delivery with these tips:

• Practice your speech.
• Use pauses effectively.
• Pay attention to your inflection and tone.

5. Engage your audience throughout

To keep your audience interested, interact with them throughout the webinar. Ask questions, encourage participants to chat, and address comments or questions as they arise. This interaction not only makes the session livelier but also helps gauge audience understanding and interest. Promote audience participation during your webinar with these tips:

• Encourage questions.
• Use live polls.
• Address audience feedback directly.

6. Follow up after the webinar

The end of your webinar shouldn’t be the end of your engagement. Follow up with attendees via email with a thank you note, additional resources, or a survey to collect feedback. Here are some different ways you can follow up with your audience:

• Send thank you emails.
• Provide additional materials.
• Collect feedback through surveys.

7. Continuously improve

Use the feedback you received and your own observations to improve the way you deliver future webinars. Use these tips to refine your webinars going forward:

• Review feedback.
• Adjust content and delivery.
• Practice continuously.

By following these guidelines, you can create a webinar presentation that not only delivers your message effectively but also keeps your audience engaged and responsive. Think of each webinar as an opportunity to improve your skills and c onnect with your audience over a shared interest and you’ll make a lasting impression.

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