kinds of novels essay

Exploring Literary Genres: Essays, Epics, Novels, Plays, and More

Literary genres: characteristics of various forms, literary genres: from essays to epics, what is an essay and how do you write one, epic tales – heroic narratives of a nation’s life, epics: works of an epic nature, sketches and their brilliant use in variety shows and television, the diversity of the novel genre, short stories as the primary genre in brief narrative prose, how is a play structured, what are novellas and what are their characteristics, what is an essay and what types of essays exist, musical opus: the intersection of music and literature, what is an ode, visions in literature: descriptions and characteristics.

The classification of literary genres today is astonishingly rich and diverse. It was the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle who first attempted to systematize literary genres in his work “Poetics”, introducing the earliest genre classification back in the 4th century BCE. Since then, the world of literature has undergone countless transformations, reflected in the evolution of genres. Modern literary genres now boast a wide array of formal and thematic characteristics.

One of the primary challenges for a writer is selecting a genre that aligns with the intent and content of their work. For many centuries, classical genre norms remained largely unchanged, and deviating from these standards was considered a breach of literary conventions. However, this began to shift at the end of the 18th century, when literary expression expanded beyond normative poetics due to cultural, social, and historical changes.

These changes brought significant developments in the literary landscape: some genres gradually faded away, others gained prominence, and new ones emerged at the crossroads of cultural trends and innovative ideas. For instance, the rise of the Gothic novel in the 18th century mirrored the Enlightenment era’s fascination with mysticism and the unknown, while the advent of science fiction in the 19th century reflected humanity’s quest for knowledge and technological progress.

Nowadays, literary genres can be categorized using various criteria. Traditional approaches identify genres by mode (epic, lyric, dramatic), by thematic content (comedy, tragedy, drama), and by specific characteristics. For example, “The Lord of the Rings” by J.R.R. Tolkien and “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Dostoevsky are exemplary works within the fantasy and realistic novel genres, respectively. To gain a deeper understanding, let’s explore literary genres by their forms.

Literature offers a rich tapestry of genres, each unique in its purpose and form. From short essays to epic novels, every genre provides readers with different ways to perceive the world. Let’s take a closer look at some of them.

Essay – This genre allows the author to freely express thoughts and reflections on any given topic. Unlike formal academic papers, essays offer complete creative freedom and self-expression. An example of a classic essay is Montaigne’s “Essays,” where the author philosophizes on various life themes using metaphors and personal stories.

Epic – One of the most ancient genres, epics recount legends, myths, and heroic deeds of mighty heroes. Epics deliver vast poetic works filled with dramatic events and grand exploits. For instance, the Indian epic “Mahabharata” narrates spiritual and physical battles affecting the destinies of entire nations.

The classic form of epic literature is the epic poem, which glorifies the heroic deeds of numerous characters and historical events. Examples include Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey,” where the main characters find the meaning of life through adventures and trials.

Sketch – This is a short scene that expresses comedic situations through lighthearted and humorous images. In literature, sketches are often used to create humor and satire. For example, English writer Jerome K. Jerome’s “Three Men in a Boat” shares amusing situations that occur with three friends on a boating trip.

Novel – This is a comprehensive artistic work in prose, allowing the author to immerse the reader in an expansive and multifaceted story. Novels cover a full range of human emotions and relationships through multiple plot lines and diverse characters. An example is Leo Tolstoy’s “War and Peace,” which transports the reader to the Napoleonic era and depicts the destinies of various social strata.

Short Story – This genre is characterized by its brief narrative form, allowing the focus to remain on a single, but vivid, episode or character. For instance, the short stories of Anton Chekhov often capture entire worlds and destinies within a small amount of text, conveying the nuances of human behavior with remarkable precision.

Play – This dramatic genre unfolds on stage through dialogues and monologues of the characters. These works come to life right before the audience. In plays by William Shakespeare, such as “Hamlet” or “Romeo and Juliet,” drama and tragedy are skillfully intertwined, captivating the audience with their emotional depth.

Novella – Occupying a space between a short story and a novel, this prose genre focuses on a single plot line and a few characters. An excellent example is Ernest Hemingway’s “The Old Man and the Sea,” which narrates an epic struggle between a man and nature, as well as his own inner turmoil.

Essay – This genre allows the author to share their observations and reflections on a particular topic. Essays often possess a documentary or journalistic nature but may also include elements of a more artistic style. A prime example is Jonathan Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels,” where he uses fictional stylizations to address real social and political issues.

Opus – A creative work that can encompass elements from various genres and directions, showcasing the author’s labor.

Ode – This hymnic genre extols and glorifies specific themes and subjects, typically distinguished by its solemn language. For example, Mikhail Lermontov’s “Ode to the Conquest of Kazan” celebrates the heroism and grandeur of the victory.

Visions – A genre comprising descriptions of mystical impressions and visions experienced by the author in an ecstatic state. This often delves into religious or spiritual themes, like Dante Alighieri’s “Divine Comedy,” which opens a door for the reader into an otherworldly realm of the afterlife, heaven, and hell.

Each of these genres has distinctive characteristics that help it stand out from the rest and attract its own audience. Exploring various literary genres enriches our understanding of human nature and the world around us.

An essay is a unique genre of prose that allows the author to freely express their thoughts and impressions on any chosen topic. This format isn’t bound by strict composition rules, which makes it especially appealing to many creative individuals. Nevertheless, despite its flexible structure, a successful essay must be concise, precise, and contain a clear central idea that develops logically throughout the text.

Key features of an essay’s style include its associative, aphoristic, and vivid nature. This means the author can utilize striking metaphors and expressive imagery to enhance their messages and thoughts. For instance, if you’re writing about an autumn forest, you might use metaphors like “a golden carpet of fallen leaves” or “stately trees looking weary from the summer’s heat.” These images help the reader immerse themselves in your narrative and grasp the main ideas you want to convey.

Another important characteristic of an essay is its close connection to the reader. The author should be aware of who will be reading their essay and choose language and style that are accessible and understandable to a broad audience. For example, if the essay is aimed at schoolchildren, it should be written in simple and engaging language to keep the young readers’ attention.

Typically, an essay comprises an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. In the introduction, it’s crucial to captivate the reader’s interest and draw them into the topic at hand. You might start with an intriguing question or a surprising fact. The main body should be logically structured, elaborating on the central idea with arguments and examples that support the author’s viewpoint. In the concluding section, you should briefly summarize the key points and present a final conclusion based on the analysis of the arguments presented.

The essay is a remarkable genre that offers expansive opportunities for freely expressing thoughts and ideas. It’s not only a way to voice your opinions but also a powerful tool for honing literary skills. In the course of writing an essay, the author learns to carefully choose words and images, developing both their erudition and logical thinking. For instance, composing an essay about the importance of reading books might encourage exploring various literary sources, enriching one’s knowledge and broadening their perspective.

The epic genre is a unique branch of literature that immerses readers in the atmosphere of ancient times, where extraordinary events unfolded, and genuine heroic deeds took place. These works celebrate the feats of legendary figures and significant historical moments, forever etched in the collective memory of people. Epics are a vital part of cultural heritage, preserving the richness of traditions, customs, and cultural and moral values for future generations.

Heroes in epic tales embody the qualities that a society cherishes: bravery, decisiveness, loyalty to duty, and spiritual strength. For instance, in Russian epics, the warrior Ilya Muromets epitomizes the ideal of a national defender and just warrior. In Greece, heroes like Achilles from Homer’s “Iliad” symbolize unyielding courage and military valor. These characters adhere to the societal morals and ethical values of their time, performing deeds that become exemplary for generations to come.

The key figures in epic narratives are the active heroes, those who shape the plot and drive the events forward with their actions, and the virtuous heroes, who represent the essence of goodness, justice, and moral ideals. For example, in the Kyrgyz epic “Manas,” the central character Manas not only performs dazzling feats on the battlefield but also demonstrates wisdom in ruling his people, guided by the highest principles of justice.

Epic works have originated from various corners of the earth, but their homeland is Ancient Greece. On this ancient archipelago, the first great songs-poems, such as “The Odyssey” and “The Iliad,” were created. Poets known as aoidos composed and recited these legendary epics, weaving myths, legends, and tales of incomparable heroes to the accompaniment of ancient melodies. Over time, these songs developed their unique rhythmic and monotonous structures, forming the foundation of epic Storytelling . Epic literature continues to thrive today, inspiring new generations to heroic deeds and helping them better understand the cultural legacy of their ancestors.

Epics are monumental literary creations that transport us to a realm of grand deeds, historical events, and extensive narrative arcs. This genre embodies the greatness of the human spirit and the cultural heritage of our ancestors. The emergence of epics is largely attributed to folkloric tales and oral traditions that preserved memories of the acts and heroes of various ancient tribes.

Brilliant examples of epic works include the great masterpieces like Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey” , which recount the heroic events of the Trojan War and the journeys of Odysseus. In Russian literature, the epic lives on in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” a grand piece narrating Prince Igor Svyatoslavich’s expedition against the Polovtsians.

A specialized form of the epic is the “moralistic epic,” known for its prose approach to depicting reality. These works cleverly describe the comedic state of national society, highlighting its unique traits and flaws. For example, Nikolai Gogol’s immortal creation “Dead Souls” stands as a poignant example of a moralistic epic, skillfully revealing the character of 19th-century Russian society through the adventures of Chichikov and his interactions with the landlords of Russia.

Historically, the epic genre has been employed to record humanity’s greatest spiritual and cultural achievements, as well as to preserve collective memory of significant historical episodes. Through epics, descendants discover the beauty of verbal artistry and the depth of historical events, forming a cultural legacy that enriches not only their own nation but the entire world.

Sketches are vibrant and concise plays that tell captivating stories involving multiple characters. These mini-productions, often just under 10 minutes long, have gained immense popularity due to their unique format, which allows them to hilariously and accurately satirize current events and everyday situations.

On stage and television, sketches have long been a staple of shows like variety programs. One of the standout examples is Saturday Night Live —the legendary American show that has been on the air since 1975. Its lasting popularity stems from its timely parodies of political events and showbiz celebrities. Another classic of the genre is the British show Monty Python’s Flying Circus , known for its absurd yet incredibly funny humor. Not to be forgotten is The Carol Burnett Show , whose subtle humor and expressive characters won over audiences in the 1960s and 1970s.

In today’s landscape, sketches have not lost their relevance. In the UK, shows like Little Britain and The Catherine Tate Show enjoy widespread popularity, with their jokes and characters becoming cultural staples. In the US, shows such as Key & Peele and Inside Amy Schumer continue to thrive, thanks to their sharp satirical takes on social issues and cultural stereotypes.

In Russia, sketch shows have also captivated audiences. One of the most prominent examples of a contemporary Russian sketch show is Nasha Russia . Its characters, like Ravshan and Jamshut or Siphon and Beard, have become iconic figures in Russian comedy. Another successful program is Daesh Molodezh , which humorously portrays youth archetypes and issues with sharp and kind-hearted irony.

Thus, sketches remain a significant part of the entertainment world, allowing viewers to laugh at their own flaws and weaknesses while enjoying exceptional acting and the sharp sense of humor from the writers. Be it political satire or everyday comedy, sketches continue to offer deep yet enjoyable reflections.

The novel is one of the most popular and captivating genres in literature, encompassing a wide range of stories and human destinies. At the core of every novel is a narrative about characters, their life challenges, and their quest for self-determination in critical moments. This allows the novel to be incredibly multifaceted and layered, covering a broad spectrum of types and directions. So, what kinds of novels are there?

First, there are psychological novels that delve deeply into the inner world of the characters, exploring their thoughts, feelings, and emotional experiences. An exemplary case is Fyodor Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment,” where the main character, Raskolnikov, goes through tormenting guilt and moral conflicts after committing a crime.

Next are moral novels , which focus on ethical questions and moral dilemmas. Leo Tolstoy’s “Resurrection” exemplifies this type, as it follows Prince Nekhlyudov’s journey of spiritual awakening and repentance.

Historical novels, such as Walter Scott’s “Ivanhoe,” immerse the reader in a different time period and cultural realities, recreating the atmosphere of the past. At the same time, chivalric novels like Miguel de Cervantes’ legendary “Don Quixote” often blend adventure and romance, narrating the feats of noble knights.

Equally significant are classic Chinese novels , like Cao Xueqin’s “Dream of the Red Chamber,” where intricate court intrigues intertwine with philosophical reflections and national traditions. French novels, such as Stendhal’s “The Red and the Black,” frequently delve into human passions and social intrigues.

American novels often address themes of individualism and freedom. Harper Lee’s “To Kill a Mockingbird” comes to mind, featuring a young heroine who confronts societal prejudices and injustice. English novels, like Jane Austen’s classic “Pride and Prejudice,” frequently focus on family and social relationships, illuminating their nuances and contradictions.

The characters in novels often navigate complex and thrilling life situations to discover their true destiny or understand their authentic selves. This journey gives each novel its distinctiveness and uniqueness, enticing readers to immerse themselves repeatedly in the world of literary heroes. Depending on their cultural background and national identity, we encounter various types of novels, each with its unique features and unmistakable atmosphere.

Short stories are one of the most treasured and versatile genres in the literary world. Although they may be shorter than novels and novellas, their emphasis on conciseness and expressiveness makes them incredibly powerful tools for conveying emotions and ideas. This compact form of storytelling has roots that stretch back through the ages, originating from folk tales and oral traditions. Today, both professional writers and amateurs widely create short stories.

One undeniable advantage of short stories is their limited scale—they typically feature a small number of characters and a single plotline. This focus on specificity and the concentration on key moments allow authors to quickly develop and communicate their ideas to readers, creating a memorable emotional impact. For instance, many short stories by classic authors like Anton Chekhov and O. Henry captivate readers with their depth and essence in just a few pages.

Furthermore, short stories often form entire cycles, linked by common themes, motifs, or characters. This enables authors to develop intricate worlds and characters while giving readers the opportunity to immerse themselves more deeply in the literary universe. Collections like Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” or the condensed format adaptations of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby” allow for the creation of layered and complex narratives.

Storytellers are often referred to as short story writers, and their collective works are known as short story literature. Notable figures who have made an indelible mark in this genre include Edgar Allan Poe, Haruki Murakami, and Ray Bradbury. Short stories remain a vital and powerful genre, captivating and inspiring generations of readers by unveiling the limitless realm of human emotions and life experiences.

A play is a form of dramatic art that brings words to life on stage, infusing them with energy and depth. It’s meant to be performed in theaters, but it can also be adapted for radio, television, and even film. A play captivates the audience with the immediacy and magic of live interaction between actors.

The core structure of a play consists of carefully crafted monologues and dialogues delivered by the characters, complemented by the author’s stage directions. These elements do more than just convey information—they create an atmosphere and immerse the audience in the world of the characters, revealing their inner struggles and motivations through their actions and words. For instance, Hamlet’s famed “To be or not to be” soliloquy delves deep into his anguish and philosophical musings, marking a peak moment in the entire play.

Besides dialogues and monologues, any dramatic work also includes a cast list with brief descriptions of each character. This helps the audience or reader immediately understand who’s who, their relationships, goals, and objectives. For example, in Gogol’s play The Government Inspector , the character Khlestakov stands out for his recklessness and cunning, setting the audience up with a specific perception right from the start.

A play is structurally organized into acts, each of which may contain several scenes. These are akin to chapters in a book and allow the authors to shift the pace and mood of the narrative. Each act, broken down into scenes, advances the plot through a sequence of events and conflicts. A prime example is Chekhov’s Three Sisters , where the dynamics between acts smoothly transition from hope to despair, developing a melancholic atmosphere.

Radio and television adaptations of plays offer a unique form of expression, where the audience experiences the story through voices and background music. This medium demands exceptional skill from the actors to convey emotions and actions solely through intonation and sound effects. When listening to Orson Welles’ radio play The War of the Worlds , audiences were so engaged by the performance that they mistook it for an actual news report of an alien invasion.

Crafting a play is a meticulous process where every word and every movement on stage is carefully considered and blended with a rich array of emotions and nuances. The result is a unique work of art that outlives its creators and continues to captivate audiences.

A novella is a wonderful literary genre that occupies a middle ground between a novel and a short story. Until the 19th century, it was known as a “novelle.” One of the key characteristics of a novella is its flexible length; it can vary depending on the specific story and the author’s intent.

The plot of a novella typically presents a chronological narrative of the protagonist’s life, free from complex intrigues and convoluted events. It emphasizes the internal struggles and personal evolution of the character, allowing readers to gain a deeper understanding of their nature. Unlike novels, which often feature multiple intersecting plotlines and numerous supporting characters, novellas focus on a single storyline, making them more concentrated and intimate.

For example, in works like Nikolai Leskov’s “Charon” or Nikolai Gogol’s “Nevsky Prospect,” we see how authors skillfully use the novella form to immerse readers in the inner worlds of their characters, revealing their personalities through subtle yet meaningful events and details.

In Western literature, the term “novella” is often used synonymously with “short novel.” However, unlike novels that may include numerous plot twists and dramatic events, novellas prefer to concentrate on the development of the main character and their internal changes. For instance, the novellas by Herman Melville or Stefan Zweig captivate readers not with external occurrences but with the depth of psychological analysis.

An essay serves as a sort of small portal into reality, crafted by a writer based on their own observations and experiences. Unlike many other literary genres, essays emphasize authenticity and documentation, inviting readers to immerse themselves in a world described without fiction or exaggeration.

The essayist assumes the role of both observer and researcher. They carefully study their subject, whether it be a person, place, or event, striving to depict it with the utmost accuracy. Thus, an essay transforms into a kind of photographic snapshot filled with hues and details drawn from real life. For instance, an essay might describe the first school assembly in a small town. The writer doesn’t just list the facts but also captures the atmosphere—the scent of fresh chalk, the joyous laughter of children, and the warm morning sun’s rays.

The primary distinction of an essay from other literary works lies in its lack of fictional elements. An essay draws directly from real life, encompassing all its joys and challenges. It offers a window into genuine existence as seen through the eyes of the author.

There are numerous types of essays, each focusing on different aspects of reality:

• Character Portraits : These sketches bring to life the vivid images of individuals, exploring their character, habits, appearance, and even their inner world. For instance, a portrait of a talented teacher might delve into his teaching methods, personal traits, and the impact he has on his students.
• Problem Essays : These pieces examine social or cultural issues, offering in-depth analyses and suggesting potential solutions. Imagine an essay that thoroughly investigates the issue of homelessness in a large city, discussing both the root causes and the lives of those affected.
• Travel Sketches : Transporting readers to exciting journeys around the world, these writings convey the author’s impressions and emotions. A travel sketch about wandering through the ancient streets of Florence could bring to life the medieval alleyways, the aroma of fresh pasta, and the magic of Italian sunsets.
• Historical Sketches : These narratives immerse readers in the past, recreating well-known and obscure events, personalities, and moments in history. For example, an essay on the meeting between Nicholas II and Rasputin might include little-known facts, the atmosphere of the events, and their impact on the course of Russian history.

Therefore, essays offer us a broad spectrum of themes and approaches, weaving threads of reality into a rich tapestry of stories that linger in the memory for a long time.

The term “opus” holds unique and significant meaning, especially in the realm of classical music. Originally, it was used to denote musical compositions by certain composers, but over time its usage has broadened to include the literary field as well. It serves as a bridge between the worlds of sound and words, linking symphonies to stories.

A musical opus possesses distinct characteristics: it is always complete and deliberate, allowing it to be viewed as a cohesive whole. The form and content of an opus are so thoughtfully crafted that it becomes a work of art, whether it is a complex instrumental composition or a folk melody. For instance, the legendary “Symphony No. 5” by Ludwig van Beethoven or the mesmerizing “Polovtsian Dances” from Alexander Borodin’s opera “Prince Igor” showcase the richness and diversity of musical opuses.

Musical opuses span various genres and styles. Be it classical sonatas, operas, ballets, or contemporary music—each genre offers its unique perspective on musical art. Consider Beethoven’s “Pathetique Sonata,” which embodies the drama and emotional depth characteristic of its genre. Or take Giuseppe Verdi’s opera “Rigoletto,” which captivates audiences with its dramatic storytelling and complex musical structure.

In literature, the term opus is equally significant. Here, it refers to any literary or scholarly work by an author. This can encompass novels, short stories, essays, or research articles—each work by an author is known as their opus. Thus, the concept of an opus in music and literature highlights the richness and diversity of creative output in both fields.

A musical opus consistently reflects a personalized form and content, highlighting the unique personality of its creator. For instance, every symphony by Gustav Mahler bears the imprint of his inner world and philosophical reflections, making each of his compositions distinct. In a musical opus, thematic connections and internal logic are often evident, allowing listeners to delve deeper into the author’s intentions and ideas.

Therefore, an opus, whether musical or literary, possesses its own unique characteristics. A musical opus is an enriched and complete form of auditory art, vividly showcasing the composer’s individuality. On the other hand, a literary opus encompasses any written work by an author, be it a novel, poem, or scholarly treatise, unveiling to us the boundless realms of human thought and imagination.

An ode is a genre of lyric poetry characterized by a solemn and high-flown poetic form, often written in honor of someone or to commemorate a significant event. But an ode is more than just a poem; it is the profound expression of the author’s deep emotions and feelings toward the object of their admiration. This art form infuses every word with reverence and lofty sentiments.

Beyond individual works, an ode may also refer to any lyrical poetry that is accompanied by music. In ancient Greece, an ode began as choral singing accompanied by music and dance. This encompassed nearly any genre of lyrical poetry and played an important role in public and religious rituals. Greek poets like Pindar and Sappho wrote odes that praised gods and heroes, providing insight into the values and culture of their times.

As the Renaissance period unfolded in Europe, the term ode began to denote grandiose lyrical pieces that drew inspiration from classical antiquity. Authors such as John Milton and Pierre de Ronsard utilized odes to reflect their feelings, describe the beauty of the world, and convey the extraordinariness of their surroundings. For example, Milton’s “Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” conveys religious sentiment and marvels at the mysterious power of Christmas, while Ronsard’s “Ode à Hélène” admires the beauty of his beloved, comparing her to ancient goddesses. Through elaborate descriptions of emotional experiences and significant events, these authors were able to express their emotional states with remarkable depth and candor.

Thus, the ode has evolved into more than just a poetic work; it has become a true instrument for conveying the most elevated and sincere human emotions and feelings.

Medieval literature from various cultures is incredibly rich with works where clairvoyants, experiencing vivid and sometimes shockingly realistic visions during hallucinations or dreams, take center stage. These visionaries serve as conduits for the author to convey complex philosophical, spiritual, and social concepts. For instance, in Dante Alighieri’s “Divine Comedy,” the main character—Dante himself—undertakes an extraordinary journey through the circles of Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, receiving lessons and guidance from various characters.

For many authors, visions are not just a source of artistic inspiration but also a powerful tool for commentary or narrative didacticism. They are used to express deep personal beliefs, profound convictions, or perceptions of the world around them. In the “Revelation” of St. John the Divine, critical prophecies of the future are conveyed through vivid and enigmatic imagery, stirring ongoing curiosity and debate among interpreters to this day.

The variations in literary genres reflect different eras and individual perspectives on the world and humanity. From early medieval mystical visions, we transition to the romantic visions found in the works of Edgar Allan Poe, and venture into the modern fantastical realms created by J.R.R. Tolkien and J.K. Rowling. Today, the diversity of genres and forms allows every creative person to express themselves in a way that best suits their inner world and sensibilities. From realism to magical realism, historical novels to science fiction, every reader can find something to their taste, and every writer can discover their unique voice and storytelling style.

The 18 Types of Novels and their Characteristics (with Examples)

There are different Types of novels According to the classification to be taken into account. According to the market for which they are intended, novels can be commercial and literary. The first are those that are designed to produce money.

The second are those that are meant to make art. It should be noted that the two categories are not exclusive, so a work can be commercial and literary at the same time.

In other cases, works are classified according to the veracity of the facts in fictitious and based on real life. In the former, the story is not real while in the latter the facts actually happened.

Finally, novels can be classified according to their genres, in science fiction, fantasy, dramas of life, psychological thriller, horror, romance, mystery, comedy, drama, biographical, epistolary, detectivesca, dystopian, among other genres.

These types of novels will be explained below.

Types of novels according to the market

According to the reception in the market, the novels can be commercial or literary. Commercial novels are those that aim to generate high sales.

Commercial novels are often Best Sellers , Title that is granted to the best selling novels.

For their part, literary novels are those that are closer to the creation of art. They are not intended to generate sales but to be accepted by the canons of literature.

It is necessary to emphasize that some novels can belong to both groups: they are literary works so important that generate great sales.

Types of novels according to the truth of the facts narrated

According to the veracity of the facts that make up the plot, the novels can be fictitious or based on real facts.

Fictitious novels narrate facts that did not really occur, which are the product of the author's imagination.

For their part, the novels based on real events narrate events that really happened. In some cases, authors take licenses and modify certain facts.

Types of novels by genre

According to the predominant genre in novels, these can be of various types. Here are a few.

Realistic Novels

Realistic novels are intended to make the events narrated look real. It presents strong characters that unfold in an environment with real social problems and carry out daily actions.

In this type of novel, the social structure of reality is copied successfully, which contributes to its realistic character.

An example of a realist novel is Harper Lee's"Killing a Mockingbird".

Epistolary novel

Epistolary novels are those in which history is told through various documents: letters, telegrams, journals. The epistolary novel par excellence consists only of letters.

Some examples of epistolary novels are"The Advantages of Being Invisible"by Stephen Chbosky,"Letters of Love to the Dead"by Ava Dellaira,"The Purple Color"and"The Journal of Bridget Jones"by Alice Walker.

Bram Stoker's"Dracula"is an example of an epistolary novel in which not only letters but also diaries, telegrams, phonograph transcriptions and newspaper articles are included.

Historical novels

As its name implies, historical novels narrate events of the past. To be considered a novel is historical, the events narrated must belong to a period prior to the writing.

A novel written in the year 1800 set in the year 1799 is not historical because it belongs to the same time in which it was written.

Historical novels can be both fictitious and factual. In the first case, the author simply takes the historical stage and includes his own characters.

In the second case, the author tries to recreate the historical events, transforming people of the real life in personages of his novel.

An example of the first case is Umberto Eco's"The Name of the Rose". An example of the second case is the saga"Los Reyes Malditos".

Autobiographical novel

The autobiographical novels are those that reveal information about the life of the author. The writer or writer includes elements of his life and mixes them with the plot of the novel.

Some examples of this genre are Virginia Woolf's"Lighthouse","I Know Why She Sings the Bird Caged"by Maya Angelou,"The Invisible Man"by Ralph Ellison and"David Copperfield"and"Great Expectations"by Charles Dickens.

Training Novels

In the novels of formation, we work the emotional and psychological evolution of a character. Comes from german Bildungsroman Which literally translates as"education or growth novel."

In this type of novels, three stages are usually distinguished: youth, pilgrimage and perfection. The novel can narrate the whole life of a character or only a period of this.

"The Guardian Among the Rye"by J. D. Salinger is an example of a novel of formation. Other examples of training novels include"Jane Eyre"by Charlotte Brönte,"The Magic Mountain"by Thomas Mann and"David Copperfield"by Charles Dickens.

Science fiction novels

Science fiction novels are based on technological elements, showing advances in this field. Science fiction novels propose alternative worlds that answer the question"what would happen if...?".

For example: What would happen if the aliens conquered the Earth? What would happen if humans were forced to leave Earth? What if you could travel to the past?

Some examples of science-fiction novels are HG Wells's"Time Machine"and"War of the Worlds", Orson Scott Card's"Ender's Game"and"The Diamond Age: Illustrated Handbook for Misses"by Neal Stephenson.

Dystopic novels

Dystopic novels are those in which a futuristic society, technologically advanced.

This society is perfect in appearance, however, it hides a lot of problems that will be shown throughout the novel. They are also known as"anti-ops"because they oppose utopia (the perfect place).

All dystopian novels are science fiction novels, since they present technologically advanced societies.

Examples of dystopian novels are George Orwell's"1984", Ray Bradbury's"Fahrenheit 451", Aldous Huxley's"A Happy World,"and Phillip K. Dick's"Androids with Mechanical Sheep Dreams."

Utopian novels

Unlike the dystopian novels, utopian novels present societies that are completely perfect.

The most outstanding example of utopian novel is"Utopia"by Thomas Moore, who coined the term utopia from two Greek words or Y Tops , Which are translated literally as"nowhere".

Other examples of utopian novels are Sir Francis Bacon's"New Atlantis", Daniel Defoe's"Robinson Crusoe"and Jonathan Swift's"Gulliver's Travels."

Fantasy Novels

Fantasy novels include imaginary worlds, as well as science fiction novels and dystopian novels. However, the central theme in these novels is magic. They can include witches, sorcerers, fairies, among others.

Some examples of fantasy novels are JK Rowling's"Harry Potter"saga, JRR Tolkien's"Lord of the Rings"saga, CS Lewis's"Narnia"saga,"The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel"by Michael Scott and"Peter Pan"by James Barry.

Detective novels

In detective novels, the protagonist is a member of the police, a private detective or an investigator trying to solve a crime.

Examples of detective novels include Erle Stanley Gardner's Perry Mason,"The Blue Train"and other works by Agatha Christie, Arthur Conan Doyle's novels and short stories starring Sherlock Holmes and John Watson.

Novels pulp fiction

Pulp fiction novels refer to a type of printing typical of the twentieth century that was very economic and, therefore, favored the mass consumption of these texts. This type of novels gave rise to other genres, such as detective and science fiction.

Some examples of these novels are Howard Phillip Lovecraft's"Call of Cthulhu","Tarzan and the Apes"by Edgar Rice Burroughs,"The Curse of Capistrano"by Johnston McCulley (whose protagonist is Zorro).

Horror novels

Horror novels narrate events that seek to generate fear in the reader. Some examples of horror novels are"The Shining"by Stephen King and"In the Crypt"by Howard Phillip Lovecraft.

Mistery novels

Mystery novels usually focus on a crime (usually a murder), which must be solved by the characters.

In this sense, it is related to detective novels. It should be noted that all detective novels are mystery novels, but not all mystery novels are detectives.

An example of mystery novel is"The name of the rose"of Umberto Eco and"The girl of the train".

Gothic Novels

Gothic novels include supernatural, terrifying and mysterious elements. The issues dealt with are death, decadence and the inevitability of tragedy.

It is usually set in old castles, old buildings, haunted houses and ruined churches.

The most notable Gothic novels are Bram Stoker's"Dracula", Mary Shelley's"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus", John William Polidori's"The Vampire", Horace Walpole's"The Castle of Otranto"and Matthew G's"The Monk" Lewis,

Novels of jeans

Westerns, also called novels of jeans, are a type of novels that usually ambitious in the far west of the United States. This is why they are called westerns (in English, West Means west).

In general, these novels narrate events that took place in century XIX. They include elements such as cowboys, Native Americans, fighting between natives and settlers, life on the ranches of the west, local justice, among others.

Some examples of jeans novels are Owen Wister's"The Virginian","The Heart of the West"by O. Henry,"The West"and"Nights of Arizona"by Stewart Edward White.

Picaresque novels

The picaresque novels are those that narrate the adventures of an antihero or antiheroine, who fall into this category for not following the customs of the time.

The protagonists are rogues. This means that they are cunning, rascals, with a tendency toward bad life.

The picaresque novel emerges in Spain, in the Golden Age. The first novel of this genre is considered"El lazarillo de Tormes"(1564). However, it was the works of Mateo Alemán that gave popularity to the genre.

In the picaresque novels, elements of the daily life of the sixteenth century are included, for example: the pastoral life.

The object of the picaresque novel is to criticize the customs of the time through satire. This type of novels may invite reflection on morality, however, this is not the primary purpose of them.

Some examples of picaresque novels are"The life of the Buscon"of Quevedo and"The ingenious hidalgo Don Quixote of the Mancha".

Satirical novels

Satirical novels are those that seek to ridicule a particular element to provoke a change of opinion in the reader or at least a reaction.

Satirical novels reveal the author's opinion about a particular situation and, generally, propose an alternative that could improve this situation.

Examples of satirical novels include George Orwell's"Revolt on the Farm", Jonathan Swift's"Gulliver's Journeys,"and Mark Twain's"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."

Allegorical Novels

Allegorical novels are those in which history is used to refer to another situation. In this sense, the plot of the novel has a symbolic meaning beyond the words narrated.

Allegorical novels usually include criticism and religious, historical, social, political, or philosophical reflections.

Some examples of allegorical novels are William Golding's"Lord of the Flies"(social critique),"The Chronicles of Narnia"by CS Lewis (religious reflection) and George Orwell's"Rebellion on the Farm" .

• Types of Novels. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from creative-writing-now.com
• Novel. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from britannica.com
• Types of Novels: A Complete Guide. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from novel-writing-help.com
• Different Types of Novels. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from eng-literature.com
• Types or Genres. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from reference.yourdictionary.com
• Examples of Novels. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from examples.yourdictionary.com
• List of writing genres. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from wikipedia.org
• Novels by genres. Retrieved on August 8, 2017, from wikipedia.org.

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The Complete List of Writing Genres (+ Examples)

Any written piece can be categorized into writing genres. These categories are not watertight, that is, one work of writing can belong to multiple genres. But what is a genre?

What are genres?

Genres are categories we put different kinds of writing into. Writing inspires genres, and genres, in turn, create rules for writing.

This can be approached from both ways: one may write their own way and let the writing fall into genres on its own, or, one can choose what genre to write in.

After similar kinds of writings have given rise to a genre, the genre takes a life of its own. It develops rules, techniques, jargon, syntax , patterns, and more.

How many literary genres are there?

Different writing has inspired different genres. Today there are several genres and sub genres under them. Not all genres are literary genres. For example, to-do list can become a sub-genre or a part of listicles.

Let us digress a bit to understand  mediums . Mediums are modes in which the piece of writing is delivered. These can be emails, letters, engravings, books, and so on.

Literature has many  forms  of writing: poetry, novels, essay, prose fiction, non-fiction prose, letter, short story, etc.

Literary fiction genres falls under the following categories:

Historical Fiction

Historical fiction writes about important historical events and characters. Historical fiction books go through thorough research and then a story is born out of it. All characters and events have significance, and it has its place in the past. They can be seen from larger historical and world perspectives.

There are numerous historical fiction novels today. Even minor historical events can give rise to that. Writers like Hilary Mantel, Madeline Miller, Leo Tolstoy, Philipa Gregory, Markus Zusak, Yaa Gyasi write historical novels.

Historical fiction can be divided into several subgenres. With deeper research in history writers have digged up intricate details series of works have been done on them. Historical works can come in the topics (both fiction and non-fiction) of Holocaust ( Schindler’s Ark , Thomas Keneally), Palestine ( Palestine , Joe Sacco), Jalianwaha Bagh ( Jalianwaha Bagh , V N Dutta), Colonialism ( An Era of Darkness , Shashi Tharoor), World Wars ( A Farewell to Arms , Ernest Hemingway), etc.

These works have historical settings and create an awareness of the world around us.

Romance Novels

Romance novels focus mainly on romantic relationship and love between two characters. In older times romance novel relied on man-woman relationships but romance genre has become more inclusive.

Romance meant something different in Medieval English literary. Courtly love, tales of chivalrous knights meant romance.  Arthurian Romances ,  Perceforest ,  Lancelot – Grail  are some famous medieval romances.

Some modern novels on romance are  The Fault in Our Stars ,  Gone With The Wind ,  Call Me By Your Name  by Andre Aciman,  Heartstopper ,  Red, White and Royal Blue  by Casey McQuiston,  The Return  by Nicholas Sparks, etc.

Romance books generally takes two or more characters, make them fall in love, creates obstacles and the quest is to solve them to reach their romantic resolution.

Science Fiction Novels

Science fiction novels deal with advanced scientific facts and worlds, and how these futuristic societies will function in such an environment. It is kind of a probable speculative fiction with plausible scientific backup and data.

Science fiction is a favourite among science enthusiasts. Today, we have science fiction romances as well, and inter-species love stories. Some popular science fiction novels are  Dune  by Frank Herbert,  The Martian  by Andy Weir,  The War of The Worlds  by H G Wells,  A Wrinkle in Time  by Madeline L’engle,  Jurrasic Park  by Michael Crichton,  Solaris  by Stanislaw Lem, and so on.

Mystery Fiction

This deals with mysteries simply as the name suggests. This can be a mysterious event like a puzzling death, a missing artifact or finding the cure of a weird disease. Detective novels are also referred to as mystery fiction.

The characters in the story solve the mystery using clues, and every chapter either contain a small resolution or a cliffhanger. A cliffhanger is an important part of mystery novels as it helps keep the readers hooked.

Thriller novels are also a part of mystery novels. Thrillers have high suspense, complex plots and further subgenres like psychological thrillers, crime thrillers and so on.

Well known detective novelists are Agatha Christie ( And Then There Were None ,  The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ), Dan Brown ( Angels and Demons ,  The Da Vinci Code ), and Arthur Conan Doyle ( Sherlock Holmes ). Gillian Flyn ( Gone Girl ), Stephen King ( Pet Sematary ,  The Shining ), Ken Follet ( The Evening and the Morning ,  Eye of the Needle ), James Patterson ( The Ninth Month ,  Murder in Paradise ),  Edgar Allan Poe , Henry James ( Turn of the Screw ), Ruth Rendell (have written mystery fiction.

Horror Novels

Horror novels tell horror stories that includes imaginative material, supernatural elements, ghosts, monsters, psychopaths and the fear of unknown. They are written to entertain a set of readers who enjoy macabre things and mysterious phenomenons.

Popular horror books include  It  by Stephen King,  The Haunting of a Hill House  by Shirley Jackson,  Frankenstein  by Mary Shelley,  Dracula  by Bram Stoker,  Psycho  by Robert Bloch, etc.

Fantasy Novels

Fantasy is a booming literary genre. It employs fantastical elements, supernatural plots, characters with superpowers, magical settings and phenomena. We have all heard of J K Rowling in this case.

J K Rowling was the author to bring  Harry Potter  and the world of magic into the popular literary scene. Since then, many fantasy books have been highlighted:  Game of Thrones  by George R R Martin,  Lord of the Rings  by J R Tolkein,  Six of Crows  trilogy by Leigh Bardugo,  The Chronicles of Narnia  by C S Lewis,  Alice in Wonderland  by Lewis Carol and so on.

Magical realism is a serious part of historical and fantasy fiction where supernatural elements are woven into the reality for specific literary purposes.

Crime Fiction

Crime fiction deals with crime stories of various sorts. Whether its murder, or theft, or other illegal activities, crime fiction covers all. Crime fiction involves the police, the government and organizations under it. The characters are either on the side of the law, or the rule breakers.

Murder on the Orient Express  by Agatha Christie,  The English Patient  by Michael Ondaatje,  The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo  by Stieg Larsson,  The Snowman  by Jo Nesbo,  The Postman Always Rings Twice  by James Cain,  The Silence of the Lambs  by Thomas Harris,  The 6:20 Man  by David Baldacci are some well-known crime novels.

Crime fiction can have imagined elements or be based on true story.

Biography/Autobiography

This type of books are non-fictional in nature. They deal with the life of important figures who have contributed to various fields of lifeor society in general.

While biographies are written by others, autobiographies are written by oneself.

Steve Jobs  by Walter Isaacson,  Frida: A Biography  by Hayden Herrera,  A Beautiful Mind  by Sylvia Nasar,  The Autobiography of Malcom X  by Alex Hayley, are popular biographies.

The Diary of A Young Girl  by Anne Frank,  Becoming  by Michelle Obama,  Wings of Fire  by A P J Abdul Kalam,  I Know Why A Caged Bird Sings  by Maya Angelou,  The Story of My Life  by Helen Keller are some of the greatest autobiographies.

What are the major genres of literature?

Literature today, with the advent of the internet, has given birth to numerous writing genres. Creative writing has taken a turn for the good. Literarature began with religious writings, magical elements, magical creatures, moving on to dramas of Shakespeare and other playwrights, then to travelogues, utopian fiction like  Utopia  by Thomas More, poetry of various sorts, literary prose, nonfiction genres of essays and business letters, war writing, academic writing. Poetry, essay and novels were the traditional narrative.

Novels were popular in Victorian times and branched into several major genres later. Novels began with travel writing, and moved into incorporating emotions, reflecting deeper psychological insight into characters like in  stream of consciousness , comedic elements like in  comedy of manners , dystopian novels of George Orwell ( 1984 ), Aldous Huxley ( Brave New World ) and so on.

What are the 21st-century genres?

21st century has thousands of micro genres under its wing. From sci fi novels to social media posts which contain short literary compositions, this era has seen it all. We have seen the rise of digital literature, writings on important social issues like refugees, minorities, ethnic studies, speculative fiction stories, magic realism like of Gabriel Garcia Marquez ( One Hundred Years of Solitude ), Haruki Murakami ( Kafka on the Shore ) are some popular writing genres.

Tomas Laurinavicius

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50+ Literary Genres and Subgenres Every Student Should Know (Plus Free Printables)

So many genres, so little time to read them all …

Once kids learn to read, they unlock a very rich world of books and other writings to explore. This list of literary genres and subgenres offers definitions and examples for a wide array of writing styles. Encourage students to explore them all!

Plus, be sure to check out our huge literary genre printable bundle with a matching game and graphic organizers for every genre and subgenre on the list below.

What are literary genres?

A genre (ZHAHN-ruh) is a category of literature in which the various works share certain characteristics. We often break writing into four main literary genres: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama. (Some people consider fiction and nonfiction to be one category called prose.)

Each of the literary genres has its own set of subgenres. There’s no definitive list of literary subgenres, and authors regularly invent new styles. For our list, we’ve chosen common literary genres and subgenres that students should learn to recognize. This is not a complete list by any means.

Students should also understand that many literary works fit into multiple categories, so narrowing down the literary genres and subgenres can be difficult. Still, knowing these different types can help kids learn which types of books they enjoy most and make it easier to find more of them.

Stories, poems, and plays that tell imaginary tales are called fiction. The people and events may be completely imaginary or based on real people and events but in fictionalized form.

When fiction is written as it is spoken, it’s known as prose. If the structure includes a focus on rhyme and rhythm, we call it poetry. Prose fiction can be broken down into categories by its length.

We use the term “novel” to describe a long piece of fiction, often described as “book-length.” Graphic novels use illustrations to help tell the tale, while novels in verse are very long poems that tell a story.

Examples: Moby Dick by Herman Melville, Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

Novellas are shorter than full-length novels but longer than a short story. There’s no one accepted definition of the length of a novella; they generally range from 10,000 to 50,000 words. ADVERTISEMENT

Examples: A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

Short Story

A short story tells a complete tale with a fully developed theme, but it’s shorter than a novel or novella. They’re usually about 10,000 words or less.

Examples: “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry, “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin

• 51 Irresistible Short Stories for Kids
• 78 Great Short Stories for Middle Schoolers
• 74 Best Short Stories for High School Students

While fiction is one of the major literary genres, it can be broken down into many categories known as subgenres. These subgenres describe the style and/or subjects of the literary work. It’s important to note that many works of fiction can fit into multiple subgenres.

In adventure novels, the characters face exciting and often dangerous challenges. They frequently take long journeys, exploring new lands or worlds. The hero of the story may face off against a villain that must be defeated. Adventures and epics have a lot in common, though epic adventure tales are usually told in verse.

Examples: Hatchet by Gary Paulsen, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

• Best Books Like “Choose Your Own Adventures” for Kids

Bildungsroman

Also described as a “coming-of-age” book, the bildungsroman (German for “education book”) tells the story of a protagonist from childhood to adulthood. It explores their moral and psychological growth and is often (but not always) written in the first person.

Examples: Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger

Originally, this term was used to describe a long poem that tells the story of a hero’s journey and adventure. Over the years, this term has evolved to include novels and plays that trace a person’s or family’s history over a long period of time.

Examples: The Odyssey by Homer, War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy

Fables are short stories that teach a specific moral. Aesop is the most famous author of fables; his tales often use animals to tell the story and state the moral at the end.

Examples: “The Tortoise and the Hare” by Aesop, Fables for Our Time by James Thurber

• 35 Best Aesop’s Fables for Kids (Free Printables)

Fairy tales are highly fictionalized short stories that generally include magic and fantastical characters. They’re usually intended for children and often feature a protagonist who receives a “happy ending” and an antagonist (villain) who is punished in the end.

Examples: “Cinderella” by the Brothers Grimm, “The Little Mermaid” by Hans Christian Andersen

Fantasy works are set in imaginary magical worlds and include mythical creatures like dragons, witches, vampires, and more. Avoid confusing this genre with science fiction; remember that fantasy deals with the impossible, while sci-fi explores the possible. (The two are frequently combined, though, and many works have characteristics of each.)

Examples: The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. Rowling

• 20 Fantasy Books Kids Won’t Be Able To Put Down

Folktales are similar to fairy tales but originally were passed down orally rather than being written down. Therefore, they often don’t have attributed authors. Many folktales have more realistic settings than fairy tales.

Examples: Paul Bunyan stories, “Headless Horseman”

• 30 Fabulous Folktales To Add to Your Bookshelf

Gothic/Horror

Stories that involve ghosts, otherworldly beings, and mystical happenings that cannot be explained rationally fall into the category of gothic or horror. These novels seek to cause a sense of fear in their readers. Gothic novels were very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries and gave rise to horror writers like Stephen King.

Examples: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë

• 23 Scream-Worthy Horror Books for Teens To Read Right Now

Historical Fiction

Any fiction writing set in the past, in a real place and time, fits the definition of historical fiction. The characters can be real people or imaginary ones living through the events of that time.

Examples: The Book Thief by Markus Zusak, The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck

• 16 Page-Turning Historical Fiction Books for Readers of All Ages

Legend/Myth

Legends and myths are ancient tales that explain early history or natural events, often using supernatural characters. Greek, Roman, and Egyptian myths remain popular today, though all cultures have their own myths and legends that have been passed down for hundreds or thousands of years. As most started as oral tradition, they rarely have attributed authors.

Examples: “Theseus and the Minotaur,” “Robin Hood,” “King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table”

• 8 Egyptian Myths Students Should Know
• 10 Great Greek Myths Your Students Should Learn
• 16 Fascinating Greek Mythology Books for Kids

In a mystery, the characters must solve a puzzle, usually a crime of some sort. Generally, the solution isn’t revealed until the end of the story. The reader can use clues to try to solve the mystery themselves as they read.

Examples: Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie, The Westing Game by Ellen Raskin

• 21 Must-Read Mystery Books for Kids
• 20 Terrific Mysteries for Classroom Libraries
• Books Like Encyclopedia Brown for Mystery-Loving Kids

Roman à clef

French for “novel with a key,” a roman à clef (pronounced “roh-MAHN ah clay”) is a story about real-life people and events, thinly disguised as fiction. The characters are given fictional names, and other details may be changed slightly. The “key” is the hints the author gives the reader to help them make the connection between fact and fiction.

Examples: The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, Animal Farm by George Orwell

Any writing that primarily focuses on the love story between two (or more) people is a romance. These stories often have happy or emotionally satisfying endings, though some end tragically instead.

Examples: Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, The Fault in Our Stars by John Green

Satire ridicules a topic or person in an attempt to provoke the reader into rethinking their opinions on the subject. They may use irony, caricature, parody, and other literary devices, and authors write exaggerated plots and extreme characters to make their point.

Examples: Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Science Fiction

Also called sci-fi, this form of fiction speculates about potential changes to the real world based on scientific principles. Many sci-fi works focus on space travel, parallel universes, and time travel. They often take place in the future or on distant planets or in distant worlds. Generally science fiction is considered to be stories that are possible based on our understanding of science, while fantasy works include magic or other supernatural elements. The two are often combined, and many works fit into both categories.

Examples: The Time Machine by H.G. Wells, Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes

• 16 Thrilling Sci-Fi Books for Tweens and Young Adults

Utopian/Dystopian

In utopian literature, the writer imagines a “perfect” world, while dystopian writing posits a dark and cataclysmic future or alternate present. In many cases, the imaginary world is initially presented as utopian, but as more details emerge, the dystopian elements become clear. Therefore, these literary genres are often lumped together.

Examples: The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins

The opposite of fiction is nonfiction, which focuses on information and facts about real people, events, and other topics. Nonfiction can be full-length books or shorter compositions like articles or essays. It also includes “how-to” writing like cookbooks and self-help books.

There are many categories of nonfiction, usually based on the topic or subject. Here are some common nonfiction subgenres kids should learn about.

Autobiography/Biography

A biography tells the story of a person’s life, usually from birth to death. When a person writes their own biographical work, we call it an autobiography.

Examples: The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot

• How To Use Picture Book Biographies in the Classroom
• 12 Inspiring Memoirs and Biographies for Teens

An essay is a short nonfiction work on a specific topic. It’s usually a personal reflection on a subject, in which the author shares their own experiences and thoughts. Sometimes authors publish their essays together in collections as books. These collections can include essays on related topics or simply be a compilation of an author’s works.

Examples: A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf, Walden by Henry David Thoreau

Expository Nonfiction

This catch-all category includes any nonfiction book that seeks to tell its readers about a specific topic. It often uses illustrations, diagrams, and quotes from original sources.

Examples: We Are Water Protectors by Carole Lindstrom, Freakonomics by Stephen J. Dubner and Steven Levitt

• 10 Nonfiction Text Features To Teach Your K-5 Students
• 16 Must-Read Nonfiction Books Tweens Will Love
• 20 #OwnVoices Nonfiction Books for the Classroom

Any nonfiction book that focuses on real people or events of the past is a history book. Biographies and autobiographies can fall into this category, but histories usually encompass a larger group of people and their impact on contemporary events.

Examples: Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly, 1776 by David McCullough

• 30 History Books for Kids That Bring the Past to Life

While memoirs are similar to autobiographies, they differ in a few small ways. Memoirs don’t generally try to tell the entire story of a person’s life. Instead, they reflect on a person’s experiences during important parts of their life. They are nearly always written in the first person.

Examples: All Boys Aren’t Blue by George M. Johnson, I Am Malala by Malala Yousafzai

Narrative Nonfiction

In narrative nonfiction, the author tells the tale of a real person or event in a way that feels more like a fiction story. The information is factual, but the style is entertaining and engaging.

Examples: In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, Killers of the Flower Moon by David Grann

When an author writes about their travel experiences, we call it a travelogue or simply “travel writing.” Usually, the author recounts a specific trip or series of related journeys. They describe the people and places they see along the way, offering their own thoughts and opinions about these encounters.

Examples: A Walk in the Woods by Bill Bryson, The Mosquito Coast by Paul Theroux

• 50 Nonfiction Picture Books for Learning About the World

Also called verse, poetry gives special importance to the use of words, imagery, and rhythm. Poems are individual works of poetry. Poems usually break down into lines and stanzas rather than sentences and paragraphs. They can be fiction or nonfiction and of any length, from a few lines to an entire book.

We can break poetry into subgenres based on characteristics like rhyme scheme (or lack thereof), rhythmic patterns, subject, and more. Here are some common poetic literary genres kids should know. See their definitions and details here: 15 Types of Poetry To Teach Kids and Teens .

• Blackout Poetry
• Blank Verse
• Concrete Poetry
• Narrative Poetry
• Sonnet (Shakespearean and Petrarchan)
• 75 Must-Share Poems for Your Elementary Classroom
• 60 Must-Share Poems for Middle School and High School

This literary genre includes plays, musical, operas, and operettas, written to be performed in front of an audience. Students often study plays in literature classes, reading them instead of seeing them performed. They can be short or longer works broken into multiple scenes and acts.

While dramatic works can be nonfictional, they are usually fiction. Experts break plays and other dramatic works into multiple categories. These are the most common.

Make them laugh! Comedies are light and humorous dramatic works. The Greeks and Romans used this term for plays where the hero faces adversity and overcomes it in the end. By Shakespeare’s time, comedies involved humor, silly situations, and happy endings all around, and that’s how we usually use the term today.

Examples: The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare, The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde

A farce is a type of comedy, with exaggerated characters and improbable situations. There’s usually a lot of physical comedy, with characters taking ludicrous circumstances and happenings very seriously.

Examples: The Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare, She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith

History Play

Today, we use this term almost exclusively to describe Shakespeare’s plays about real historical people and events. These dramatic works were very popular during Elizabethan times.

Examples: Richard III and Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

Problem Play

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, playwrights began writing dramatic works to draw attention to social issues or problems. Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw are well-known for this subgenre.

Examples: A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Mrs. Warren’s Profession by George Bernard Shaw

A tragedy tells the story of a protagonist with a tragic flaw, which ultimately leads to their downfall. Tragedies can also relate terrible or sorrowful events, from the point of view of one or more characters.

Examples: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller

Tragicomedy

As the name implies, these dramatic works have elements of both comedy and tragedy. They can have sad or happy endings, or even those that are inconclusive. They often tell tragic tales, with enough humor to lighten the overall mood throughout.

Examples: The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare, Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett

Get your free literary genres printable bundle

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Inspiration & Information for Self-Improvement

7+ Types of Literature – Fiction, Non-fiction, Poetry, Drama & More

Welcome to our article on the different types of literature ! Literature is a vast and fascinating world that encompasses various genres and forms. From thrilling fictional tales to informative non-fiction works, there is something for everyone to explore and enjoy. In this article, we will delve into the major types of literature , including fiction , non-fiction , poetry , and drama , and discover the unique characteristics that make each genre special. So, let’s dive in and uncover the wonders of the literary universe!

Key Takeaways:

• Types of literature include fiction , non-fiction , poetry , and drama .
• Fiction offers imaginative stories that captivate readers.
• Non-fiction presents factual information and accounts of real events.
• Poetry uses language and imagery to evoke emotions and convey meaning.
• Drama is meant to be performed and explores human experiences.

Table of Contents

Fiction is a genre of literature that encompasses a wide range of imaginative or invented stories. It offers readers a chance to escape reality and enter fictional worlds filled with captivating characters, intriguing plots, and thought-provoking themes. Within the realm of fiction, there are various subgenres that cater to different readers’ preferences and interests.

Literary Fiction

Literary fiction is characterized by its emphasis on the artistry of the writing and the exploration of complex themes. It often delves into the depths of human emotions and offers deep insights into the human condition. Literary fiction aims to challenge readers intellectually and emotionally, leaving them with a lasting impact and a sense of introspection.

Historical Fiction

Historical fiction transports readers to different time periods in the past, combining real historical events with fictional stories and characters. It provides a rich and immersive experience, allowing readers to learn about history through engaging narratives. Historical fiction often focuses on well-researched details and authenticity to recreate the atmosphere and setting of the time period.

No matter the subgenre, fiction allows readers to immerse themselves in extraordinary worlds, experience different perspectives, and ignite their imagination.

Non-Fiction

Non-fiction is a genre of literature that presents factual information and accounts of real events. It encompasses a wide range of forms and styles, offering readers a wealth of knowledge and insights into various subjects. Some of the major types of non-fiction include autobiography , biography , memoir , essay , journalism , and reference books .

Autobiography: Autobiographies are self-written accounts of a person’s life, providing a personal perspective on their experiences, achievements, and struggles. They offer readers a deep understanding of the author’s thoughts and emotions, allowing them to connect on a personal level.

Biography: Biographies are written accounts of another person’s life. They offer a comprehensive look at the individual’s achievements, character, and impact on society. Biographies can shed light on historical figures, influential leaders, and notable personalities, giving readers valuable insights into their lives and contributions.

Memoir: Memoirs are similar to autobiographies but tend to focus on specific periods, events, or themes in the author’s life. They often provide a more subjective and introspective perspective, highlighting personal reflections, emotions, and lessons learned. Memoirs offer readers a deeper connection to the author’s experiences and a glimpse into their unique journey.

“The purpose of non-fiction is to inform, educate, and broaden our understanding of the world. It allows us to explore real people, places, and events, providing us with valuable knowledge and stimulating intellectual curiosity. Through non-fiction, we can delve into the lives of others, gain insights into different cultures, and expand our horizons.” – Anonymous

The Power of Non-Fiction: Journalism

One of the key forms of non-fiction is journalism . Journalism plays a crucial role in providing timely and accurate information about current events and issues. It encompasses various mediums such as newspapers, magazines, online platforms, and broadcast media.

Journalists are responsible for gathering facts, conducting interviews, and presenting news stories in an objective and fair manner. They serve as watchdogs, holding those in power accountable and bringing important issues to the public’s attention. Journalism plays a vital role in shaping public opinion, fostering transparency, and promoting an informed society.

• Autobiography : A self-written account of a person’s life.
• Biography : A written account of another person’s life.
• Memoir : A subjective account focusing on specific periods or events in the author’s life.
• Essay : A short piece of non-fiction that explores a specific topic, idea, or argument.
• Journalism: The practice of gathering and presenting news stories and current events.
• Reference Books : Books that provide information on specific subjects or serve as guides for research.

Poetry: Exploring the Beauty of Language and Emotion

Poetry is a remarkable form of literature that captivates readers with its power to evoke emotions and convey deep meaning through the thoughtful arrangement of words. It is a genre that celebrates the beauty of language and offers a unique artistic expression. In poetry, the choice of words, rhythm, and imagery work together to create a vivid and immersive experience for the reader.

One of the distinguishing features of poetry is its various forms, each with its own set of rules and structures. From the melodic verses of lyric poetry to the engaging narratives of narrative poetry , there is a wide range of poetic forms to explore. The sonnet , for example, is a fourteen-line poem that follows a specific rhyme scheme and often expresses themes of love and emotion. Haiku , on the other hand, is a concise form of poetry originating from Japan, typically consisting of three lines and a total of seventeen syllables.

Exploring Different Poetic Forms

One of the most beloved forms of poetry is the free verse , which offers poets the freedom to abandon traditional rhyme and meter. Free verse allows for a more organic and flexible expression of thoughts and emotions, often resulting in a raw and personal poetic style. It is a form that encourages experimentation and pushes the boundaries of conventional poetry.

“Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.” – Robert Frost

It is through poetry that emotions come alive, thoughts are given shape, and human experiences are beautifully articulated. The rhythmic flow of words, the vivid imagery, and the use of figurative language all contribute to the emotional impact of a poem. Whether it is the exploration of love, the celebration of nature, or the contemplation of life’s mysteries, poetry invites readers to delve into the depths of their own emotions and find solace, inspiration, and connection.

As Robert Frost once said, “Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.” It is this profound connection between emotions, thoughts, and the power of language that makes poetry a cherished form of artistic expression. Through the exploration of different poetic forms, readers can discover the vast beauty and potential of poetry and find their own unique connection to the words on the page.

Drama is a genre of literature that is brought to life on stage or screen through the art of performance. It encompasses a wide range of plays, each with its own unique storytelling style and purpose. Drama explores the complexities of human experiences and emotions, often provoking thought and evoking powerful emotions in its audience.

Different Types of Drama

Drama can take on various forms, including tragedy , comedy , historical drama , and musical . Tragedy is a type of drama that depicts the downfall of a protagonist or the exploration of serious themes and conflicts. Comedy , on the other hand, aims to entertain and amuse with humorous situations and witty dialogue.

Historical dramas transport audiences to a specific time period, bringing historical events and characters to life. Musicals, with their incorporation of music , dance, and dialogue, create a unique and captivating theatrical experience that often leaves a lasting impact on viewers.

“The purpose of drama is not to tell us what is right or wrong, but to make us think, question, and understand the world from different perspectives.” – Anonymous

Drama offers a dynamic and engaging form of storytelling, allowing audiences to connect with characters and narratives on a deeper level. It provides a platform for exploring complex themes, social issues, and human relationships. Through its power to entertain and provoke thought, drama continues to captivate and inspire people of all ages and backgrounds.

Folklore and Mythology

Folklore and mythology play a significant role in the world of literature, captivating readers with tales of enchantment, heroism, and cultural traditions. These timeless genres encompass a rich tapestry of stories, including fairy tales , legends , and folktales . Let’s explore the fascinating realm of folklore and mythology and discover the magic they hold.

The Power of Fairy Tales

Fairy tales are a beloved form of folklore that has been passed down through generations. These enchanting stories often feature magical creatures, brave heroes, and moral lessons. They capture our imaginations and transport us to fantastical worlds, where good triumphs over evil and dreams come true. Fairy tales like “Cinderella,” “Snow White,” and “Little Red Riding Hood” have become iconic and continue to inspire countless adaptations and interpretations.

The Legends of Mythology

Mythology , on the other hand, comprises the legends of gods, goddesses, and mythical creatures that have shaped cultures throughout history. From the gods of ancient Greece and Rome to the epic heroes of Norse mythology, these narratives explore the mysteries of creation, the struggles of mortal beings, and the complexities of human nature. Mythology provides insights into the beliefs, values, and rituals of civilizations, offering a glimpse into the collective consciousness of humanity.

Treasures of Folktales

Folktales encompass a diverse collection of traditional stories passed down orally within communities. These tales often reflect cultural norms, values, and social customs, offering glimpses into the lives of ordinary people. Folktales can be humorous, moralistic, or cautionary, and they teach important lessons about resilience , wisdom, and the power of storytelling. From the Brothers Grimm’s collection of German fairy tales to Aesop’s fables, folktales are cherished for their universality and timeless wisdom.

Major Literary Forms

Aside from the main genres discussed earlier, literature is also composed of major literary forms that offer readers unique literary experiences. These forms include the novel , novella , short story , epic , satire , essays , and memoir. Each form has its own distinct characteristics and conventions, providing authors with diverse ways to tell their stories and express their ideas.

One of the most well-known and popular literary forms is the novel . A novel is a lengthy fictional prose narrative that typically explores complex characters and intricate plotlines. It allows authors to delve deep into themes and create immersive worlds for readers to explore.

On the other hand, a novella is a shorter work of fiction, longer than a short story but shorter than a novel . Novellas often focus on a single event or character and provide a concise yet impactful narrative.

In contrast to novels and novellas, short stories are brief narratives that usually center around a single incident. They are known for their ability to captivate readers with their compact plots and concise storytelling.

In addition to these forms, literature also encompasses epics, which are long narrative poems that narrate the heroic journey of a protagonist. Epics often explore grand themes and mythical worlds, leaving a lasting impact on readers.

Satire , on the other hand, is a genre that uses humor and irony to critique and expose societal vices or foolishness. It provides a satirical lens through which authors can mock and challenge the status quo.

Moreover, literature also consists of essays , which are short non-fictional works that explore a specific topic or idea from the author’s perspective. Essays allow authors to present their thoughts and arguments in a concise and engaging manner.

Finally, the memoir is an autobiographical work that focuses on the author’s personal experiences and reflections. It provides readers with an intimate glimpse into the author’s life and the lessons they have learned.

Literature and Life

Literature has a profound influence on our lives, shaping our thoughts, values, and understanding of the world around us. It serves as a mirror that reflects our culture, beliefs, and experiences, offering insight into the human condition. Through the power of storytelling, literature explores universal themes and emotions that resonate with readers from all walks of life.

One of the remarkable aspects of literature is its ability to portray the complexities of human nature and the dilemmas we face. It delves into the depths of our emotions, revealing the intricacies of love, loss, happiness, and despair. By immersing ourselves in the lives of literary characters, we gain a deeper understanding of our own hopes, fears, and dreams.

“Literature is the most agreeable way of ignoring life.” – Fernando Pessoa

Moreover, literature acts as a reflection of culture, capturing the essence of different time periods and societies. It provides valuable insights into historical events, social norms, and cultural traditions. By exploring literature from various cultures and eras, we can broaden our perspectives, challenge our assumptions, and foster empathy for others. Literature bridges the gaps between different people and brings us closer together as a global community.

The Values in Literature

Literature also plays a crucial role in transmitting and preserving moral values. Through the portrayal of ethical dilemmas and moral choices, literature prompts readers to reflect on their own values and beliefs. It encourages critical thinking and the exploration of complex ethical issues.

By immersing ourselves in diverse literary works, we encounter characters who embody virtues such as courage, compassion, and resilience. These characters become role models, inspiring us to emulate their values and virtues in our own lives. Literature has the power to shape our moral compass and guide us towards a more compassionate and just society.

In conclusion , literature is not just a form of entertainment; it is a powerful tool that influences our lives and shapes our worldview. It serves as a reflection of our culture and a vessel for the exploration of timeless themes and ideas. Through literature, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world, fostering empathy, critical thinking, and personal growth.

Literary Analysis: Uncovering the Depths of Meaning in Literature

Literary analysis is a vital tool for readers seeking to delve deeper into the meaning and significance of a text. Through careful examination of various elements such as literary devices, themes, and symbols, readers can gain valuable insights into the author’s intentions and the universal themes explored within the work.

One of the key aspects of literary analysis is the interpretation of literature , where readers critically engage with the text to uncover hidden layers of meaning. By closely examining the use of language, imagery, and narrative techniques, readers can discern underlying motifs and messages. This process allows for a richer and more nuanced understanding of the text, going beyond the surface level of the plot.

Analyzing Themes and Symbols

Themes and symbols play a crucial role in literary analysis , as they often encapsulate the deeper meaning and universal truths within a work. Themes are central ideas or concepts that recur throughout the text and provide insight into the human condition. By identifying and analyzing these themes, readers can connect the text to broader social, cultural, and philosophical contexts.

Symbols, on the other hand, are objects, characters, or actions that represent deeper meanings beyond their literal interpretation. They can evoke emotions, convey abstract concepts, or highlight important motifs within the text. Analyzing symbols allows readers to unravel the layers of symbolism employed by the author, shedding light on the subtext and adding depth to the overall reading experience.

“The beauty of literature lies in its ability to transport us to different worlds, challenge our perspectives, and provoke introspection.”

Gaining Insights and Provoking Thought

Literary analysis not only enhances our understanding of a particular text but also provides valuable insights into the human experience as a whole. By exploring universal themes in literature , such as love, loss, identity, and power, readers can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of life and the myriad of emotions and challenges that shape our existence.

Moreover, delving into the author’s intentions and the underlying messages within a text can provoke thought and spark meaningful discussions. Literary analysis encourages readers to question the status quo, challenge assumptions, and consider alternative perspectives. It fosters critical thinking skills and cultivates empathy, allowing readers to engage with literature on a deeper level.

Endurance and Impact

Some works of literature have a lasting impact and continue to be revered even after many years. These enduring pieces of literature explore timeless themes and resonate with readers across different cultures and time periods. They have the power to transcend generations and shape cultural values, influencing other works of literature and sparking meaningful conversations and debates.

Enduring literature often delves into the complexities of the human condition and offers profound insights into universal experiences and emotions. Through rich and compelling storytelling, these works capture the essence of what it means to be human, creating a deep connection with readers. They explore themes such as love, loss, morality, and the pursuit of truth, providing readers with a profound understanding of the world and their place in it.

Furthermore, enduring literature has a profound impact on the cultural landscape. It shapes the way we think, informs our collective consciousness, and influences our perspectives on various subjects. These literary classics have the ability to challenge societal norms, question established beliefs, and inspire social change. They serve as a mirror to society, reflecting its triumphs, struggles, and aspirations.

These enduring literary works continue to be studied, adapted, and referenced in various forms of art and media. They have become an integral part of our cultural heritage, shaping the way we perceive and interpret the world. As readers, we are fortunate to have access to such timeless pieces of literature that have the power to captivate our minds and touch our hearts.

“A classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say.” – Italo Calvino

“The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.” – Arthur C. Clarke

In conclusion , literature encompasses a diverse range of types and genres, each offering readers a unique experience and addressing different aspects of the human condition. Fiction allows for imaginative storytelling, while non-fiction presents factual information and accounts of real events. Poetry uses language and imagery to evoke emotions, and drama is meant to be performed on stage or screen. Together, these types of literature provide readers with a rich and complex literary world to explore.

By delving into the various types of literature, readers can not only be entertained but also enlightened and provoked into thought. Literature has the power to transport us to different worlds, expand our horizons, and challenge our beliefs. It is through literature that we gain insights into different cultures, time periods, and perspectives, fostering empathy and understanding.

In summary, the different types of literature – fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama – offer us a window into the human experience. They allow us to explore universal themes, grapple with complex ideas, and reflect on our own lives. Literature is a powerful medium that entertains, enlightens, and inspires, shaping our individual and collective consciousness.

What are the types of literature?

The major types of literature are fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama, folklore, and mythology.

What is fiction?

Fiction is a genre of literature that deals with imaginative or invented stories, including literary fiction , historical fiction , science fiction , fantasy , mystery , thriller , and horror .

What is non-fiction?

Non-fiction is a genre of literature that presents factual information and accounts of real events, including autobiography, biography, memoir, essay, journalism, and reference books.

What is poetry?

Poetry is a form of literature that uses language and imagery to evoke emotions and convey meaning. It includes various forms such as lyric poetry , narrative poetry , sonnet , haiku , and free verse.

What is drama?

Drama is a genre of literature that is meant to be performed on stage or screen. It includes plays, which are written works that depict a story through dialogue and action.

What is folklore and mythology?

Folklore and mythology encompass traditional stories, myths, and legends that have been passed down through generations. Folklore includes fairy tales and folktales, while mythology focuses on the myths and legends of gods, heroes, and supernatural beings.

What are the major literary forms?

The major literary forms include the novel, novella , short story, epic, satire, essays, and memoir.

How does literature reflect life and society?

Literature explores various themes and ideas that are relevant to human experiences, providing insights into different cultures, time periods, and perspectives. It can influence individuals’ thoughts, emotions, and values, shaping their understanding of the world and their place in it.

What is literary analysis?

Literary analysis involves examining and interpreting the meaning of a text , including the literary devices, themes, and symbols employed by the author. It helps readers engage critically with the text and develop their own interpretations.

What is the lasting impact of literature?

Certain pieces of literature endure over time and continue to be studied and revered for their enduring qualities. Literature has a lasting impact on individuals and society, shaping cultural values, influencing other works of literature, and sparking conversations and debates that transcend generations.

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Different Types of Novel | Types of Fiction

Different Types of Novel

• Realistic Novel :

A fictional attempt to give the effect of realism. This sort of novel is sometimes called a novel of manner. A realistic novel can be characterized by its complex characters with mixed  motives that are rooted in social class and operate according to highly developed social structure. The characters in realistic novel interact with other characters and undergo plausible and everyday experiences.

Examples : Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher, Looking for Alaska by John Green.

• Picaresque Novel :

A picaresque novel  relates the adventures of an eccentric or disreputable hero in episodic form. The genre gets its name from the Spanish word picaro , or “rogue.”

Rudyard Kipling’s Kim (1901), Henry Fielding’s The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) ,

• Historical Novel:

A Historical novel is a novel set in a period earlier than that of the writing.

Thackeray’s Vanity Fair , Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities , George Eliot’s Romola and Charles Kingsley’s Westward Ho!

• Epistolary Novel :

Epistolary fiction is a popular genre where the narrative is told via a series of documents. The word epistolary comes from Latin where ‘epistola’ means a letter. Letters are the most common basis for epistolary novels but diary entries are also popular

Examples: Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa , Bram Stoker’s Dracula , Alice Walker’s The Color Purple and Bridget Jones ’ Diary .

• Bildungsroman :

German terms that indicates a growth. This fictional autobiography concerned with the development of the protagonist’s mind, spirit, and characters from childhood to adulthood.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, David Copperfield by Charles Dickens , The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann etc.

• Gothic Novel:

Gothic novel includes terror, mystery, horror, thriller, supernatural, doom, death, decay, old haunted buildings with ghosts and so on.

Examples: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein , John William Polidori’s The Vampyre , Bram Stoker’s Dracula , The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole,

• Autobiographical Novel:

An autobiographical novel is a novel based on the life of the author.

Examples: Charles Dickens’ David Coppefield , Great Expectations , D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers, Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar , Ralph Ellison ‘s Invisible Man , Maya Angelou’ s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Virginia Wolfe’s The Light House etc.

• Satirical Novel :

Satire is loosely defined as art that ridicules a specific topic in order to provoke readers into changing their opinion of it. By attacking what they see as human folly, satirists usually imply their own opinions on how the thing being attacked can be improved.

Examples: George Orwell’s Animal Farm , Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travel, Joseph Heller’s Catch 22 , Mark Twin’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn,

• Allegorical Novel :

An allegory is a story with two levels of meaning- surface meaning and symbolic meaning. The symbolic meaning of an allegory can be political or religious, historical or philosophical.

John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress   , William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies , Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene  etc.

• Regional Novel :

A religious novel is a novel that is set against the background of a particular area.

Examples: Novels of Charles Dickens George Eliot etc.

                                A novella is a short, narrative, prose fiction. As a literary genre, the novella’s origin lay in the early Renaissance literary work of the Italians and the French. As the etymology suggests, novellas originally were news of town and country life worth repeating for amusement and edification.

Examples: Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness ,

• Detective Fiction :

                        Detective fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator or a detective—either professional or amateur—investigates a crime, often murder.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’ A Study in Scarlet ( Sherlock Holmes), Satyajit Roy’s Sonar Kella (Feluda), G. K. Chesterton’s The Blue Cross (Father Brown), Dr. Nihar Ranjan Gupta’s Kalo Bhramar (Kiriti)

• The Intellectual Novel :

These sort of novelists attempted to explore the intellectual responses of the intelligentia to the world. Characteristically, their novel displays the clash of ideas and intellectual verification of knowledge., value and response, a diminishing faith on the cosmic significance of existence,  argument and counter argument in discussion, separation of concept of love and sex, conversation without communication, and a dehumanizing effect of disillusionment in the 20 th century .

Graham Greene’s The Power and the Glory , The Heart of the Matter , Elizabeth Bowen’s The Hotel , The House in Paris .

• Stream of Consciousness Novel or Psychological Novel :

Psychological novels are works of fiction that treat the internal life of the protagonist (or several or all characters) as much as (if not more than) the external forces that make up the plot. The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James in his Principles of Psychology (1890), to describe the flow of thought of the waking mind.

Virginia Wolfe’s To the Lighthouse , Mrs . Dolloway , James Joyce’s Ulysses , D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers , The Rainbow .

• Roman á these/ Social Fiction/ Political Novel:

The genre focussed on possible development of societies, very often dominated by totalitarian governments. This type of novels must have social and political message. The term generally refers to fiction in Europe and the Soviet Union reacting to Communist rule.

Examples: George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four ( 1984 ) , Huxley’s Brave New World etc.

• Prose Romance :

This is a novel that is often set in the historical past with a plot that emphasizes adventure and an atmosphere removed from reality. The characters in a prose romance are either sharply drawn as villains or heroes, masters or victims; while the protagonist is isolated from the society.

The Story of the Pillow by Shen Jiji, and The Governor of the Southern Tributary State by LiGongzuo.

• Novel of Incident :

In a novel of incident the narrative focuses on what the protagonist will do next and how the story will turn out.

Examples: The Wizard of Oz , Star Wars etc.

• Novel of Character :

                                A novel of character focuses on the protagonist’s motives for what he/she does and how he/she turns out.

Examples: Jane Austen’s Emma .

• Roman á clef :

French term for a novel with a key, imaginary events with real people disguised as fictional characters.

The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath , Animal Farm by George Orwell, On the Road by Jack Kerouac etc.

• Dime Novel :

Dime novels were short works of fiction, usually focused on the dramatic exploits of a single heroic character. As evidenced by their name, dime novels were sold for a dime (sometimes a nickel), and featured colourful cover illustrations. They were bound in paper, making them light, portable, and somewhat ephemeral.

Example: Dime novels are, at least in spirit, the antecedent of today’s mass market paperbacks, comic books, and even television shows and movies based on the dime novel genres . Buffalo Ball .

• Hypertext Novel :

Hypertext fiction is a genre of electronic literature, characterized by the use of hypertext links which provide a new context for non-linearity in literature and reader interaction. The reader typically chooses links to move from one node of text to the next, and in this fashion arranges a story from a deeper pool of potential stories. Its spirit can also be seen in interactive fiction.

James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves (2000), Enrique Jardiel Poncela’s La Tournée de Dios (1932), Jorge Luis Borges’ The Garden of Forking Paths (1941), Vladimir Nabokov’s Pale Fire (1962) and Julio Cortázar’s Rayuela (1963; translated as Hopscotch ) etc.

• Sentimental Novel :

The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre which celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment , sentimentalism, and sensibility.

Samuel Richardson’s Pamela , or Virtue Rewarded (1740), Oliver Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield (1766), Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1759–67), Sentimental Journey (1768), Henry Brooke’s The Fool of Quality (1765–70), Henry Mackenzie’s The Man of Feeling (1771). Continental example is  Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s novel Julie .

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• Utopian Novel : 

A utopia is a community or society possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities. It is a common literary theme, especially in speculative fiction and science fiction .

Utopia by Thomas Moore, Laws (360 BC) by Plato, New Atlantis (1627) by Sir Francis Bacon , Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe , Gulliver ‘s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift.

• Graphic Novel :

Graphic novels are, simply defined, book-length comics. Sometimes they tell a single, continuous narrative from first page to last; sometimes they are collections of shorter stories or individual comic strips. Comics are sequential visual art, usually with text, that are often told in a series of rectangular panels. Despite the name, not all comics are funny. Many comics and graphic novels emphasize drama, adventure, character development, striking visuals, politics, or romance over laugh-out-loud comedy .

Frank Miller’s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns , The Fantastic Four and X-Men etc.

• Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) :

                        Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations.

Examples: The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells, The Time Machine .

• Cult or Coterie Novel:

Cult novels often come from the fringes, they often represent counter-cultural perspectives, they often experiment with form.

Examples: Speedboat by Renata Adler, Sddhartha by Herman Hesse,

• Pulp Fiction :

Term originated from the magazines of the first half of the 20th century which were printed on cheap “pulp” paper and published fantastic, escapist fiction for the general entertainment of the mass audiences. The pulp fiction era provided a breeding ground for creative talent which would influence all forms of entertainment for decades to come. The hardboiled detective and science fiction genres were created by the freedom that the pulp fiction magazines provided.

Examples: The Spider , Doc Savage , Blood N Thunder etc.

• Erotic Novel :

Erotic romance novels have romance as the main focus of the plot line, and they are characterized by strong, often explicit, sexual content. The books can contain elements of any of the other romance subgenres, such as paranormal elements, chick lit, hen lit, historical fiction , etc. Erotic romance is classed as pornography .

His To Possess by Opal Carew, On Dublin Street by Samantha Young.

• Roman fleuve :

A novel sequence is a set or series of novels which share common themes, characters, or settings, but where each novel has its own title and free-standing storyline, and can thus be read independently or out of sequence.

Honoré de Balzac’s Comédie humaine and Émile Zola’s Rougon-Macquart ,

• Anti-Novel :

An antinovel is any experimental work of fiction that avoids the familiar conventions of the novel, and instead establishes its own conventions.

Examples:  Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy.

• Interactive Novel :

The interactive novel is a form of interactive web fiction. In an interactive novel, the reader chooses where to go next in the novel by clicking on a piece of hyperlinked text, such as a page number, a character, or a direction.

Examples: J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter Series.

• Fantasy Novel :

Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature.

Examples: J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit , C. S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia .

• Adventure Novel :

Adventure fiction is a genre of fiction in which an adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, forms the main storyline.

Examples:  Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe.

• Children’s Novel :

Children’s novels are narrative fiction books written for children, distinct from collections of stories and picture books.

Examples: The Christmas Mystery , Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White, James and the Giant Peach by Roald Dahl.

• Dystopian Novel:

A dystopia is an unpleasant (typically repressive) society, often propagandized as being utopian.

Examples: Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, The Giver by Lois Lowry etc.

• Mystery Novel :

The mystery genre is a type of fiction in which a detective , or other professional, solves a crime or series of crimes. It can take the form of a novel or short story . This genre may also be called detective or crime novels .

Examples: Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code .

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14 thoughts on “Different Types of Novel | Types of Fiction”

This blog is very helpful for us, thanks for sharing such type of information Best Adventure tour in India

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Your post was really nice. Some ideas can be made. About English literature. Further, you can access this site to learn more.

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Thank you so much

Outstanding.

hello! could you please cite the source from which you got these? thank you for sharing

This article was written through extensive study of different authentic Books and Journals on English Literature.

Alot of the definitions are taken from the book 'A Glossary of Literary terms-Eleventh Edition.' by M.H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham

Amazing material. Thank you so much. Just what I was looking for.

Most welcome

I’m not certain what kind of novel this is:

A woman has a particular ability when she eats a certain thing to commune with the dead. Each chapter tells part of her story, and introduces a short story, telling the life and death of the dead person she sees. The stories are not related to one another. The protagonist is the “glue” that connects them, and her own story is woven through each chapter, most beginning at the first part of each chapter, introducing each dead person’s story. I’m not even certain of the genre. Supernatural, I suppose, but I don’t even know if on its own if “supernatural” is even a genre. This book is not just a collection of short stories. It’s like stories within a story.

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Types of Essay

Definition of types of essay.

An essay is a short academic composition. The word “essay” is derived from a French word “essai” or “essayer,” which mean “trail.” In composition, however, an essay is a piece of non- fiction writing that talks or discusses a specific topic. Presently, essay is part of every degree program.

Each subject has specific requirements for the essays to be written. Some subjects need longer essays, while others need shorter ones, such as a five-paragraph essay. In composition, the start is made from a five-paragraph essay. Based on the requirements, there are seventeen types of essays.

• Definition Essay As the name suggests, a definition type of essay defines different things, ideas, and perceptions.
• Narrative Essay A narrative essay is a narration like a short story . It is, however, different from a short story in that it is written in an essay format.
• Descriptive Essay A descriptive essay describes something to make readers feel, smell, see, taste, or hear what is described.
• Expository Essay An expository essay exposes things in detail to make readers understand without any complications.
• Persuasive Essay A persuasive essay is meant to convince the target audience to do something or not do something.
• Argumentative Essay An argumentative essay is meant to present arguments in the favor of something. It has an additional fourth body paragraph that is meant to present opposite arguments.
• Analytical Essay An analytical essay analyzes something, such as in literature an analytical essay analyzes a piece of literature from different angles.
• Comparison and Contrast Essay A comparison and contrast essay makes either a comparison, a contrast, or both between two different or similar things.
• Cause and Effect Essay A cause and effect essay makes readers understand the cause of things, and their effects on other things.
• Critical Essay A critical essay is written on literary pieces to evaluate them on the basis of their merits or demerits.
• Process Essay A process essay outlines a process of making or breaking or doing something that readers understand fully and are able to do it after reading it.
• Synthesis Essay A synthesis essay means to synthesize different ideas to make a judgement about their merit and demerits.
• Explicatory Essay An explicatory essay is meant to explain a piece of literature. It is often written about poems , short stories, and novels .
• Rhetorical Analysis Essay A rhetorical analysis essay evaluates a speech or a piece of rhetoric on the basis of rhetorical strategies and devices used in it.
• Review Essay A review essay discusses the merits and demerits of a book and evaluates it through a review.
• Simple Essay A simple essay is just a five-paragraph essay that is written on any topic after it is specified.
• Research Essay A research essay revolves around a research question that is meant to answer some specific question through a research of the relevant literature.

Format of an Essay

Generally, a simple a five-paragraph has five paragraphs including an introduction , three body paragraphs, and a conclusion . An argumentative essay, however, has an additional paragraph which presents counter argument or opposing arguments in the same sequence. However, at the end of this paragraph, both the arguments are weighed in the favor of stronger arguments presented earlier in three body paragraphs.

The format of an argumentative essay is given below:

Function of types of essay.

An essay is a specific discussion or debate on a topic from a specific point of view . A student discusses the topic from his own specific angle. Readers not only get a glimpse of what the other aspect of the topic is, they also come to know about the tone and voice of the student writers to decide whether he has achieved a certain level of capability in writing. In literary essays, a writer becomes discusses the influence that literary piece has upon the readers about a certain point of view. Essays are also useful in winning public approval about certain political ideas.

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• Elements of an Essay
• Narrative Essay
• Definition Essay
• Descriptive Essay
• Analytical Essay
• Argumentative Essay
• Cause and Effect Essay
• Critical Essay
• Expository Essay
• Persuasive Essay
• Process Essay
• Explicatory Essay
• An Essay on Man: Epistle I
• Comparison and Contrast Essay

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