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Understanding The Difference Between Formal and Informal Language in Writing

A good writer knows when to use formal or informal language in their writing. We’ll go over the difference between the two and provide examples.

Quick Summary of Formal and Informal Language

• The main difference between formal and informal language in writing is that formal language is more rigid and less personal, whereas informal language is more easygoing and adaptive.
• Deciding on using formal or informal language depends on what you’re writing and who you’re writing it for:
• Formal language is usually reserved for professional and academic settings, while informal writing is used for more casual settings, like friendly text messages and creative writing.
• There are many differences found in formal and informal writing. One of them is that contractions shouldn’t be used in formal writing, but are acceptable in informal writing .
• Vocabulary is another major difference between formal and informal language.

Formal vs. Informal Language

Effective writing has a lot to do with not only what you write but also how you write it. The type of language you use— formal or informal —must suit your audience and setting.

If you want your message to resonate, then it wouldn’t be a good idea to use colloquialisms in formal settings. Similarly, you shouldn’t use rigid language when you’re writing about something light, playful, or funny.

But what exactly is the difference between formal and informal language in writing? That’s what we’ll be covering in this blog. We’ll also provide helpful examples so you can better recognize the difference.

Plus, we’ll show you a paraphrasing tool that’ll ensure your text is pristine, regardless of what you’re writing.

Let’s begin!

What Is The Difference Between Formal and Informal Language?

Compared to formal language, informal language is considered more casual. Informal language also evolves much more rapidly than formal language. While new words or phrases can be introduced to informal language seemingly overnight (e.g., GOAT referring to the greatest of all time) , these changes can take years in formal language (e.g., you replacing thou, thee, and thy ).

But there are also more notable differences between formal and informal language. We’ll give some examples below.

1. Contractions

It is advised to avoid contractions (shortened versions of words) in formal language, but they’re acceptable in informal language.

Unfortunately, the team could not replicate the results. (Formal)

Unfortunately, the team couldn’t replicate the results. ( Informal)

2. Colloquial Phrases/Slang

Formal language is also marked by an absence of colloquial phrases and slang (words or phrases that are common only in everyday speech), but are typically used in informal language.

Everyone was disappointed . (Formal)

Everyone was bummed . ( Informal)

3. First-Person Pronouns

Generally, first-person pronouns (like I and we ) are avoided when writing with formal language. However, it’s accepted (and expected) in informal language.

The students were asked to fill out the questionnaire. (Formal)

Informal: We asked the students to fill out the questionnaire. ( Informal)

4. Phrasal Verbs

When using formal language in your writing, it is also recommended to replace phrasal verbs (proper verbs that are followed by one or more prepositions and act as a single verb).

It was something the protestors could endure . (Formal)

It was something the protestors could put up with . ( Informal)

5. Grammar Rules

When writing for formal settings, it is recommended to follow all grammar rules, even those that are considered trivial. In informal settings, some grammar rules can be ignored. For example, in informal settings, it’s okay to use who in place of whom . However, always using who in place of whom is not recommended when writing with formal language.

Whom do I have to speak to? (Formal)

Who do I have to speak to? ( Informal)

6. Vocabulary Choice

Formal language tends to use longer, more complex vocabulary. Sometimes it is not recommended to use this type of vocabulary with informal language (depending on what you’re writing) because it can confuse or distract your audience.

They needed assistance while recovering from the outcomes of the hurricane. (Formal)

They needed help while recovering from the effects of the hurricane. ( Informal)

Whether you’re writing in a professional or academic setting or a casual and creative one, LanguageTool can provide stronger vocabulary options—all you have to do is double-click on the word. This multilingual spelling and grammar checker can also detect different types of errors, whether you choose to write in formal or informal language.

Deciding When To Use Formal and Informal Language

Remember that choosing when to use formal or informal language in your writing depends on what you’re writing and who your audience is. However, you should also be mindful of the fact that formal and informal language is a spectrum, and some types of writing can fall in between these categories. Regardless of what type of language you’re using in your writing, keep these differences in mind to guarantee the most effective writing possible.

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Diction Examples: Formal and Informal

• DESCRIPTION diction examples in writing
• SOURCE livjam / E+ / Getty Images

When a writer chooses words that make their writing sound a certain way, they’re choosing their diction. In English, each word has a slightly different meaning and evokes different senses and emotions. Choosing the right words for your purposes determines what diction you are using. Keep reading to learn more about formal vs. informal diction with several diction examples.

What Is Diction?

Diction is a writer or speaker's word choice that helps define the written or spoken word and expresses personal style. Consider the diction ary – a book full of word choices. There are two main types of diction that a writer uses to establish their voice and message. These types are:

• formal diction - writing that establishes a professional tone, such as business writing or formal essays
• informal diction - conversational or friendly writing style

Though diction is highly personal, it's also important to remember your audience when choosing an appropriate style. Consider the examples below to help you understand the way diction changes the writer's message.

Formal vs. Informal Diction

The rules of grammar ensure that your writing is understandable. However, within the general framework of the English language, you can also choose to write formally or informally. There are different degrees of formality in writing, and these range from highly formal research papers to quick texts you might send to a friend.

Formal diction involves choosing descriptive, precise words that are polite and proper. Sentences in formal diction are often longer. Informal diction, on the other hand, often assumes that the audience already knows what you're talking about and generally uses shorter words. Sentences may be incomplete or ignore some finer points of grammar and usage.

Examples of Formal vs. Informal Diction

To get a sense of how formal and informal diction affects the message, consider these greetings:

• formal: Hello, young man. It is a true pleasure to make your acquaintance. How are you feeling today?
• informal: Hey, kid. Nice to meet ya. What's up?

In the first example, the speaker uses longer words such as "pleasure" and "acquaintance" as well as longer sentences. By contrast, the informal speaker uses monosyllabic words like "kid", slang like "ya" and very short sentences. Though both examples convey the same information, they do so with different levels of formality.

• formal: The man spoke to his father in a low voice so others could not hear.
• informal: That guy told his dad secrets.
• formal: Would you care to explain the reasoning behind your decision to leave the gathering early?
• informal: Why'd you leave the party so soon?
• formal: Her terrible temper won't endear her to many if she refuses to control her outbursts.
• informal: If she doesn't stop yelling, she'll lose all her friends.

As a reader, you can tell the difference between the formal examples and informal examples. Using the correct diction sets the right tone for an audience and makes your message clear.

Going to Extremes With Diction

Although formal and informal diction styles are the main styles of writing, there are other types of diction to consider. Pedantic diction , colloquial diction and slang diction styles often bring formal and informal writing to extremes. They can include jargon, colloquialisms and slang.

Pedantic Diction

Formal writing can go to extremes when writers use pedantic diction . Pedantic diction is very detailed and usually includes industry jargon , often in formal writing. Jargon includes highly technical language or specialized terms that only people in a certain group or industry understand. For example, consider this job description:

The candidate must be adept at both the latest communications technology and heritage voice systems to keep all stakeholders informed of developing trends in the workspace.

Could you tell that the paragraph above is looking for a secretary? The overly complex terms like "communications technology" and "heritage voice systems" are jargon, and these words often obscure meaning instead of making things clear. However, to people in the industry, the description is perfectly understandable.

Colloquial Diction

On the opposite end of the formality spectrum is colloquial diction. Colloquial language is highly informal and may include regional expressions and spellings that reflect dialect and non-standard pronunciations. For example:

• She was hotter than a hen on a July Sunday. (Southern colloquialism)
• My neighbor is wicked smart! (New England colloquialism)
• You betcha I’m watchin’ the big game. (Midwest colloquialism)

The first sentence is highly informal, and it assumes that the reader understands that the hen is hot not just because it's summer, but because she's likely to end up in the soup pot for Sunday dinner as part of rural tradition. It’s an effective way to make a character sound more relatable and interesting. In fiction, colloquialisms can help writers develop characters that talk like real people.

Slang Diction

Words that are specific to a period in time or are considered “trendy” are often present in slang diction . Young characters use slang diction that is specific to their generation. In the 21st century, texting language can be considered slang diction. For example:

• OMG I’m highkey in love with that dude. I’m so extra lol.
• Whoa! Your brother is the GOAT!
• That party is going to be straight fire!

Like jargon and colloquial writing, slang can exclude some readers from understanding your point. It's important to consider your audience before you begin to write. If you are writing for a small group of people who all know your terminology, jargon, colloquialisms, or slang may be appropriate.

Examples of Formal Diction in Literature

Diction sets the tone so if the diction used is formal the whole tone of the writing is formal. This can give a sense of seriousness, power or even artistic effect, as in these examples.

Pride and Prejudice

The first few lines from Pride and Prejudice set a formal scene. Its long sentences and elevated vocabulary communicate that the rest of the book will have proper, formal diction.

"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters." Pride and Prejudice , Jane Austen

Despite Shakespearean diction’s colloquial influence on the modern English language, it is still quite formal. Its long words and sophisticated sentence structure makes the language in Hamlet both beautiful to hear and meaningful to understand.

"What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an Angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! And yet to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me; no, nor Woman neither; though by your smiling you seem to say so." Hamlet , William Shakespeare

Heart of Darkness

Heart of Darkness describes the utter horror of humanity in its barest form. Conrad’s formal diction describes scenes in a very precise and beautiful way – contrasting the harsh reality of the plot effectively.

"The sun set; the dusk fell on the stream, and lights began to appear along the shore. The Chapman lighthouse, a three-legged thing erect on a mud-flat, shone strongly. Lights of ships moved in the fairway-a great stir of lights going up and going down. And farther west on the upper reaches the place of the monstrous town was still marked ominously on the sky, a brooding gloom in sunshine, a lurid glare under the stars." Heart of Darkness , Joseph Conrad

Examples of Informal Diction in Literature

Using informal diction, including slang and colloquialisms, gives writing a lighter tone, making the piece more down to earth and less lofty. Notice how these diction examples from literature also use colloquial diction to establish where their characters are from.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Mark Twain’s use of words like “light out” and “sivilize” establishes Huck as a Southern boy with a bit of an attitude. His informal, colloquial dialect does much of the characterization work for him.

"But I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there before." The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , Mark Twain

The Catcher in the Rye

Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye , speaks like an educated teenager. He sounds like a real person who interrupts himself and tries his best to communicate his ideas. Holden also uses some slang diction, including “crazy cliff” and “and all.”

"Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be." The Catcher in the Rye, J. D. Salinger

Their Eyes Were Watching God

Janie, the character speaking here, is an African-American woman in the 1930’s who is speaking up to her husband for the first time. Colloquialisms such as “God gits familiar wid us womenfolks” and “it’s so easy to make yo’self out God Almighty” establish her as a woman in the South who is speaking her mind.

"Sometimes God gits familiar wid us womenfolks too and talks His inside business. He told me how surprised He was 'bout y'all turning out so smart after Him makin' yuh different; and how surprised y'all is goin' tuh be if you ever find out you don't know half as much 'bout us as you think you do. It's so easy to make yo'self out God Almighty when you ain't got nothin' tuh strain against but women and chickens." Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston

Know Your Audience

When you let your audience guide your diction, you're more likely to communicate your ideas effectively. Academic writing requires careful attention to grammar and use of precise vocabulary so that your meaning is clear. Save slang terms and other informal expressions for emails, texts to friends or telling a story face to face. For more ways to describe diction, check out a list of strong words that describe diction .

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4.4: Formal and Informal Diction

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How do I write to impress professors?

When you sit down to write, your first task is to think of your composition's purpose, audience, and form (genre). Naturally, we try to make our college essays sound elevated using words that show that we have taken these notions into consideration. There's also some general writing advice you should consider when writing for college settings:

• These were created to make speech quicker, not really intended for writing.
• If you're writing to fulfill a word count, a contraction counts as one word when it's contracted (shortened with an apostrophe) or two when it is not. This should help you get that extra ten words to get from 790 to 800!
• Avoid slang and colloquialisms: that beat might slap, but your stodgy professor might not know what a bop is, and since we're talking about the stodgy one, they're likely to blame you for their ignorance.
• Avoid cliches as much as possible: these are for songs and propaganda, not for original, thought-provoking compositions!
• Avoid rhetorical questions (they're better for speeches than for essays): how do you like it when I only ask you questions? What if I never provide the answers? Could you bear the stress and pressure of all these questions being asked of you, but you have no way to respond?
• We're impressed by your eleemosynary nature in providing bombastic examples of your linguistic exemplifications of our inflated, highly abstract, superfluous language, but vacuous and vacant diction excessively plagues developing college writers' works: get to the point.
• Jargon is for people in your field. Explain it if you are writing for someone outside your field.
• Avoid Latin unless you need to use it (like etcetera , which is overused)
• Look for models in exemplary publications, like The New Yorker . When they use big words, they usually either explain them with appositives (noun phrases to describe them placed directly after the word), or they work to explain them through analogy, example, or context.
• Watch out for commonly confused terms
• 4.4.1: Neologisms This page provides examples of how new language forms and spreads.
• 4.4.2.1: Code-Switching
• 4.4.2.2: Reflection Exercise- "Customer Service Voice"

15 Diction Examples & the 7 Types (Formal + Informal)

by Jennifer Ayling

on Aug 22, 2024

Looking for diction examples to inspire your next writing project?

Ready to add some interest and flair to your prose?

While diction is a pretty straightforward literary element, seeing it in action makes it easier to understand.

That’s why we’ve come up with numerous examples to illustrate the varieties of diction and how it can enhance your writing.

By the time you finish reading this post, you’ll have a solid understanding of what diction is, the different types of diction, and how it can help you be a better writer.

Let’s dive in.

What is Diction?

Diction is a literary device used by writers to convey their message in a specific writing style and tone .

In other words, proper diction encompasses a writer’s distinct word choice, tone, and style.

You see, the style and tone of a story can change dramatically according to the writer’s choice in vocabulary — and we’ll see why that matters in a second.

Likewise, diction can also describe a style of writing particular to a writer .

For example, a fictional story set in Paris during WWII will have different diction than a story set in New York City in 2024.

Stephen King’s diction differs from John Grisham’s because they are writing for different audiences .

And even though Nora Roberts and Danielle Steel are both romance authors, their styles, or diction, are different because they each make word choices unique to the way they write.

What is the Purpose of Diction?

Diction is choosing a specific word with care to direct a story, establish a background, or set a tone.

A presidential speech will almost always have a formal tone.

Compare that to a webinar script where, even for an expensive product, it will come across as more casual (even as the speaker demonstrates authority on the topic).

Related Terms

Some literary terms are closely related to diction, but they mean different things.

For context, and to get a better understanding of diction, let’s review these terms.

Idiom has two meanings.

Idiom is sometimes used as a synonym for diction, meaning the specific word a writer uses.

It can also refer to a phrase that has a different meaning than the words would imply.

Break a leg does not mean that someone literally wants you to break your leg.

Break a leg is an example of an idiom that means good luck .

Once in a blue moon doesn’t really refer to the moon turning blue.

It means something that happens infrequently.

Dialects can be divided into two groups: regional dialect and social dialect.

Regional dialects refer to how people in different regions speak differently, while social dialects refer to how people from different social backgrounds speak differently.

An example of regional dialect would be the word y’all .

Though I haven’t lived in the south for almost 20 years, I grew up there, and I still use the southern dialect of y’all in my writing & everyday speech.

My extended family in New York knows what I mean when I say y’all , but they’d never use the expression themselves. Being Northerners, they’d say you guys .

Another example:

Charles Dickens used social dialect to set a tone for his stories.

Take a peek at the quote below and note how Dickens wrote Sam Weller’s speech patterns to reflect his social standing in Victorian England.

Based on his dialect, can you guess if Sam was a wealthy person or someone from the working class?

From The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens:

“That’s the pint, sir. Out vith it, as the father said to the child, wen he swallowed a garden.”

If you guessed working class, you’re right!

See how Sam Weller’s Cockney dialect reveals his working-class background?

Jargon is a type of informal language specific to a particular group or profession, like law, business, or medicine.

Outsiders find it more difficult to understand than normal language because they haven’t been exposed to the same vocabulary.

Now, when jargon becomes too difficult, it can alienate readers.

For example, if you’ve never started a blog or online business, phrases like click-through rate (CTR) or search engine optimization (SEO) might be puzzling.

But once you’ve been blogging a while, those terms become a regular part of your vocabulary.

7 Types of Diction with Examples

Formal Diction

Formal diction word choices are very specific and proper.

For example:

In response to a request that you do something, formal diction might sound like, “I will address that issue right away.”

Alternatively, using i nformal diction, the response would be more casual like, “You got it.”

Both sentences mean the same thing, but they convey distinct tones.

Pedantic Diction

Pedantic diction is when a writer uses unnecessarily long words, a more complex sentence structure, or archaic words to show their intelligence.

This comes across as pretentious, making the reader feel like they’re being talked down to, and also making them less interested in what the writer has to say.

Sheldon Cooper of the hit sitcom The Big Bang Theory is an excellent example of someone using pedantic diction.

Here’s a glimpse of Sheldon’s pedantic diction in action:

Sheldon: “I’m writing an appeal to the faculty senate so that I can move on from string theory.” Leonard: “How’s it going?” Sheldon: You tell me. “Dear esteemed colleagues. As you may know, I have requested to change my field of study. My decision to do so is, I believe, in the best interest of science. At your convenience, I’d be happy to explain it to you in words you’ll understand.”

Colloquial Diction

Colloquial diction is the use of informal words or expressions associated with a specific region or time period.

Now, writers use colloquial diction because it helps a sentence sound more natural and relaxed — it also adds personality to dialogue, making it rich and memorable.

“She’s fixin’ to go to the store sometime soon.”

Fixin’ is a southern colloquialism that means getting ready .

For anyone not from the south, this sentence translates to:

“She’s getting ready to go to the store soon.”

Notice how the former sentence has more depth and personality than the latter sentence?  Also, did you picture two completely different speakers? That’s the power of colloquial diction.

Slang Diction

Slang is a type of informal diction originating with one group of people that eventually makes its way into the greater lexicon.

A slang word tends to be generational and last only for a short period.

For example, slang from the 1970s, like far out or groovy for cool, is rarely heard today.

Some examples of current slang terms would be tea for gossip , shady for suspicious , or ripped for physically fit .

Abstract Diction

Abstract diction is the description of emotions or ideas.

Now, with abstract diction, you can use metaphors and other figures of everyday speech to present concepts that may be difficult to understand.

To illustrate this, let’s look at the concept of love.

Love is intangible — you can’t describe its physical appearance and it doesn’t have features you can highlight. But, as a writer , you paint a picture of love with abstract diction.

For example, take these powerful words from Aristotle:

“Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies.”

See how something as abstract and intangible as love becomes more  concrete and tangible?

Concrete Diction

Concrete diction uses detailed and specific words to vivid imagery for the reader.

For example, if you were telling someone about the dinner, you had at the new restaurant in town, you could say, “I had the steak.”

Or you could say, “I had the marinated flank steak, sauteed asparagus with aged gouda, and roasted fingerling potatoes. Then for dessert, we had butterscotch banana splits. It was amazing!”

Which description paints a more detailed image of your meal?

Poetic Diction

Poetic diction is the use of language to evoke a mood or feeling.

Specifically, poetic diction relies on repetition , alliteration , figurative language, and other literary devices to create an emotional response in the reader.

Although poetic diction is most often used in poetry , it can be found in other forms of writing , such as song lyrics, limericks , or even advertising copy.

The poem Up In a Swing by Robert Louis Stevenson is a good example of poetic diction.

“How do you like to go up in a swing, Up in the air so blue? Oh, I do think it the pleasantest thing Ever a child can do!”

Examples of Diction in Literature

We can find many examples of diction in literature.

For example, look at Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 

“You don’t know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain’t no matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly.”

Huck’s diction reflects his casual, boyish manner and lack of formal education. Notice how Twain uses diction to set a mood for the story?

Contrast that with Nick Carraway from The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

“He didn’t say any more, but we’ve always been unusually communicative in a reserved way, and I understood that he meant a great deal more than that. In consequence, I’m inclined to reserve all judgments, a habit that has opened up many curious natures to me and also made me the victim of not a few veteran bores.”

Nick has a far more formal language — it’s cultured and sophisticated and sets a very different tone for Fitzgerald’s story.

And then let’s look at To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.

“You just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybody says to you, don’t you let ’em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change.”

While Atticus Finch normally has a more reserved manner of speech, when he is talking to his daughter, Scout, his tone and cadence change. He’s more relaxed speaking to her, using phrases like “get your goat.”

Final Thoughts on Diction Examples

Now that you’ve seen some examples of diction in literature and other writing, are you ready to add this literary device to your writing process?

Whether you’re freelance writing for a client or writing blog posts for your own business, diction is a great way to add some life and variety to your prose.

Which type of diction will you try first?

Literary Devices , Writing

Jennifer Ayling

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Encyclopedia for Writers

Writing with artificial intelligence.

• © 2023 by Joseph M. Moxley - Professor of English - USF

Diction refers to a writer or speaker's word choice. Learn 3 methods to evaluate the appropriateness of your diction or the diction of others: Level of Formality, Level of Abstraction, and Connotation and Denotation.  

Table of Contents

What is Diction?

• the appropriateness of words given the rhetorical situation , especially audience and topic
• It’s commonplace to categorize discourse into three measures of formality: formal , standard, informal
• the accent, pronunciation, or speech-sound quality of a speaker.

Traditionally diction solely concerns word choice ; yet many people mix discussions of diction with discussions of writing style , mechanics , citation style , syntax ,   voice ,  tone , or  persona

Diction may be referenced as Standard English or British English

Key Concepts: Edit for Diction ; Register ; Rhetorical Situation ; Persona ; Rhetorical Reasoning ; Tone ; Voice ;

Why Does Diction Matter?

Your diction has a profound influence on whether your readers will read, understand and value your message.

Diction plays a substantive role in the clarity and persuasiveness of communications. In fact, ETS (Educational Testing Services), Pearson Education, and other assessment companies use diction and sentence length as the chief linguistic markers to determine scoring.

Texts that have a varied and sophisticated vocabulary score higher than texts that repeat dull words endlessly.

It also plays a major role in establishing a  voice ,  tone , and  persona . The character’s word choice in fiction defines the character, showing readers who is the character is rather than telling.

Types of Diction

There are multiple ways to define diction , depending on perspective and point of view. Below are three commonplace perspectives:

• Level of Formality
• Level of Abstraction
• Connotation and Denotation.

1. Level of Formality

Traditionally, diction is defined as formal, standard, or informal .

Formal Diction

• vocabulary suitable for professional and college-educated audiences
• sparse use of 1st person point of view
• no use of colloquialisms, contractions, idioms, slang
• use of abstract language , jargon
• complex sentence structure & compound-complex sentence structures

Standard Diction

• texts produced at college level, from the chemistry lab to the humanities paper on cultural change
• use of 1st person point of view
• use of abstract language , jargon , figurative language
• some use of contractions, colloquialisms, contractions, idioms, slang

Informal Diction

• simple vocabulary and abbreviated, self-centered discourse
• vulgarities, colloquialisms, contractions, idioms, slang
• simple-sentence structure, comma splice , run-on sentences ,
• frequent use of sentence Fragments

2. Levels of Abstraction

Diction may be defined by the level of abstraction of the words used in a text:

Abstract Language

• Concrete, Sensory Language

Figurative Language

Denotation & connotation.

Analyzing the denotation and connotation of a word is a third way to conceptualize diction .

Words convey meaning at two levels:

• This is the meaning of the word that you’ll find in a dictionary, encyclopedia, or reference source.
• Words convey emotional and cultural resonance. Over time, as we learn new words, we associate those words with emotions and the context in which we learned them. Words, at the connotative level, can imply values, judgments, and feelings.

Words can have similar denotations and yet remarkably different connotations , as suggested by the table below.

Thus, when you have a range of words available to you, you need to consider both the denotation and connotation of those words.

Remember, as well, that emotion can filter interpretation . There’s a lot of spin on the ball when audiences are reading from an emotional as opposed to a critical perspective.

How Should I Revise and Edit My Work for Diction?

Key Concepts: Register ; Rhetorical Reasoning

A diction problem happens when you use a word in the wrong context or use a word that does not mean what you intended it to mean in that situation.

Writers, speakers, knowledge workers . . . are wise to engage in self critique of their writing. It’s particularly important for writers to consider the appropriateness of their diction .

Texts , at least alphabetical texts, are a flow of words, a waterfall. During the early stages of the composing process, you cannot stop and critique each word you say or write it without being reduced to silence. When drafting you need to think about the big picture and not fret every word or comma.

Yet at some point. you’ve got to check your diction. Not checking diction is the equivalent of going into a gun fight without bullets. You’re going to get slaughtered.

Your first step toward eliminating diction problems is to engage in rhetorical analysis and rhetorical reasoning . More specifically, you want to assess the language register appropriate for your rhetorical situation . Ultimately, register is your North Star when it comes to establishing an appropriate diction.

A key aspect of understanding register is audience awareness :

• Have I carefully considered the denotation and connotation of all of the words I’ve used?
• Have I ensured my language is inclusive and bias free ?
• Does my diction invoke the voice ,  tone , and  persona that is appropriate for the rhetorical situation being addressed?

Once you know the register , you’ll have a sense of how formal you need to be. Subsequently, you can read through your text word-by-word and question if the word is sufficiently formal or informal. When you’ve used a word that you’ve heard rather than read, you should take a moment to look it up in a dictionary. To get a sense of the connotations associated with the word–or even just for fun–you might ask someone to peer review your text as well.

If you are going to use a thesaurus on a regular basis, spend some time familiarizing yourself with the way the thesaurus works. Some online programs will show closely related words in a specific color, with words shifting colors as they move away from the original meaning. Others use different systems–learn how your chosen thesaurus works before you rely on it too heavily.

Strategies for Revising Diction

• Look for missing words or phrases : Words that are missing, misplaced, or out of order reduce readability.A missing word or phrase can obscure meaning and cause confusion. Insert missing words or phrases to complete the intended thought.
• Look at word order after revising : Minor revision of a portion of a sentence can cause a major problem with word order. Reread each sentence after it has been revised to ensure that it still makes sense.
• Look for misplaced or dangling modifiers : If a modifier is misplaced or is modifying a subject not mentioned in the sentence, the message could be misleading or confusing to the reader. Place modifiers as close as possible to the object being modified.
• Example of SVO : The scholarly article explains theories on global warming. Subject = article ; Verb = explains ; Object = theories
• Example of OSV : Theories on global warming the scholarly article explains. (awkward)
• overgeneralization
• vague Language

Related Articles:

Concrete Language, Sensory Language

Contractions.

Vague Language

Recommended

Academic Writing – How to Write for the Academic Community

Structured Revision – How to Revise Your Work

Professional Writing – How to Write for the Professional World

Authority & Credibility – How to Be Credible & Authoritative in Research, Speech & Writing

Citation Guide – Learn How to Cite Sources in Academic and Professional Writing

Page Design – How to Design Messages for Maximum Impact

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• Joseph M. Moxley

Abstract language empowers writers, speakers, knowledge makers . . . to create, share, debate, and test new ideas, theories, concepts. At the same time, abstract language is more challenging to...

• Jenifer Paquette , Joseph M. Moxley

Archaisms are out-of-style words or phrases, such as “whilst,” “thusly,” or “thou.” Use of archaisms in your writing creates a stilted, inauthentic voice, tone, persona. Use of archaisms in your...

• Jennifer Janechek

A cliché an overused word, phrase or opinion. Learn to identify clichés in your writing and the writing of others.

Concrete, Sensory Language references specific places, events, people, and tangible topics and invokes the readers’ senses (taste, smell, touch, sight, and sound). Learn when and how to employ concrete, sensory language...

Contractions are two words that are joined by an apostrophe. Learn when it’s appropriate to use contractions in your writing.

Figurative language refers to the use of words in nonliteral ways. For instance, writers, speakers, knowledge workers . . . use figurative language to help people imagine something new. Metaphor can...

Homonyms are 1. words that are pronounced similarly but mean different things, 2. words that are spelled the same, and 3. words that are pronounced similarly. Learn to check your...

Used appropriately, jargon can be a way for subject matter experts in academic disciplines and professions to achieve brevity and clarity in their communications. Used inappropriately, jargon can unnecessarily complicate messages,...

• Joseph M. Moxley , Jenifer Paquette

Vague language is abstract, undecipherable, underdeveloped, fragmented prose. Use of vague language can be a form of rhetrickery–an intentional rhetorical move. Yet more commonly vagueness is unintentional, a signal that the...

Word Form refers to ways the form of a word in English conveys different meanings. Learn how to identify word form errors in your writing and the writing of others.

What does it mean to use the wrong word? Learn how to identify word-level errors in your writing and the writing of others.

Featured Articles

• Literary Terms
• Definition & Examples
• When & How to Change Diction

I. What is Diction?

Diction (pronounced DIK-shun) refers to word choice and phrasing in any written or spoken text. Many authors can be said to have their own “diction,” because they tend to use certain words more than others or phrase things in a unique way. In fact, every author (including you) has developed a unique diction!

Diction can also mean “pronunciation,” but we’ll ignore that definition for now since this article is mainly about writing, not speaking.

II. Examples and Explanation

Literally everything ever written is an example of diction! But here are a few particularly interesting examples.

Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me. (Psalms 23:4)

The King James Bible has a very distinctive diction, using words like “yea” and “thy.” Many of these terms were fairly standard at the time the King James version was originally written, but nonetheless they are easily recognizable today as “biblical” diction.

Is your writing as transparent as a mixture of comminuted particles of rock with water of varying consistency? Or is it as clear as mud? (Graham Hopkins, The Write Stuff)

Graham Hopkins’ article on unclear writing opens with this wonderful example of how diction changes the way we read sentences. The two phrases mean exactly the same thing (“clear as mud”), but the first version uses all kinds of long words and overly complex phrases to express this idea. Hopkins’ point was to show how needlessly complex diction can detract from the quality of a piece of writing.

III. Types of Diction

There are as many types of diction as there are writers, and there will never be a complete list of all of them. Moreover, all these different styles vary along multiple variables, such as formal/informal, simple/complex, and modern/archaic. The most basic distinction, however, is between formal diction and informal diction.

A. Formal Diction

When you are writing an essay, dissertation, business letter, or other formal communication, it’s important to use formal diction. That is, you should avoid contractions (isn’t, don’t) and colloquialisms (slang). It’s also important to make sure that your grammar and word usage are “textbook” correct, since mistakes in this category can make your work look sloppy or careless.

B. Informal Diction

In many contexts, it’s fine to use informal diction. This includes personal emails to people you know well, and certain creative projects. (Most modern novels are written with a fairly informal diction, as opposed to older novels, which tended to be more precise and formal.) Informal diction is sometimes referred to as “vernacular,” which means “everyday speech.”

IV. The Importance of Diction

Diction is the main thing that sets the tone of a piece. If your diction is formal, then the piece as a whole will come across as formal; if it’s quirky, then your writing will seem quirky, and so on. Diction doesn’t have any specific rhetorical purpose – it just creates the overall “sense” of your work.

In novels and short stories, diction can also help you craft a portrait of your characters . The way someone talks tells us a lot about them, and good authors use this to their advantage in character- creation. For example, a highly educated character would be more likely to use arcane words and complex sentence structure, while a more down-to-earth character would avoid such diction. Similarly, a younger character would be more likely to use slang than an older one.

V. Examples of Diction in Literature

Every life is in many days, day after day. We walk through ourselves, meeting robbers, ghosts, giants, old-men, young men, wives, widows, brothers-in-love. But always meeting ourselves. (James Joyce, Ulysses )

James Joyce was famous for using outlandish, non-standard diction in his novels. In this example, we can see nonstandard terms like “brothers-in-love” and “walking through ourselves,” giving us a clue that he’s writing in a unique style that few people other than the author can really understand.

Faithless is he that says farewell when the road darkens. (J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings )

Tolkien thought of his Lord of the Rings as a work of mythology rather than a conventional novel, and we can see this in his diction. His language is not at all vernacular – that is, no one really speaks this way in our world! But it serves to evoke a mythical past and a world of magic and monsters, just the way Tolkien intended.

Doubt thou the stars are fire, doubt that the sun doth move. Doubt truth to be a liar, but never doubt I love. (William Shakespeare, Hamlet )

Shakespeare had a remarkably unique diction – or at least, it sounds that way to us today. It’s actually not easy to tell how much of this is Shakespeare’s unique diction, and how much is the dialect of Elizabethan England. Either way, modern readers can easily tell that Shakespeare is writing through such features as the pronouns (thee/thou) and verb conjugations ( doth instead of does ).

VI. Examples of Diction in Pop Culture

Slang terms are a great example of vernacular diction. They are particularly useful because they change dramatically between subcultures and eras. The phrase “dude, that’s rad” suggests the skater culture of the 1990s, whereas the term “homeboy” suggests the hip-hop culture of the same period (many of these terms are coming back into fashion in the endless cycle of pop culture reincarnation). Obviously, it’s important to avoid such colloquialisms in formal writing, and you have to use them with caution in other forms of writing as well, particularly if you do not belong to the group with which a particular slang term is associated. In many contexts, using slang in this way could be considered offensive.

The popular science-fiction series Firefly gives a particularly distinctive diction to its characters. Since the show is a hybrid of the sci-fi and western genres , its characters tend to speak in the style made popular by westerns – they sound like cowboys despite the fact that they live on a spaceship. This helps set the tone of the series and gives fans a way of understanding the “wild west” spirit of its setting.

VII. Related Terms

Idiom has a couple of different meanings. On one definition, it’s basically a synonym for “diction” – it’s the way a particular author or group of authors choose to express themselves. On the second definition, it’s a conventional phrase or “saying.” On this definition, idioms are a big part of what defines an author’s diction. An author who uses a folksy idiom like “I ain’t no spring chicken” is using a very different diction from one who says “I hardly think that I am so naïve as to fall victim to such prevarication.” But they’re basically saying the same thing.

Each community has its own version of its language. People in Alabama have a different way of speaking English from people in Toronto, and people in Cairo have a different version of Arabic from people in Damascus. These regional sub-languages are called dialects. In addition to having a different accent, people in these different regions also have unique combinations of words and phrases that exist nowhere else – in other words, diction varies tremendously from one region to another.

Certain professions, such as the law, business, and government, also have their own sort of diction that acts like a mini-dialect. We call this jargon , but it could also be described as the unique diction of each profession.

List of Terms

• Alliteration
• Amplification
• Anachronism
• Anthropomorphism
• Antonomasia
• APA Citation
• Aposiopesis
• Autobiography
• Bildungsroman
• Characterization
• Circumlocution
• Cliffhanger
• Comic Relief
• Connotation
• Deus ex machina
• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Dramatic irony
• Equivocation
• Extended Metaphor
• Figures of Speech
• Flash-forward
• Foreshadowing
• Intertextuality
• Juxtaposition
• Literary Device
• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Synesthesia
• Turning Point
• Understatement
• Urban Legend
• Verisimilitude
• Essay Guide
• Cite This Website

The Elements of Voice in Writing Article #1: Diction

One element of writing that sets apart the good writers from the great writers is  voice . Voice is more so an art, not simply a skill to be taught and learned. Voice develops over time, voice can be refined, and voice can even change as an author changes. Voice may even be the number one reason that readers flock to specific authors. 

“Voice” in writing refers to the unique style and personality of the author that comes through in their writing. It is the way in which an author’s writing sounds and feels to the reader, and it is often what distinguishes one writer’s work from another’s. An author’s voice can be influenced by a variety of factors, including their background, education, culture, and personal experiences. It can manifest in their choice of words, sentence structure, tone, and style. A strong voice can make the writing more engaging, memorable, and impactful.

Voice can be difficult to define, as it is an intangible quality that can be difficult to quantify. However, it is an essential aspect of effective writing, as it helps to establish a connection between the writer and the reader. By developing a strong voice, writers can create a more authentic and meaningful connection with their audience and make their writing stand out in a crowded field.

Teaching students how to implement voice in their writing can be challenging at first, but not impossible. Over the next five articles, we will explore five commonly recognized elements of voice in writing and how you can help your students practice and master these elements.

Voice: Diction

We’ll begin with a shared definition. Diction refers to the author’s choice and use of words. An author’s diction can reveal their tone, attitude, and personality. For example, a writer who uses complex and technical vocabulary may come across as authoritative or academic, while a writer who uses informal language may come across as casual and approachable.

Two common examples of the use of diction in writing are formal writing and informal writing. In formal writing, an author might use language that is elevated, precise, and sophisticated to convey authority and credibility. Students may choose to use formal diction when they are writing a research paper, a news article, or a literary analysis essay. The following is an example of formal diction that conveys authority and expertise. 

“The monarchical rule during the early modern period is characterized by a highly centralized political structure, whereby the king exercised absolute authority over his subjects, thus resulting in an overarching influence on society.”

In contrast, an author might use informal diction in their writing to create a relaxed, conversational, and familiar tone. Students can effectively use informal diction when they are writing a blog post, a personal narrative, or even a persuasive or opinion essay. Here is an example of informal diction that allows the writer to be perceived as more relatable. 

“I woke up feeling like a truck hit me, but I had to drag myself out of bed to make it to my 9 AM soccer practice. Honestly, the struggle is real, but caffeine is my savior, and I can’t function without my daily Starbucks.” 

These are two stark examples of how an author may employ formal and informal diction in order to create a distinct tone or mood with the reader. 

One effective activity that teachers can use to teach students about diction is a word choice exercise. Here’s how it can work:

First, provide students with a short passage of text, such as a paragraph or a poem. Next, ask students to identify the tone and mood of the text, and to explain how the author’s word choice contributes to that tone and mood. Then, ask students to rewrite the passage using different words with contrasting connotations. For example, they could replace words with positive connotations with words that have negative connotations, or vice versa.

After rewriting the passage, ask students to compare the original text with their own revised version, and then discuss how the changes in word choice affect the tone and mood of the text. Finally, have students reflect on how they might use this understanding of diction in their own writing. 

This activity can help students develop their understanding of how word choice (diction) affects the tone and mood and overall voice of a piece of writing. It also provides an opportunity for students to practice their own choice of words when writing and to think critically about how they use language. 

Understanding and developing diction is the first step for young writers to create  voice  in their writing. Next, we will explore syntax. 

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Establishing Confident Writers Through Creativity and Self-Expression

Brainstorming Through Writer’s Block

Four Steps to Teaching Your Students Adverbs

How to Fire Your Internal Critic

What Just 10 Minutes of Daily Journaling Can Do for Student Writing

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Diction — Definition, Types, and Examples

What is diction.

Diction is the choice of words writers use to communicate their ideas. They base their choice of diction on the content, type or piece of writing, and audience.

When writers are making this decision, they focus on the connotation of the words rather than the denotation. Connotation concerns the feeling the word invokes, whereas denotation is the word's dictionary definition.

Essentially, by incorporating certain types of diction, writers accomplish the following:

Tone: Different types of writing can warrant different tones . Diction allows writers to develop a tone appropriate for the subject matter (i.e., fiction vs. nonfiction). A short story, novel, or poem would contain different diction and writing style than a scientific report or persuasive essay.

Setting: In fictional works, a writer's choice of diction can help identify the text's setting through the use of words native to the time and place in which the story takes place. By using careful diction, authors can create more authentic work.

Characterization: The different words characters use in a literary work can help the author develop their identities. Diction can help identify characters’ education, age, profession, etc., making them more realistic.

Types of diction

While there are multiple types of diction, the following categories are the most common:

Formal: Formal diction uses sophisticated language that follows grammar rules and avoids personal pronouns and contractions. Professional texts contain formal diction, such as research reports, legal documents, and scientific studies.

Informal: Informal diction consists of everyday language. It uses slang words, contractions, and personal pronouns. People use this type of diction in casual conversations and when communicating with friends and family.

Colloquial: Colloquial diction refers to words or expressions spoken in a specific time and place by a wide range of people. It incorporates informal diction and regional expressions (e.g., soda vs. pop).

Slang: Slang is extremely informal and is often restricted to a certain group of people or professions. These words and phrases are often generational, and words are often replaced as generations shift (e.g., groovy vs. cool). While similar to colloquial language, slang is not as widespread and is not solely dictated by region.

Concrete: Concrete diction is when a writer uses the literal definition (denotation). These words are not open to interpretation and do not create an emotional response.

Abstract: Abstract diction consists of words that cannot be described using any of the five senses. This language describes intangible qualities like love, disgust, and happiness.

Pedantic: Academic, technical, and highly detailed words are classified as pedantic. Pedantic characters often speak in a highly educated way, yet they sometimes correct even the smallest of errors, which irritates others.

Poetic: Poetic diction involves the type of language used in poetry that differs from typical conversational diction. These words create the rhythm and rhyme incorporated into poetic verse.

Jargon: Jargon is language dedicated to a specific field of study, which can include a profession, trade, or hobby.

Diction examples

The following chart identifies examples of the major types of diction:

Diction in literature

The following examples showcase the use of diction from various literary works:

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee: Lee incorporates different types of diction depending on who is speaking and under what circumstances. As a young boy, Jem utilizes colloquial language and informal diction, which helps to showcase his age. Atticus, Jem’s father, uses a combination of informal (“folks”) and formal (“entitled to full respect”) diction. By using multiple types of diction, Lee develops Atticus as multidimensional, as he is both a father and a lawyer:

Jem Finch: “You can choose your friends but you sho' can't choose your family, an' they're still kin to you no matter whether you acknowledge 'em or not, and it makes you look right silly when you don't.”

Atticus Finch: “They're certainly entitled to think that, and they're entitled to full respect for their opinions... but before I can live with other folks I've got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn't abide by majority rule is a person's conscience.”

King James Bible: Due to the nature of the material, stories in the King James Bible incorporate abstract and formal diction combined with informal diction (personal pronouns) that can help the reader relate to the information.

"Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me” (Psalms 23:4).

Diction in poetry

The following examples showcase the use of diction from various poems:

“Because I could not stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson: Dickinson incorporates abstract diction while maintaining a certain number of beats to each line (alternating between eight and six). The syllable pattern creates a musical effect, making her diction poetic:

Because I could not stop for Death –

He kindly stopped for me –

The Carriage held but just Ourselves –

And Immortality.

We slowly drove – He knew no haste

And I had put away

My labor and my leisure too,

For His Civility –

We passed the School, where Children strove

At Recess – in the Ring –

We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain –

We passed the Setting Sun –

Or rather – He passed Us –

The Dews drew quivering and Chill –

For only Gossamer, my Gown –

My Tippet – only Tulle –

We paused before a House that seemed

A Swelling of the Ground –

The Roof was scarcely visible –

The Cornice – in the Ground –

Since then – 'tis Centuries – and yet

Feels shorter than the Day

I first surmised the Horses' Heads

Were toward Eternity –

Sonnet 30 by William Shakespeare: The sonnet form uses poetic diction through both its meter (beats per line) and rhyme scheme. With five sets of unstressed and stressed syllables and an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme, poets can use language to create a rhythmic pattern:

When to the sessions of sweet silent thought

I summon up remembrance of things past,

I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,

And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste:

Then can I drown an eye, unus'd to flow,

For precious friends hid in death's dateless night,

And weep afresh love's long since cancell'd woe,

And moan th' expense of many a vanish'd sight;

Then can I grieve at grievances foregone,

And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er

The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan,

Which I new pay as if not paid before.

But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,

All losses are restor'd, and sorrows end.

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Levels of Diction

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There are  different levels of diction  that  are important for clarifying an author’s audience and purpose.  Generally,  rhetoricians  recognize three levels :  high, middle, and low. While these terms survive from the ancient Romans, they still work well today.   

• “ High” diction can be thought of as formal or elevated : the sort of language used in research papers or formal speeches, for example.   
• “Middle” diction is essentially neutral ; that is, it  isn’t  especially formal or informal, and it can be used in a variety of settings to reach a broad audience. Essays and newspaper articles are examples of language that might use middle diction.   
• “L ow” diction refers to informal language , especially slang or  colloquial  speech. Magazine blurbs, casual social media posts, and texts to friends are all examples of this level of diction.  

Extended Essay: Formal vs. Informal Writing

• Extended Essay- The Basics
• Step 1. Choose a Subject
• Step 2. Educate yourself!
• Using Brainstorming and Mind Maps
• Identify Keywords
• Do Background Reading
• Define Your Topic
• Conduct Research in a Specific Discipline
• Step 5. Draft a Research Question
• Step 6. Create a Timeline
• Find Articles
• Find Primary Sources
• Get Help from Experts
• Search Engines, Repositories, & Directories
• Databases and Websites by Subject Area
• Create an Annotated Bibliography
• Advice (and Warnings) from the IB
• Chicago Citation Syle
• MLA Works Cited & In-Text Citations
• Step 9. Set Deadlines for Yourself
• Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay
• Evaluate & Select: the CRAAP Test
• Conducting Secondary Research
• Conducting Primary Research
• Formal vs. Informal Writing
• Presentation Requirements
• Evaluating Your Work

Differences Between Informal and Formal Essays

When writing your extended essay you should use language that is formal and academic in tone.  The chart below gives you some idea of the differences between informal and formal essays. See the box below for examples of the differences in tone in informal and formal essays written on identical topics. A PDF of this chart, and the examples below, is in the box to the right , along with a list of tips for avoiding colloquial writing.

Examples of Informal and Formal Tone in Essay Writing

The following examples highlight the differences between formal and informal tone.

Language B - English

• Formal vs. Informal Writing A chart giving the differences between informal and formal essays in seven areas (author's viewpoint; subject/content (sources of evidence); tone; structure; location of the research question; vocabulary; and purpose. Also included are examples comparing informal and formal writing for essays in English, biology, and psychology.
• How to Avoid Colloquial (Informal) Writing While it may be acceptable in friendly e-mails and chat rooms, excessive colloquialism is a major pitfall that lowers the quality of formal written text. Here are some steps/tips that you can follow to help improve your overall writing.
• << Previous: Plagiarism
• Next: Presentation Requirements >>
• Last Updated: Sep 3, 2024 10:01 AM
• URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/ee

Definition of Diction

Remember that you are a human being with a soul and the divine gift of articulate speech: that your native language is the language of Shakespeare and Milton and The Bible; and don’t sit there crooning like a bilious pigeon.

Common Types of Diction

Examples of common types of diction, difference between diction and dialect, archaic diction, impacts of diction on themes, use of diction in sentences, examples of diction in literature, example 1: their eyes were watching god by zora neale hurston.

Then you must tell ’em dat love ain’t somethin’ lak uh grindstone dat’s de same thing everywhere and do de same thing tuh everything it touch. Love is lak de sea. It’s uh movin’ thing, but still and all, it takes its shape from de shore it meets, and it’s different with every shore.

Example 2: The School by Donald Barthelme

One day, we had a discussion in class. They asked me, where did they go? The trees , the salamander, the tropical fish, Edgar, the poppas and mommas, Matthew and Tony, where did they go? And I said, I don’t know, I don’t know. And they said, who knows? and I said, nobody knows. And they said, is death that which gives meaning to life? And I said no, life is that which gives meaning to life. Then they said, but isn’t death, considered as a fundamental datum, the means by which the taken-for-granted mundanity of the everyday may be transcended in the direction of – I said, yes, maybe. They said, we don’t like it. I said, that’s sound. They said, it’s a bloody shame! I said, it is.

Example 3: This Is Just to Say by William Carlos Williams

I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold

Example 4: A Farewell to Arms

The forest of oak trees on the mountain beyond the town was gone. The forest had been green in the summer when we had come into the town but now there were the stumps and the broken trunks and the ground torn up, and one day at the end of the fall when I was out where the oak forest had been I saw a cloud coming over the mountain. It came very fast and the sun went a dull yellow and then everything was gray and the sky was covered and the cloud came on down the mountain and suddenly we were in it and it was snow . The snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there were paths in the snow going back to the latrines behind trenches.

“It’s been a bad summer,” the major said. “Are you strong now?” “Yes.” “Did you ever get the decorations?” “Yes. I got them fine. Thank you very much.” “Let’s see them.” I opened my cape so he could see the two ribbons. “Did you get the boxes with the medals?” “No. Just the papers.” “The boxes will come later. That takes more time.” “What do you want me to do?”

Synonyms of Diction

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Informal Vs. Formal Writing: What’s The Difference?

• What Is Formal Writing?
• What Is Informal Writing?
• Formal Vs. Informal Writing
• Formal Example
• Informal Example

As a writer, you’re faced with a lot of choices related to your writing: how long should your essay be ? Who should be addressed in a cover letter ? What is a thesis statement ? But there’s one question that also applies to every composition: how do you distinguish writing that’s informal vs. formal?  

That’s right. Whether a piece is informal or formal will influence everything down to the smallest comma and period. But what, exactly, is the difference between formal and informal writing? When do you use one over the other? Are they really that different? If you are wondering the answers to those questions, then read on as we explore the many different features between formal and informal writing. 

What is formal writing ?

First, you should know that it is the intended readers that will determine if a writer should use formal writing or informal writing . Generally, formal writing is defined as writing targeted toward an audience that a person doesn’t personally know. Typically, formal writing is used when a person wants their writing to be viewed as professional, polite, authoritative, or some combination thereof. For this reason, formal writing is often used in professional settings. For example, formal writing is often the form of writing used in research and academic papers, corporate memos and emails, press releases, and job applications. 

What is informal writing ?

Informal writing is the inverse of formal writing . In a manner of speaking, informal writing is the T-shirt-and-jeans counterpart to formal writing’s dress coat and pants. In general, informal writing is defined as writing targeted toward an audience that the writer knows personally or with whom the writer wants to establish a friendly tone. Informal writing may include inside jokes, slang, abbreviations, and local colloquialisms . 

As you might expect, informal writing is common in casual settings such as social media and in texting between friends. However, you will often see informal writing used in other situations, such as in literature or in lighthearted feature stories in newspapers and magazines. 

Formal vs. informal writing

There are many differences between formal and informal writing. We will cover a large number of them here, but this list won’t be exhaustive. Still, you should have a good idea how formal and informal writing differ after looking at these different features.

Grammar, spelling, and punctuation

In almost all cases, formal writing adheres to the proper rules of grammar, spelling, and punctuation . Informal writing, on the other hand, may not. A person may not intentionally break the rules of grammar in informal writing, but they know that a reader is unlikely to care about errors or nonstandard sentence structure. 

• Formal writing: The writing was clear but had several mistakes; you should revise and redraft the article.
• Informal writing: The writing was clear, but had alot of mistakes… u should revise and redraft the article.  

Formal writing doesn’t always have to follow stuffy, antiquated rules. Check out 5 formulaic writing rules you can explore breaking.

Sentence length

Generally speaking, formal writing often uses long, complex sentences that are connected using transitions. Informal writing often includes shorter sentences that may abruptly move from topic to topic. 

• Formal writing: Surprise inspections will be performed on a regular basis as determined by the acting supervisor, who has the authority to request them as needed. Furthermore, employees should be prepared to submit their work for review in a timely fashion. 
• Informal writing: I love my new sweater! Thank you!! Where do you want to meet for lunch?

Vocabulary and tone

Typically, formal writing has a serious tone and uses a sophisticated vocabulary that often includes large, complex words. Additionally, formal writing often uses technical terms that match the topic being discussed. For example, a medical text using formal writing will often use the term tibia rather than shinbone or a similar term. Informal writing will often instead have a lighter tone that uses simpler, commonly used words.

• Formal writing: The research team expeditiously and meticulously analyzed the findings in order to identify the origin of the Staphylococcus infection.  
• Informal writing: We were out back chopping down some trees when Mom called.

Third person vs. first person/second person

In general, formal writing is usually written from the third person . Formal writing typically avoids using first- or second-person pronouns such as I, me, we, us, and you . By contrast, informal writing often uses first-, second-, and third-person perspectives while making frequent use of personal pronouns. Because of this difference, formal writing is also more likely to use the passive voice in order to avoid using a first- or second-person perspective.

• Formal writing: The data were gathered by using sorting algorithms. 
• Informal writing: I used sorting algorithms to gather the data. 

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Word choice

In general, formal writing will most likely avoid using many of the words or phrases that our dictionary has tagged as being informal. This includes terms such as wanna , gotta , gonna , ‘nuff , kerfuffle, cept, ’Merica, thingamajig , and many other examples of informal language. Relatedly, phrasal verbs are also often typically not used in formal writing . Formal writing will also typically avoid using slang, euphemisms , colloquialisms, expletives, vulgarities, nonstandard abbreviations, jargon , and online acronyms.  

• Formal writing: Gregory wanted to remove the items from the box, but it was sealed tightly. Being unable to find scissors, he admitted defeat and ate a sandwich. 
• Informal writing: Greg was dying to get the stuff outta the box, but the box was like it ain’t happening bro lol. He couldn’t find the damn scissors, so he said the hell with it and bounced to go scarf a hoagie.

Interjections

Typically, interjections are not used in formal writing . Going further, exclamation points usually don’t appear very often in formal writing. Both interjections and exclamation points are used in informal writing. 

• Formal writing: The mixture violently erupted, catching bystanders unaware. 
• Informal writing: The stuff exploded! Wow! 

Contractions

Typically, contractions are avoided in formal writing , and the words are instead spelled out. In informal writing, contractions are commonly used. 

  Examples: 

• Formal writing: The team would have purchased extra materials, but the store was not open. 
• Informal writing: The team would’ve purchased extra materials, but the store wasn’t open. 

Objectivity

In general, formal writing is usually written objectively . In most cases, writers attempt to avoid stating subjective thoughts or presenting personal opinions in the main text of formal writing. When presenting arguments in formal writing, writers often calmly present their side backed by supporting evidence and trustworthy sources . Informal writing can include (strongly worded) personal opinions, emotional appeals, and inflammatory language presented without evidence or supporting facts. 

• Formal writing: As the evidence clearly shows, the director severely miscalculated production costs when initially presenting the film’s budget.
• Informal writing: The incompetent buffoon who claims to be a professional director blew the budget so badly that the studio should fire him as soon as possible. 

Formal writing often entails referencing or researching what others have written. Check out these tips to avoid plagiarism.

Example of formal writing

The following excerpt shows an example of formal writing that was used in a statement released by American president Joe Biden:

Love is love, and Americans should have the right to marry the person they love. Today’s bipartisan vote brings the United States one step closer to protecting that right in law. The Respect for Marriage Act will ensure that LGBTQI+ couples and interracial couples are respected and protected equally under federal law, and provide more certainty to these families since the Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs . I want to thank the Members of Congress whose leadership has sent a strong message that Republicans and Democrats can work together to secure the fundamental right of Americans to marry the person they love. I urge Congress to quickly send this bill to my desk where I will promptly sign it into law.

Example of informal writing

The following example of informal writing is a review of the movie Fight Club by a user of the aggregator website Metacritic:  

Best movie of all time. Period. Seen it more than 28 times. Its a bible of what we have to learn. I say you are not your clothes. You are not the brands u wear, even when u think they re part of ur personality. Comb your hair. I ll tell everyone here the end of the movie, but that its not what this movie is about. First rule of fight club is… you do not talk about fight club. And if u havent seen this film then you are a hollow shell. Become human again and start by watching this lesson.

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Formal and Informal Language

What is the difference between formal and informal language?

Formal and informal language serve different purposes in written communications depending on the reader (Audience) and reason for writing (Purpose). The tone, the choice of words and the way the words are put together vary between the two different styles.

Formal language is less personal than informal language. It is used when writing for professional or academic purposes like graduate school assignments. Formal language does not use colloquialisms, contractions or first-person pronouns such as “I” or “We.”

Informal language is more casual and spontaneous. It is used when communicating with friends or family either in writing or in conversation. It is used when writing personal emails, text messages and in some business correspondence. The tone of informal language is more personal than formal language.

Examples of formal and informal language are shown below:

Contractions

• Informal :The improvements can’t be made due to budget cuts.
• Formal : Improvements cannot be made due to budget restrictions.

Phrasal Verbs

• The balloon was blown up for the experiment.
• The balloon was inflated for the experiment

Slang/Colloquialism

• Professors still count on students to use correct grammar and punctuation in essays.
• Professors expect students to use correct grammar and punctuation in essays.

First Person Pronouns

• I considered various research methods for the study.
• Various research methods were considered for the study.
• During the interview we asked the applicants for a personal reference.
• During the interview applicants were asked to provide a personal reference.

Formal vs. Informal Writing: A Complete Guide

A key part of clear communication is considering your audience. How well you know them, and how casual it’s appropriate to be with them, will affect every word from your salutation to your sign-off, so let’s unpack the difference between formal and informal language.

Deciding how formal your writing needs to be is a bit like choosing an outfit. You need to know whether you’re headed to a backyard barbecue or a red carpet gala. A poor choice will make you stick out, and not in a pleasing way. We’ll start with some definitions and examples of formal vs. informal writing style, then elaborate on where each can serve you best.

Hey, so what’s informal language?

Informal language is how you communicate with people you know well and can relax around. It tends to resemble the way people converse out loud more than formal writing does, and it may feature more contractions (“they’re” instead of “they are”) as well as slang, abbreviations, and expressions of emotion—even exclamations!

As an example, you might use informal language when sending a quick invitation to some friends:

Hey fam, we’re hosting a brunch thing at our place this Sunday morning say 10:30-ish. Hope you can make it! xo

That said, just because they’re your friends doesn’t mean you’ll never write to them formally. For instance, if you’re working on an invitation fancy enough to consider employing a calligrapher and the word “fête,” chances are you’ll want a more formal greeting than “hey y’all.”

Very well. In contrast, please define formal language.

You might think of formal language as the snappy blazer to informal writing’s t-shirt. It’s more serious, and features more buttoned-up construction, longer words, and little to no slang. A professional might use it to write a cover letter , business proposal, white paper, or legal brief.

Formal writing tends to use abbreviations only after first spelling out what they stand for. And where exclamations are fine in informal settings, they’re frowned upon for formal writing. 

The same goes for the first and second person—notably, pronouns like “I” and “you.” Here’s an example in which the formal version writes around the word “I” by using the passive voice:

Informal: I asked the mayor about earthquake preparedness, and he said we haven’t done enough to be ready. Formal: When asked about earthquake preparedness, Mayor Kim said the city has more work to do.

Formal language sometimes gets panned for being full of stilted, winding sentences, but there’s no rule saying it always has to be mind-meltingly bland or as opaque as a Terms of Service agreement. Examples abound of it being memorable and funny. That’s true even on the level of Supreme Court opinions, like this one by Ruth Bader Ginsburg:

Notwithstanding nightmarish images of out-of-control flatware, livestock run amok, and colliding tubas disturbing the peace and quiet of Tecumseh, the great majority of students the School District seeks to test in truth are engaged in activities that are not safety sensitive to an unusual degree.

Formal, yes, but a snoozer, that sentence ain’t.

So how do I tell which style is appropriate?

Deciding when to use formal language and when it’s better to write informally goes back to the question of who your audience is. 

For example, if you’re writing to a prospective client, you want to seem professional, so your writing might err on the side of formality. You don’t want your casual manner to give the impression that you wouldn’t take the work seriously, after all.

Similarly, where in professional settings you’re generally expected to keep your emotions in check, formal writing usually favors objectivity, keeping the writer’s feelings at a remove.

If you’re reaching out to someone you don’t know well and aren’t sure what level of formality to aim for, it’s often easier to start out formal. As the correspondence progresses, you might reassess and ease your style accordingly. By contrast, if you start out too casually, only to realize you’re giving the wrong impression and have to correct course, things could feel mighty awkward.

Then again, being overly formal in a context clearly better suited to informal writing can look ridiculous. Imagine organizing a weekend float trip and flexing your formidable formal stylings this way:

Dear friends,  As a longtime aficionado of float trips, it pleases me to suggest this upcoming Saturday, the 18th, for a worry-free afternoon on the storied Inconsiderate Goose River. Please advise me as to your availability and inclination to carpool.  Yours faithfully, Todd

Dang, Todd, did you also attach a SWOT analysis of potential snacks? Dial it back, my guy. It’s okay to relax sometimes.

Need more guidance on the difference between formal and informal writing? Use Grammarly’s tone detector when you write your next email.

What Is Diction? Definition & 75+ Examples

Have you ever wondered why some speeches captivate your attention while others leave you disinterested? The secret sauce often lies in diction—the careful selection and use of words to convey meaning effectively.

Delving into the world of diction, you’ll discover how it breathes life into language, shaping and enhancing the way we communicate.

Join us as we explore the intricacies of this linguistic art, illustrating its power through examples that will leave you with a newfound appreciation for the impact of well-chosen words. Get ready to unlock the potential of language like never before!

Table of Contents

Definition of Diction

Diction refers to the choice of words and phrases used by a writer or speaker to convey their message effectively. It is an essential aspect of communication, as it can greatly impact the clarity, style, and tone of a piece of writing or speech.

Writers and speakers often employ various types of diction to establish their voice or create a specific mood in their work. They may choose precise, vivid, or abstract language to generate certain effects and connect with their readers or listeners.

The appropriate use of diction can significantly influence the success of a piece of writing or speech, supporting the themes or messages presented.

Diction is closely related to other literary devices, such as syntax, connotation, and denotation. Together, these elements contribute to the overall style and effectiveness of a writer’s or speaker’s language.

Factors Influencing Diction

There are several factors influencing an author’s choice of diction when composing their work. Keep in mind that these factors often intersect, resulting in a complex relationship that shapes the language used in any given piece of writing.

An author’s audience has a significant influence on their choice of diction, as the language selected must cater to the needs, preferences, and understanding of the intended readers.

Young Children

When writing for young children, an author would choose simpler, more accessible language that is age-appropriate and easy to understand. This might involve using shorter sentences, basic vocabulary, and a conversational tone.

For instance, in Dr. Seuss’s “The Cat in the Hat,” the diction is playful and rhyming, which captures the attention of young readers:

Writing for a teenage audience requires a balance between accessible language and a more sophisticated vocabulary that challenges and engages young minds. Diction in young adult novels might include slang, colloquial expressions, and references to popular culture, as seen in John Green’s “The Fault in Our Stars”:

Professionals or Experts

In a text aimed at professionals or experts in a particular field, an author would use technical, specialized language that reflects the advanced knowledge and expertise of the target audience. This might involve field-specific terminology, complex sentence structures, and a more formal tone.

For example, in a scientific research paper:

General Public

When writing for a general audience, an author would employ clear, concise language that is easily understood by a diverse range of readers. This might involve using everyday vocabulary, straightforward sentence structures, and a neutral tone, as seen in Malcolm Gladwell’s “The Tipping Point”:

The purpose of a written work greatly influences the choice of diction, as different types of texts require distinct language styles to achieve their intended goals. Informative texts, persuasive essays, and descriptive narratives each necessitate a unique approach to diction, taking into account factors such as tone, word choice, and sentence structure.

Informative Texts

The primary goal of informative texts is to convey information or explain a concept clearly and accurately. In this context, diction should be precise, concise, and objective. The language should be easily understandable, avoiding jargon or overly complex terms.

An example of diction in an informative text could be:

Persuasive Essays

Persuasive essays aim to convince the reader of a particular viewpoint or argument. As a result, the diction should be assertive, engaging, and emotive, using strong, vivid language that appeals to the reader’s logic, emotions, or values.

Rhetorical devices, such as metaphors, analogies, and repetition, can be employed to enhance the persuasiveness of the message.

An example of diction in a persuasive essay could be:

Descriptive narratives

Descriptive narratives focus on evoking imagery, emotions, and atmosphere through the use of rich, sensory language. In this context, the diction should be detailed, imaginative, and varied, employing figurative language and expressive vocabulary to create a vivid picture in the reader’s mind.

An example of diction in a descriptive narrative could be:

In each of these cases, the author’s choice of diction is crucial in achieving the intended purpose of the text and ensuring that the message is effectively communicated to the reader. By skillfully selecting and adapting their language, writers can create impactful and engaging works that resonate with their audience.

The genre of a piece of writing significantly influences the diction employed, as different literary genres have unique conventions, themes, and styles that need to be reflected in the language used.

A science fiction novel, a historical biography, and a romantic poem each require distinct language choices to create the desired atmosphere, convey the appropriate information, and engage the target audience.

Science Fiction Novel

In a science fiction novel, the diction often involves imaginative, futuristic, and technical language to transport readers to otherworldly realms or depict advanced technologies.

The vocabulary might include invented terms or jargon specific to the fictional universe, as well as scientific concepts and terminology. An example of diction in a science fiction novel could be:

Historical Biography

In a historical biography, the diction should be accurate, informative, and engaging, using language that reflects the time period, culture, and context of the subject’s life.

The vocabulary might include archaic terms or expressions, as well as references to historical events, figures, and customs. An example of diction in a historical biography could be:

Romantic Poem

In a romantic poem, the diction often focuses on emotive, sensual, and expressive language to evoke feelings of love, longing, and passion. The vocabulary might include figurative language, such as metaphors, similes, and personification, as well as rich, vivid imagery to convey the intensity of emotions.

An example of diction in a romantic poem could be:

In each of these genres, the author’s choice of diction plays a crucial role in creating the desired atmosphere, conveying the appropriate information, and engaging the target audience.

By carefully selecting and adapting their language, writers can craft compelling and immersive works that resonate with readers and effectively convey the unique characteristics of their chosen genre.

The context under which a work is written significantly influences an author’s choice of diction. Cultural, historical, and social factors can contribute to the specific language choices made by a writer, as they reflect the unique aspects of the world in which the text is set or the issues it addresses.

Cultural Context

In a work that explores a specific cultural background, the diction should accurately represent the language, customs, and values of that culture. This might include the use of dialects, idiomatic expressions, and cultural references that create an authentic atmosphere and deepen the reader’s understanding of the cultural context.

For example, in a novel set in Japan, the author might use Japanese terms like “sakura” (cherry blossoms) or “kimono” (traditional clothing) to immerse the reader in the setting and evoke the distinct atmosphere of Japanese culture.

Historical Context

When writing a piece set in a particular historical period or addressing historical events, the diction should reflect the language, customs, and social norms of that time. This might include archaic terms or expressions, as well as references to historical figures, events, and practices.

For instance, in a novel set during the Victorian era, the author might use formal language and expressions like “good evening, sir” or “madam” to convey the social etiquette and conventions of the time.

Social Context

In a work that examines social issues or represents diverse social groups, the diction should portray the language, experiences, and perspectives of those groups authentically. This might involve the use of slang, colloquial expressions, or technical terms related to specific professions or subcultures.

For example, in a novel about a group of skateboarders, the author might use slang terms like “ollie” (a skateboarding trick) or “grip tape” (the adhesive surface on a skateboard) to create a realistic portrayal of the characters’ world and experiences.

In each of these contexts, the author’s choice of diction is crucial for creating a vivid, authentic, and engaging work that resonates with readers and accurately represents the cultural, historical, or social factors being explored.

Types of Diction

Diction plays a crucial role in conveying an author’s intention and creating the desired tone of voice. There are several types of diction, each with its unique characteristics and appropriate contexts.

Formal Diction

Formal diction is characterized by sophisticated vocabulary, adherence to standard grammar rules, and a more structured, elevated tone. This type of diction is often employed in academic writing, legal documents, and literature to convey a sense of professionalism, authority, or elegance.

Here are some examples of formal diction in literature:

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare’s works are known for their formal diction, intricate language, and complex sentence structures. The use of iambic pentameter, metaphors, and elaborate imagery creates an elevated, poetic tone in his plays and sonnets.

An example from “Hamlet” is:

An example from “Macbeth” is:

An example from “Othello” is:

An example from “King Lear” is:

Jane Austen

Austen’s novels employ formal diction to convey the manners, social conventions, and wit of the British gentry during the Regency era. Her language is characterized by its precise, polished, and refined vocabulary, as well as its intricate sentence structures.

An example from “Pride and Prejudice” is:

An example from “Sense and Sensibility” is:

An example from “Emma” is:

An example from “Persuasion” is:

An example from “Mansfield Park” is:

Henry James

Henry James, an American-British author, was renowned for his employment of formal diction and sophisticated prose in his novels and short stories. James’s formal diction is characterized by his choice of elevated vocabulary, elaborate sentence structure, and a penchant for detailed descriptions.

An example from “The Portrait of a Lady” is:

An example from “The Turn of the Screw” is:

An example from “The Wings of the Dove” is:

An example from “Washington Square” is:

An example from “The Ambassadors” is:

Informal Diction

Informal diction, which is characterized by everyday language, casual tone, and the use of contractions or colloquial expressions, is employed in various contexts to create a more relaxed and approachable atmosphere.

This type of diction is common in personal letters, emails, or conversations between friends, as well as certain genres of literature and media that aim to connect with readers or viewers on a more personal level. Here are some examples of informal diction in different contexts:

Personal Letters

In personal letters, writers often use informal diction to create a sense of familiarity and warmth, reflecting the close relationship between the sender and the recipient. An example from a personal letter might be:

Informal diction is frequently used in emails, particularly when communicating with friends, family, or colleagues with whom one has a close relationship. An example from an email might be:

Conversations Between Friends

In conversations between friends, informal diction helps create a relaxed, friendly atmosphere that allows for open, genuine communication. An example from a conversation might be:

Literature and Media

Certain genres of literature and media, such as contemporary fiction, blogs, or social media posts, may employ informal diction to create a more casual, relatable tone that connects with readers or viewers. An example from a blog post might be:

Colloquial Diction

Colloquial diction refers to the use of informal language that is specific to a particular geographic region or group of people. It often includes regional expressions, dialects, slang, and idioms that give a sense of place or cultural identity.

Incorporating colloquial diction in literature can create a vivid, authentic atmosphere, and help to develop unique characters and voices. Here are some literary examples of colloquial diction:

Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

In “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,” Mark Twain uses colloquial diction to create authentic, regional dialogue and capture the spirit of the characters and their environment.

Set in the American South, the novel employs regional dialects and expressions to convey the voices and experiences of its characters. Below are some examples of colloquial diction from the novel:

• Pap’s Speech

Huck’s father, Pap, speaks in a rough, uneducated manner that is representative of the time and place. For example: “Looky here—mind how you talk to me; I’m a-standing about all I can stand now—so don’t gimme no sass.”

• Huck’s Narration

Huck’s own voice and narration are full of colloquial language, reflecting his upbringing and lack of formal education. For example: “It was ‘lection day, and I was just about to go and vote myself if I warn’t too drunk to get there…”

• Jim’s Speech

Jim, a runaway slave, speaks in the dialect of African American slaves from the time. For example: “Well, you see, it ‘uz dis way. Ole missus — dat’s Miss Watson — she pecks on me all de time, en treats me pooty rough…”

• Use of Contractions

Twain uses contractions throughout the novel to create a more casual, colloquial tone. Examples include: “ain’t” (is not/are not), “warn’t” (was not), “I’s” (I am), and “b’lieve” (believe)

• Non-standard Grammar and Spelling

Twain uses non-standard grammar and spelling to represent the dialects of the characters, like dropping the final “g” in words ending in “-ing” (e.g., “goin'” for going), and using “dese” for “these” and “dat” for “that”.

Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird

In “To Kill a Mockingbird,” Harper Lee uses colloquial diction to create an authentic portrayal of life in the American South during the 1930s.

The dialogue among characters and the narration by Scout Finch, the novel’s protagonist, are rich with Southern expressions, informal language, and regional dialects. Here are some examples of colloquial diction from the novel:

• Scout’s Narration

As the narrator, Scout’s voice is filled with colloquial expressions that reflect her upbringing in Maycomb, Alabama. For example: “Jem and I found our father satisfactory: he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment.”

Lee uses contractions throughout the novel to create a more casual, colloquial tone. Examples include: “y’all” (you all), “ain’t” (is not/are not), “I’d” (I would), and “it’s” (it is).

• Southern Expressions

Characters in the novel often use Southern expressions and sayings that are specific to the region. Examples include: “as sure as eggs” (very certain), “fit to be tied” (extremely angry), and “high and mighty” (acting superior).

• Dialect and Non-standard Grammar

Lee uses dialect and non-standard grammar to represent the speech patterns of the characters in Maycomb.

For example, Calpurnia, the Finch family’s African American housekeeper, speaks in a dialect that reflects her background: “It’s not necessary to tell all you know. It’s not ladylike — in the second place, folks don’t like to have somebody around knowin’ more than they do.”

Slang Diction

Slang diction is a colloquial form of language that often reflects the culture, interests, and attitudes of a particular group or time period. Writers sometimes use slang to create authentic dialogue, evoke a specific setting, or develop unique characters.

However, because slang evolves rapidly, it can also make a text seem dated if the expressions are no longer in use. Here are some literary examples to illustrate the use of slang diction:

A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)

“A Clockwork Orange” is a novel by Anthony Burgess, published in 1962, which is known for its use of a slang diction called “Nadsat.” Nadsat is a blend of Russian, English, and invented words, creating a unique language that the protagonist, Alex, and his friends use throughout the story. Here are some examples of quotes featuring slang from the book:

• “Oh, it was gorgeosity and yumyumyum.” (Translation: Oh, it was gorgeous and wonderful.)
• “Come and get one in the yarbles, if you have any yarbles, you eunuch jelly thou!” (Translation: Come and get one in the testicles, if you have any testicles, you impotent coward!)
• “He’ll feel that all right, but it’s a tolchock too far, this.” (Translation: He’ll feel that all right, but this is a hit too far.)
• “There was me, that is Alex, and my three droogs, that is Pete, Georgie, and Dim.” (Translation: There was me, that is Alex, and my three friends, that is Pete, Georgie, and Dim.)
• “We fillied around for a while with other travelers of the night, playing hogs of the road.” (Translation: We messed around for a while with other people out at night, playing dangerous games on the road.)

Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh (1993)

“Trainspotting” is a novel by Irvine Welsh, published in 1993, which is known for its use of Scottish dialect and slang. The book follows a group of heroin addicts in Edinburgh, Scotland, and their lives in the late 1980s. Here are some examples of quotes featuring slang from the book:

• “Ah could see the radge auld gadge’s nut gettin’ right rad.” (Translation: I could see the angry old man’s head getting really red.)
• “We wur oan the skag, but it didnae git oot ay haund.” (Translation: We were on heroin, but it didn’t get out of hand.)
• “Ah’m no jist sayin’ that cause ah want tae be auld Spud’s pal.” (Translation: I’m not just saying that because I want to be old Spud’s friend.)
• “Yuv goat tae pure hate yirsel tae dae that.” (Translation: You’ve got to really hate yourself to do that.)
• “Ah didnae huv the brass neck tae tell him whit ah really thoat.” (Translation: I didn’t have the nerve to tell him what I really thought.)

The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1982)

“The Color Purple” is a novel by Alice Walker, published in 1982, set in rural Georgia. The book uses African American Vernacular English (AAVE), a dialect of English spoken by some African Americans, to convey the characters’ voices and their cultural background. Here are some examples of quotes featuring slang and dialect from the book:

• “Us sleep like sisters, me and Shug.” (Translation: We sleep like sisters, Shug and I.)
• “I ast our new mammy bout it.” (Translation: I asked our new mother about it.)
• “Naw, I say. I ain’t gonna come to town.” (Translation: No, I said. I’m not going to come to town.)
• “He git up on David and ride back to the store.” (Translation: He got up on David (the horse) and rode back to the store.)
• “He ain’t kin to whitefolks. He a man.” (Translation: He isn’t related to white people. He is a man.)

Poetic Diction

Poetic diction refers to the use of elevated, ornate, or figurative language in a literary work to heighten its beauty, evoke vivid imagery, and intensify emotional impact. This type of diction is often found in poetry but can also be present in prose or drama.

Poetic diction may involve the use of archaic or formal language, metaphors, similes, allusions, and other rhetorical devices. Here are some literary examples illustrating poetic diction:

Ode to a Nightingale by John Keats (1819)

“Ode to a Nightingale” by John Keats is a beautiful example of Romantic poetry, filled with lush language and vivid imagery. Here are some examples of poetic diction from the poem:

• Keats uses the metaphor of drinking hemlock, a deadly poison, to describe the intense emotions he feels as he listens to the nightingale’s song.
• The poet uses the phrase “embalmed darkness” to evoke the sense of mystery and wonder that surrounds him as he listens to the nightingale’s song. He can’t see the flowers or smell the incense, but he can imagine their presence in the darkness.

Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold (1867)

“Dover Beach” by Matthew Arnold is a thought-provoking poem that contemplates the human condition in a changing world. The poem is rich in poetic diction, using vivid language and imagery to evoke the scene and the speaker’s emotions. Here are some examples:

• The poem opens with a serene and peaceful scene, using words like “calm,” “full,” and “fair” to establish a sense of tranquility.
• In this metaphor, Arnold compares the “Sea of Faith” to a bright girdle that once encircled the earth. This image suggests a time when faith was strong and unified, providing a sense of security and connection.

Pedantic Diction

Pedantic diction refers to the use of overly formal language and complex, elaborate vocabulary in a literary work. This style of diction can make the text seem pretentious, as it gives the impression that the author is trying to impress the reader with their erudition or intellectual superiority.

Pedantic diction can be found in various genres of literature, including essays, novels, and poetry. Here are some examples of pedantic diction in literature:

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce (1916)

“A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” by James Joyce is a coming-of-age novel that delves into the intellectual and emotional development of Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist. The novel features various instances of pedantic diction, which refers to language that is overly concerned with formalism, precision, or academic correctness. Here are some examples:

• The pedantic diction here lies in the repetition of formal-sounding words and phrases like “his father told him” and “his father looked at him,” which emphasize the importance of the father figure.
• Joyce uses precise and detailed language to describe the brushes, including their colors and intended uses. This level of detail highlights the importance of these objects in the character’s life.

Abstract Diction

Abstract diction refers to the use of words or phrases that represent intangible concepts, ideas, or feelings, as opposed to concrete words that describe physical objects or sensory experiences. Abstract diction is often employed in literature to explore complex themes, evoke emotions, or express philosophical ideas. Here are some literary examples illustrating the use of abstract diction:

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1597)

In “ Romeo and Juliet,” William Shakespeare uses abstract diction to convey the depth and intensity of the characters’ emotions and the themes of love, fate, and conflict. Here are some examples:

• In this famous soliloquy, Romeo employs abstract diction to express his love for Juliet. He compares her to the sun, symbolizing warmth, light, and life, which highlights the depth of his affection.
• Mercutio’s dying curse is an example of abstract diction. He invokes an intangible “plague” to express his anger and frustration with the Montague-Capulet feud, foreshadowing the tragic consequences of their conflict.

Concrete Diction

Concrete diction refers to the use of specific, tangible words and phrases that describe physical objects, people, or places in a literary work. This type of diction appeals to the reader’s senses and creates vivid mental images, allowing them to experience the text more fully. Here are some literary examples illustrating the use of concrete diction:

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925)

In “The Great Gatsby,” F. Scott Fitzgerald uses concrete diction to create vivid imagery and convey the opulence, excess, and materialism of the Jazz Age. Here are some examples:

• This quote describes the extravagant parties that Gatsby hosts. The concrete diction, including “blue gardens,” “moths,” “whisperings,” “champagne,” and “stars,” helps to create a vivid and sensory image of the scene.
• Fitzgerald employs concrete diction to describe the movement of the curtains and the effect of the breeze on the room. The tangible details, such as “pale flags,” “frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling,” and “wine-colored rug,” paint a clear picture of the setting.

Diction in Literature

Diction refers to the choice of words and phrases used by an author in their work. It plays a crucial role in establishing the style, tone, and voice of a piece of writing, thus influencing the overall impact of the text on the reader.

Role of Diction

One of the main purposes of diction in literature is to create a specific atmosphere or mood. It can also create characterization and establish the voice of the narrator or characters in the story. Additionally, diction can reflect an author’s intention, whether it is to persuade, inform, entertain or evoke emotion.

Examples in Classic Literature

Writers from different time periods and genres have employed various forms of diction in their works. For instance:

• William Shakespeare often used archaic diction, which also included poetic devices such as iambic pentameter, giving a lyrical quality to his plays and sonnets. For example, his usage of words like “thou,” “thee,” and “thy” in Romeo and Juliet helps create a sense of antiquity, reflecting the setting and era of the story.
• Charlotte Brontë, in her novel Jane Eyre , uses descriptive and emotive language that is typical of Gothic literature to evoke emotions and create a sense of mystery. For instance, consider the sentence: “The wind roared like thunder, and the rain fell in torrents, laying waste the earth.”
• Charles Dickens employed a rich and detailed diction in his novels, creating vivid images and memorable characters. In A Tale of Two Cities , he used a mixture of formal and informal language to convey the social contrasts and tensions of the time: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…”

Examples in Modern Literature

Modern authors continue to employ unique diction in their works:

• Ernest Hemingway is known for his concise and precise diction, often relying on simple and direct language to convey complex emotions and themes, as seen in The Old Man and the Sea : “He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.”
• Toni Morrison uses lyrical and poetic language in her novel Beloved , helping create a vivid and sensory reading experience. An example: “124 was spiteful. Full of a baby’s venom.”
• George Orwell employs a clear and straightforward diction in 1984 to create a sense of realism and highlight the political issues of the time. For example: “It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.”

These examples illustrate how diction can enhance the literary experience, bringing layers of meaning and emotion to the text and connecting the reader to the characters and the author’s intentions.

Diction in Everyday Language

Diction refers to the choice of words and phrases used by an individual in their speech or writing. In everyday language, diction plays a crucial role in ensuring clear and effective communication.

Impact on Communication

Good diction helps to convey ideas and emotions clearly and accurately. Poor diction, on the other hand, can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. Using appropriate language is essential for effective communication. It allows for seamless interactions and helps prevent miscommunication, which may result in unintended consequences or strained relationships.

Examples in Conversation

Consider the following examples to illustrate how diction can influence the tone and meaning of a conversation:

• Example 1: A person may say, “The sunset was magnificent,” instead of “The sunset was okay,” to emphasize the beauty of the sunset.
• Example 2: In a job interview, using formal language like “I am confident in my ability to excel in this role” demonstrates professionalism, compared to a casual statement like “I think I can do pretty well in this job.”
• Example 3: Responding to a complaint with “I understand your concern and will resolve the issue promptly” is more reassuring than simply saying, “I’ll fix it.”

These examples show that the choice of words can greatly affect the meaning, tone, and impression created by a statement.

Diction and Social Context

Diction is also influenced by social context, as people adapt their language to suit different situations, audiences, and purposes. For instance, an individual might use formal language in a professional setting but switch to informal language when conversing with friends. Understanding the social context and adapting one’s diction accordingly is crucial for maintaining appropriate communication.

Diction in Writing and Speech

Diction refers to the choice of words and phrases used in speech or written composition. It is an essential component of effective communication and is crucial in conveying the intended message to the target audience.

Importance in Writing

In literature, diction contributes to the establishment of an author’s unique voice and style. By carefully selecting words and phrases, the writer creates atmosphere, sets the tone, and evokes specific emotions in the reader. The choice of diction also helps in defining the characters and shaping the dialogue, which makes the narrative more engaging and compelling.

For example, consider the following sentence variations:

• The man hastily ran through the dimly lit alley, glancing behind him in panic.
• The gentleman swiftly sprinted down the shadowy passage, casting anxious glances over his shoulder.

Both sentences convey the same action, but the choice of words creates different tones and atmospheres in each case, with the first being more casual and the second more formal.

Improving Diction in Speech

Effective diction in speech allows speakers to articulate their ideas and convey their messages more clearly. Choosing the right words for the context ensures that the listeners understand the intended message, which helps maintain their attention and interest.

To improve diction in speech, it is helpful to practice pronunciation, enunciation, and articulation. Additionally, expanding one’s vocabulary can be beneficial, as it provides a greater range of words and phrases to choose from, enabling more precise and accurate communication.

Some techniques to develop better diction in speech are:

• Practice reading aloud, paying attention to pronunciation and clarity.
• Record oneself speaking and listen for improvements that can be made.
• Engage in conversations and debates to put new vocabulary and phrases to use.

Diction and Audience

Diction refers to the choice of words and phrases used by an author, and it plays a critical role in shaping the tone and style of a piece of writing. Considering the audience, understanding their background and preferences, can help a writer choose appropriate diction.

Determining Appropriate Diction

To select appropriate diction, a writer must first determine the intended audience of the work. Factors such as age, education level, cultural background, and interests should be taken into account. For example, a children’s story might employ simple language and familiar vocabulary while a scientific article would require specialized terms and jargon.

Understanding the context and purpose of the writing is vital as well. A speech addressing a political issue would require formal diction, while a blog post might utilize a more casual tone. By aligning the diction with the intended audience and context, a writer can craft a more effective piece of work.

Adapting Diction for Different Contexts

As an author moves from one context to another, the choice of diction should also change. When writing for a professional audience, a more formal diction is essential to establish credibility and authority. For example, words like “decipher” and “ascertain” might be preferable to their informal counterparts, “figure out” and “find out.”

Conversely, a more casual context, such as writing for social media, might benefit from a more relaxed and conversational diction. In this case, slang, contractions, and colloquial expressions can help create a friendly and engaging tone.

By considering the audience and the context, a writer can choose appropriate diction for their work, ensuring that their writing is both engaging and effective.

Developing Effective Diction

Effective diction is essential for clear and impactful communication in both speaking and writing.

Strategies for Improvement

Here are some strategies to help improve diction:

• Expand vocabulary by reading a variety of texts in diverse genres.
• Consult a dictionary and thesaurus regularly to better understand word meanings and synonyms.
• Be mindful of context and audience to choose appropriate words for each situation.
• Analyze the diction used by accomplished writers to learn from their techniques.

Resources and Tools

Several resources and tools can assist in developing effective diction:

• Dictionary and thesaurus websites and apps, such as Merriam-Webster or Oxford English Dictionary.
• Vocabulary-building resources like Word Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis.
• Grammar and style guides like The Elements of Style by Strunk and White.
• Literary analysis of works by prominent authors to study their diction choices.

Practice Through Writing

Developing effective diction requires practice. Here are some ways to practice through writing:

• Journaling about daily experiences, thoughts, or observations.
• Writing short stories or essays that showcase different styles and tones.
• Revising your work with a focus on word choice and clarity.
• Seeking feedback from others to gain insight into your diction choices.

Diction vs Syntax

Diction refers to the choice of words an author uses in their writing, while syntax is the arrangement of those words to form sentences and convey meaning. Both elements play crucial roles in creating the style, tone, and clarity of a literary work.

Understanding the differences between diction and syntax can help readers appreciate the craft of writing and the various techniques writers use to express their ideas effectively.

Diction directly impacts the tone and voice of the text. Syntax, on the other hand, concerns the structure and organization of sentences, which can affect the pace, flow, and readability of a written piece.

Considering syntax, observe the following examples:

• Example: “She treasures every pencil, every pen, every notebook.”
• Example: “Every pencil, every pen, every notebook, she treasures.”
• Example: “Every pencil she treasures, every pen, every notebook.”

The same words have been used in all three examples; however, the arrangement of the words varies, demonstrating different syntactic structures. The impact on the reader and the textual rhythm differ with these varying structures.

Both diction and syntax are essential components of effective writing, and authors must choose the appropriate words and organize them effectively to establish a desired tone, voice, and impact on the reader.

Diction and Tone

Diction refers to the choice of words and phrases used by an author to convey meaning and create specific effects in a piece of writing. The style of diction can greatly influence the overall tone of a literary work.

Authors choose their diction deliberately based on the intended impact on the reader. For example, formal diction may lend a sense of authority or sophistication, while informal diction can create a more casual, conversational tone. Diction can also evoke emotions, create vivid imagery or establish a distinct voice for a character.

An author’s choice of diction can also affect the tone by influencing the reader’s perception of a character or the story’s setting. For instance:

Frequently Asked Questions

Can diction affect the readability of a text.

Yes, diction can greatly impact the readability of a text. The choice of words, sentence structure, and overall coherence of a message influence how easily it can be understood and absorbed by the reader.

Clear and concise diction, with appropriate vocabulary and sentence structure, can improve readability and make a text more enjoyable to read.

Conversely, overly complex language or ambiguous word choices can make a text difficult to comprehend, reducing its readability and potentially losing the reader’s interest.

How does diction affect the interpretation of a text?

Diction can greatly impact the interpretation of a text, as the choice of words and their associated connotations can shape the reader’s understanding of the message, themes, and emotions conveyed.

The use of ambiguous or nuanced language can invite multiple interpretations, while clear and specific diction can guide the reader toward a more focused understanding.

Furthermore, the tone and style of the language can influence the reader’s perception of the characters, setting, and narrative.

By carefully selecting their diction, authors can create rich, layered texts that invite various interpretations and engage readers on a deeper level.

How does diction relate to clarity in communication?

Diction plays a crucial role in ensuring clarity in communication by selecting words and phrases that accurately and effectively convey the intended message.

Choosing precise, concrete, and unambiguous language helps eliminate confusion and misinterpretation, making it easier for the audience to understand the writer’s or speaker’s meaning.

In addition, clear diction can enhance the overall flow and coherence of a text or speech, further contributing to its comprehensibility.

Our linguistic voyage through the realm of diction has unveiled the incredible power of word choice in shaping the effectiveness of our communication. From crafting persuasive arguments to breathing life into a story, diction is the unsung hero of eloquence.

As you continue your journey, remember to apply the lessons learned from the examples we’ve explored and embrace the transformative impact of well-chosen words.

With diction as your ally, you’ll be equipped to create compelling messages that captivate audiences and leave a lasting impression. So, go forth and conquer the world—one word at a time!

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Formal and Informal Language: Conventions and When to Use

In writing, context means everything. Depending on a writing task’s audience, occasion, and purpose, the audience’s expectations for that task will vary, along with the appropriate writing conventions. An experienced writer remains aware of the writing context and its expectations for any particular writing task, and uses language accordingly. This means that a skillful writer knows how and when to differentiate between formal and informal language.

Formal language: language that follows or accords to established form, custom, or rule

Example sentences using formal language :

• Those reading Slaughterhouse-Five feel caught off guard when they first encounter narrator Billy Pilgrim’s tone.
• According to psychologist Erik Erikson, as a human progresses from infancy through old age, they undergo a stage-by-stage succession of social impulses and learnings that frame how they view the world, their relationships and interactions, and their goals.
• The Niger River, the principal river of West Africa, flows 2600 miles and plays a critical role in the region’s ecological function.
• Investors new to the stock market, particularly technology stocks, might feel overwhelmed by the market’s volatile nature.
• We regret to inform you that your company has reached a point of liquidation.

Informal language: language characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary, casual, or familiar use

Example sentences using informal language :

• I read Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, and Okonkwo was such an alpha, no cap fr fr.
• Carl Jung basically tells us that our dreams have crazy power to show us our subconscious state, bro.
• Have you seen how wild the Amazon River gets? Dude, that river straight wildin’!
• Stock market newbies get all riled up when they see the market dip like a cookie in some milk.
• Your company just got rekt.

Compared to informal language, formal language contains more complex sentences, objective and direct language, and technical or specific terminology. This article will overview the differences between formal and informal language, explaining what changes depending on the context’s formality.

Overview: Formal vs. Informal Language

Formal Language

Usually found in professional and academic interactions, formal language tends to adopt objective and proper conventions. Formal tone, word choice (diction), and sentence structure (syntax) usually favors complexity over simplicity, directness over abstractness, seriousness over lightheartedness, literal expressions over figurative ones, bookish terminology over colloquial, and full references instead of abbreviated references. 

Informal Language

Typically used in casual situations, like friendly or intimate communication, informal language tends to feature lax, imperfect conventions. Opposing those of formal language, the tone, diction, and syntax of informal language usually favor simple and sometimes incomplete sentences, the use of expressions and idioms, a more lighthearted or emotional tone, colloquial phrasing, and shorthand references like abbreviations and acronyms.

Key Differences between Formal and Informal Language Conventions

Keep in mind that these patterns provide a general rule of thumb, but each writing task’s context has unique demands, depending on audience, situation, occasion, and writing purpose. 

Tone : the general emotional attitude of a text, writing, or situation

General tone: More serious and balanced in formal writing, more lighthearted (or emotional) in informal writing

Formal language tends to keep a conservative, professional, emotionally neutral tone, in order to preserve a stable mood. Excessively excited, angry, happy, or sad tones come across as unrestrained, which contradicts the composed nature of a formal environment, such as academia or the workplace, where the writer’s audience expects the writer to give objective, analytical, or informative content.

On the other hand, informal language reflects the emotions that humans express in intimate communication. Audiences in informal contexts like casual emails, text messages, or lunchtime conversation with friendly coworkers, will respond more expectantly to the direct expression of emotions such as amusement, anger, or sadness.

Formal tone: That meeting brought up some of our strategy’s critical shortcomings, which we should revisit next time. Informal tone: Dang, that meeting was so rough! I almost cried when they shot down my proposal to move to 49th Street. 

Formal tone: In To Kill a Mockingbird , when Jem chops the buds off all Mrs. Dubose’s camellia flowers, he signals a desperation to gain some control over his environment, which he sees degrading in contrast to his own morals. Informal tone: Go Jem! I was pumped when he chopped those flowers, because Mrs. Dubose was racist, and Jem’s just a kid.

Familiarity: More professional and detached in formal writing, more familiar and personal in informal writing

Formal writing aims to maintain a professional distance from the reader in both content and writing conventions (tone, syntax, diction), generally choosing not to mention anything personal, aggressive, or defamatory. Including these volatile sentiments in writing risks the audience viewing the text as petty, uncomfortable, biased, or uncontrolled, and therefore unprofessional. In contrast, a formal-setting writer aims to remain objective, analytical, and level-headed. 

The audience in informal or personal settings , on the other hand, expects the writer to let their guard down somewhat, because the audience in personal contexts usually knows the writer more intimately. Texting a friend, for example, provides an acceptable situation for a writer to mention personal sentiments like gossip, emotional disturbances, physical maladies, and the like.

Formal tone: Making chili at home can be enjoyable and surprisingly simple: It requires olive oil, beef, an onion, chili powder, tomatoes, and kidney beans. Informal tone: I love me some chili, but my wife doesn’t always like when I eat it–if you know what I mean.

Formal tone: Genghis Khan, the first great Khan of the Mongol Empire, had a rough childhood. He had to hunt and forage for his food and is rumored to have murdered his half-brother in a dispute over a meal. Informal tone: Genghis Khan had a surprisingly vicious childhood and may have even killed his brother over a food dispute, which is pretty messed up, if you ask me.

2. Vocabulary/Diction

Diction : the choice and use of words or phrases in writing or speech

Diction refers to a writer’s word choice–the words and phrases that a writer selects to convey their ideas. Depending on the writing context, including the audience and occasion, we make different choices in regard to our diction.

Phrasal verbs: No in formal writing, yes in informal writing

Informal writing contexts , such as texting a friend or sending a friendly email to a coworker, often utilize phrasal verbs, those verbs that include a preposition or adjective: put down, hang out, fall down, go to, look down on, put up with, carry on, get up , etc. Phrasal verbs work well in conversation because they’re simple and easy to understand with vocal voice inflection.

Formal writing contexts avoid phrasal verbs because non-phrasal verbs usually offer clearer meaning than do phrasal verbs, which usually have vague or double meanings. For example, if I say He put down his friend, the phrasal verb put down could mean the subject insulted his friend, or the subject literally placed his friend on the ground. If I say He insulted his friend , the single-word verb insulted offers a clearer expression of what I mean. Since precision and clarity take priority in formal writing, regular/non-phrasal verbs reign supreme in formal contexts.

Formal verb: The boy in Paolo Coelho’s The Alchemist develops his emotions. Informal verb: The boy in Paolo Coelho’s The Alchemist works on his emotions.

Formal verb: All indicators suggest that stocks will increase in November. Informal verb: All indicators suggest that stocks will break out in November.

Contractions: No in formal writing, yes in informal writing

Contractions, the shortened form of a word with an apostrophe in place of omitted letters, are commonplace in speech: can’t, won’t, that’s, how’ve, etc. People use contractions frequently in speech because they offer a convenient shortcut, saving syllables without compromising meaning. Since informal writing tends to be more conversational, it adopts many of the same conventions as speech–the usage of contractions included.

Formal writing , however, avoids contractions because they come across as lazy–contractions are linguistic shortcuts, after all.

Formal language: Hello Mr. Williams, how have you been? Informal language: Hello Mr. Williams, how’ve you been?

Formal language: When plaque clogs someone’s arteriole, blood and therefore oxygen cannot reach the tissues as easily. Informal language: When you’ve got a clogged arteriole, blood and oxygen can’t reach the tissues as easily.

Colloquial language: No in formal writing, yes in informal writing

Commonly used in speech, colloquial language includes idioms and cliche phrases ( piece of cake, no brainer, out of your mind ) as well as colloquial terms ( what’s up, dude, diss, swag ). Not only do these terms signal casual and friendly conversation due to the fact that they directly address audience members, but they risk the possibility that readers won’t understand them. For example, many cultures around the world use neither the word dude nor the phrase You’re out of your mind. Since informal writing usually assumes a relatively familiar relationship between writer and audience, it provides a more suitable context for colloquialisms and idioms than formal writing does.

Formal writing avoids using colloquial language and cliche phrases in order to ensure that readers understand what the text is trying to say.

Formal language: In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, John the Savage leaves the World State seeking a home that satisfies his need for passion. Informal language: In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, John the Savage ditches the World State because he’s fed up with their lack of true passion.

Formal language: Stephen Curry’s shooting percentage has fallen 7% from last season. Informal language: Steph Curry’s shooting percentage has been trash compared to previous seasons.

First-person pronouns: No in formal writing, yes in informal writing

Formal writing generally avoids first-person pronouns, such as I, me, you, us, we, etc. Since these terms give the text a personal and therefore subjective tone, formal writing situations–like academic papers , reports, and professional updates–avoid using them, in order to maintain an objective and analytical tone.

Still, there are some formal situations that naturally invite (or even require ) the use of a first-person pronoun. In these cases, avoiding the first person makes the text awkward and confusing. For example, if an employee is emailing her whole company to update them on her visit to a corporate conference, she might contextualize the message by beginning, “Over the past week, a few coworkers and I visited New York.” Even though a company-wide email is a formal writing situation, the author’s direct involvement with the information makes the first-person pronoun acceptable.

If you find yourself in a formal writing context, debating using first-person pronouns or not, evaluate the language’s clarity versus the writing occasion’s formality: Clarity should always take priority over formality, but the ultimate goal is to honor both. 

Formal tone: Hey Sandra, I heard you are unable to attend our meeting today. Informal tone: Yo, I heard you can’t make it today?

Formal tone: In the movie Top Gun , the death of Maverick’s friend, Goose, sends Maverick into an emotional unraveling, from which he rescues himself throughout the movie. Informal tone: When you see Goose bite the dust upon ejection from that Jet, you know it’s only a matter of time before the protagonist Maverick makes a comeback.

Formal tone: A living organism’s cell strives to maintain a mineral balance, keeping potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and other minerals in appropriate ratios inside and outside of the cell. Informal tone: Your body’s cells work on keeping a balance between the minerals inside and outside of the cell.

3. Grammar/Syntax

Syntax : the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences

Sentence length: longer in formal writing, shorter in informal writing

Since formal and informal situations usually involve different goals and occasions, sentence length tends to reflect those differences: formal communication usually aims to convey an analytical or evaluative idea, while informal communication often seeks to convey basic information, emotions, or thoughts. Since analytical and evaluative ideas require specificity and sufficient support or evidence, these ideas often require not only more-specific words, but longer sentences in order to adequately and fully convey the writer’s perspective.

Sentence complexity: more complex in formal writing, less complex in informal writing

Sentence complexity refers to sentence structure, with more complex sentences having more phrases and clauses between periods: This is a simple sentence . This one, on the other hand, with commas and dependent clauses separated by commas, is a much more complex sentence.

Formal writing tends to have more complexity, due to the reader’s expectations and the analytical nature of formal writing scenarios. In a formal context, such as academia or the professional workplace, the audience often evaluates the writer and their ideas for a variety of possible reasons: to assess the writer’s value to the company, to make an important decision about the company’s direction, to learn from the writer, or to give the writer a score or grade (as in academia). Under these expectations, the writer must remain precise and thorough, to adequately convey their nuanced idea without risking oversimplifying it. To achieve precision and thoroughness in writing, the writer often needs to utilize more complex sentence structures.

Sentence fragments: Never in formal writing, sometimes in informal writing

This sentence.

See that? No verb, no clause–just a subject. That is an example of a sentence fragment, an incomplete sentence missing either a subject or a predicate. 

Formal writing occasions typically involve a more critical audience. Whole-staff emails, literary analysis, scientific research reports, proposals to the boss–when writing texts like these, the author aims to convey competence. Therefore, formal-context writers use complete sentences to show that they understand proper writing conventions.

On the other hand, when writing a text to a friend, a dialogue in a story, or even an email to a well-known coworker, a writer can sometimes use sentence fragments because the audience isn’t evaluating the writer’s professional competence. However, when in doubt, always use a complete sentence.

Formal syntax: Do you plan to join us at the meeting? Informal syntax: Coming to the meeting?

Formal complexity: Laurie Halse Anderson’s novel Speak tells the story of Melinda Sordino, a girl who refuses to speak to her peers at school, holding in a secret that the audience later discovers. Informal complexity: The main character in Speak is Melinda Sordino. She doesn’t talk to anybody at school, but eventually the audience understands why.

Formal syntax: Those shoes have an awesome design. Informal syntax: Sick shoes.

Wrapping up

No two writing contexts are the same–the audience, the purpose, the assignment, and the occasion change every time you sit down to craft a message. This makes it difficult to generalize any overarching rules about formal vs. informal conventions . Still, in professional and academic contexts, it’s always better to err on the side of caution and formality–using an inappropriately formal tone hurts less than using an inappropriately informal tone.

The more you write, and the more you read, the more intuitively you begin to understand the rules of the page. Over time, you’ll develop an awareness for how to write with formal and informal conventions–and until that point, adopt a learner’s mindset and consult this guide if you ever feel unsure. Keep learning and writing, and you’ll look back one day and think, Wow, I’ve become a fluent writer . Keep going, and write on.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Formal and informal language

We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we don’t know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people we know well.

Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.

Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar and vocabulary.

Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal language.

More formal vocabulary commonly involves longer words or words with origins in Latin and Greek. More informal vocabulary commonly involves shorter words, or words with origins in Anglo-Saxon. Most dictionaries indicate very informal and/or formal words.

We often choose to use certain modal verbs to be more formal and polite:

Can I suggest you try this new model? (neutral)

May I suggest you try this new model? (more formal)

Might I suggest you try this new model? (very formal)

Contractions

Speech into writing

Word of the Day

play for time

to delay until you are ready

Like a bull in a china shop: talking about people who are clumsy

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