g20 india essay upsc

- The Sherpas of member countries are the personal .

- They concentrate on such as agriculture, anti-corruption, climate, digital economy, education, employment, energy, environment, health, tourism, trade and investment.

- They oversee all the negotiations over the year, discuss the agenda for the Summit and coordinate the substantive work of G20.

- It is headed by the , who generally meet four times a year, with two meetings being held on the sidelines of meetings.

- Fiscal and Monetary policy issues such as global economy, infrastructure, financial regulation, financial inclusion, international financial architecture, and international taxation.

Structure of G-20

G-20 does not have a charter or secretariat -The G-20 presidency is supported by the Troika , which includes the previous, current, and incoming presidencies . The G20 Presidency hosts the Summit and directs the agenda for a calendar year.

      Troika of G-20

Objectives of G-20- Following are the objectives of G-20:

(a) Policy coordination between its members in order to achieve global economic stability, sustainable growth

(b) Promote financial regulations that reduce risks and prevent future financial crises

(c) Create a new international financial architecture.   

(d) Develop common vision to tackle challenges like climate change, environment sustainability, corruption and energy crisis.

What is the importance/significance of G-20?

Geopolitical significance.

Greater representation to developing countries- It is a more representative  grouping in comparison to  groupings like G7  which comprised only industrialized economies and ignored the interests of the global south .

Global balance of power- G20 promotes a more equitable distribution of power  among developed and developing countries than the earlier formed blocs such as G-7 and P-5 (UNSC) which helps to maintain a balance of power at the global level.

Opportunity to undertake bilateral meetings- It offers an opportunity to undertake bilateral or trilateral meetings  with leaders of 20 countries on the sidelines of G20 summits. E.g., Indonesia G-20 provided meeting for India-China summit.

Bringing adversaries on a common platform- The importance of the G20 lies in its ability to bring together countries with different ideologies, political systems, and economic interests  onto a common platform to discuss and address global economic issues. E.g.- India & China, US & Russia.

Economic Significance

More economic heft as a grouping- While the share of G7 countries in the global economy has been falling, G20’s share has been largely consistent . The group carries more economic heft and hence it’s discussions on financial and macro-economic policies influence the decisions of Bretton Woods institutions.

Source: Council on Foreign Relations

Tackling financial crises effecting global economy- G20 has played a critical role in responding to economic crises such as the 2008 global financial crisis ,  the Eurozone debt crisis , and the COVID-19 pandemic .

Economic relief during recession induced due to COVID – G20 countries agreed to suspend debt payments owed to them by some of the world’s poorest countries providing billions of dollars in relief to countries during COVID-19.

Social Significance

Widening areas of cooperation: The agenda of the G20 has been expanding from a broad macroeconomic policy to more socio-environment area of cooperation.

Addressing climate change : G20 has recognised the threat of climate change and has taken some initiatives to address it in the field of energy efficiency and renewables; adoption of advanced and clean technologies; resilient infrastructure ; tackling environmental challenges like biodiversity loss; adoption of the Circular Carbon Economy  etc.

Vaccination during COVID-19- G20 leaders pledged to help vaccinate 70% of the world’s population by mid-2022.

  What are the Challenges faced by G-20?

Structural Challenges

Informal structure of G20- G-20 has no permanent secretariat. The agenda changes every year according to the priorities of the presiding nation. According to critics G20 basically is an extension of the G7.

Limited membership- The G20 only includes 19 countries and the European Union which means that other important economies like the African Union (AU) are not included. Expanding the membership could help to ensure that the group is more representative of the global economy.

Non-binding decisions – Member countries are not legally bound to implement the decisions made at G20 meetings. For example, the G20 countries had agreed to a set of guidelines for preventing the financing of terrorism but there is  no mechanism to enforce compliance with these guidelines. G20 declarations are not legally binding.

Geopolitical Challenges

Rising Geopolitical Rifts – The world economy is struggling with  geopolitical rifts  such as the tensions between the US and China the two biggest economies in the world, the decline in trade between the UK and the euro area in the wake of the Brexit decision and sanctions on Russia.

Russia-Ukraine Crisis – This is currently the biggest roadblock  impairing functioning as the U.S and its allies are not willing to sit on the same table with Russia and its allies. This may cause a severe stalemate  in the grouping’s functioning and impair its progress.

Influences decision-making of smaller countries- The smaller countries  have to implement the declarations and commitments agreed by G20 nations for their growth. E.g., the G20 nations agreed to end international financing for coal power plants.  So, a small nation cannot get any finance from G20 nations for a new coal power plant and must use its own limited financial resources or phase out coal and look for other alternatives.

Under representation of Africa-  None of the African nations is a member of the G20 except for South Africa.

Economic Challenges

Rising Protectionism:  G-20 is facing a credibility crisis due to deglobalisation and rising protectionism . Countries around the world are choosing to be ‘G-zero’  over the G7, G20, BRICS, P5 (UNSC Permanent Members) and others.

Slowing down of Major Economies of G-20- China, one of the major engines for global growth, is witnessing a sharp slowdown as it struggles with a real estate crisis . US and UK are also facing recession.

Rising Inflation- In response to high inflation central banks across countries have raised interest rates which in turn have dampened economic activity further.

Read More- Multilateral reforms as a priority in the G-20

What should be the way forward for G-20 group?

Formalization of G20 – The G20 must include objectives, vision and mission statements , a permanent secretariat and staff to oversee commitments and ensure continuity in the agenda.

Make it more representative – G20 must make itself more representative by expanding membership. It must include African Union (AU).

Tax rate rationalisation to avoid protectionism- Rationalizing the direct-indirect tax structure in member nations and ensuring a parity in credit requirements shall ensure a more competitive market structure with easier entry and exit of firms

Bridging powers between the East and West- G-20 can act as bridging powers between the East and West. The global economic disruption caused by Western economic sanctions and the ongoing boycott of Russia in global economic forums need initiatives from the countries like India, Indonesia and South Africa in G-20. This will bridge out the differences.

Focus more on domestic commitments- G20 Nations should phase out domestic coal consumption. This will create a significant impact as G20 nations represent more than 75%  of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions

Global Financial Transaction Tax  which was a consideration by the G20 in 2011 needs to be revived which can be used to fund green technology projects in Least Developed Countries.

Public health should be made a key agenda especially after the deadly impact of COVID-19.

Read More- The G-20 can be the UN Security Council alternative

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07 December, 2022

G20 Presidency of India as a Watershed Moment

• International Relations
• International issues
• On December 1, 2022, India will formally assume the G-20 presidency.
• India will hold the presidency until November 30th, 2023.
• According to the Prime Minister, India's theme is "One Earth, One Family, One Future."

More on the news:

• Agenda: The Prime Minister described India's G-20 agenda as "inclusive, ambitious, and action-oriented."
• Sharing India's experience : "During our G-20 presidency, we will present India's experiences, learnings, and models as possible templates for others, particularly the developing world," he added.
• The significance of the 2023 G20 Summit, which will be held in New Delhi:
• The G20 summit would be unlike any other multilateral summit that India has hosted in the past.

Meeting of the World's Largest Economies:

• None of the previous summits brought together the world's largest economies, nor did they include the entire P-5 (permanent members of the UN Security Council ).
• In that regard, the G-20 summit would be the first in Indian history.
• Depoliticization: In order to promote harmony within the human family, we will work to depoliticize the global supply of food, fertiliser , and medical products, so that geopolitical tensions do not lead to humanitarian crises.

About the G20:

• The G20 was formed in 1999 in the aftermath of the late-90s financial crisis that ravaged East Asia and Southeast Asia in particular.
• Its goal was to secure global financial stability through the participation of middle-income countries.
• According to the official G20 Website, " on the advice of the G7 Finance Ministers , the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors began holding meetings to discuss the response to the global financial crisis that occurred."
• Goals: Policy coordination among its members in order to achieve global economic stability and sustainable growth; promotion of financial regulations that reduce risks and prevent future financial crises; and creation of a new international financial system.

Members and visitors:

• Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, India, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union are all members.
• Spain has been invited as a permanent guest as well.
• Every year, the Presidency invites guest countries to participate fully in the G20 exercise. Several international and regional organisations also take part, giving the forum a more diverse representation.
• T he G20 countries collectively account for 60% of the world's population, 80% of global GDP, and 75% of global trade.

G20 and Troika Presidency:

• The G20 presidency is rotated among members each year.
• To ensure the continuity of the G20 agenda, the country holding the presidency, along with the previous and next presidency-holders, form the 'Troika.'

What will India bring to the world during its presidency?

• Presenting Diversity : The G20 presidency is an opportunity to showcase India's diversity to the rest of the world.
• Management during pandemic : Among large democracies, India has fared the best in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic .
• The Indian public goods delivery mechanism, on a billion-plus scale, has set a new template for the rest of the world.
• India's economic management during the pandemic has been extraordinarily prudent, with foresight in decision-making.
• Independent foreign policy : India's independent foreign policy, as seen in the ongoing NATO-Russia (Ukraine) conflic t, has made the rest of the world sit up and take notice.
• The assertion of its national interests differs significantly from the "glory" days of the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Employment and the environment : The G20 can serve as a forum for exchanging experiences on societal benefits and growth as complementary goals, leading to new perspectives on employment and the environment.
• India has its own initiatives to offer the world, such as the " LiFE Movement " and " The One Sun One World One Grid ."
• India's own success models to offer the rest of the world
• From scaling up a seamless digital payment model based on public digital infrastructure (UPI) to the unique digital identity, and from the successful bottom quintile financial inclusion model to the seamless transition to green energy, India now has many models to showcase, particularly for the developing world.

Global challenges, opportunities, and the road ahead

There are currently five global challenges that the G20 can attempt to address:

• The first and most pressing issue is the open conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
• The second challenge is that food prices are rising .
• The third issue is one of energy .
• Russia is teaching the world that, while sanctions against it may have an impact on its economy in the future, these sanctions are failing in the short term.
• As rising food and energy prices cause inflation, the fourth challenge is how countries are attempting to address the issue.
• The threat of stagflation is the fifth challenge .

Opportunities :

• Hosting the G20 Presidency would also result in economic opportunities in various sectors such as tourism, hospitality, information technology, and civil aviation, to name a few.
• Energy, agriculture, trade, digital economy, health and environment would be significant sectors, as would employment, tourism, anti-corruption, and women empowerment, as well as focus areas that impact the most vulnerable and disadvantaged.

Source: The Economic Times

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Topics Covered:  Important international institutions and groupings.

What to study? For Prelims: G20- composition, objectives, functions and programmes. For Mains: Significance of the group, criticisms wrt its functioning and reforms needed.

Context : Union Commerce and Industry Minister recently attended the 2nd G20 Virtual Trade & Investment Ministers Meeting, held through video-conferencing.

What is the G20?

The G20 is an annual meeting of leaders from the countries with the largest and fastest-growing economies. Its members account for 85% of the world’s GDP, and two-thirds of its population.

The G20 Summit is formally known as the “Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy”.

Establishment :

After the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-1998, it was acknowledged that the participation of major emerging market countries is needed on discussions on the international financial system, and G7 finance ministers agreed to establish the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting in 1999.

Presidency :

The group has no permanent staff of its own, so every year in December, a G20 country from a rotating region takes on the presidency.

That country is then responsible for organising the next summit, as well as smaller meetings for the coming year. They can also choose to invite non-member countries along as guests. The first G20 meeting took place in Berlin in 1999, after a financial crisis in East Asia affected many countries around the world.

Full membership of the G20:

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

Its relevance in changing times:

As globalization progresses and various issues become more intricately intertwined, the recent G20 summits have focused not only on macroeconomy and trade, but also on a wide range of global issues which have an immense impact on the global economy, such as development, climate change and energy, health, counter-terrorism, as well as migration and refugees.

The G20 has sought to realize an inclusive and sustainable world through its contributions towards resolving these global issues.

What is G20+?

The G20 developing nations, also called G21/G23/G20+ is a bloc of developing nations which was established on August 20, 2003. It is distinct from the G20 major economies.

• The G20+ originated in September 2003 at the 5th ministerial conference of the WTO held at Cancun, Mexico.
• Its origins can be traced to the Brasilia Declaration signed by the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa on 6th June 2003.
• The declaration stated that the major economies were still practising protectionist policies especially in sectors they were less competitive in and that it was important to see to it that the trade negotiations that took place provided for the reversal of those policies.
• The G20+ is responsible for 60% of the world population, 26% of the world’s agricultural exports and 70% of its farmers.

InstaThink :

Prelims Link:

• G20 vs G20+ vs G7 vs G8.
• Objectives and sub- groups.
• Overview of Geographical locations of the member countries.

Mains Link:

Do you think the recent G20 summits have turned into talking shops rather than getting down to brass tacks? Critically analyse.

Sources: pib.

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CAPF Question Paper 2024, Good Attempts and Difficulty Level of Paper 1

The Comprehensive Analysis of the UPSC CAPF AC Question Paper 2024 conducted on the 4th August 2024, Covering the difficulty level and Topics asked in the examination.

Table of Contents

The UPSC Conducted the CAPF AC Written Examination on Sunday, 4th August 2024. The CAPF exam 2024 was conducted in more than 30 Cities all over India. Lakhs of Candidates appeared at the various examination centers to take the CAPF Exam. The UPSC CAPF Exam was conducted offline in pen and paper mode. The Timing for the Paper 1 of the CAPF Exam was from 10 AM to 12 PM and Paper 2 was from 2 PM to 5 PM. In this article, we are providing you with the CAPF Exam Analysis 2024 and the CAPF Question Paper 2024.

CAPF Exam Analysis 2024

The UPSC CAPF Exam was conducted recently, A detailed and comprehensive analysis of the CAPF Question Paper 2024 with detailed subject wise Questions and Topics is made available for you. The UPSC CAPF AC 2024 exam was tougher than previous years. It has been compared to the level of the UPSC CSE, suggesting a significant increase in difficulty.

CAPF Question Paper 2024

The UPSC CAPF Examination was conducted offline on 4th August 2024. The CAPF Exam is an important exams among defence aspirants, who wish to serve in the Central Armed Police Force like CRPF, BSF, ITBP, SSB, NSG, AR, and CISF. A total of 506 candidates will be selected for the final recruitment in the CAPF forces. Candidates who appeared or are planning to appear for the CAPF AC Examination in the future can download the CAPF Question Paper 2024 by clicking on the links given below.

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: Paper 1

The Paper 1 of the UPSC CAPF AC 2024 was conducted in an offline manner. A total of 125 Questions were asked carrying +2 Marks each and negative marking of 0.33 Marks. The overall level of the Paper was Moderate to Tough. On comparison to the previous year Paper, The difficulty level of the CAPF Exam is increased. On an Average, A Candidates was able to attempt around 80 to 100 Number of Questions. The exam was conducted in both Hindi and English languages. Here are the Topics and Subject wise analysis of the CAPF Question Paper 2024.

• Candidates Appeared: 50% of the Candidates who filled the Examination form
• Average Number of Attempts:-  On an Average, 80- 100 Number of Questions
• Total Number of Questions:- 125 questions

The paper was described as significantly harder than previous years, with a level comparable to the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE). A good attempt is considered to be between 80 to 100 questions, indicating the high difficulty. There was a notable increase in questions related to economics. The Current Affairs of last 1 year were asked. Questions were asked from International Relations and Organizations, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), G20, DRDO, and missile technology, Sports, Articles and Legal Provisions, Biotechnology. Some questions focused on specific articles and legal frameworks.

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: Paper 2

The UPSC CAPF AC Paper 2 is a descriptive type paper that includes Essay Writing, Report Writing, Precis Writing, English Comprehension. The Paper 2 of CAPF is of 200 Marks, which is further divided into

Essay Topics- In the CAPF Paper 2, 6 topics were given for the essay writing, out of which candidates have to attempt any 4. Here are the topics of Essay Writing asked in the UPSC CAPF Paper 2

• Digital Economy: Opportunities and Challenges
• Global Peace and National Defence Budget
• Tribal Resistance to Colonial Rule
• Importance of Tropical Rain Forest
• English in India: Deviance or Variance
• Tribal Culture in the age of Globalisation

English Gramma r- Following Questions were asked in the CAPF Paper 2 English Grammar Section.

• Correct the Sentences without making any unnecessary changes
• Rewrite the Sentences
• Write Sentence with the given Phrases
• Read the Complete Passage and answer the Questions

Precis Writing – One Question on the Precis Writing Related to the Immigrants.

Report Writing –  Two topics for the report writing were given

• Voter Turn out in Election
• Rehabilitation of War Victims

Agruments to and For

• Classical literature should be component of curriculum
• Houswork is unpaid labour

Download UPSC CAPF Question Paper 2024

Candidates can download the CAPF Question Paper 2024 that was conducted on 4th August 2024. The Paper 1 and Paper 2 of the CAPF exam can be downloaded from the given links below. Candidates can check the level of questions asked in the examination, The weightage of different sections, National and International Topics asked in the CAPF Exam 2024.

UPSC CAPF Answer Key 2024

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis: Video

Aspirants can join our live session on UPSC CAPF Assistant Commandants Paper I & II 2023 for an interactive experience with our faculty. During this session, our experts are discussing each topic separately and providing insights into the questions asked in the exam.

• The analysis is conducted by our experienced faculty based on feedback collected from students who have taken the exam.
• This analysis includes the number of questions asked in the exam along with their difficulty level.
• By participating in this session, candidates can effectively assess their performance in the exam and gain valuable insights for their future preparations.
• Don’t miss this opportunity to interact with our knowledgeable faculty and enhance your exam preparation.

Check the complete Exam Analysis through the link given below:

When was the Written Exam of the CAPF AC 2024?

The Written Examination for the UPSC CAPF AC 2024 is conducted on the 4th August 2024.

How many Questions are there in Paper 1 of the UPSC CAPF AC 2024?

There are a total of 125 Questions in the Paper 1 of the UPSC CAPF AC 2024.

What is the age limit for the UPSC CAPF AC 2024?

The Age Limit for the UPSC CAPF AC 2024 Examination is 20 to 25 years old.

What was the difficulty level of the UPSC CAPF AC Exam 2024?

The Difficulty level of the UPSC CAPF AC Exam 2024 is somewhat Moderate to tough.

What are the Good Attempts for the UPSC CAPF AC 2024?

According to the analysis, The Good attempts for the UPSC CAPF AC 2024 examination were somewhere between 80 to 100 Questions.

• exam analysis

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UPSC Civil Services Mains 2024 Exam Dates: Check full schedule and key details

UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination 2024 complete schedule here

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Latest Updates

UPSC Civil Services Mains 2024: Exam Dates Announced – Check Your Timetable Here

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has announced the schedule for the Civil Services Main Examination 2024. Candidates who have qualified for the Mains can now access the detailed timetable on the official UPSC website at upsc.gov.in.

The Mains examination is set to take place on five days: September 20, 21, 22, 28, and 29, 2024. The exam will be conducted in two sessions each day. The morning session will run from 9:00 am to 12:00 noon, while the afternoon session will take place from 2:30 pm to 5:30 pm.

The schedule is as follows:

• September 20, 2024: Essay Paper
• September 21, 2024: General Studies Papers I and II
• September 22, 2024: General Studies Papers III and IV
• September 28, 2024: Indian Language Paper and English Paper
• September 29, 2024: Optional Subject Papers 1 and 2

How To Check The UPSC Mains 2024 Schedule:

Candidates can view and download the schedule by following these steps:

• Visit the official UPSC website at upsc.gov.in .
• Locate and click on the link for the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2024 schedule on the homepage.
• A PDF file containing the schedule will open.
• Download and print the schedule for future reference.

Candidates who cleared the UPSC Preliminary Examination, the results of which were announced on July 1, are now eligible to appear for the Mains. The preliminary results, including the names and roll numbers of successful candidates, were published on July 20, 2024.

This year, the UPSC aims to fill approximately 1,056 vacancies across various central government services and departments through these exams. This includes prestigious positions in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Foreign Service (IFS).

For further details and updates, candidates are advised to regularly check the official UPSC website.

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Make Your Note

India to host G20 Summit in 2023

• 14 Sep 2022
• GS Paper - 3
• Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests

For Prelims: G20, International Organisation, India and International Groupings

For Mains : India’s foreign policy, Significance of G20 in India’s Foreign Policy, Challenges of global happenings on international groupings

Why in the News?

Recently, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) announced that India is hosting the G-20 (Group of 20) leaders’ summit in New Delhi next year 2023.

• The 17 th G20 Heads of State and Government Summit will happen in November 2022 in Indonesia, after which India will assume the presidency of G20 from December 2022.
• India is assuming the Presidency of the G20 for one year.

What are the Key Points?

• India, as G20 Presidency, will be inviting Bangladesh, Egypt, Mauritius, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Singapore, Spain and UAE as Guest countries.
• Troika refers to the top grouping within the G20 that consists of the current, previous and the upcoming presidencies (Indonesia, India and Brazil).
• Inclusive, Equitable and Sustainable Growth,
• LiFE (Lifestyle For Environment),
• Women’s Empowerment,
• Digital public infrastructure and tech-enabled development in areas ranging from health, agriculture and education to commerce,
• Skill-mapping, culture and tourism, climate financing, circular economy, global food security, energy security, green hydrogen, disaster risk reduction and resilience,
• Developmental cooperation, fight against economic crime, and multilateral reforms.

What is the G20?

• The G20 was formed in 1999 in the backdrop of the financial crisis of the late 1990s that hit East Asia and Southeast Asia in particular.
• It aims to secure global financial stability by involving middle-income countries.
• Together, the G20 countries include 60 % of the world’s population, 80 % of global GDP, and 75 % of global trade.
• Spain is invited as a permanent guest.
• Italy, Indonesia, and India are the Troika countries right now and Indonesia holds the current Presidency.
• The G20 has no permanent secretariat. The agenda and work are coordinated by representatives of the G20 countries, known as ‘Sherpas’, who work together with the finance ministers and governors of the central banks.
• The primary mandate of the grouping is for International Economic cooperation with particular emphasis to prevent future financial crises across the world.
• It plays a significant role in shaping the global economic agenda.
• From 1999-2008 the forum exalted from a grouping of Central bank governors and finance ministers to Heads of states.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (2020)

(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey (b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand (c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam (d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea