experiments with potassium nitrate

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How to Make a Smoke Bomb

Have you ever wondered how to make a smoke bomb? It is extremely easy! Here are instructions for making a classic homemade smoke bomb using sugar and potassium nitrate. The smoke bomb is non-toxic. It produces white smoke and purple sparks as it burns, but does not blow up. Also, find other simple recipes and safety tips.

This is the classic homemade smoke bomb recipe, which only requires two ingredients: sugar and potassium nitrate. Find ordinary granulated sugar (sucrose, C 12 H 22 O 11 ) in the kitchen. Potassium nitrate (saltpeter, KNO 3 ) is sold in some pharmacies and garden supply stores (as a fertilizer). I use Spectracide Stump Remover from a home supply store. Alternatively, you can make potassium nitrate yourself from a cold pack and salt substitute.

This recipe cooks the ingredients together, so you’ll need a skillet. The ingredients are non-toxic, so you can use kitchen utensils. However, the recipe is sticky, much like making candy. If you hate soaking pans, just craft a makeshift pan using foil and throw it away when you’re done.

• Potassium nitrate
• Skillet (or make one using aluminum foil)
• Aluminum foil

Burning sugar makes the smoke while potassium nitrate supports combustion. A good starting point is a 3:2 potassium nitrate to sugar ratio (e.g., 1.5 cups KNO 3 and 1 cup sugar). If you have trouble lighting the smoke bomb, slightly increase the amount of potassium nitrate (5:3 ratio).

• Pour about 3 parts potassium nitrate to 2 parts sugar into the skillet (5:3 ratio is also good). Measurements don’t need to be exact, but you want more KNO 3  than sugar. For example, you can use 1-1/2 cups KNO 3  and 1 cup sugar. As you approach the 5:3 KNO 3 :sugar ratio, you get a smoke bomb that burns more quickly. If you use equal amounts of KNO 3  and sugar, the smoke bomb becomes harder to light and burns slowly.
• Apply low heat to the pan. If the heat is too high then you can burn the mixture, releasing a lot of smoke! Stir the mixture with a spoon using long strokes. If you see the grains of sugar starting to melt along the edges where you are stirring, remove the pan from the heat and reduce the temperature before continuing.
• The smoke bomb is done when the solids melt. Once this happens, remove the pan from the heat. There is also a color change, but what matters is that the mixture becomes smooth rather than grainy. During cooking, notice the ingredients change to a golden brown color. Basically, you are caramelizing sugar.
• Pour the liquid onto a piece of foil. There’s nothing important about the foil. It just provides a convenient surface. You can pour the smoke bomb into any shape, onto an object, or into a mold. The shape and size affects the burning pattern.
• If you aren’t cleaning the skillet immediately, pour hot water into the pan to dissolve the sugar. Clean up any residue that spilled out of the pan, unless you want mini-smoke bombs on your stovetop.
• Cool the smoke bomb and peel it off the foil. Now you’re ready to light it!

How a Homemade Smoke Bomb Works

The two ingredients in a smoke bomb are the oxidizer and the fuel. Potassium nitrate is the oxidizer . It supplies oxygen to the combustion reaction and help the fuel burn. Sugar is the fuel. The key to making a great smoke bomb is having a good balance between the oxidizer and the fuel. If there is too much oxidizer, you get a lot of fire (purple, because of the potassium), but little smoke. If there is too much fuel, you get a lot of smoke, but igniting the smoke bomb is challenging.

How to Light a Smoke Bomb

Just take the smoke bomb out to a safe location and light it with a long-handled lighter or match. While you don’t need a fuse, you can add one before the mixture hardens.

Difference Between Homemade and Commercial Smoke Bombs

The smoke bombs you buy at the store are different from homemade smoke bombs. First, a special container disperses the smoke composition. The container has tiny holes so the smoke billows out in a nice cloud. Get a comparable effect with a homemade smoke bomb by covering it with paper or foil and poking holes in the wrapping.

The composition of commercial smoke bombs differs from the homemade smoke bomb recipe. Products from the store typically contain potassium chlorate (KClO 3 ) instead of potassium nitrate, sugar (sucrose or dextrin – fuel), sodium bicarbonate (otherwise known as baking soda – to moderate the rate of the reaction and keep it from getting too hot), and a powdered organic dye (for colored smoke). When the smoke bomb burns, the heat vaporizes the dye. Pressure inside the device forces out the dye as a cloud.

More Smoke Bomb Recipes

No cooking smoke bomb.

• 3 parts potassium nitrate
• 2 parts sugar

Mix the potassium nitrate and sugar with just enough water so the ingredients stick together. Separate the mixture into separate small smoke bombs (so they dry). Insert a fuse, if desired. Dry the smoke bombs until they feel like clay. This usually takes a day or two.

Powdered Sugar Smoke Bomb Powder

• 2 parts confectioner or powdered sugar

Sift the ingredients together and ignite the powder.

Zinc and Sulfur Smoke Bomb

• Zinc filings
• Sulfur powder

Mix the zinc and sulfur. Insert a red-hot wire to ignite the mixture and produce smoke. This smoke bomb doubles as a stink bomb .

Black Powder Smoke Bomb

Mix black powder or pyrodex with other ingredients and ignite them.

• Mixed with sugar and sulfur
• Mixed with sawdust
• With sugar, sulfur, and a bit of material from a road flare (red flame)

Colored Smoke Bombs

Colored smoke bomb use powdered dye. Here’s what you do…

• Adult supervision is required both for making and lighting smoke bombs! While smoke bombs do not explode, they do burn.
• If you are a messy cook, please make smoke bombs outdoors and not in your kitchen. If you spill the mixture on a burner, expect a lot of smoke.
• Check local regulations before using a smoke bomb. Make sure smoke bombs are legal and that the area is not under a “burn ban”.
• While the ingredients are not toxic, please do not eat the smoke bomb. Even if the sugar is food-grade, the potassium nitrate likely is not.
• Moldoveanu, S.C. (November 1998).  Analytical Pyrolysis of Natural Organic Polymers . Elsevier. ISBN 9780444822031. 
• Turnbull, Stephen (2004).  Ninja AD 1460 – 1650  ([3rd ed.). Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-525-9.
• Visser, Wouter (November 2003). Practical Pyrotechnics .

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How to Make Potassium Nitrate

Last Updated: January 29, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Bess Ruff, MA . Bess Ruff is a Geography PhD student at Florida State University. She received her MA in Environmental Science and Management from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 483,960 times.

Potassium nitrate (saltpeter) is a useful chemical for science experiments, fertilizers, and gunpowder since it’s an ionic salt. Collecting bat guano from caves used to be the main way to obtain potassium nitrate but these days, there's a much easier way to prepare it if you have experience working with chemicals. All you need is a cold pack, potassium hydroxide, and water to prepare this versatile substance. With time and the right precautions, you can safely make potassium nitrate.

Making the Ammonium Nitrate Solution

• If you don't have enough ammonium nitrate from the first cold pack, purchase a second one as needed.
• You can find cold packs containing ammonium nitrate from most pharmacy or health stores. You can also buy pure ammonium nitrate online or from laboratory supply stores.

• If you don't have any scissors nearby, you can use a sharp knife instead.

• Pour slowly to prevent the solution from splashing up and causing accidental skin irritation.
• Continue stirring until the ammonium nitrate dissolves completely into the hot water.

• When you've finished pouring, discard the coffee filter immediately to prevent it from contaminating the purified solution.

Combining Ammonium Nitrate and Potassium Hydroxide

• You can buy dry potassium hydroxide from many hardware or chemical supply stores.

• The potassium hydroxide should have a thick, smooth texture, like a soup or pudding.

• If you're working in a laboratory, you can also combine the chemicals underneath a fume hood.

Purifying the Potassium Nitrate

• Keep the gas mask on while boiling the solution, as it will still release toxic ammonium gas.
• Do not reuse the pot for cooking after preparing ammonium nitrate with it.

• Always wear a gas mask while handling liquified ammonium nitrate, and keep other people or animals (especially children and pets) away from the solution while it evaporates.
• After the ammonium nitrate has evaporated into solid crystals, it will stop releasing ammonium gas.

• Handle the potassium nitrate and lighter with care and in a controlled area to prevent injuries.

Community Q&A

• Work slowly to make sure you're using precise measurements and handling the chemicals with care. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 0
• If you prefer, you can also buy prepared potassium nitrate online or from laboratory supply stores. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
• Do not make potassium nitrate if you have no experience working with chemicals to make sure you're taking the right precautions. You can always order potassium nitrate at some chemical supply stores, instead. Thanks Helpful 9 Not Helpful 2
• The chemicals used in making potassium nitrate can be corrosive on bare skin. Wear goggles and rubber gloves throughout the entire process to prevent skin irritation or other injuries. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 2
• Use a gas mask at all times while combining and distilling the potassium nitrate to prevent injuries from the ammonium gas. Additionally, never combine potassium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate indoors. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 2

Things You'll Need

• Rubber gloves
• Cold pack or 80 grams (2.8 oz) of dry ammonium nitrate
• Measuring bowl
• Stirring stick
• Coffee filter
• 56 grams (2.0 oz) of potassium hydroxide
• Outdoor stove

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.poison.org/articles/whats-inside-ice-packs-201
• ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-make-potassium-nitrate-608270
• ↑ https://sciencenotes.org/make-ammonium-nitrate/
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxhZkDAOeQ8&feature=youtu.be&t=119
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5n7JhFZ6sE&feature=youtu.be&t=164
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iMeBxNcZf0&feature=youtu.be&t=132
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iMeBxNcZf0&feature=youtu.be&t=153

About This Article

To safely make potassium nitrate, put on gloves, a gas mask, and goggles, and cut open a cold pack that contains ammonium nitrate. Mix the ammonium nitrate with hot water, and pour the mixture through a coffee filter to purify it. Then, dissolve 56 grams of potassium hydroxide in water, and go outside to mix the potassium solution and purified ammonium nitrate together. Once they're combined, stay outside to boil the solution for 10-20 minutes, and leave the liquid outside to evaporate for 1-2 weeks. Scroll down for advice on how to test the potassium nitrate for reactivity! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Potassium Nitrate Reaction Experiments

Table of Contents:

Make Potassium Nitrate From Salt Substitute and a Cold Pack . Make potassium nitrate (saltpeter) from a cold pack and salt substitute. This is an easy way to get potassium nitrate for fun science experiments.

Make potassium nitrate (saltpeter) from common household ingredients. Potassium chloride from salt substitute and ammonium nitrate from a cold pack are reacted to yield potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride. This is an easy way to make your own potassium chloride if you can’t find it in a store or just want to try a fun chemistry experiment.

Video advice: Potassium nitrate experiment

Do not try it at home

You should be able to find the ingredients at a grocery store or general store. Cold packs that work using ammonium nitrate contain two pouches. One is filled with water, while the other contains solid ammonium nitrate. Potassium chloride is a common salt substitute, used by people trying to cut their sodium intake. It’s sold with table salt and other spices. While it’s fine if there is an anti-caking chemical, you’ll want to avoid lite salt containing both potassium chloride and sodium chloride because you’ll end up with a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate from the chemical reaction.

“Iron volcano” experiment – How to make a volcano of two powders.

Potas­si­um ni­trate is a strong ox­i­diz­er. When heat­ed, it de­com­pos­es into oxy­gen, which re­acts with the iron pow­der, ox­i­diz­ing it to ox­ides. A great deal of heat en­er­gy is re­leased, caus­ing the sand to melt, and the mix­ture starts to re­sem­ble vol­canic lava.

Potassium Nitrate and Sugar – Potassium nitrate is a crystalline salt with the molecular formula KNO3, and an alkali metal nitrate — it’s an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−. Laboratories often use Potassium nitrate as a reagent in lab experiments because it reacts with many different compounds. For example, it reacts readily with sugar, acids and sulfur. TL;DR (Too Long; Didn’t Read) You can carry out potassium nitrate reaction experiments with many compounds, including acids, sugar and sulfur. Some potassium nitrate experiments involve handling concentrated acids and toxic vapors, so they should be supervised in a lab with all necessary safety precautions. Potassium Nitrate and Sugar A nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent because it is a source of oxygen. A good example of this is adding potassium nitrate to table sugar. Mix a small amount of potassium with the sugar and place it on a non-combustible surface. When you ignite the nitrate, the sugar burns quickly. This is part of the reaction that occurs in July 4th sparklers, a combination of potassium nitrate, sugar and metal filings.

Potassium Nitrate

Allen V. Barker, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Third Edition), 2022.

• Carcinogenicity
• Chemical toughening
• Telluric Acid

Fertilizers☆Allen V. Barker, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Third Edition), 2019Potassium nitrate (KNO3)Potassium nitrate is a manufactured fertilizer for supplying nitrogen and potassium. It is made from potassium chloride and a source of nitrate, such as sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, or nitric acid. Potassium nitrate is sold as a water-soluble, crystalline material for hydroponics and in a prilled form for soil application. Sales of potassium nitrate account for only a small portion of the global potassium fertilizer market as a fertilizer for special uses. Its grade is 13-0-45. It is the ingredient of stump removers as it facilitates rotting of tree stumps. Natural occurring potassium nitrate is saltpeter. Read full chapterURL: sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/B9780124095472001426Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Detection of ExplosivesJoel B. Miller, in Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives, 20075. 1. 6 Potassium nitratePotassium nitrate contains a single nitrogen.

Answer to Solved Experiment 16 Post-lab Questions 1. The reaction.

Transcribed image text: Experiment 16 Post-lab Questions 1. The reaction between iron nitrate and potassium thiocyanate forms iron thiocyanate as explored in this lab. However, it also forms potassium nitrate. If there are 3. 6 grams of iron thiocyanate formed in the reaction, how many grams of potassium nitrate were formed? Use the reaction you experimentally determined in this experiment to answer this question. 2. How much solid iron nitrate, in grams, is required to make 250 ml a 5. 00x10° Miron nitrate solution? 3. The reaction in this experiment contains iron nitrate and potassium thiocyanate as reactants, and iron thiocyanate and potassium nitrate as products. Please draw the Lewis structure for thiocyanate and nitrate.

Golden Rain Experiment

Lead nitrate and potassium iodide reaction – procedure & tips on the stunning golden rain experiment producing lead iodide.

• Lead iodide precipitate – how to best view it
• Lead / iodine complexes

December 8, 2021Lead Nitrate + Potassium IodideLead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to produce a beautiful precipitate, as we will show you. The reaction, known as the “Golden Rain” experiment, produces beautiful hexagonal crystals of lead iodide that resemble plates of gold, and makes a great chemistry demonstration. The golden rain reaction takes advantage of the increased solubility of lead iodide in hot water. Stoichiometric amounts of lead nitrate and potassium iodide are combined, with enough water to dissolve all of the lead iodide precipitate at 80 degrees Celsius. When the solution cools, beautiful lead iodide crystals will fall out of solution. Lead iodide golden rain experiment requirementsLead (II) nitrate 1. 65 grams (. 005 moles)Potassium iodide 1. 66 grams (. 01 moles)Erlenmeyer flask 1000mlHotplate-stirrerGolden Rain Procedure – Tips & TricksLead nitrate and potassium iodide are both solid, soluble ionic compounds. We will combine them for some amazing results. Dissolve each salt in 400ml of distilled water in separate beakers.

Thermodynamics Of Potassium Nitrate Dissolving In Water Essay

Free Essay: The Thermodynamics of Potassium Nitrate Dissolving in Water Introduction: This experiment focuses on thermodynamics or the study of heat and…

Video advice: EXPERIMENT !! Rice VS Potassium Nitrate and Sugar

Experiment video : rice vs potassium nitrate and sugar

This experiment focuses on thermodynamics or the study of heat and molecular randomness. It helps illustrate how and why potassium nitrate (KNO3) dissolves in water. When it dissolves, it dissociates into potassium (K+) and nitrate (NO3-) ions. These ions can also recombine into solid potassium nitrate. This reaction can reach a state where concentrations of ions remain constant or Ksp; which stands for the equilibrium concentration for the solubility product. The solubility of a compound changes with temperature, so Ksp changes too. Thermodynamics focuses on three large areas; which are enthalpy, entropy, and free energy.

Should I be worried about the waste from “sugar rockets” and other potassium nitrate fireworks? – “Sugar rockets” or sparklers made of metal fillings, potassium nitrate and some carbon compound are easily made, and there is a lot of tutorials and videos on the internet suggesting them…

Investigate how the solubility of Potassium Nitrate is affected by Temperature.

See our example GCSE Essay on Investigate how the solubility of Potassium Nitrate is affected by Temperature. now.

Found what you’re looking for? – Experiment – The Solubility of Potassium Nitrate Try To investigate the way the solubility of Potassium Nitrate is impacted by Temperature. Background Understanding Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) is definitely an ionic compound. The strong ionic bonds contain the compound within an ionic lattice which provides KNO3 its crystalline structure. These ionic bonds also provide other qualities that will affect my analysis, I should be aware these qualities for greater precision within my method. The ionic bonds give KNO3 high melting and boiling temperatures. Within the situation of KNO3, ionic bonds can be found, that are strong and difficult to interrupt under 70 degrees I have faith that this might have an affect on the solubility of KNO3 at low temperatures, where there’s hardly any energy give break these bonds. Particles move faster and collide having a greater energy output. A larger proportion of those particles are in possession of enough energy to react. Therefore there’s a larger possibility of an accident between KNO3 and water molecules producing a effective reaction.

A solid–solid reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide

Use this demonstration with kit list and safety instructions to prove that two solids can react together, making lead iodide from lead nitrate and potassium iodide.

Prove that two solids can react together, making lead iodide from lead nitrate and potassium iodideThis is an extremely quick demonstration, and really should take no more than two minutes. Show students that two solids can react together as white lead nitrate and white-colored potassium iodide respond to make yellow lead iodide.

• Additional information

Health, safety and technical notes

This experiment exploring diffusion in liquids is a class practical using the same compounds but as solutions. Additional informationThis is a resource from the Practical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. This collection of over 200 practical activities demonstrates a wide range of chemical concepts and processes. Each activity contains comprehensive information for teachers and technicians, including full technical notes and step-by-step procedures. Practical Chemistry activities accompany Practical Physics and Practical Biology.

You can carry out potassium nitrate reaction experiments with many compounds, including acids, sugar and sulfur. Some potassium nitrate experiments involve handling concentrated acids and toxic vapors, so they should be supervised in a lab with all necessary safety precautions.

Potassium Nitrate and Sulfuric Acid – Potassium nitrate is a crystalline salt with the molecular formula KNO3, and an alkali metal nitrate — it’s an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−. Laboratories often use Potassium nitrate as a reagent in lab experiments because it reacts with many different compounds. For example, it reacts readily with sugar, acids and sulfur. TL;DR (Too Long; Didn’t Read) You can carry out potassium nitrate reaction experiments with many compounds, including acids, sugar and sulfur. Some potassium nitrate experiments involve handling concentrated acids and toxic vapors, so they should be supervised in a lab with all necessary safety precautions. Potassium Nitrate and Sugar A nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent because it is a source of oxygen. A good example of this is adding potassium nitrate to table sugar. Mix a small amount of potassium with the sugar and place it on a non-combustible surface. When you ignite the nitrate, the sugar burns quickly. This is part of the reaction that occurs in July 4th sparklers, a combination of potassium nitrate, sugar and metal filings.

Chemistry Of Physics: Lab Thermodynamics Of Potassium Nitrate

Share free summaries, lecture notes, exam prep and more!!

Experiment Seven: Thermodynamics of Potassium Nitrate Introduction: Potassium nitrate dissolves in water dissociating into potassium ions and nitrate ions, but when the answer becomes saturated with plenty of amount of these ions the ions they recombine. The continual formation and dissociation of potassium nitrate is a good example of an equilibrium. Equilibriums are written using two opposing arrows to exhibit that they’re reversible. An answer such as this, which has undissolved solid in equilibrium using its dissolved ion, is known as a saturated solution. A saturated option would be defined by having an equilibrium constant expression having its fixed concentrations. The equation implies that the equilibrium constant isn’t just worried about solubility but the molarities. The need for the continual also expresses how soluble an ingredient is. When the Ksp values are more than one the substance is extremely soluble, and if it’s less than E-10, the substance is understood to be insoluble for those extensive purposes.

How to Make potassium nitrate at home

Believe it or not, there are cheap ways to make potassium nitrate for your chemistry experiments. And the key ingredient… “sodium-free” salt. Watch this science video tutorial from Nurd Rage on how to make potassium nitrate at home with Dr. Lithium. You already learned how to make potassium nitrate in a past video, “How to make potassium nitrate from instant cold packs”, but this is a cheaper way. “Sodium-free” salt is actually potassium chloride. Instant cold packs contain ammonium nitrate and if the two are mixed potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride are formed in equilibrium. Fortunately potassium nitrate has lower solubility than ammonium chloride at colder temperatures giving us a means of separation. Just mix 40 grams of ammonium nitrate with 100mL of water and stir until dissolved. Filter the mixture directly into 37 grams of potassium chloride. Gently heat until completely dissolved, do not boil. Cool the mixture to 0 Celsius in the freezer or on an ice bath. Filter the crystals and dry them.

Video advice: EXPERIMENT : MIX SUGAR AND POTASSIUM NITRATE!! Super reaction

Hi gengs! in this video you will see what happens if you mix sugar and potassium nitrate then burned

What happens when you mix potassium nitrate with sugar?

A mixture of sugar and potassium nitrate is a good rocket fuel as it represents the reaction of solids (nitrate and sugar) to form gases (carbon dioxide and water) . The expansion creates thrust that is used to power the rocket!

What happens when you mix potassium nitrate and water?

Dissolving potassium nitrate in water is an endothermic process because the hydration of the ions when the crystal dissolves does not provide as much energy as is needed to break up the lattice. ... When gaseous ions are hydrated they become surrounded by water molecules, so bonds are formed and this is also exothermic.

What happens when you mix potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid?

Concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with dry potassium nitrate to form nitric acid and potassium sulphate . The formed nitric acid dissociates to give nitrogen dioxide, water and oxygen gas. The gas formed by the reaction of concentrated sulphuric acid and dry potassium nitrate is nitrogen dioxide.

How do you test for potassium nitrate?

Testing for the presence of potassium nitrate is relatively simple. Use the hydrochloric acid and flame to clean the wire . Dip the wire into the acid, then into the flame and repeat until the wire does not produce any color. Once you are sure the wire is clean, dip it again in the acid to moisten it.

What does saltpeter do to a woman?

“Saltpetre,” (the term refers either to potassium or sodium nitrate) has no effect on carnal urges . The story that this chemical was put into soldiers' food to decrease their sex drive is a total myth. The second part of the question is easy to answer.

Related Articles:

• How you can Burn Potassium Nitrate
• Buying Potassium Nitrate
• How you can Identify Potassium Nitrate
• Stuff That Contain Potassium Nitrate
• What Exactly Are Some Natural Causes of Potassium Nitrate?
• What Products Have Potassium Nitrate?

Erwin van den Burg

Stress and anxiety researcher at CHUV2014–present Ph.D. from Radboud University NijmegenGraduated 2002 Lives in Lausanne, Switzerland2013–present

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