How to Write a Literature Review: Chicago/Turabian Citation Style
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Chicago/Turabian Citation Style Guide
Citation style resources.
Citation Information
Chicago/turabian citation information.
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Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition
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Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at The Chicago Manual of Style Online .
Introduction
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”
The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.
Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers:
Author-Date Sample Paper
NB Sample Paper
In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.
Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style
The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.
Introduction to Notes
In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.
In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.
If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.
In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).
In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.
Introduction to Bibliographies
In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.
Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.
Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.
Common Elements
All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.
Author Names
The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.
Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .
Publication Information
The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .
Punctuation
In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.
For more information and specific examples, see the sections on Books and Periodicals .
Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).
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Chicago Style Citation Examples | Website, Book, Article, Video
Published on July 25, 2018 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on April 9, 2024.
The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for two styles of citation: author-date and notes and bibliography:
- In notes and bibliography style (mostly used in the humanities), you use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources.
- In author-date style (mostly used in the sciences), you use brief parenthetical references to cite sources in the text.
Chicago Citation Generator
In both styles, full source citations are listed in an alphabetized Chicago style bibliography or reference list . Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas , parentheses , and quotation marks ) in your notes and citations.
The Chicago Manual of Style is regularly updated. Our examples are all based on the 17th edition, which is the most recent (published in 2017).
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Table of contents
Chicago book citation, chicago journal article citation, chicago website citation (no author or date), chicago newspaper citation, chicago youtube citation.
| Footnote or endnote format | Author first name last name, (Place of publication: publisher, year), page number(s). |
| Full note (first mention) | Albert Einstein, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923), 44–45. |
| Short note (subsequent mentions) | Einstein, , 89. |
| Bibliography format | Author last name, first name. . Place of publication: publisher, year. |
| Bibliography example | Einstein, Albert. . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923. |
| In-text citation format | (Author last name year, page number(s)) |
| In-text citation example | (Einstein 1923, 44–45) |
| Reference list format | Author last name, first name. Year. . Place of publication: publisher. |
| Reference list example | Einstein, Albert. 1923. . Princeton: Princeton University Press. |
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| Footnote or endnote format | Author first name last name, “Title of Article,” volume, no. issue (month and year): page number(s). DOI if applicable. |
| Full note (first mention) | Morris Dickstein, “A Literature of One’s Own: The Question of Jewish Book Awards.” Princeton University Library Chronicle 63, no. 1–2 (Winter 2002): 71. https://doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.63.1-2.0070. |
| Short note (subsequent mentions) | Dickstein, “A Literature of One’s Own,” 73. |
| Bibliography format | Author last name, first name. “Title of Article.” volume, no. issue (month/season year): page range of article. DOI if applicable. |
| Bibliography example | Dickstein, Morris. “A Literature of One’s Own: The Question of Jewish Book Awards.” 63, no. 1–2 (Winter 2002): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.63.1-2.0070. |
| In-text citation format | (Author last name year, page number(s)) |
| In-text citation example | (Dickstein 2002, 71) |
| Reference list format | Author last name, first name. Year. “Title of article.” volume, no. issue (month/season): page range of article. DOI if applicable. |
| Reference list example | Dickstein, Morris. 2002. “A Literature of One’s Own: The Question of Jewish Book Awards.” 63, no. 1–2 (Winter): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.63.1-2.0070. |
Linking to online journal articles
When citing online journal articles, use the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or a stable URL, not the URL that appears in the address bar.
| Footnote or endnote format | “Title of Page,” Website, accessed month date, year, URL. |
| Full note (first mention) | “About the UvA,” University of Amsterdam, accessed July 24, 2018, http://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva. |
| Short note (subsequent mentions) | “About the UvA.” |
| Bibliography format | Website. “Title of Page.” Accessed month date, year. URL. |
| Bibliography example | University of Amsterdam. “About the UvA.” Accessed July 24, 2018. http://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva. |
| In-text citation format | (Website n.d.) |
| In-text citation example | (University of Amsterdam n.d.) |
| Reference list format | Website. n.d. “Title of work.” Accessed month date, year. URL. |
| Reference list example | University of Amsterdam. 2018. “About the UvA.” Accessed July 24, 2018. http://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva. |
Authors and dates in website citations
If the web page has a named author, use this at the start of the citation as you would for any other source. If there is a date of publication or last revision, include this instead of the access date.
| Footnote or endnote format | Author first name last name, “Title of Article,” , month date, year, page number or URL. |
| Full note (first mention) | Alex Marshall, “Graphic Novel in Running for Man Booker Prize for First Time,” , July 23, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/23/books/booker-prize-graphic-novel-ondaatje.html. |
| Short note (subsequent mentions) | Marshall, “Graphic Novel in Running for Man Booker Prize.” |
| Bibliography format | Author last name, first name. “Title of Article.” , month date, year. URL if applicable. |
| Bibliography example | Marshall, Alex. “Graphic Novel in Running for Man Booker Prize for First Time.” , July 23, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/23/books/booker-prize-graphic-novel-ondaatje.html. |
| In-text citation format | (Author last name year, page number if applicable) |
| In-text citation example | (Marshall 2018) |
| Reference list format | Author last name, first name. Year. “Title of Article.” , month date, year. URL if applicable. |
| Reference list example | Marshall, Alex. 2018. “Graphic Novel in Running for Man Booker Prize for First Time.” , July 23, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/23/books/booker-prize-graphic-novel-ondaatje.html. |
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| Footnote or endnote format | Channel name, “Video Title,” month date, year, video, length, URL. |
| Full note (first mention) | MSNBC, “The Rachel Maddow Show: ‘Never Stop Asking,’” July 23, 2018, video, 0:30, https://youtu.be/_biV0Pa5I1E. |
| Short note (subsequent mentions) | MSNBC, “Never Stop Asking.” |
| Bibliography format | Channel name. “Video Title.” Month date, year. Video, length. URL. |
| Bibliography example | MSNBC. “The Rachel Maddow Show: ‘Never Stop Asking.’” July 23, 2018. Video, 0:30. https://youtu.be/_biV0Pa5I1E . |
| In-text citation format | (Channel name year) |
| In-text citation example | (MSNBC 2018) |
| Reference list format | Channel name. Year. “Video Title.” Month date, year. Video, length. URL. |
| Reference list example | MSNBC. 2018. “The Rachel Maddow Show: Never Stop Asking.” Video, July 23, 2018. https://youtu.be/_biV0Pa5I1E. |
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Chicago Format & Citation Style: Notes and Bibliography, 17th Edition
Introduction, chicago notes-bibliography (turabian) citation style: a tutorial.
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Chicago Manual - 17th Edition
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) provides standardized rules for formatting a paper (margins, line spacing, etc.), as well as a consistent method for citing ideas, quotations, facts, and paraphrases borrowed from other sources.
Chicago style provides two different methods for source citation.
Notes-Bibliography style uses footnotes (or endnotes) for citations within the text and a bibliography at the end. This format is used in History, Art, and other humanities disciplines.
Author-Date style uses parenthetical references for in-text citations and a reference list at the end. This format is used in many science and social science disciplines.
- Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide
Watch this brief video for help with Chicago Notes-Bibliography style:
You may activate the closed-captioning on this video, if desired. A transcript of this video is also provided below.
- Transcript of "Chicago Notes-Bibliography (Turabian) Citation Style" Video Tutorial
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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Book Reviews
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Book review - in a journal, book review - in a magazine, book review - on a website, books with editors in place of authors.
Some books have an editor or editors in place of an author. For editors, include the abbreviation ed. following the editor's name (or eds. for more than one editor). However, this abbreviation is not included in shortened footnotes.
Henry Findell, ed.
Findell, Henry, ed.
Eric Small and Will Rhodes, eds.
Small, Eric, and Will Rhodes, eds.
1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of Journal in which review appears Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.
Bibliography Entry:
Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name. Name of Journal in which review appears Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.
This citation format is for book reviews found in a journal from a library database. For other types of journals (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at Name of Journal using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Journal Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.
| Footnote Example | 1. Tanya Khovanova, review of , by Edward Frenkel, 45, no. 3 (May 2014): 230, https://doi.org/10.4169/college.math.j.45.3.230. |
| Shortened Footnote Example | 2. Khovanova, review of , 231. |
| Bibliography Entry Example | Khovanova, Tanya. Review of , by Edward Frenkel. 45, no. 3 (May 2014): 230-231. https://doi.org/10.4169/college.math.j.45.3.230. |
1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of Magazine, Date of Publication, Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.
Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name. Name of Magazine, Date of Publication. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.
This citation format is for book reviews found in a magazine from a library database. For other types of magazines (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at Name of Magazine using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Magazine Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.
| Footnote Example | 1. Annabel Gutterman, review of , by Quiara Alegría Hudes, , April 12, 2021, 99, MAS Ultra - School Edition. |
| Shortened Footnote Example | 2. Gutterman, review of , 99. |
| Bibliography Entry Example | Annabel Gutterman. Review of , by Quiara Alegría Hudes. , April 12, 2021. MAS Ultra - School Edition. |
1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Title of Website, Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website], Date of copyright or modification or access, URL.
Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name. Title of Website. Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website]. Date of copyright or modification or access. URL.
| Footnote Example | 1. Ron Elving, "Former President Obama Tells His Story His Way — And Makes His Case For History," review of , by Barack Obama, NPR, November 12, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/11/12/933894064/former-president-obama-tells-his-story-his-way-and-makes-his-case-for-history. |
| Shortened Footnote Example | 2. Elving, "Former President Obama." |
| Bibliography Entry Example | Elving, Ron. "Former President Obama Tells His Story His Way — And Makes His Case For History." Review of , by Barack Obama. NPR. November 12, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/11/12/933894064/former-president-obama-tells-his-story-his-way-and-makes-his-case-for-history. |
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Literature Review
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Chicago Notes-Bibliography (Turabian) Format
The discipline of History uses Chicago style for citing sources . Use the format for footnotes/endnotes, not parenthetical citations.
Use the N format for footnotes/endnotes, and B for a bibliographic entry. Some of the major differences between the formats are:
- Indentation: The first line of a footnote is indented, while subsequent lines are not. Conversely, the first line of a bibliographic citation is not indented, while subsequent lines are.
- Name Order: Footnotes list author as first name last name, whereas bibliographic citations list author as last name, first name.
- Punctuation: Footnotes use more commas and bibliographic citations use more periods.
The following examples of the most commons types of citations are taken/adapted directly from the 16th edition of the Chicago manual. For additional examples, consult chapter 14 (pages 653-784) or the online Chicago Quick Guide .
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Writing a literature review, literature review sources.
- What Is a Literature Review? Wesleyan University Library guide
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- Writing Literature Reviews by Jose L. Galvan; Melisa C. Galvan ISBN: 9781138294219 Publication Date: 2017-04-05
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- ProQuest Dissertations & Theses This link opens in a new window Many dissertations will include a review of the relevant literature. & more less... Includes citations for materials from the first U.S. dissertation (1861) to those accepted as recently as last semester. Starting in 1997 full-text is often available. If full-text is not available information about ordering the document is provided.
- Article Databases In some you may limit your results to Literature Review ; in others search for your topic and literature review or review of the literature .
- University of Chicago Library Catalog This link opens in a new window Search for books on your topic with literature review in the title or table of contents. & more less... Find items in all campus libraries, including books, periodicals, sound recordings, videos, DVDs and more.
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- A Sample Chicago Style Paper
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COMMENTS
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian; Wayne C. Booth (Revised by); Gregory G. Colomb (Revised by); Joseph M. Williams (Revised by); University of Chicago Press Staff (Revised by)
A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects and discusses key sources on a topic in conversation with each other. Learn about the purposes, parts, and strategies of writing a lit review in different disciplines and situations.
Literature Review: Conducting & Writing
Download a sample paper formatted in Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition using Notes and Bibliography style. Learn how to cite your sources in Chicago style with citation machines and tips.
A Chicago Style Sample Paper. Karen Shaw. English 214. Professor Bell. March 22, 2001 Apes and Language: A Literature Review. Over the past thirty years, researchers have demonstrated that the great apes. (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) resemble humans in language abilities more than had. been thought possible.
A comprehensive and updated guide to research, writing, and citation in the humanities and social sciences, based on The Chicago Manual of Style and The Craft of Research. The reviewer praises the book's clarity, precision, and relevance for students and researchers.
Learn how to format your paper in Chicago style, with guidelines for title page, headings, block quotes, numbers, acronyms, citations and references. Compare the differences between author-date and notes and bibliography styles, and see examples of both.
Learn how to use the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) for citation in the humanities, following the latest updates in The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Find examples, tips, and resources for formatting notes, bibliographies, and sources in NB style.
Chicago Author-Date Format. Many Social Science disciplines use the Chicago Author-Date format for citing sources. The most recent guide is the 16th edition (2010) of the Chicago Manual of Style. The following examples of the most commons types of citations are adapted from the 16th edition. For additional examples, consult chapter 15 of the ...
Learn how to cite sources in Chicago style with notes and bibliography or author-date. Find templates, examples, and tips for different source types, including websites, books, and journals.
Sample Literature Reviews
Learn how to cite sources in Chicago style with examples for different types of sources, such as books, articles, websites, and videos. Compare the notes and bibliography style and the author-date style, and use Scribbr's free citation generator.
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) provides standardized rules for formatting a paper (margins, line spacing, etc.), as well as a consistent method for citing ideas, quotations, facts, and paraphrases borrowed from other sources.. Chicago style provides two different methods for source citation. Notes-Bibliography style uses footnotes (or endnotes) for citations within the text and a ...
Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Book Reviews
Literature Review Sample Chicago Style - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses writing a literature review in Chicago style and the challenges it presents. It notes that crafting a literature review requires extensive research and analysis of sources under the rigorous standards of the Chicago style citation system and formatting ...
The document discusses the challenges of writing a literature review, particularly in Chicago style format. It notes that crafting a literature review in Chicago style requires careful attention to detail and a thorough understanding of the subject matter. Following the specific Chicago style guidelines for citation, formatting, and understanding different sources can be an overwhelming task ...
The document discusses the challenges of writing a literature review in Chicago style, including sifting through large amounts of literature, synthesizing diverse perspectives, and ensuring compliance with Chicago style guidelines. It notes that navigating these complexities can be a daunting task but that seeking expert assistance from StudyHub.vip can help alleviate the burdens and provide a ...
Punctuation: Footnotes use more commas and bibliographic citations use more periods. The following examples of the most commons types of citations are taken/adapted directly from the 16th edition of the Chicago manual. For additional examples, consult chapter 14 (pages 653-784) or the online Chicago Quick Guide.
Find books in the Library Catalog for help with the process. Sample search: Title:literature review AND Subject:research. Writing Literature Reviews by Jose L. Galvan; Melisa C. Galvan. ISBN: 9781138294219. Publication Date: 2017-04-05. Doing a Literature Review by Christopher Hart. ISBN: 9781526419217. Publication Date: 2018-02-27.
The document discusses writing a literature review in Chicago style. It notes that crafting a literature review requires extensive research, organization, and adherence to formatting guidelines. It then promotes the services of StudyHub.vip, which offers expert assistance in writing high-quality Chicago style literature reviews tailored to specific requirements. It claims their writers can ...
Aphorisms on Literature; Aphorisms for the Social Sciences; Aphorisms on Higher Education; Other Handouts and Aids; Sample Papers. A Sample MLA Style Paper; A Sample APA Style Paper; A Sample Chicago Style Paper